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bold; word-spacing: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">Note 1.&#8194;Nature of Business</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; widows: 2; text-transform: none; font-style: normal; margin-top: 6pt; text-indent: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: normal; color: #000000; font-size: 13px; font-weight: 400; word-spacing: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">MFC Bancorp Ltd. (&#8220;MFC Bancorp&#8221; or the &#8220;Company&#8221; is incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands. MFC Bancorp and the entities it controls are collectively known as the &#8220;Group&#8221; in these consolidated financial statements. The Group is a merchant bank that provides financial services, with its core asset being an interest in the Scully Iron Ore Mine in Newfoundland &amp; Labrador, Canada. In addition, the Group owns other merchant banking assets and seeks to invest in businesses or assets whose intrinsic value is not properly reflected. The Group&#8217;s investing activities are generally not passive. The Group actively seeks investments where its financial expertise and management can add or unlock value.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; widows: 2; text-transform: none; font-style: normal; margin-top: 6pt; text-indent: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: normal; color: #000000; font-size: 13px; font-weight: 400; word-spacing: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">On July 14, 2017, the former holding company of the Group completed a plan of arrangement (the &#8220;Arrangement&#8221;) under the&#160;<font style="font-style: italic;">Business Corporations Act&#160;</font>(British Columbia). The Arrangement was approved by its shareholders and the British Columbia Supreme Court in July 2017. Pursuant to the Arrangement and the Court order, among other things: (i) its common shares were consolidated on a 100 for 1 basis, with any resulting fractional shares being eliminated and, thereafter, such shares were split on a 1 for 20 basis (the &#8220;Share Consolidation / &#160;Split&#8221;); and (ii) each holder of its shares received one of our common shares for each share held as of the effective date of the Arrangement. In these consolidated financial statements, the number of shares and earnings per share in the prior period have been restated to reflect the Share Consolidation / Split.</div> <div style="widows: 2; text-transform: none; font-variant: normal; font-style: normal; text-indent: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: normal; color: #000000; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; break-after: page;"> <div style="margin-top: 10pt;"> <div style="line-height: 11pt; margin-top: 12pt; font-weight: bold;">Note 2.&#8194;Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies</div> <div style="line-height: 11pt; margin-top: 12pt; font-weight: bold;">A. Basis of Presentation</div> <div style="line-height: 11pt; font-style: italic; margin-top: 12pt; font-weight: bold;"><font style="text-decoration: underline;">Basis of Accounting</font></div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">These consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards (&#8220;IFRS&#8221;) as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (the &#8220;IASB&#8221;). MFC Bancorp complies with all the requirements of IFRS. The principal accounting policies applied in the preparation of the consolidated financial statements are set out below. These policies have been consistently applied with the exception of the adoption of IFRS 9,&#160;<font style="font-style: italic;">Financial Instruments&#160;</font>(&#8220;IFRS 9&#8221;), IFRS 15,&#160;<font style="font-style: italic;">Revenue from Contracts with Customers</font>&#160;(&#8220;IFRS 15&#8221;) and the amendments to IFRS 2,&#160;<font style="font-style: italic;">Share-Based Payment&#160;</font>from January 1, 2018. See Note 2B.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">These consolidated financial statements were prepared using going concern, accrual (except for cash flow information) and historical cost (except for investment property and certain financial assets and financial liabilities which are measured at fair value and certain inventories that are measured at fair value less costs to sell) bases.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">The presentation currency of these consolidated financial statements is the Canadian dollar ($), rounded to the nearest thousand (except per share amounts).</div> <div style="line-height: 11pt; font-style: italic; margin-top: 12pt; font-weight: bold;"><font style="text-decoration: underline;">Principles of Consolidation</font></div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">These consolidated financial statements include the accounts of MFC Bancorp and entities it controls. The Company controls an investee if and only if it has all the following: (a)&#160;power over the investee; (b)&#160;exposure, or rights, to variable returns from its involvement with the investee; and (c)&#160;the ability to use its power over the investee to affect the amount of its returns. When the Group holds, directly or indirectly, more than 50% of the voting power of an investee, it is presumed that the Group controls the investee, unless it can be clearly demonstrated that this is not the case. Subsidiaries are consolidated from the date of their acquisition, being the date on which the Group obtains control, and continue to be consolidated until the date that such control ceases. All intercompany balances and transactions, including unrealized profits arising from intragroup transactions, have been eliminated in full. Unrealized losses are eliminated unless the transaction provides evidence of an impairment of the asset transferred.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">On the acquisition date, a non-controlling interest is measured at either its fair value or its proportionate share in the recognized amounts of the subsidiary&#8217;s identifiable net assets, on a transaction-by-transaction basis. 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The Group recognizes directly in equity any difference between the amount by which the non-controlling interests are adjusted and the fair value of the consideration paid or received and attributes such difference to the owners of MFC Bancorp.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">When the Group loses control of a subsidiary it: (a)&#160;derecognizes (i)&#160;the assets (including any goodwill) and liabilities of the subsidiary at their carrying amounts at the date when control is lost and (ii) the carrying amount of any non-controlling interests in the former subsidiary at the date when control is lost (including any components of other comprehensive income attributable to them); (b)&#160;recognizes (i)&#160;the fair value of the consideration received, if any, from the transaction, event or circumstances that resulted in the loss of control, (ii) if the transaction, event or circumstances that resulted in the loss of control involves a distribution of shares of the subsidiary to owners in their capacity as owners, that distribution and (iii) any investment retained in the former subsidiary at its fair value at the date when control is lost; (c)&#160;reclassifies to profit or loss, or transfers directly to retained earnings if required by IFRS, the amounts recognized in other comprehensive income in relation to the subsidiary; and (d)&#160;recognizes any resulting difference as a gain or loss under costs of sales and services in profit or loss attributable to the owners of MFC Bancorp.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">The financial statements of MFC Bancorp and its subsidiaries used in the preparation of the consolidated financial statements are prepared as of the same date, using uniform accounting policies for like transactions and other events in similar circumstances.</div> <div style="line-height: 11pt; font-style: italic; margin-top: 12pt; font-weight: bold;"><font style="text-decoration: underline;">Foreign Currency Translation</font></div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 5.81pt;">The presentation currency of the Group&#8217;s consolidated financial statements is the Canadian dollar.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">MFC Bancorp conducts its business throughout the world through its foreign operations. Foreign operations are entities that are subsidiaries or branches, the activities of which are based or conducted in countries or currencies other than those of MFC Bancorp. Functional currency is the currency of the primary economic environment in which an entity operates and is normally the currency in which the entity primarily generates and expends cash. Foreign currency is a currency other than the functional currency of the entity. The functional currencies of the Company and its subsidiaries and branches primarily comprise the Canadian dollar, Euro (&#8220;EUR&#8221; or &#8220;&#8364;&#8221;) and United States dollar (&#8220;US$&#8221;).</div> <div style="line-height: 11pt; margin-top: 12pt;"><font style="text-decoration: underline;">Reporting foreign currency transactions in the functional currency</font></div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 5.8pt;">A foreign currency transaction is a transaction that is denominated or requires settlement in a foreign currency. A foreign currency transaction is recorded, on initial recognition in an entity&#8217;s functional currency, by applying to the foreign currency amount the spot exchange rate between the functional currency and the foreign currency at the date of the transaction. At the end of each reporting period: (a)&#160;foreign currency monetary items are translated using the closing rate; (b)&#160;non-monetary items denominated in a foreign currency that are measured in terms of historical cost are translated using the exchange rate at the date of the transaction; and (c)&#160;foreign currency non-monetary items that are measured at fair value are translated using the exchange rates at the date when the fair value was determined.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">Exchange differences arising on the settlement of monetary items or on translating monetary items at rates different from those at which they were translated on initial recognition during the period or in previous periods are recognized in profit or loss in the period in which they arise, except for exchange differences arising on a monetary item that forms part of a reporting entity&#8217;s net investment in a foreign operation which are initially recorded in other comprehensive income in the consolidated financial statements and reclassified from equity to profit or loss on disposal of the net investment.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">When a gain or loss on a non-monetary item is recognized in other comprehensive income, any exchange component of that gain or loss is recognized in other comprehensive income. 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A fair value measurement is for a particular asset or liability. Therefore, when measuring fair value, the Group takes into account the characteristics of the asset or liability if market participants would take those characteristics into account when pricing the asset or liability at the measurement date. A fair value measurement assumes that the transaction to sell the asset or transfer the liability takes place either:</div> <div style="text-align: left; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 7.59pt; text-indent: -32px; margin-bottom: 0pt; float: left; margin-left: 60px;">(a)&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;in the principal market for the asset or liability; or</div> <div style="line-height: 0pt; margin: 0pt; clear: both; font-size: 0pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</div> <div style="text-align: left; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 7.6pt; text-indent: -32px; margin-bottom: 0pt; float: left; margin-left: 60px;">(b)&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;in the absence of a principal market, in the most advantageous market for the asset or liability.</div> <div style="line-height: 0pt; margin: 0pt; clear: both; font-size: 0pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">The Group measures the fair value of an asset or a liability using the assumptions that market participants would use when pricing the asset or liability, assuming that market participants act in their economic best interest.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">The Group uses valuation techniques that are appropriate in the circumstances and for which sufficient data is available to measure fair value, maximizing the use of relevant observable inputs and minimizing the use of unobservable inputs. IFRS 13,&#160;<font style="font-style: italic;">Fair Value Measurement</font>&#160;(&#8220;IFRS 13&#8221;)<font style="font-style: italic;">,</font>establishes a fair value hierarchy that categorizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value into three levels:</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">Level&#160;1 inputs are quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the entity can access at the measurement date.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">Level&#160;2 inputs are inputs other than quoted prices included within Level&#160;1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">Level&#160;3 inputs are unobservable inputs for the asset or liability.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">Assessing the significance of a particular input to the fair value measurement in its entirety requires judgment, considering factors specific to the asset or liability.</div> </div> <div style="widows: 2; text-transform: none; font-variant: normal; font-style: normal; text-indent: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: normal; color: #000000; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; break-after: page;"> <div style="line-height: 11pt; font-style: italic; margin-top: 10pt; font-weight: bold;"><font style="text-decoration: underline;">Non-current Assets Held for Sale</font></div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">A non-current asset (or disposal group) is classified as held for sale if its carrying amount will be recovered principally through a sale transaction rather than through continuing use. For this to be the case, the asset (or disposal group) must be available for immediate sale in its present condition subject only to terms that are usual and customary for the sale of such asset (or disposal group), the appropriate level of management must be committed to a plan to sell the asset (or disposal group) and an active program to locate a buyer and complete the plan must have been initiated. Further, the asset (or disposal group) must be actively marketed for sale at a price that is reasonable in relation to its current fair value and the sale is highly probable to complete within one year from the date of classification, except as permitted under certain events and circumstances. If the aforesaid criteria are no longer met, the Group ceases to classify the asset (or disposal group) as held for sale.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">Non-current assets (and disposal groups) classified as held for sale are measured at the lower of their carrying amounts and fair values less costs to sell. The Group does not depreciate or amortize a non-current asset while it is classified as held for sale.</div> <div style="line-height: 11pt; font-style: italic; margin-top: 12pt; font-weight: bold;"><font style="text-decoration: underline;">Use of Estimates and Assumptions and Measurement Uncertainty</font></div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">The timely preparation of the consolidated financial statements in conformity with IFRS requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. Management&#8217;s best estimates are based on the facts and circumstances available at the time estimates are made, historical experience, general economic conditions and trends and management&#8217;s assessment of probable future outcomes of these matters. Actual results could differ from these estimates and such differences could be material. For critical judgments in applying accounting policies and major sources of estimation uncertainty (see Notes 2C and 2D).</div> <div style="line-height: 11pt; margin-top: 12pt; font-weight: bold;">B. Significant Accounting Policies</div> <div style="line-height: 11pt; font-style: italic; margin-top: 12pt; font-weight: bold;"><font style="text-decoration: underline;">(i) Financial Instruments</font></div> <div style="line-height: 11pt; font-style: italic; margin-top: 12pt;"><font style="text-decoration: underline;">IFRS&#160;</font><font style="white-space: pre; text-decoration: underline;"></font><font style="text-decoration: underline;">9</font></div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">The Group adopted IFRS 9 with a date of initial application of January&#160;1, 2018.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">Financial assets and financial liabilities are recognized on the consolidated statement of financial position when the Group becomes a party to the financial instrument contract. A financial asset is derecognized either when the Group has transferred substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership of the financial asset or when cash flows expire. A financial liability is derecognized when the obligation specified in the contract is discharged, canceled or expired.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">The Group classifies its financial assets into the following measurement categories: (a)&#160;those measured subsequently at fair value (either through other comprehensive income (&#8220;FVTOCI&#8221;) or through profit or loss (&#8220;FVTPL&#8221;) and (b)&#160;subsequently measured at amortized cost. The classification of financial assets depends on the Group&#8217;s business model for managing the financial assets and the terms of the contractual cash flows. The Group classifies its financial liabilities as subsequently measured at amortized cost, except for financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss.</div> <div style="line-height: 11pt; font-style: italic; margin-top: 12pt;"><font style="text-decoration: underline;">Initial Adoption of IFRS 9</font></div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">IFRS 9 does not require restatement of comparative periods. Accordingly, the Group has reflected the retrospective impact of the adoption of IFRS 9 due to the change in accounting policy for investments in&#160;equity securities as an adjustment to opening accumulated deficit as at January&#160;1, 2018. Under IFRS 9, the Group&#8217;s investments in equity securities, which were previously classified as available for sale or at cost under IAS 39,<font style="font-style: italic;">Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement</font>&#160;(&#8220;IAS 39&#8221;), are measured at FVTPL. The retrospective adjustment, which represented the fair value gain adjustment on investments in equity securities as of January&#160;1, 2018, was $524 and debited to other comprehensive income.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">Upon the initial adoption of IFRS 9 on January 1, 2018, the financial assets which were previously classified at fair value through profit or loss, held-to-maturity, loans and receivables and available-for-sale have been transferred to, financial assets measured at FVTPL, FVTOCI or amortised cost.</div> <div style="line-height: 11pt; font-style: italic; margin-top: 12pt;"><font style="text-decoration: underline;">IAS 39</font>&#160;(Accounting Policies Applicable Prior to January&#160;1, 2018)</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">All financial assets and financial liabilities were classified by characteristic and/or management intent. Except for certain financial instruments which were excluded from the scope, all financial assets were classified into one of four categories: (a)&#160;at fair value through profit or loss; (b)&#160;held-to-maturity; (c)&#160;loans and receivables; and (d)&#160;available-for-sale, and all financial liabilities were classified into one of two categories: (a)&#160;at fair value through profit or loss; and (b)&#160;at amortized cost.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">A financial asset or financial liability at fair value through profit or loss was a financial asset or financial liability that met either of the following conditions: (a)&#160;it was classified as held for trading if it was (i)&#160;acquired or incurred principally for the purpose of selling or repurchasing it in the near term, (ii) part of a portfolio of identified financial instruments that were managed together and for which there was evidence of a recent actual pattern of short-term profit taking, or (iii) a derivative, except for a derivative that was a designated and effective hedging instrument; or (b)&#160;it was designated by the Group upon initial recognition as at fair value through profit or loss when certain conditions were met.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">Available-for-sale financial assets were those non-derivative financial assets that were designated as available for sale, or that were not classified as loans and receivables, held-to-maturity investments, or at fair value through profit or loss.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">Non-derivative financial liabilities were classified as financial liabilities measured at amortized cost.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">After initial recognition, the Group measured financial assets, including derivatives that were assets, at their fair values, without any deduction for transaction costs it might incur on sale or other disposal, except for the following financial assets: (a)&#160;held-to-maturity investments which were measured at amortized cost using the effective interest method; (b)&#160;loans and receivables which were measured at amortized cost using the effective interest method; and (c)&#160;investments in equity instruments that did not have a quoted market price in an active market and whose fair value could not be reliably measured and derivatives that were linked to and had to be settled by delivery of such unquoted equity instruments which were measured at cost. All financial assets except those measured at fair value through profit or loss were subject to review for impairment.</div> <div style="line-height: 11pt; font-style: italic; margin-top: 12pt;"><font style="text-decoration: underline;">Common to Both IFRS 9 and IAS 39</font></div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">Regular way purchases and sales of financial assets are accounted for at the settlement date.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">When a financial asset or financial liability is recognized initially, the Group measures it at its fair value plus, in the case of a financial asset or financial liability not at fair value through profit or loss, transaction costs that are directly attributable to the acquisition or issue of the financial asset or financial liability. Transaction costs related to the acquisition or issue of a financial asset or financial liability at fair value through profit or loss are expensed as incurred. The subsequent measurement of a financial instrument and the recognition of associated gains and losses are determined by the financial instrument classification.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">A gain or loss on a financial asset or financial liability classified as at fair value through profit or loss is recognized in profit or loss for the period in which it arises. A gain or loss on an asset measured at FVTOCI or classified as available for sale is recognized in other comprehensive income, except for impairment losses, until the financial asset is derecognized, at which time the cumulative gain or loss previously recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income is recognized in profit or loss for the period. For financial assets and financial liabilities carried at amortized cost, a gain or loss is recognized in profit or loss when the financial asset or financial liability is derecognized or impaired and through the amortization process.</div> </div> <div style="widows: 2; text-transform: none; font-variant: normal; font-style: normal; text-indent: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: normal; color: #000000; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; break-after: page;"> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 10pt;">Net gains or net losses on financial instruments at fair value through profit or loss do not include interest or dividend income.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">Whenever quoted market prices are available, bid prices are used for the measurement of fair value of financial assets while ask prices are used for financial liabilities. When the market for a financial instrument is not active, the Group establishes fair value by using a valuation technique. Valuation techniques include using recent arm&#8217;s length market transactions between knowledgeable, willing parties, if available; reference to the current fair value of another financial instrument that is substantially the same; discounted cash flow analysis; option pricing models; and other valuation techniques commonly used by market participants to price the financial instrument.</div> <div style="line-height: 11pt; font-style: italic; margin-top: 12pt; font-weight: bold;"><font style="text-decoration: underline;">(ii) Cash and Cash Equivalents</font></div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">Cash and cash equivalents include cash on hand, cash at banks and highly liquid investments (e.g. money market funds) readily convertible to a known amount of cash and subject to an insignificant risk of change in value. They have maturities of three&#160;months or less from the date of acquisition and are generally interest-bearing.</div> <div style="line-height: 11pt; font-style: italic; margin-top: 12pt; font-weight: bold;"><font style="text-decoration: underline;">(iii) Securities</font></div> <div style="line-height: 11pt; font-style: italic; margin-top: 12pt;"><font style="text-decoration: underline;">IFRS 9</font></div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">Investments in equity securities are measured at FVTPL.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">Debt securities which are held within a business model whose objective is to collect the contractual cash flows and sell the debt securities, and that have contractual cash flows that are solely payments of principal and interest on the principal outstanding are measured at FVTOCI.</div> <div style="line-height: 11pt; font-style: italic; margin-top: 12pt;"><font style="text-decoration: underline;">IAS 39</font>&#160;(Accounting Policies Applicable Prior to January&#160;1, 2018)</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">Securities were classified as at fair value through profit or loss (i.e. held for trading) or short-term or long-term available-for-sale securities.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">Publicly-traded securities (debt and equity) which were acquired principally for the purpose of selling in the near term were classified as held for trading.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">Available-for-sale securities consisted of publicly-traded securities and unlisted equity securities which were not held for trading and not held to maturity. Long-term available-for-sale securities were purchased with the intention to hold until market conditions render alternative investments more attractive. Short-term available-for-sale securities were held with the intention of management to sell within the current operating cycle but did not meet the definition of trading securities.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">When a decline in the fair value of an available-for-sale security had been recognized in other comprehensive income and there was objective evidence that the asset is impaired, the cumulative loss that had been recognized in other comprehensive income was reclassified from equity to profit or loss as a reclassification adjustment even though the security had not been derecognized. A significant or prolonged decline in the fair value of an investment in an equity instrument below its cost is an objective evidence of impairment. The Group considered a decline in excess of 25&#160;percent generally as significant and a decline in a quoted market price that persisted for 15&#160;months as prolonged. Impairment losses recognized in profit or loss for an investment in an equity instrument classified as available for sale would not be reversed through profit or loss.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">Gains and losses on sales of securities are calculated on the average cost basis.</div> <div style="line-height: 11pt; font-style: italic; margin-top: 12pt; font-weight: bold;"><font style="text-decoration: underline;">(iv) Securities and Financial Liabilities&#8201;&#8211;&#8201;Derivatives</font></div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">A derivative is a financial instrument or other contract with all three of the following characteristics: (a)&#160;its value changes in response to the change in a specified interest rate, financial instrument price, product price, foreign exchange rate, index of prices or rates, credit rating or credit index, or other variable; (b)&#160;it requires no initial net investment or an initial net investment that is smaller than would be required for other types of contracts that would be expected to have a similar response to changes in market factors; and (c)&#160;it is settled at a future date. A derivative financial instrument is either exchange-traded or negotiated. A derivative financial instrument is included in the consolidated statement of financial position as a security (i.e. financial asset) or a financial liability and measured at fair value. The recognition and measurement of a derivative financial instrument under both IFRS 9 and IAS 39 does not apply to a contract that is entered into and continues to be held for the purpose of the receipt or delivery of a non-financial item in accordance with the Group&#8217;s expected purchase, sale or usage requirements, unless the Group, as allowed under IFRS 9, designates the contract as measured at fair value through profit or loss if it eliminates or significantly reduces a measurement inconsistency.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">Where the Group has both the legal right and intent to settle derivative assets and liabilities simultaneously with the counterparty, the net fair value of the derivative financial instruments is reported as an asset or liability, as appropriate.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">Changes in the fair values of derivative financial instruments that do not qualify for hedge accounting are recognized in profit or loss as they arise.</div> <div style="line-height: 11pt; font-style: italic; margin-top: 12pt; font-weight: bold;"><font style="text-decoration: underline;">(v</font>&#160;<font style="text-decoration: underline;">) Financial Liabilities</font></div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">The Group measures financial liabilities at either amortised cost or FVTPL. Financial liabilities are measured at amortised cost, unless either it is held for trading and hence required to be measured at FVTPL or the group elects to measure the financial liability at FVTPL.</div> <div style="line-height: 11pt; font-style: italic; margin-top: 12pt; font-weight: bold;"><font style="text-decoration: underline;">(vi) Receivables</font></div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">Receivables are measured at amortized cost under both IFRS 9 and IAS 39.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">Receivables are net of an allowance for credit losses, if any. The Group performs ongoing credit evaluations of its customers and recognizes a loss allowance for expected credit losses. Receivables are considered past due on an individual basis based on the terms of the contracts.</div> <div style="line-height: 11pt; font-style: italic; margin-top: 12pt; font-weight: bold;"><font style="text-decoration: underline;">(</font><font style="white-space: pre; text-decoration: underline;"></font><font style="text-decoration: underline;">vii) Allowance for Credit Losses</font></div> <div style="line-height: 11pt; font-style: italic; margin-top: 12pt;"><font style="text-decoration: underline;">IFRS 9</font></div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">The Group recognizes and measures a loss allowance for expected credit losses on a financial asset which is measured at amortized cost or at FVTOCI, including a lease receivable, a contract asset or a loan commitment and a financial guarantee contract. The impairment methodology applied depends on whether there has been a significant increase in credit risk since initial recognition. To assess whether there is a significant increase in credit risk, the Group compares the risk of a default occurring on the asset as at the reporting date with the risk of default as at the date of initial recognition based on all information available, and reasonable and supportive forward-looking information.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">When there is significant increase in credit risk or for credit-impaired financial assets, the loss allowance equals the lifetime expected credit losses which is defined as the expected credit losses that result from all possible default events over the expected life of a financial instrument. If, at the reporting date, the credit risk on a financial asset has not increased significantly since initial recognition, the Group measures the loss allowance for that financial instrument at an amount equal to the 12-month expected credit losses which is defined as the portion of lifetime expected credit losses that represent the expected credit losses that result from default events on a financial instrument that are possible within the 12&#160;months after the reporting date.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">As required by IFRS 9, the Group always measures the loss allowance at an amount equal to lifetime expected credit losses for trade receivables and contract assets that result from transactions that are within the scope of IFRS 15.</div> </div> <div style="widows: 2; text-transform: none; font-variant: normal; font-style: normal; text-indent: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: normal; color: #000000; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; break-after: page;"> <div style="line-height: 11pt; font-style: italic; margin-top: 10pt;"><font style="text-decoration: underline;">IAS 39</font>&#160;(Accounting Policies Applicable Prior to January&#160;1, 2018)</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 5.61pt;">The Group applied credit risk assessment and valuation methods to its trade and other receivables. Credit losses arose primarily from receivables but might also relate to other credit instruments issued by or on behalf of the Group, such as guarantees and letters of credit. Specific provisions were established on an individual receivable basis.</div> <div style="line-height: 11pt; font-style: italic; margin-top: 12pt;"><font style="text-decoration: underline;">Common to Both IFRS 9 and IAS 39</font></div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 5.61pt;">The Group&#8217;s allowance for credit losses is maintained at an amount considered adequate to absorb expected or estimated credit-related losses. Such allowance reflects management&#8217;s best estimate of the losses in the Group&#8217;s financial assets and judgments about economic conditions. Estimates and judgments could change in the near term, and could result in a significant change to a recognized allowance. An allowance for credit losses is increased by provisions, which are recognized in profit or loss and reduced by write-offs net of any recoveries. Write-offs are generally recorded after all reasonable restructuring or collection activities have taken place and there is no realistic prospect of recovery.</div> <div style="line-height: 11pt; font-style: italic; margin-top: 12pt; font-weight: bold;"><font style="white-space: pre; text-decoration: underline;"></font><font style="text-decoration: underline;">(viii) Inventories</font></div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 5.6pt;">Inventories principally consist of raw materials, work-in-progress, and finished goods. Inventories, other than commodities products, are recorded at the lower of cost and net realizable value. Cost, where appropriate, includes an allocation of manufacturing overheads incurred in bringing inventories to their present location and condition and is assigned by using the first-in, first-out or weighted average cost formula, depending on the class of inventories. Net realizable value represents the estimated selling price less all estimated costs of completion and costs to be incurred in marketing, selling and distribution. The amount of any write-down of inventories to net realizable value and all losses of inventories are recognized as an expense in the period the write-down or loss occurs. The reversal of a write-down of inventories arising from an increase in net realizable value is recognized as a reduction in the amount of costs of sales and services in the period in which the reversal occurs.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">Commodity products acquired by the Group as a broker-trader in the Group&#8217;s merchant banking activities with the purpose of selling in the near future and generating a profit from fluctuations in price or broker-traders&#8217; margin are measured at fair value less costs to sell. Fair values of the Group&#8217;s inventories are determined by reference to their contractual selling prices or quoted prices in marketplaces in the absence of a contract (Level 1 fair value hierarchy), in accordance with guidance on fair value in IFRS 13.</div> <div style="line-height: 11pt; font-style: italic; margin-top: 12pt; font-weight: bold;"><font style="white-space: pre; text-decoration: underline;"></font><font style="text-decoration: underline;">(ix) Real Estate Held for Sale</font></div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 5.61pt;">Real estate held for sale is real estate intended for sale in the ordinary course of business or in the process of construction or development for such sale.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">Real estate held for sale is measured at the lower of cost (on a specific item basis) and net realizable value. Net realizable value is estimated by reference to sale proceeds of similar properties sold in the ordinary course of business less all estimated selling expenses around the reporting date, or by management estimates based on prevailing market conditions. The amount of any write-down of properties to net realizable value is recognized as an expense in the period the write-down occurs. The reversal of a write-down arising from an increase in net realizable value is recognized in the period in which the reversal occurs.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">All of the Group&#8217;s real estate is located in Europe.</div> <div style="line-height: 11pt; font-style: italic; margin-top: 12pt; font-weight: bold;"><font style="text-decoration: underline;">(x) Investment Property</font></div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 5.41pt;">Investment property is property that is held for generating rental income or for capital appreciation or both, rather than for: (a) use in the production or supply of goods or services or for administrative purposes; or (b) sale in the ordinary course of business. The Group&#8217;s investment property comprises freehold land and buildings. Investment property is initially recognized at cost including related transaction costs. After initial recognition, investment property is measured at fair value, with changes in fair value recognized in profit or loss in the period in which they arise.</div> </div> <div style="widows: 2; text-transform: none; font-variant: normal; font-style: normal; text-indent: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: normal; color: #000000; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; break-after: page;"> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 10pt;">The Group determines fair value without any deduction for transaction costs it may incur on sale or other disposal. Fair value of the Group&#8217;s investment property is based on valuations prepared annually by external evaluators in accordance with guidance issued by the International Valuation Standard Committee and reviewed by the Group, or these valuations are updated by management when there are no significant changes in the inputs to the valuation prepared by external evaluators in the preceding year, in accordance with guidance on fair value in IFRS 13.</div> <div style="line-height: 11pt; font-style: italic; margin-top: 12pt; font-weight: bold;"><font style="white-space: pre; text-decoration: underline;"></font><font style="text-decoration: underline;">(xi) Property, Plant and Equipment</font></div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">Property, plant and equipment are carried at cost, net of accumulated depreciation and, if any, accumulated impairment losses. The initial cost of an item of property, plant and equipment comprises its purchase price or construction cost, any costs directly attributable to bringing the asset into operation, the initial estimate of any decommissioning obligation, if any, and, for qualifying assets, borrowing costs. The purchase price or construction cost is the aggregate amount paid and the fair value of any other consideration given to acquire the asset. Where an item of property, plant and equipment or part of the item that was separately depreciated is replaced and it is probable that future economic benefits associated with the replacement item will flow to the Group, the cost of the replacement item is capitalized and the carrying amount of the replaced asset is derecognized. All other replacement expenditures are recognized in profit or loss when incurred.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">Inspection costs associated with major maintenance programs are capitalized and amortized over the period to the next inspection. 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padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="min-width: 0pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 1.5pt; padding-left: 0pt; padding-right: 0pt; padding-top: 3.5pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="min-width: 36pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 1.5pt; padding-left: 0pt; padding-right: 0pt; white-space: nowrap; padding-top: 3.5pt;">straight-line</td> <td style="width: 0pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 0pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> </tr> </table> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 12.81pt;">Depreciation expense is included in costs of sales and services or selling, general and administrative expense, whichever is appropriate.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">The residual value and the useful life of an asset are reviewed at least at each financial year-end and, if expectations differ from previous estimates, the changes, if any, are accounted for as a change in an accounting estimate in accordance with IAS 8,&#160;<font style="font-style: italic;">Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors</font>. The depreciation method applied to an asset is reviewed at least at each financial year-end and, if there has been a significant change in the expected pattern of consumption of the future economic benefits embodied in the asset, the method is changed to reflect the changed pattern.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">The carrying amount of an item of property, plant and equipment is derecognized upon disposal or when no future economic benefits are expected to arise from the continued use of the asset. Any gain or loss arising on derecognition of the asset (calculated as the difference between the net disposal proceeds and the carrying amount of the item) is included in profit or loss in the period in which the item is derecognized.</div> <div style="line-height: 11pt; font-style: italic; margin-top: 12pt; font-weight: bold;"><font style="text-decoration: underline;">(xii) Interests in Resource Properties</font></div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 5.81pt;">The Group&#8217;s interests in resource properties are mainly comprised of an interest in the Scully Iron Ore Mine, and to a lesser extent exploration and evaluation assets (comprising hydrocarbon probable reserves and hydrocarbon undeveloped lands), hydrocarbon development and production assets.</div> <div style="line-height: 11pt; margin-top: 12pt; margin-left: 20pt; font-weight: bold;">(a)&#160;<font style="text-decoration: underline;">Exploration and evaluation assets</font></div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 5.8pt;">Exploration and evaluation costs, including the costs of acquiring undeveloped land and drilling costs are initially capitalized until the drilling of the well is complete and the results have been evaluated in order to determine the technical feasibility and commercial viability of the asset. Technical feasibility and commercial viability are considered to be determinable when proved and/or probable reserves are determined to exist. When proved and/or probable reserves are found, the drilling costs and the costs of associated hydrocarbon undeveloped lands are reclassified to hydrocarbon development and production assets or from hydrocarbon undeveloped lands to hydrocarbon probable reserves. The cost of hydrocarbon undeveloped land that expires or any impairment recognized during a period is charged to profit or loss. Pre-license costs are recognized in profit or loss as incurred.</div> <div style="line-height: 11pt; margin-top: 12pt; margin-left: 20pt; font-weight: bold;">(b)&#160;<font style="text-decoration: underline;">Hydrocarbon development and production assets and&#160;</font><font style="white-space: pre; text-decoration: underline;"></font><font style="text-decoration: underline;">an interest in an iron ore mine</font></div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">The Group&#8217;s interests in resource properties are mainly comprised of an interest in the Scully Iron Ore Mine, and to a lesser extent, hydrocarbon development and production assets.</div> <div style="line-height: 11pt; margin-top: 12pt; margin-left: 40pt;"><font style="text-decoration: underline;">(1) Recognition and measurement</font></div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">Interests in resource properties are initially measured at cost and subsequently carried at cost less accumulated depletion and, if any, accumulated impairment losses.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">The cost of an interest in resource property includes the initial purchase price and directly attributable expenditures to find, develop, construct and complete the asset. This cost includes reclassifications from exploration and evaluation assets, installation or completion of infrastructure facilities such as platforms, pipelines and the drilling of development wells, including unsuccessful development or delineation wells. Any costs directly attributable to bringing the asset to the location and condition necessary to operate as intended by management and result in an identifiable future benefit are also capitalized. These costs include an estimate of decommissioning obligations and, for qualifying assets, capitalized borrowing costs.</div> <div style="line-height: 11pt; margin-top: 12pt; margin-left: 40pt;"><font style="text-decoration: underline;">(2) Subsequent costs</font></div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">Costs incurred subsequent to the determination of technical feasibility and commercial viability and the costs of replacing parts of property are capitalized only when they increase the future economic benefits embodied in the specific asset to which they relate. Such capitalized costs generally represent costs incurred in developing proved reserves and bringing in, or enhancing production from, such reserves and are accumulated on a field or geotechnical area basis. All other expenditures are recognized in profit or loss as incurred. The costs of periodic servicing of the properties are recognized in costs of sales and services as incurred.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">The carrying amount of any replaced or sold component is derecognized.</div> <div style="line-height: 11pt; margin-top: 12pt; margin-left: 40pt;"><font style="text-decoration: underline;">(3) Depletion</font></div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">The carrying amount of an interest in a resource property is depleted using the unit of production method by reference to the ratio of production in the period to the related reserves.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">For interests in hydrocarbon development and production assets, depletion is calculated based on proved producing reserves, taking into account estimated future development costs necessary to bring those reserves into production and the estimated salvage values of the assets at the end of their estimated useful lives. Future development costs are estimated taking into account the level of development required to continue to produce the reserves. Reserves for hydrocarbon development and production assets are estimated annually by independent qualified reserve evaluators and represent the estimated quantities of natural gas, natural gas liquids and crude oil which geological, geophysical and engineering data demonstrate with a specified degree of certainty to be recoverable in future&#160;years from known reservoirs and which are considered commercially producible. For depletion purposes, relative volumes of petroleum and natural gas production and reserves are converted at the energy equivalent conversion rate of six thousand cubic feet of natural gas to one barrel of crude oil.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">For the interest in an iron ore mine, depletion is calculated based on proved and probable reserves. The estimate of the reserves of iron ore is reviewed whenever significant new information about the reserve is available, or at least at each financial year-end.</div> </div> <div style="widows: 2; text-transform: none; font-variant: normal; font-style: normal; text-indent: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: normal; color: #000000; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; break-after: page;"> <div style="line-height: 11pt; font-style: italic; margin-top: 10pt; font-weight: bold;"><font style="text-decoration: underline;">(</font><font style="white-space: pre; text-decoration: underline;"></font><font style="text-decoration: underline;">xiii) Impairment of Non-financial Assets</font></div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">The Group reviews the carrying amounts of its non-financial assets at each reporting date to determine whether there is any indication of impairment. If any such indication exists, an asset&#8217;s recoverable amount is estimated.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">The recoverable amount is the higher of an asset&#8217;s fair value less costs of disposal and value in use. Where an individual asset does not generate separately identifiable cash flows, an impairment test is performed at the cash-generating unit (&#8220;CGU&#8221;) level. A CGU is the smallest identifiable group of assets that generates cash inflows that are largely independent of the cash inflows from other assets or groups of assets. Where the carrying amount of an asset (or CGU) exceeds its recoverable amount, the asset (or CGU) is considered impaired and written down to its recoverable amount. In assessing value in use, the estimated future cash flows are discounted to their present value using a discount rate that reflects current market assessments of the time value of money and the risks specific to the asset. In determining fair value less costs of disposal, an appropriate valuation model is used. These calculations are corroborated by external valuation metrics or other available fair value indicators wherever possible.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">An assessment is made at the end of each reporting period whether there is an indication that previously recognized impairment losses no longer exist or have decreased. If such indication exists, an estimate of the asset&#8217;s (or CGU&#8217;s) recoverable amount is reviewed. A previously recognized impairment loss is reversed to the extent that the events or circumstances that triggered the original impairment have changed. The reversal is limited so that the carrying amount of the asset does not exceed its recoverable amount, nor exceed the carrying amount that would have been determined, net of depreciation, depletion and amortization, had no impairment loss been recognized for the asset in prior periods. A reversal of an impairment loss for a CGU is allocated to the assets of the CGU pro-rata with the carrying amounts of those assets. During the year ended December 31, 2018, there was a reversal of impairment of the Group&#8217;s interest in an iron ore mine (see Note 13).</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">Hydrocarbon probable reserves are tested for impairment when they are reclassified to hydrocarbon development and production assets or when indicators exist that suggest the carrying amount may exceed the recoverable amount. For purposes of impairment testing, hydrocarbon probable reserves are grouped with related producing resource properties as a CGU with common geography and geological characteristics.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">Undeveloped lands are evaluated for indicators separately from hydrocarbon development and production assets and hydrocarbon probable reserves. Impairment is assessed by comparing the carrying amount of undeveloped lands to values determined by an independent land evaluator based on recent market transactions. Management also takes into account future plans for those properties, the remaining terms of the leases and any other factors that may be indicators of potential impairment.</div> <div style="line-height: 11pt; font-style: italic; margin-top: 12pt; font-weight: bold;"><font style="text-decoration: underline;">(</font><font style="white-space: pre; text-decoration: underline;"></font><font style="text-decoration: underline;">xiv) Defined Benefit Pension Plan</font></div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">Prior to October&#160;1, 2017, the Group had defined benefit pension plans.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">The Group recognizes an accrued pension obligation, which represents the deficit of a defined benefit pension plan and is calculated by deducting the fair value of plan assets from the present value of the defined benefit obligations, in the consolidated statement of financial position.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">The Group uses the projected unit credit method to determine the present value of its defined benefit obligations and the related current service cost and, where applicable, past service cost. Actuarial assumptions are unbiased and mutually compatible and comprise demographic and financial assumptions.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">Past service cost, which is the change in the present value of the defined benefit obligation for employee service in prior periods resulting from a plan amendment or curtailment, is recognized as an expense at the earlier of when the amendment/curtailment occurs or when the Group recognizes related restructuring or termination costs. The gain or loss on a settlement, which is the difference between the present value of the defined benefit obligation being settled and the settlement price, is recognized in profit or loss when the settlement occurs.</div> </div> <div style="widows: 2; text-transform: none; font-variant: normal; font-style: normal; text-indent: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: normal; color: #000000; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; break-after: page;"> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 10pt;">Current service cost and net interest on the accrued pension obligation are recognized in profit or loss.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">Remeasurements of the accrued pension obligation, which comprise actuarial gains and losses, the return on plan assets (excluding amounts included in net interest on the net defined benefit liability (asset)) and any change in the effect of the asset ceiling (excluding amounts included in net interest on the net defined benefit liability (asset)), are recognized in other comprehensive income and are not reclassified to profit or loss in a subsequent period.</div> <div style="line-height: 11pt; font-style: italic; margin-top: 12pt; font-weight: bold;"><font style="text-decoration: underline;">(</font><font style="white-space: pre; text-decoration: underline;"></font><font style="text-decoration: underline;">xv) Provisions and Contingencies</font></div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">Provisions are recognized when the Group has a present obligation as a result of a past event, it is probable that an outflow of resources embodying economic benefits will be required to settle the obligation and a reliable estimate can be made of the amount of the obligation. Provisions are measured at management&#8217;s best estimate of the expenditure required to settle the obligation at the reporting date. Where appropriate, the future cash flow estimates are adjusted to reflect risks specific to the liability. If the effect of the time value of money is material, provisions are determined by discounting the expected future cash flows at a pre-tax rate that reflects current market assessments of the time value of money and the risks specific to the liability. Where discounting is used, the increase in the provision due to the passage of time is recorded as accretion and included in finance costs.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">Contingent liabilities are possible obligations whose existence will only be confirmed by future events not wholly within the control of the Group. Contingent liabilities, other than those assumed in connection with business combinations which are measured at fair value at the acquisition date, are not recognized in the consolidated financial statements but are disclosed unless the possibility of an outflow of economic resources is considered remote. Legal costs in connection with a loss contingency are recognized in profit or loss when incurred.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">The Group does not recognize a contingent or reimbursement asset unless it is virtually certain that the contingent or reimbursement asset will be received.</div> <div style="line-height: 11pt; font-style: italic; margin-top: 12pt; font-weight: bold;"><font style="text-decoration: underline;">(</font><font style="white-space: pre; text-decoration: underline;"></font><font style="text-decoration: underline;">xvi) Decommissioning Obligations</font></div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">The Group provides for decommissioning, restoration and similar liabilities (collectively, decommissioning obligations) on its resource properties, facilities, production platforms, pipelines and other facilities based on estimates established by current legislation and industry practices. The decommissioning obligation is initially measured at fair value and capitalized to interests in resource properties or property, plant and equipment as an asset retirement cost. The liability is estimated by discounting expected future cash flows required to settle the liability using a pre-tax rate that reflects current market assessments of the time value of money and the risks specific to the liability. The estimated future asset retirement costs are adjusted for risks such as project, physical, regulatory and timing. The estimates are reviewed periodically. Changes in the provision as a result of changes in the estimated future costs or discount rates are added to or deducted from the asset retirement cost in the period of the change. The liability accretes for the effect of time value of money until it is settled. The capitalized asset retirement cost is amortized through depreciation, depletion and amortization over the estimated useful life of the related asset. Actual asset retirement expenditures are recorded against the obligation when incurred. Any difference between the accrued liability and the actual expenditures incurred is recorded as a gain or loss in the settlement period.</div> <div style="line-height: 11pt; font-style: italic; margin-top: 12pt; font-weight: bold;"><font style="text-decoration: underline;">(</font><font style="white-space: pre; text-decoration: underline;"></font><font style="text-decoration: underline;">xvii) Own Equity Instruments</font></div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">The Group&#8217;s holdings of its own equity instruments, including common stock and preferred stock, are presented as &#8220;treasury stock&#8221; and deducted from shareholders&#8217; equity at cost and in the determination of the number of equity shares outstanding. No gain or loss is recognized in profit or loss on the purchase, sale, re-issue or cancellation of the Group&#8217;s own equity instruments.</div> </div> <div style="widows: 2; text-transform: none; font-variant: normal; font-style: normal; text-indent: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: normal; color: #000000; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; break-after: page;"> <div style="line-height: 11pt; font-style: italic; margin-top: 10pt; font-weight: bold;"><font style="text-decoration: underline;">(</font><font style="white-space: pre; text-decoration: underline;"></font><font style="text-decoration: underline;">xviii) Revenue Recognition</font></div> <div style="line-height: 11pt; font-style: italic; margin-top: 12pt;"><font style="text-decoration: underline;">IFRS 15</font></div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">Effective January&#160;1, 2018, the Group adopted IFRS 15,&#160;<font style="font-style: italic;">Revenue from Contracts with Customers</font>&#160;(&#8220;IFRS&#160;15&#8221;). Pursuant to IFRS 15, the Group recognizes revenue, excluding interest and dividend income and other such income from financial instruments recognized in accordance with IFRS 9, upon transfer of promised goods or services to customers in amounts that reflect the consideration to which the Group expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services based on the following five step approach:</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">Step 1:&#160;&#160;&#160;Identify the contracts with customers;</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">Step 2:&#160;&#160;&#160;Identify the performance obligations in the contract;</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">Step 3:&#160;&#160;&#160;Determine the transaction price;</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">Step 4:&#160;&#160;&#160;Allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract; and</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">Step 5:&#160;&#160;&#160;Recognize revenue when (or as) the entity satisfies a performance obligation.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">The Group typically satisfies its performance obligations upon shipment of the goods, or upon delivery as the services are rendered or upon completion of services depending on whether the performance obligations are satisfied over time or at a point in time. The Group primarily acts as principal in contracts with its customers. The Group does not have material obligations for returns, refunds and other similar obligations, nor warranties and related obligations.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">For performance obligations that the Group satisfies over time, the Group typically uses time-based measures of progress because the Group is providing a series of distinct services that are substantially the same and have the same pattern of transfer.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">For performance obligations that the Group satisfies at a point in time, the Group typically uses shipment or delivery of goods and/or services in evaluating when a customer obtains control of promised goods or services.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">A significant financing component exists and is accounted for if the timing of payments agreed to by the parties to the contract provides the customer or the Group with a significant benefit of financing the transfer of goods and services to the customer. As a practical expedient, the Group does not adjust the promised amount of consideration for the effects of a significant financing component if the Group expects, at contract inception, that the period between when the Group transfers a promised good or service to a customer and when the customer pays for that good or service will be one year or less.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">The incremental costs of obtaining contracts with customers and the costs incurred in fulfilling contracts with customers that are directly associated with the contract are recognized as an asset (hereinafter, &#8220;assets arising from contract costs&#8221;) if those costs are expected to be recoverable, which are included in other long-term assets in the consolidated statements of financial position. The incremental costs of obtaining contracts are those costs that the Group incurs to obtain a contract with a customer that they would not have incurred if the contract had not been obtained. As a practical expedient, the Group recognizes the incremental costs of obtaining a contract as an expense when incurred if the amortization period of the asset that the entity otherwise would have recognized is one year or less. Assets arising from contract costs are amortized using the straight-line method over their estimated contract periods.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">The Group exercises judgments in determining the amount of the costs incurred to obtain or fulfill a contract with a customer, which includes, but is not limited to (a)&#160;the likelihood of obtaining the contract, (b)&#160;the estimate of the profitability of the contract, and (c)&#160;the credit risk of the customer. An impairment loss will be recognized in profit or loss to the extent that the carrying amount of the asset exceeds (a)&#160;the remaining amount of consideration that the entity expects to receive in exchange for the goods or services to which the asset relates, less (b)&#160;the costs that relate directly to providing those goods or services and that have not been recognized as expenses.</div> </div> <div style="widows: 2; text-transform: none; font-variant: normal; font-style: normal; text-indent: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: normal; color: #000000; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; break-after: page;"> <div style="line-height: 11pt; font-style: italic; margin-top: 10pt;"><font style="text-decoration: underline;">Initial Adoption of IFRS 15</font></div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">Pursuant to the transition arrangement permitted under IFRS 15, the Group applied IFRS 15 retrospectively with the cumulative effect of initially applying IFRS 15 recognized at the date of initial application. There were no revisions on the accounts in the consolidated statement of financial position on January&#160;1, 2018 upon the adoption of IFRS 15.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">Moreover, there were no financial statement line items affected in the current year ended December&#160;31, 2018 by the application of IFRS 15 as compared to the presentation under IAS 18,&#160;<font style="font-style: italic;">Revenue</font>&#160;and related interpretations.</div> <div style="line-height: 11pt; font-style: italic; margin-top: 12pt;"><font style="text-decoration: underline;">IAS 18, Revenue (&#8220;IAS 18&#8221;)</font>&#160;(Accounting Policies Applicable Prior to January&#160;1, 2018)</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">The Group accounted for revenues under IAS 18 and other related international accounting standards and interpretations for the recognition and measurement of revenue until December&#160;31, 2017.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">Revenue included proceeds from sales of merchant banking products and services, real estate properties, medical instruments and supplies, rental income on investment property, interest and dividend income and net gains on securities. In an agency relationship, revenue is the amount of commission earned.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">Revenue from the sale of goods was recognized when: (a)&#160;the Group had transferred to the buyer the significant risks and rewards of ownership of the goods (which generally coincided with the time when the goods were delivered to the buyer and title had passed); (b)&#160;the Group retained neither continuing managerial involvement to the degree usually associated with ownership nor effective control over the goods sold; (c)&#160;the amount of revenue could be measured reliably; (d)&#160;it was probable that the economic benefits associated with the transaction would flow to the Group; and (e)&#160;the costs incurred or to be incurred in respect of the transaction could be measured reliably.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">Revenue from the rendering of services is recognized when: (a)&#160;the amount of revenue could be measured reliably; (b)&#160;it was probable that the economic benefits associated with the transaction would flow to the Group; (c)&#160;the stage of completion of the transaction at the reporting date could be measured reliably; and (d)&#160;the costs incurred for the transaction and the costs to complete the transaction could be measured reliably.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">Revenue was measured at the fair value of the consideration received or receivable and represents amounts receivable for goods and services provided in the normal course of business, net of discounts, customs duties and sales taxes. When the Group charges shipping and handling fees to customers, such fees are included in sales revenue. Where the Group acts as an agent on behalf of a third party to procure or market goods, any associated fee income is recognized and no purchase or sale is recorded.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 11.5pt; margin-top: 6pt;">Interest, royalty and dividend income were recognized when it is probable that economic benefits will flow to the Group and the amount of income could be measured reliably.</div> <div style="line-height: 11pt; font-style: italic; margin-top: 12pt; font-weight: bold;"><font style="text-decoration: underline;">(</font><font style="white-space: pre; text-decoration: underline;"></font><font style="text-decoration: underline;">xix) Costs of Sales and Services</font></div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 5.8pt;">Costs of sales and services include the costs of goods (merchant banking products and services, real estate properties, medical instruments and supplies) sold. The costs of goods sold include both the direct cost of materials and indirect costs, freight charges, purchasing and receiving costs, inspection costs, distribution costs and a provision for warranty when applicable.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">Costs of sales and services also include write-downs of inventories, net loss on securities, credit losses on financial assets, gains or losses on dispositions of subsidiaries, and fair value gain and loss on investment property, commodity inventories and derivative contracts.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">The reversal of write-downs of inventories and credit losses reduces the costs of sales and services.</div> <div style="line-height: 11pt; font-style: italic; margin-top: 12pt; font-weight: bold;"><font style="text-decoration: underline;">(</font><font style="white-space: pre; text-decoration: underline;"></font><font style="text-decoration: underline;">xx) Employee Benefits</font></div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 5.8pt;">Wages, salaries, bonuses, social security contributions, paid annual leave and sick leave are accrued in the period in which the associated services are rendered by employees of the Group. The employee benefits are included in costs of sales and services or selling, general and administrative expenses, as applicable.</div> </div> <div style="widows: 2; text-transform: none; font-variant: normal; font-style: normal; text-indent: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: normal; color: #000000; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; break-after: page;"> <div style="line-height: 11pt; font-style: italic; margin-top: 10pt; font-weight: bold;"><font style="text-decoration: underline;">(</font><font style="white-space: pre; text-decoration: underline;"></font><font style="text-decoration: underline;">xxi) Leases</font></div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">A lease is classified as an operating lease if it does not transfer substantially all the risks and rewards incidental to ownership of the leased asset. Operating lease payments are expensed in profit or loss over the term of the lease on a straight line basis.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">Lease income from operating leases is recognized in income on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease.</div> <div style="line-height: 11pt; font-style: italic; margin-top: 12pt; font-weight: bold;"><font style="text-decoration: underline;">(</font><font style="white-space: pre; text-decoration: underline;"></font><font style="text-decoration: underline;">xxii) Share-Based Compensation</font></div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">The cost of equity-settled transactions with employees is measured by reference to the fair value of the equity instruments on the date at which the equity instruments are granted and is recognized as an expense over the vesting period, which ends on the date on which the relevant employees become fully entitled to the award. Fair value is determined by using an appropriate valuation model. At each reporting date before vesting, the cumulative expense is calculated, representing the extent to which the vesting period has expired and management&#8217;s best estimate of the achievement or otherwise of non-market conditions and the number of equity instruments that will ultimately vest. The movement in cumulative expense since the previous reporting date is recognized in profit or loss, with a corresponding amount in equity.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">When the terms of an equity-settled award are modified or a new award is designated as replacing a cancelled or settled award, the cost based on the original award terms continues to be recognized over the original vesting period. In addition, an expense is recognized over the remainder of the new vesting period for the incremental fair value of any modification, based on the difference between the fair value of the original award and the fair value of the modified award, both as measured on the date of the modification. No reduction is recognized if this difference is negative. When an equity-settled award is cancelled other than by forfeiture when the vesting conditions are not satisfied, it is treated as if it had vested on the date of cancellation and any cost not yet recognized in profit or loss for the award is expensed immediately.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">Share-based compensation expenses are included in selling, general and administrative expenses. When stock options are exercised, the exercise price proceeds together with the amount initially recorded in contributed surplus are credited to capital stock.</div> <div style="line-height: 11pt; font-style: italic; margin-top: 12pt; font-weight: bold;"><font style="text-decoration: underline;">(</font><font style="white-space: pre; text-decoration: underline;"></font><font style="text-decoration: underline;">xxiii) Finance Costs</font></div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">Finance costs comprise interest expense on borrowings, accretion of the discount on provisions, decommissioning obligations and other liabilities and charges and fees relating to factoring transactions.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">Finance costs directly attributable to the acquisition, construction or production of qualifying assets, which are assets that necessarily take a substantial period of time to get ready for their intended use, are added to the cost of those assets until such time as the assets are substantially ready for their intended use. All other finance costs are recognized in profit or loss in the period in which they are incurred.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">Capital stock and debt are recorded at the amount of proceeds received, net of direct issue costs (transaction costs). The transaction costs attributable to debt issued are amortized over the debt term using the effective interest method.</div> <div style="line-height: 11pt; font-style: italic; margin-top: 12pt; font-weight: bold;"><font style="text-decoration: underline;">(</font><font style="white-space: pre; text-decoration: underline;"></font><font style="text-decoration: underline;">xxiv) Income Taxes</font></div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">Income tax expense (recovery) comprises current income tax expense (recovery) and deferred income tax expense (recovery) and includes all domestic and foreign taxes which are based on taxable profits. The current income tax provision is based on the taxable profits for the period. Taxable profit differs from income before income taxes as reported in the consolidated statements of operations because it excludes items of income or expense that are taxable or deductible in other periods and items that are never taxable or deductible. The Group&#8217;s liability for current income tax is calculated using tax rates that have been enacted or substantively enacted by the reporting date. Deferred income tax is provided, using the liability method, on all temporary differences at the reporting date between the tax bases of assets and liabilities and their carrying amounts in the consolidated statement of financial position.</div> </div> <div style="widows: 2; text-transform: none; font-variant: normal; font-style: normal; text-indent: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: normal; color: #000000; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; break-after: page;"> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 10pt;">Deferred income tax liabilities are recognized for all taxable temporary differences:</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6.6pt; text-indent: -30px; margin-bottom: 0pt; float: left; margin-left: 60px;">-&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;except where the deferred income tax liability arises on goodwill that is not tax deductible or the initial recognition of an asset or liability in a transaction that is not a business combination and, at the time of the transaction, affects neither the accounting profit nor taxable profit or loss.</div> <div style="line-height: 0pt; margin: 0pt; clear: both; font-size: 0pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6.59pt; text-indent: -30px; margin-bottom: 0pt; float: left; margin-left: 60px;">-&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;in respect of taxable temporary differences associated with investments in subsidiaries and branches, except where the Group is able to control the timing of the reversal of the temporary differences and it is probable that the temporary differences will not reverse in the foreseeable future.</div> <div style="line-height: 0pt; margin: 0pt; clear: both; font-size: 0pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">Deferred income tax assets are recognized for all deductible temporary differences, carry-forward of unused tax credits and unused tax losses, to the extent that it is probable that taxable profit will be available against which the deductible temporary differences and the carry-forward of unused tax credits and unused tax losses can be utilized:</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6.6pt; text-indent: -30px; margin-bottom: 0pt; float: left; margin-left: 60px;">-&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;except where the deferred income tax asset arises from the initial recognition of an asset or liability in a transaction that is not a business combination and, at the time of the transaction, affects neither the accounting profit nor taxable profit or loss.</div> <div style="line-height: 0pt; margin: 0pt; clear: both; font-size: 0pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6.59pt; text-indent: -30px; margin-bottom: 0pt; float: left; margin-left: 60px;">-&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;in respect of deductible temporary differences associated with investments in subsidiaries and branches, deferred tax assets are recognized only to the extent that it is probable that the temporary differences will reverse in the foreseeable future.</div> <div style="line-height: 0pt; margin: 0pt; clear: both; font-size: 0pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">On the reporting date, management reviews the Group&#8217;s deferred income tax assets to determine whether it is probable that the benefits associated with these assets will be realized. The Group also reassesses unrecognized deferred income tax assets. The review and assessment involve evaluating both positive and negative evidence. The Group recognizes a previously unrecognized deferred income tax asset to the extent that it has become probable that future taxable profit will allow the deferred income tax asset to be recovered.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">Deferred income tax assets and liabilities are measured at the tax rates that are expected to apply in the year when the asset is realized or the liability is settled, based on tax rates and tax laws that have been enacted or substantively enacted at the reporting date. Tax relating to items recognized in other comprehensive income or equity is recognized in other comprehensive income or equity and not in profit or loss.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">Deferred income tax assets and liabilities are offset when there is a legally enforceable right to set off current income tax assets against current income tax liabilities, and when they relate to income tax levied by the same taxation authority and the Group intends to settle its current income tax assets and liabilities on a net basis.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">Withholding taxes (which include withholding taxes payable by a subsidiary on distributions to the Group) are treated as income taxes when they have the characteristics of an income tax. This is considered to be the case when they are imposed under government authority and the amount payable is calculated by reference to revenue derived.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">The Group includes interest charges and penalties on current income tax liabilities as a component of interest expense.</div> <div style="line-height: 11pt; font-style: italic; margin-top: 12pt; font-weight: bold;"><font style="text-decoration: underline;">(</font><font style="white-space: pre; text-decoration: underline;"></font><font style="text-decoration: underline;">xxv) Earnings Per Share</font></div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">Basic earnings per share is determined by dividing net income attributable to ordinary equity holders of MFC Bancorp by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period, net of treasury stock.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">Diluted earnings per share is determined using the same method as basic earnings per share, except that the weighted average number of common shares outstanding includes the effect of dilutive potential ordinary shares. For the purpose of calculating diluted earnings per share, the Group assumes the exercise of its dilutive options with the assumed proceeds from these instruments regarded as having been received from the issue of common shares at the average market price of common shares during the period. The difference between the number of common shares issued and the number of common shares that would have been issued at the average market price of common shares during the period is treated as an issue of common shares for no consideration and added to the weighted average number of common shares outstanding. The amount of the dilution is the average market price of common shares during the period minus the issue price and the issue price includes the fair value of services to be supplied to the Group in the future under the share-based payment arrangement. Potential ordinary shares are treated as dilutive when, and only when, their conversion to ordinary shares would decrease earnings per share or increase loss per share from continuing operations.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 5.22pt;">When share-based payments are granted during the period, the shares issuable are weighted to reflect the portion of the period during which the payments are outstanding. The shares issuable are also weighted to reflect forfeitures occurring during the period. When stock options are exercised during the period, shares issuable are weighted to reflect the portion of the period prior to the exercise date and actual shares issued are included in the weighted average number of shares outstanding from the exercise date.</div> <div style="line-height: 11pt; font-style: italic; margin-top: 12pt; font-weight: bold;"><font style="text-decoration: underline;">(</font><font style="white-space: pre; text-decoration: underline;"></font><font style="text-decoration: underline;">xxvi) Business Combinations</font></div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 4.01pt;">The Group accounts for each business combination by applying the acquisition method. Pursuant to the acquisition method, the Group, when a business combination occurs and it is identified as the acquirer, determines the acquisition date (on which the Group legally transfers the consideration, acquires the assets and assumes the liabilities of the acquiree), recognizes and measures the identifiable assets acquired, the liabilities assumed and any non-controlling interest in the acquiree, and recognizes and measures goodwill or a gain from a bargain purchase (i.e. negative goodwill). The identifiable assets acquired and the liabilities assumed are measured at their acquisition-date fair values. A non-controlling interest is measured at either its fair value or its proportionate share in the recognized amounts of the subsidiary&#8217;s identifiable net assets, on a transaction-by-transaction basis.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 5.02pt;">The consideration transferred in a business combination is measured at fair value, which is calculated as the sum of the acquisition-date fair values of the assets transferred by the Group, the liabilities incurred by the Group to former owners of the acquiree and the equity interests issued by the Group.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 5.02pt;">In a business combination achieved in stages, the Group remeasures its previously held equity interest in the acquiree at its acquisition-date fair value and recognizes the resulting gain or loss, if any, in profit or loss.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 5.01pt;">If the initial accounting for a business combination is incomplete by the end of the reporting period in which the combination occurs, the Group reports in its financial statements provisional amounts for the items for which the accounting is incomplete. During the measurement period, the Group retrospectively adjusts the provisional amounts recognized at the acquisition date to reflect new information obtained about facts and circumstances that existed as of the acquisition date and, if known, would have affected the measurement of the amounts recognized as of that date. During the measurement period, the Group also recognizes additional assets or liabilities if new information is obtained about facts and circumstances that existed as of the acquisition date and, if known, would have resulted in the recognition of those assets and liabilities as of that date. The measurement period ends as soon as the Group receives the information it was seeking about facts and circumstances that existed as of the acquisition date or learns that more information is not obtainable. However, the measurement period does not exceed one year from the acquisition date.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 5.02pt;">Acquisition-related costs are costs the Group incurs to effect a business combination. Those costs include finder&#8217;s fees; advisory, legal, accounting, valuation and other professional or consulting fees; general administrative costs, including the costs of maintaining an internal acquisitions department; and costs of registering and issuing debt and equity securities. The Group accounts for acquisition-related costs as expenses in the periods in which the costs are incurred and the services are received, except for the costs to issue debt or equity securities (see Significant Accounting Policy Item (xxiii) above).</div> <div style="line-height: 11pt; margin-top: 12pt; font-weight: bold;">C. Critical Judgments in Applying Accounting Policies</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 4.02pt;">In the process of applying the Group&#8217;s accounting policies, management makes various judgments, apart from those involving estimations under Note 2D below, that can significantly affect the amounts it recognizes in the consolidated financial statements. The following are the critical judgments that management has made in the process of applying the Group&#8217;s accounting policies and that have the most significant effects on the amounts recognized in the consolidated financial statements:</div> <div style="line-height: 11pt; font-style: italic; margin-top: 12pt; font-weight: bold;"><font style="text-decoration: underline;">(i) Identification of Cash-generating Units</font></div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">The Group&#8217;s assets are aggregated into CGUs, for the purpose of assessing and calculating impairment, based on their ability to generate largely independent cash flows. The determination of CGUs requires judgment in defining the smallest identifiable group of assets that generate cash inflows that are largely independent of the cash inflows from other assets or groups of assets. CGUs have been determined based on similar geological structure, shared infrastructure, geographical proximity, product type and similar exposure to market risks. In the event facts and circumstances surrounding factors used to determine the Group&#8217;s CGUs change, the Group will re-determine the groupings of CGUs.</div> <div style="line-height: 11pt; font-style: italic; margin-top: 12pt; font-weight: bold;"><font style="text-decoration: underline;">(ii) Impairment and Reversals of Impairment on Non-Financial Assets</font></div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">The carrying amounts of the Group&#8217;s non-financial assets, other than and deferred tax assets, are reviewed at the end of each reporting period to determine whether there is an indication of impairment or reversal of previously recorded impairment. If such indication exists, the recoverable amount is estimated.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">Determining whether there are any indications of impairment or impairment reversals requires significant judgment of external factors, such as an extended change in prices or margins for hydrocarbon commodities or refined products, a significant change in an asset&#8217;s market value, a significant revision of estimated volumes, revision of future development costs, a change in the entity&#8217;s market capitalization or significant changes in the technological, market, economic or legal environment that would have an impact on the Company&#8217;s CGUs. Given that the calculations for recoverable amounts require the use of estimates and assumptions, including forecasts of commodity prices, marketing supply and demand, product margins and in the case of hydrocarbon properties, expected production volumes, it is possible that the assumptions may change, which may impact the estimated life of the CGU and may require a material adjustment to the carrying value of goodwill and non-financial assets.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">Impairment losses recognized in prior years are assessed at the end of each reporting period for indications that the impairment has decreased or no longer exists. An impairment loss is reversed only to the extent that the carrying amount of the asset or CGU does not exceed the carrying amount that would have been determined, net of depletion, depreciation and amortization, if no impairment loss had been recognized.</div> <div style="line-height: 11pt; font-style: italic; margin-top: 12pt; font-weight: bold;"><font style="text-decoration: underline;">(iii) Valuation of Investment Property</font></div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">Investment properties are included in the consolidated statement of financial position at their market value, unless their fair value cannot be reliably determined at that time. The market value of investment properties is assessed annually by an independent qualified valuer, who is an authorized expert for the valuation of developed and undeveloped land in Germany, after taking into consideration the net income with inputs on realized basic rents, operating costs and damages and defects. The assumptions adopted in the property valuations are based on the market conditions existing at the end of the reporting period, with reference to current market sales prices and the appropriate capitalization rate. Changes in any of these inputs, or incorrect assumptions related to any of these items, could materially impact these valuations.</div> <div style="line-height: 11pt; font-style: italic; margin-top: 12pt; font-weight: bold;"><font style="text-decoration: underline;">(iv) Assets Held for Sale and Discontinued Operations</font></div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">The Group applies judgment to determine whether an asset (or disposal group) is available for immediate sale in its present condition and that its sale is highly probable and therefore should be classified as held for sale at the balance sheet date. In order to assess whether it is highly probable that the sale can be completed within one year, or the extension period in certain circumstances, management reviews the business and economic factors, both macro and micro, which include the industry trends and capital markets, and the progress towards a sale transaction. It is also open to all forms of sales, including exchanges of non-current assets for other non-current assets when the exchange will have commercial substance in accordance with IAS 16,&#160;<font style="font-style: italic;">Property, Plant and Equipment</font>.</div> </div> <div style="widows: 2; text-transform: none; font-variant: normal; font-style: normal; text-indent: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: normal; color: #000000; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; break-after: page;"> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 10pt;">A discontinued operation is a component of an entity (which comprises operations and cash flows that can be clearly distinguished, operationally and, for financial reporting purposes, from the rest of the entity) that either has been disposed of or is classified as held for sale. While a component of the entity has distinguished financial data, judgments must be exercised on the presentation of inter-company transactions between components that are presented as discontinued operations and those that are presented as continuing operations. Furthermore, the allocation of income tax expense (recovery) also involves the exercise of judgments as the tax position of continuing operations may have an impact on the tax position of discontinued operations, or vice versa.</div> <div style="line-height: 11pt; font-style: italic; margin-top: 12pt; font-weight: bold;"><font style="text-decoration: underline;">(</font><font style="white-space: pre; text-decoration: underline;"></font><font style="text-decoration: underline;">v) Consolidation</font></div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">Judgment is required when assessing whether the Group controls and therefore consolidates an entity, particularly an entity with complex share capital, management/decision-making or financing structures. Judgment is required to determine whether the Group has decision-making power over the key relevant activities of an investee, whether the Group has exposure or rights to variable returns from its involvement with the investee and whether the Group has the ability to use that power to affect its returns.</div> <div style="line-height: 11pt; font-style: italic; margin-top: 12pt; font-weight: bold;"><font style="text-decoration: underline;">(</font><font style="white-space: pre; text-decoration: underline;"></font><font style="text-decoration: underline;">vi) Purchase Price Allocations</font></div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">For each business combination, the Group measures the identifiable assets acquired and the liabilities assumed at their acquisition-date fair values. The determination of fair value requires the Group to make assumptions, estimates and judgments regarding future events, including the profit forecast of the new subsidiary in the future. The allocation process is inherently subjective and impacts the amounts assigned to individual identifiable assets and liabilities, including the fair value of long-lived assets, the recognition and measurement of any unrecorded intangible assets and/or contingencies and the final determination of the amount of goodwill or bargain purchase. The inputs to the exercise of judgments include legal, contractual, business and economic factors. As a result, the purchase price allocation impacts the Group&#8217;s reported assets and liabilities and future net earnings due to the impact on future depreciation, depletion and amortization and impairment tests.</div> <div style="line-height: 11pt; font-style: italic; margin-top: 12pt; font-weight: bold;"><font style="text-decoration: underline;">(vii) Credit Losses and Impairment of Receivables</font></div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">On January&#160;1, 2018, the Group adopted IFRS 9. As a result, the Group applies credit risk assessment and valuation methods to its trade and other receivables under IFRS 9 which establishes a single forward-looking expected loss impairment model to replace the incurred impairment model under IAS 39.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">The Group measures the loss allowance for a financial instrument at an amount equal to the lifetime expected credit losses if the credit risk on that financial instrument has increased significantly since initial recognition. The objective of the impairment requirements is to recognize lifetime expected credit losses for&#160;all financial instruments for which there have been significant increases in credit risk since initial recognition&#8201;&#8212;&#8201;whether assessed on an individual or collective basis&#8201;&#8212;&#8201;considering all reasonable and supportable information, including that which is forward-looking.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">At each reporting date, management assesses whether the credit risk on a financial instrument has increased significantly since initial recognition. When making the assessment, management uses the change in the risk of a default occurring over the expected life of the financial instrument instead of the change in the amount of expected credit losses. To make that assessment, management compares the risk of a default occurring on the financial instrument as at the reporting date with the risk of a default occurring on the financial instrument as at the date of initial recognition and consider reasonable and supportable information, that is available without undue cost or effort, that is indicative of significant increases in credit risk since initial recognition.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">Allowance for credit losses is maintained at an amount considered adequate to absorb the expected credit losses. Such allowance for credit losses reflects management&#8217;s best estimate of changes in the credit risk on the Group&#8217;s financial instruments and judgments about economic conditions. The assessment of allowance for credit losses is a complex process, particularly on a looking-forward basis; which involves a significant degree of judgment and a high level of estimation uncertainty. The input factors include the assessment of the credit risk of the Group&#8217;s financial instruments, legal rights and obligations under all the contracts and the expected future cash flows from the financial instruments, which include inventories, mortgages and other credit enhancement instruments. The major source of estimation uncertainty relates to the likelihood of the various scenarios under which different amounts are expected to be recovered through the security in place on the financial assets. The expected future cash flows are projected under different scenarios and weighted by probability, which involves the exercise of significant judgment. Estimates and judgments could change in the near-term and could result in a significant change to a recognized allowance.</div> <div style="line-height: 11pt; margin-top: 12pt; font-weight: bold;">D. Major Sources of Estimation Uncertainty</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">The timely preparation of the consolidated financial statements requires management to make judgments, estimates and assumptions that affect the application of accounting policies and the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, income and expenses.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">The major assumptions about the future and other major sources of estimation uncertainty at the end of the reporting period that have a significant risk of resulting in a material adjustment to the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities within the next financial year are discussed below. These items require management&#8217;s most difficult, subjective or complex estimates. Actual results may differ materially from these estimates.</div> <div style="line-height: 11pt; font-style: italic; margin-top: 12pt; font-weight: bold;"><font style="text-decoration: underline;">(i) Interests in Resource Properties and Reserve Estimates</font></div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">The Group had interests in resource properties mainly comprised of an interest in the Scully Iron Ore Mine, and to a lesser extent, hydrocarbon properties, with an aggregate carrying amount of&#8201; $273,250 as at December&#160;31, 2018.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">Estimation of reported recoverable quantities of proved and probable reserves include judgmental assumptions regarding production profile, prices of products produced, exchange rates, remediation costs, timing and amount of future development costs and production, transportation and marketing costs for future cash flows. It also requires interpretation of geological and geophysical models in anticipated recoveries. The economical, geological and technical factors used to estimate reserves may change from period to period. Changes in reported reserves can impact the carrying amounts of the Group&#8217;s interests in resource properties and/or property, plant and equipment, the recognition of impairment losses and reversal of impairment losses, the calculation of depletion and depreciation, the provision for decommissioning obligations and the recognition of deferred income tax assets or liabilities due to changes in expected future cash flows. The recoverable quantities of reserves and estimated cash flows from the Group&#8217;s hydrocarbon interests are independently evaluated by reserve engineers at least annually. During the year ended December 31, 2018, the Group recognized a reversal of impairment of&#8201; $188,203 in respect of its interest in an iron ore mine (see Note 13).</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">The Group&#8217;s hydrocarbon reserves represent the estimated quantities of petroleum, natural gas and natural gas liquids which geological, geophysical and engineering data demonstrate with a specified degree of certainty to be economically recoverable in future&#160;years from known reservoirs and which are considered commercially producible. Such reserves may be considered commercially producible if management has the intention of developing and producing them and such intention is based upon: (a)&#160;a reasonable assessment of the future economics of such production; (b)&#160;a reasonable expectation that there is a market for all or substantially all the expected hydrocarbon production; and (c)&#160;evidence that the necessary production, transmission and transportation facilities are available or can be made available. Reserves may only be considered proven and probable if producibility is supported by either production or conclusive formation tests.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">Included in interests in resource properties as at December&#160;31, 2018, were exploration and evaluation assets with an aggregate carrying amount of&#8201; $17,007. Exploration and evaluation assets are assessed for impairment when facts and circumstances suggest that the carrying amount of an exploration and evaluation asset may exceed its recoverable amount and upon reclassification to hydrocarbon development and production assets. If such indicators exist, impairment, if any, is determined by comparing the carrying amounts to the recoverable amounts. The measurement of the recoverable amount involves a number of assumptions, including the timing, likelihood and amount of commercial production, further resource assessment plans and future revenue and costs expected from the asset, if any.</div> <div style="line-height: 11pt; font-style: italic; margin-top: 12pt; font-weight: bold;"><font style="text-decoration: underline;">(ii) Impairment of Other Non-Financial Assets</font></div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">The Group had property, plant and equipment aggregating $58,325 as at December&#160;31, 2018, consisting mainly of a power plant and a natural gas processing facility. Impairment of the Group&#8217;s non-financial assets is evaluated at the CGU level. In testing for impairment, the recoverable amounts of the Company&#8217;s CGUs are determined as the higher of their values in use and fair values less costs of disposal. In the absence of quoted market prices, the recoverable amount is based on estimates of future production rates, future product selling prices and costs, discount rates and other relevant assumptions. Increases in future costs and/or decreases in estimates of future production rates and product selling prices may result in a write-down of the Group&#8217;s property, plant and equipment.</div> <div style="line-height: 11pt; font-style: italic; margin-top: 12pt; font-weight: bold;"><font style="text-decoration: underline;">(iii) Taxation</font></div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">The Group is subject to tax in a number of jurisdictions and judgment is required in determining the worldwide provision for income taxes. Deferred income taxes are recognized for temporary differences using the liability method, with deferred income tax liabilities generally being provided for in full (except for taxable temporary differences associated with investments in subsidiaries and branches where the Group is able to control the timing of the reversal of the temporary differences and it is probable that the temporary differences will not reverse in the foreseeable future) and deferred income tax assets being recognized to the extent that it is probable that future taxable profits will be available against which the temporary differences can be utilized.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">The operations and organization structures of the Group are complex, and related tax interpretations, regulations and legislation are continually changing. As a result, there are usually some tax matters in question that result in uncertain tax positions. The Group only recognizes the income tax benefit of an uncertain tax position when it is probable that the ultimate determination of the tax treatment of the position will result in that benefit being realized.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">The Group companies&#8217; income tax filings are subject to audit by taxation authorities in numerous jurisdictions. There are audits in progress and items under review, some of which may increase the Group&#8217;s income tax liabilities. In addition, the companies have filed appeals and have disputed certain issues. While the results of these items cannot be ascertained at this time, the Group believes that the Group has an adequate provision for income taxes based on available information.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">The Group recognized deferred income tax assets of&#8201; $15,735 as at December&#160;31, 2018. In assessing the realizability of deferred income tax assets, management considers whether it is probable that some portion or all of the deferred income tax assets will be realized. The ultimate realization of deferred income tax assets is dependent upon the generation of future taxable income during the periods in which temporary differences become deductible or before tax loss and tax credit carry-forwards expire. Management considers the future reversals of existing taxable temporary differences, projected future taxable income, taxable income in prior&#160;years and tax planning strategies in making this assessment. Unrecognized deferred income tax assets are reassessed at the end of each reporting period.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">The Group provides for future income tax liabilities in respect of uncertain tax positions where additional income tax may become payable in future periods and such provisions are based on management&#8217;s assessment of exposure. The Group did not recognize the full deferred tax liability on taxable temporary differences associated with investments in subsidiaries and branches where the Group is able to control the timing of the reversal of the temporary differences and it is probable that the temporary differences will not reverse in the foreseeable future. The Group may change its investment decision in its normal course of business, thus resulting in additional income tax liabilities.</div> </div> <div style="widows: 2; text-transform: none; font-variant: normal; font-style: normal; text-indent: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: normal; color: #000000; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; break-after: page;"> <div style="line-height: 11pt; font-style: italic; margin-top: 10pt; font-weight: bold;"><font style="text-decoration: underline;">(iv) Contingencies</font></div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">Pursuant to IAS 37,&#160;<font style="font-style: italic;">Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets,</font>&#160;the Group does not recognize a contingent liability. By their nature, contingencies will only be resolved when one or more future events occur or fail to occur. The assessment of contingencies inherently involves the exercise of significant judgment and estimates of the outcome of future events. If it becomes probable that an outflow of future economic benefits will be required for an item previously accounted for as a contingent liability, an accrual or a provision is recognized in the consolidated financial statements of the period in which the change in probability occurs. See Note 26 for further disclosures on contingencies.</div> <div style="line-height: 11pt; margin-top: 12pt; font-weight: bold;">E. Accounting Changes</div> <div style="line-height: 11pt; font-style: italic; margin-top: 12pt; font-weight: bold;"><font style="text-decoration: underline;">Future Accounting Changes</font></div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">IFRS 16,&#160;<font style="font-style: italic;">Leases</font>&#160;(&#8220;IFRS 16&#8221;), issued in January&#160;2016, introduces a single on-balance sheet model of accounting for leases by lessees that eliminates the distinction between operating and finance leases. Lessor accounting remains largely unchanged and the distinction between operating and finance leases is retained. IFRS 16 supersedes IAS 17,&#160;<font style="font-style: italic;">Leases</font>, and related interpretations and management will adopt IFRS 16 for annual reporting periods beginning on January&#160;1, 2019. Management concluded that the impacts of IFRS 16 on the Group&#8217;s consolidated financial statements as of January&#160;1, 2019 would be a debit of&#8201; $2,911 to the right-of-use assets with credits of&#8201; $843 and $2,068, respectively, to the current and long-term lease payables.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">In December&#160;2017,&#160;<font style="font-style: italic;">Annual Improvements to IFRS Standards 2015-2017 Cycle</font>&#160;amended paragraph 14 of IAS 23,&#160;<font style="font-style: italic;">Borrowing Costs</font>. The amendments clarify that the capitalization rate to the expenditures on a qualifying asset shall be the weighted average of the borrowing costs applicable to the borrowings of the entity that are outstanding during the period, and an entity shall exclude from this calculation borrowing costs applicable to borrowings made specifically for the purpose of obtaining the qualifying asset until substantially all the activities necessary to prepare that asset for its intended use or sale are complete. The Group will apply these amendments for annual reporting periods beginning January&#160;1, 2019 and management concluded that there will be no material impact on the Group&#8217;s consolidated financial statements.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">In June&#160;2017, IASB issued IFRIC 23&#160;<font style="font-style: italic;">Uncertainty over Income Tax Treatments</font>. IFRIC 23 aims to reduce diversity in how companies recognize and measure a tax liability or tax asset when there is uncertainty over income tax treatments. The Group will apply IFRIC 23 for annual reporting periods beginning January&#160;1, 2019 and management concluded that there will be no material impact on the Group&#8217;s consolidated financial statements.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">In October&#160;2018, IASB issued amendments to its definition of material to make it easier for companies to make materiality judgements. The updated definition amends IAS 1,&#160;<font style="font-style: italic;">Presentation of Financial Statements</font>, and IAS 8<font style="font-style: italic;">, Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors</font>. The amendments clarify the definition of material and how it should be applied and ensure that the definition of material is consistent across all IFRS Standards. The changes are effective from January&#160;1, 2020, but companies can decide to apply them earlier. Management is assessing its impacts on the Group&#8217;s financial statement presentation.</div> </div> <div style="widows: 2; text-transform: none; font-variant: normal; font-style: normal; text-indent: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: normal; color: #000000; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; break-after: page;"> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 11pt; margin-top: 13pt; white-space: nowrap; margin-bottom: 0pt; float: left; font-weight: bold;">Note 3.&#8194;</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 11pt; margin-top: 13pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; float: left; font-weight: bold;">Capital Disclosure on the Group&#8217;s Objectives, Policies and Processes for Managing Its Capital Structure</div> <div style="line-height: 0pt; margin: 0pt; clear: both; font-size: 0pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">The Group&#8217;s objectives when managing capital are to: (a)&#160;safeguard the entity&#8217;s ability to continue as a going concern so that it can continue to provide returns for shareholders and benefits for other stakeholders; (b)&#160;provide an adequate return to shareholders by pricing products and services commensurately with the level of risk; and (c)&#160;maintain a flexible capital structure which optimizes the cost of capital at acceptable risk.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">The Group allocates capital in proportion to risk. The Group manages the capital structure and makes adjustments to it in light of changes in economic conditions and the risk characteristics of the underlying assets. In order to maintain or adjust the capital structure, the Group may adjust the amount of dividends paid to shareholders, return capital to shareholders, issue new shares, or issue new debt.</div> </div> <div style="widows: 2; text-transform: none; font-variant: normal; font-style: normal; text-indent: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: normal; color: #000000; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; break-after: page;"> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 10pt;">Consistent with others in its industry, the Group monitors its capital on the basis of the debt-to-adjusted capital ratio and long-term debt-to-equity ratio. 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height: 4pt;"> <td style="line-height: 0pt; font-size: 0pt; padding: 0pt;" colspan="20">&#160;</td> </tr> </table> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; widows: 2; text-transform: none; font-style: normal; margin-top: 11.79pt; text-indent: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: normal; color: #000000; font-size: 13px; font-weight: 400; word-spacing: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">The share-based compensation for the year ended December&#160;31, 2017 comprised $323 and $390, respectively, on the stock options granted to directors and other key management personnel (see Note 22).</div> <div style="widows: 2; text-transform: none; font-variant: normal; font-style: normal; text-indent: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: normal; 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line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 10pt;">Fair value of a financial instrument represents the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction in the principal (or most advantageous) market at the measurement date under current market conditions regardless of whether that price is directly observable or estimated using a valuation technique. The price for a transaction which takes place under duress or the seller is forced to accept the price in the transaction might not represent the fair value of an asset or a liability. The best evidence of fair value is published price quotations in an active market. When the market for a financial asset or financial liability is not active, the Group establishes fair value by using a valuation technique. The valuation technique used maximizes the use of inputs observed in active markets, and minimizes the use of inputs generated by the Group. Internally generated inputs take into account factors that market participants would consider when pricing the financial instruments, such as liquidity and credit risks. Use of judgment is significantly involved in estimating fair value of financial instruments in inactive markets and actual results could materially differ from the estimates. To value longer-term transactions and transactions in less active markets for which pricing information is not generally available, unobservable inputs may be used.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">The fair values of financial assets measured at FVTPL and FVTOCI are based on quoted market prices (Level&#160;1 fair value hierarchy) or a valuation method with observable inputs (Level 2 fair value hierarchy). The carrying amounts of cash and cash equivalents, short-term cash deposits, short-term receivables, short-term borrowings and account payables and accrued expenses, due to their short-term nature and normal trade credit terms, approximate their fair values. The fair values of long-term debt and other long-term liabilities are determined using discounted cash flows at prevailing market rates of interest for similar instruments with similar credit ratings (Level&#160;2 fair value hierarchy).</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">The fair values of derivative financial instruments are based on quoted market prices when possible; and if not available, estimates from third-party brokers. These broker estimates are corroborated with multiple sources and/or other observable market data utilizing assumptions that market participants would use when pricing the asset or liability, including assumptions about risk and market liquidity (Level&#160;2 fair value hierarchy). Inputs may be readily observable or market-corroborated.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">The fair values of a loan payable are estimated using an appropriate valuation method. Inputs to the valuation technique are unobservable (Level&#160;3 fair value hierarchy).</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">The afore-said measurements also applied to the financial instruments prior to 2018.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">The following tables present the Group&#8217;s financial instruments measured at fair value on the consolidated statements of financial position classified by level of the fair value hierarchy as at December&#160;31, 2018 and 2017, respectively:</div> <table style="margin-top: 8pt; width: 454.55pt; border-collapse: collapse; height: 176.5pt;"> <tr style="text-align: center; text-transform: none; font: bold 8pt/8pt 'times new roman', times, serif; white-space: nowrap; color: #000000; vertical-align: bottom;"> <td style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 3pt; padding-left: 0pt; width: 290.72pt; padding-right: 0pt; padding-top: 0pt;"> <div style="white-space: nowrap;"><font style="border-bottom: #000000 1px solid; 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padding-right: 0pt; padding-top: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="min-width: 17.25pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 0.5pt; padding-left: 0pt; padding-right: 0pt; white-space: nowrap; padding-top: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 0pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 6pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 6pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 0pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="min-width: 3.75pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 0.5pt; padding-left: 0pt; padding-right: 0pt; padding-top: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="min-width: 17.25pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 0.5pt; padding-left: 0pt; padding-right: 0pt; white-space: nowrap; padding-top: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 0pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 6pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 6pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 0pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="min-width: 3.75pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 0.5pt; padding-left: 0pt; 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text-align: right; padding-bottom: 0.5pt; padding-left: 0pt; padding-right: 0pt; white-space: nowrap; padding-top: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 0pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 6pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 6pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 0pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="min-width: 3.75pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 0.5pt; padding-left: 0pt; padding-right: 0pt; padding-top: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="min-width: 21pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 0.5pt; padding-left: 0pt; padding-right: 0pt; white-space: nowrap; padding-top: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 0pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 0pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> </tr> <tr style="text-align: right; text-transform: none; font: 10pt/10pt 'times new roman', times, serif; white-space: nowrap; color: #000000; vertical-align: bottom;"> <td style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 0.5pt; padding-left: 0pt; width: 290.72pt; padding-right: 0pt; 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If any of the variety of instruments and strategies the Group utilizes is not effective, the Group may incur losses.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">The Group does not trade in financial instruments, including derivative financial instruments, for speculative purposes.</div> </div> <div style="widows: 2; text-transform: none; font-variant: normal; font-style: normal; text-indent: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: normal; color: #000000; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; break-after: page;"> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 10pt;">The nature of the risks that the Group&#8217;s financial instruments are subject to as at December&#160;31, 2018 is set out in the following table:</div> <table style="margin-top: 8pt; width: 454.55pt; border-collapse: collapse; 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These ranges of parameters are estimated by management, which are based on the facts and circumstances available at the time estimates are made, and an assumption of stable socio-economic and geopolitical states. No unusual nor exceptional events, for example, natural disasters or human-made crises and calamities, are taken into consideration when the sensitivity analysis is prepared. Actual occurrence could differ from these assumptions and such differences could be material.</div> <div style="line-height: 11pt; font-style: italic; margin-top: 12pt; font-weight: bold;"><font style="text-decoration: underline;">Credit risk</font></div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">Credit risk is the risk that one party to a financial instrument will cause a financial loss for the other party by failing to discharge an obligation. Financial instruments which potentially subject the Group to credit risk consist of cash and cash equivalents, short-term cash deposits, derivative financial instruments, receivables and committed transactions (including loan commitments and financial guarantee contracts). The Group has deposited cash and cash equivalents and short-term cash deposits and entered into derivative financial instrument contracts with reputable financial institutions with high credit ratings and management believes the risk of loss from these counterparties to be remote.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">Most of the Group&#8217;s credit exposure is with counterparties in the merchant banking segment and are subject to normal industry credit risk. The Group has receivables from various entities and credit risk from trade receivables is mitigated since they are credit insured, covered by letters of credit, bank guarantees and/or other credit enhancements. The Group routinely monitors credit risk exposure, including sector, geographic and corporate concentrations of credit and set and regularly review counterparties&#8217; credit limits based on rating agency credit ratings and/or internal assessments of the customers and industry analysis. The Group also uses factoring and credit insurances to manage credit risk. Management believes that these measures minimize the Group&#8217;s overall credit risk; however, there can be no assurance that these processes will protect the Group against all losses from non-performance.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">The Group measures the loss allowance for a financial instrument at an amount equal to the lifetime expected credit losses or 12-month expected credit losses (see Note 2B(vi)).</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">At each reporting date, the Group assesses whether the credit risk on a financial instrument has increased significantly since initial recognition. When making the assessment, the Group uses the change in the risk of a default occurring over the expected life of the financial instrument instead of the change in the amount of expected credit losses. To make that assessment, the Group compares the risk of a default occurring on the financial instrument as at the reporting date with the risk of a default occurring on the financial instrument as at the date of initial recognition and considers reasonable and supportable information, that is available without undue cost or effort, that is indicative of significant increases in credit risk since initial recognition. 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During the year ended December&#160;31, 2018, the credit loss resulting from the calling of the guarantee was reduced by $833 and was no longer outstanding as at December&#160;31, 2018.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">Please see sub-heading of&#8201; &#8220;Concentration risk&#8221; in this note on credit risk concentration.</div> <div style="line-height: 11pt; font-style: italic; margin-top: 12pt; font-weight: bold;"><font style="text-decoration: underline;">Liquidity risk</font></div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">Liquidity risk is the risk that an entity will encounter difficulty in meeting obligations associated with financial liabilities that are settled by delivering cash or another financial asset. The Group requires liquidity specifically to fund capital requirements, satisfy financial obligations as they become due, and to operate its merchant banking business. 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The Group may also invest in cash deposits with an original maturity date of more than three&#160;months so as to earn higher interest income.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">Generally, trade payables are due within 90&#160;days and other payables and accrued expenses are due within one year. All short-term bank borrowings are renewable on a yearly basis. As a result of the dispositions of certain subsidiaries during the year ended December&#160;31, 2018, the Group did not have any bank debt outstanding as of December&#160;31, 2018. The timing of future payments is based on the Group&#8217;s historical payment patterns and management&#8217;s interpretation of contractual arrangements. 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In order to reduce the Group&#8217;s exposure to foreign currency risk on material contracts (including intercompany loans) denominated in foreign currencies (other than the functional currencies of the Group companies), the Group may use foreign currency forward contracts and options to protect its financial positions. As at December&#160;31, 2018, the Group had foreign currency derivative financial instruments (foreign currency forward contracts and options) with aggregate notional amounts of&#8201; $nil (2017: $14,766) and a net unrealized fair value gain of&#8201; $nil (2017: net gain of&#8201; $75).</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">The Group holds cash balances in renminbi (&#8220;RMB&#8221;) in the People&#8217;s Republic of China (&#8220;PRC&#8221;). The PRC imposes controls on the convertibility of RMB, the official currency of the PRC, into foreign currencies. 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In the PRC, certain foreign exchange transactions are required by law to be transacted only by authorized financial institutions at exchange rates set by the People&#8217;s Bank of China (the &#8220;PBOC&#8221;).</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">The Group does not have any material exposure to highly inflationary foreign currencies.</div> <div style="line-height: 11pt; font-style: italic; margin-top: 12pt;"><font style="text-decoration: underline;">Sensitivity analysis:</font></div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">At December&#160;31, 2018, if the U.S. dollar had weakened 10% against the Group companies&#8217; functional currencies with all other variables held constant, net income for the year ended December&#160;31, 2018 would have been $1,377 lower. Conversely, if the U.S. dollar had strengthened 10% against the Group companies&#8217; functional currencies with all other variables held constant, net income for the year ended December&#160;31, 2018 would have been $1,377 higher. The reason for such change is mainly due to certain U.S. dollar denominated financial instrument assets (net of liabilities) held by entities whose functional currencies were not the U.S. dollar. There would have been no material impact arising from financial instruments on other comprehensive income in either case.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">At December&#160;31, 2018, if the Euro had weakened 10% against the Group companies&#8217; functional currencies with all other variables held constant, net income for the year ended December&#160;31, 2018 would have been $6,559 higher. Conversely, if the Euro had strengthened 10% against the Group companies&#8217; functional currencies with all other variables held constant, net income for the year ended December&#160;31, 2018 would have been $6,559 lower. The reason for such change is mainly due to certain Euro denominated financial instrument liabilities (net of assets) owed by entities whose functional currencies were not the Euro. There would have been no impact arising from financial instruments on other comprehensive income in either case.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">At December&#160;31, 2018, if the Canadian dollar had weakened 10% against the Group companies&#8217; functional currencies with all other variables held constant, net income for the year ended December&#160;31, 2018 would have been $6,943, higher. Conversely, if the Canadian dollar had strengthened 10% against the Group companies&#8217; functional currencies with all other variables held constant, net income for the year ended December&#160;31, 2018 would have been $6,943 lower. The reason for such change is mainly due to certain Canadian dollar-denominated financial instrument liabilities (net of assets) owed by entities whose functional currencies were not the Canadian dollar. There would have been no impact arising from financial instruments on other comprehensive income in either case.</div> <div style="line-height: 11pt; font-style: italic; margin-top: 12pt; font-weight: bold;"><font style="text-decoration: underline;">Interest rate risk</font></div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 5.81pt;">Interest rate risk is the risk that the fair value or future cash flows of a financial instrument will fluctuate because of changes in market interest rates. 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The reason for such change is mainly due to the loan payable measured at FVTPL. There would have been no impact arising from financial instruments on the Group&#8217;s other comprehensive income in either case.</div> <div style="line-height: 11pt; font-style: italic; margin-top: 12pt; font-weight: bold;"><font style="text-decoration: underline;">Other price risk</font></div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">Other price risk is the risk that the fair value or future cash flows of a financial instrument will fluctuate because of changes in market prices (other than those arising from interest rate risk or currency risk), whether those changes are caused by factors specific to the individual financial instrument or its issuer or by factors affecting all similar financial instruments traded in the market. 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There would have been no impact on other comprehensive income in either case.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">In addition, the Group buys and sells futures contracts on the London Metal Exchange and enters into financial derivative contracts (e.g. futures and swaps) with banks, customers and brokers. Management uses the financial derivative contracts to manage the price fluctuations for its own account or for customers. As at December&#160;31, 2018, the Group had outstanding derivative financial instruments with an aggregate notional amount of&#8201; $9,720 (2017: $8,690), primarily to hedge against the long position in inventories and the usage of energy, which resulted in a net unrealized fair value gain of&#8201; $172 (2017: loss $131). 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As a result, the sensitivity analysis of the price risk arising from the future contracts on the Group is not applicable.</div> <div style="line-height: 11pt; font-style: italic; margin-top: 12pt; font-weight: bold;"><font style="text-decoration: underline;">Concentration risk</font></div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">Management determines the concentration risk threshold amount as any single financial asset (or liability) exceeding 10% of total financial assets (or liabilities) in the Group&#8217;s consolidated statement of financial position.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">In the PRC, foreign exchange transactions are required by law to be transacted only by authorized financial institutions at exchange rates set by the PBOC. Remittances in currencies other than RMB by the Group in the PRC must be processed through the PBOC or other PRC foreign exchange regulatory bodies and require certain supporting documentation in order to effect the remittance. If such foreign exchange control system prevents the Group from obtaining sufficient foreign currencies to satisfy its currency demands, the Group may not be able to pay dividends in foreign currencies and the Group&#8217;s ability to fund its business activities that are conducted in foreign currencies could be adversely affected.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">Except as disclosed in the preceding paragraph, at December&#160;31, 2018, there were no customer, company or entity holding financial assets or liabilities exceeding the threshold amounts.</div> <div style="line-height: 11pt; font-style: italic; margin-top: 12pt; font-weight: bold;"><font style="text-decoration: underline;">Additional disclosure</font></div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">In addition to information disclosed elsewhere in these consolidated financial statements, the Group had significant items of income, expense, and gains and losses resulting from financial assets and financial liabilities which were included in profit or loss for the&#160;years ended December&#160;31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 as follows:</div> </div> <div style="widows: 2; 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white-space: nowrap; color: #000000; vertical-align: bottom;"> <td style="border-bottom: #ffffff 1px solid; text-align: left; padding-bottom: 2.5pt; padding-left: 0pt; width: 283.13pt; padding-right: 0pt; padding-top: 3.5pt;"> <div style="white-space: nowrap;">Interest income on financial assets classified at FVTPL</div> </td> <td style="border-bottom: #ffffff 1px solid; width: 6pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: #ffffff 1px solid; width: 6pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: #ffffff 1px solid; width: 0pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: #000000 1px solid; min-width: 3.75pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 2.5pt; padding-left: 0pt; padding-right: 0pt; padding-top: 3.5pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: #000000 1px solid; min-width: 26.25pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 2.5pt; padding-left: 0pt; padding-right: 0pt; white-space: nowrap; padding-top: 3.5pt;">661</td> <td style="border-bottom: #ffffff 1px solid; width: 0pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: #ffffff 1px solid; width: 6pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: #ffffff 1px solid; width: 6pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: #ffffff 1px solid; width: 0pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: #000000 1px solid; min-width: 3.75pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 2.5pt; padding-left: 0pt; padding-right: 0pt; padding-top: 3.5pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: #000000 1px solid; min-width: 32.25pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 2.5pt; padding-left: 0pt; padding-right: 0pt; white-space: nowrap; padding-top: 3.5pt;">539</td> <td style="border-bottom: #ffffff 1px solid; width: 0pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: #ffffff 1px solid; width: 6pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: #ffffff 1px solid; width: 6pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: #ffffff 1px solid; width: 0pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: #000000 1px solid; min-width: 3.75pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 2.5pt; padding-left: 0pt; padding-right: 0pt; padding-top: 3.5pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: #000000 1px solid; min-width: 32.25pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 2.5pt; padding-left: 0pt; padding-right: 0pt; white-space: nowrap; padding-top: 3.5pt;">2,451</td> <td style="border-bottom: #ffffff 1px solid; width: 0pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: #ffffff 1px solid; width: 0pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> </tr> <tr style="text-align: right; text-transform: none; background-color: #cceeff; font: 10pt/10pt 'times new roman', times, serif; white-space: nowrap; color: #000000; vertical-align: bottom;"> <td style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 3.25pt; padding-left: 0pt; width: 283.13pt; padding-right: 0pt; padding-top: 3.25pt;"> <div style="margin-left: 10pt;">Total interest income</div> </td> <td style="width: 6pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 6pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 0pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: #000000 3px double; min-width: 3.75pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 2.5pt; padding-left: 0pt; padding-right: 0pt; padding-top: 3.25pt;">$</td> <td style="border-bottom: #000000 3px double; min-width: 26.25pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 2.5pt; padding-left: 0pt; padding-right: 0pt; white-space: nowrap; padding-top: 3.25pt;">676</td> <td style="width: 0pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 6pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 6pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 0pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: #000000 3px double; min-width: 3.75pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 2.5pt; padding-left: 0pt; padding-right: 0pt; padding-top: 3.25pt;">$</td> <td style="border-bottom: #000000 3px double; min-width: 32.25pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 2.5pt; padding-left: 0pt; padding-right: 0pt; white-space: nowrap; padding-top: 3.25pt;">973</td> <td style="width: 0pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 6pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 6pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 0pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: #000000 3px double; min-width: 3.75pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 2.5pt; padding-left: 0pt; padding-right: 0pt; padding-top: 3.25pt;">$</td> <td style="border-bottom: #000000 3px double; min-width: 32.25pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 2.5pt; padding-left: 0pt; padding-right: 0pt; white-space: nowrap; padding-top: 3.25pt;">3,056</td> <td style="width: 0pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 0pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> </tr> <tr style="text-align: right; text-transform: none; font: 10pt/10pt 'times new roman', times, serif; white-space: nowrap; color: #000000; vertical-align: bottom;"> <td style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1.5pt; padding-left: 0pt; width: 283.13pt; padding-right: 0pt; padding-top: 2.75pt;"> <div style="white-space: nowrap;">Interest expense on financial liabilities not at FVTPL</div> </td> <td style="width: 6pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 6pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 0pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="min-width: 3.75pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 1.5pt; padding-left: 0pt; padding-right: 0pt; padding-top: 2.75pt;">$</td> <td style="min-width: 26.25pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 1.5pt; padding-left: 0pt; padding-right: 0pt; white-space: nowrap; padding-top: 2.75pt;">989</td> <td style="width: 0pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 6pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 6pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 0pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="min-width: 3.75pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 1.5pt; padding-left: 0pt; padding-right: 0pt; padding-top: 2.75pt;">$</td> <td style="min-width: 32.25pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 1.5pt; padding-left: 0pt; padding-right: 0pt; white-space: nowrap; padding-top: 2.75pt;">3,509</td> <td style="width: 0pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 6pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 6pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 0pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="min-width: 3.75pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 1.5pt; padding-left: 0pt; padding-right: 0pt; padding-top: 2.75pt;">$</td> <td style="min-width: 32.25pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 1.5pt; padding-left: 0pt; padding-right: 0pt; white-space: nowrap; padding-top: 2.75pt;">7,747</td> <td style="width: 0pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 0pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> </tr> <tr style="text-align: right; text-transform: none; background-color: #cceeff; font: 10pt/10pt 'times new roman', times, serif; white-space: nowrap; color: #000000; vertical-align: bottom;"> <td style="border-bottom: #cceeff 1px solid; text-align: left; padding-bottom: 2.5pt; padding-left: 0pt; width: 283.13pt; padding-right: 0pt; padding-top: 3.5pt;"> <div style="white-space: nowrap;">Interest expense on financial liabilities classified at FVTPL</div> </td> <td style="border-bottom: #cceeff 1px solid; width: 6pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: #cceeff 1px solid; width: 6pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: #cceeff 1px solid; width: 0pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: #000000 1px solid; min-width: 3.75pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 2.5pt; padding-left: 0pt; padding-right: 0pt; padding-top: 3.5pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: #000000 1px solid; min-width: 26.25pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 2.5pt; padding-left: 0pt; padding-right: 0pt; white-space: nowrap; padding-top: 3.5pt;">&#8199;&#8199;&#8199;&#8199;680</td> <td style="border-bottom: #cceeff 1px solid; width: 0pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: #cceeff 1px solid; width: 6pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: #cceeff 1px solid; width: 6pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: #cceeff 1px solid; width: 0pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: #000000 1px solid; min-width: 3.75pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 2.5pt; padding-left: 0pt; padding-right: 0pt; padding-top: 3.5pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: #000000 1px solid; min-width: 32.25pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 2.5pt; padding-left: 0pt; padding-right: 0pt; white-space: nowrap; padding-top: 3.5pt;">&#8199;&#8199;&#8199;&#8199;1,195</td> <td style="border-bottom: #cceeff 1px solid; width: 0pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: #cceeff 1px solid; width: 6pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: #cceeff 1px solid; width: 6pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: #cceeff 1px solid; width: 0pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: #000000 1px solid; min-width: 3.75pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 2.5pt; padding-left: 0pt; padding-right: 0pt; padding-top: 3.5pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: #000000 1px solid; min-width: 32.25pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 2.5pt; padding-left: 0pt; padding-right: 0pt; white-space: nowrap; padding-top: 3.5pt;">&#8199;&#8199;&#8199;&#8199;7,720</td> <td style="border-bottom: #cceeff 1px solid; width: 0pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: #cceeff 1px solid; width: 0pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> </tr> <tr style="text-align: right; text-transform: none; font: 10pt/10pt 'times new roman', times, serif; white-space: nowrap; color: #000000; vertical-align: bottom;"> <td style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 3.25pt; padding-left: 0pt; width: 283.13pt; padding-right: 0pt; padding-top: 3.25pt;"> <div style="margin-left: 10pt;">Total interest expense</div> </td> <td style="width: 6pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 6pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 0pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: #000000 3px double; min-width: 3.75pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 2.5pt; padding-left: 0pt; padding-right: 0pt; padding-top: 3.25pt;">$</td> <td style="border-bottom: #000000 3px double; min-width: 26.25pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 2.5pt; padding-left: 0pt; padding-right: 0pt; white-space: nowrap; padding-top: 3.25pt;">1,669</td> <td style="width: 0pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 6pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 6pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 0pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: #000000 3px double; min-width: 3.75pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 2.5pt; padding-left: 0pt; padding-right: 0pt; padding-top: 3.25pt;">$</td> <td style="border-bottom: #000000 3px double; min-width: 32.25pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 2.5pt; padding-left: 0pt; padding-right: 0pt; white-space: nowrap; padding-top: 3.25pt;">4,704</td> <td style="width: 0pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 6pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 6pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 0pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: #000000 3px double; min-width: 3.75pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 2.5pt; padding-left: 0pt; padding-right: 0pt; padding-top: 3.25pt;">$</td> <td style="border-bottom: #000000 3px double; min-width: 32.25pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 2.5pt; padding-left: 0pt; padding-right: 0pt; white-space: nowrap; padding-top: 3.25pt;">15,467</td> <td style="width: 0pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 0pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> </tr> <tr style="text-align: right; text-transform: none; background-color: #cceeff; font: 10pt/10pt 'times new roman', times, serif; white-space: nowrap; color: #000000; vertical-align: bottom;"> <td style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1.5pt; padding-left: 0pt; width: 283.13pt; padding-right: 0pt; padding-top: 2.75pt;"> <div style="white-space: nowrap;">Dividend income on financial assets at FVTPL</div> </td> <td style="width: 6pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 6pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 0pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="min-width: 3.75pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 1.5pt; padding-left: 0pt; padding-right: 0pt; padding-top: 2.75pt;">$</td> <td style="min-width: 26.25pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 1.5pt; padding-left: 0pt; padding-right: 0pt; white-space: nowrap; padding-top: 2.75pt;">168</td> <td style="width: 0pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 6pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 6pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 0pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="min-width: 3.75pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 1.5pt; padding-left: 0pt; padding-right: 0pt; padding-top: 2.75pt;">$</td> <td style="min-width: 32.25pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 1.5pt; padding-left: 0pt; padding-right: 0pt; white-space: nowrap; padding-top: 2.75pt;">&#8212;</td> <td style="width: 0pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 6pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 6pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 0pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="min-width: 3.75pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 1.5pt; padding-left: 0pt; padding-right: 0pt; padding-top: 2.75pt;">$</td> <td style="min-width: 32.25pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 1.5pt; padding-left: 0pt; padding-right: 0pt; white-space: nowrap; padding-top: 2.75pt;">&#8212;</td> <td style="width: 0pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 0pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> </tr> <tr style="text-align: right; text-transform: none; font: 10pt/10pt 'times new roman', times, serif; white-space: nowrap; color: #000000; vertical-align: bottom;"> <td style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1.5pt; padding-left: 0pt; width: 283.13pt; padding-right: 0pt; padding-top: 3.5pt;"> <div style="white-space: nowrap;">Dividend income on financial assets classified not at FVTPL</div> </td> <td style="width: 6pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 6pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 0pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="min-width: 3.75pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 1.5pt; padding-left: 0pt; padding-right: 0pt; padding-top: 3.5pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="min-width: 26.25pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 1.5pt; padding-left: 0pt; padding-right: 0pt; white-space: nowrap; padding-top: 3.5pt;">&#8212;</td> <td style="width: 0pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 6pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 6pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 0pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="min-width: 3.75pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 1.5pt; padding-left: 0pt; padding-right: 0pt; padding-top: 3.5pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="min-width: 32.25pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 1.5pt; padding-left: 0pt; padding-right: 0pt; white-space: nowrap; padding-top: 3.5pt;">&#8212;</td> <td style="width: 0pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 6pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 6pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 0pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="min-width: 3.75pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 1.5pt; padding-left: 0pt; padding-right: 0pt; padding-top: 3.5pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="min-width: 32.25pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 1.5pt; padding-left: 0pt; padding-right: 0pt; white-space: nowrap; padding-top: 3.5pt;">6</td> <td style="width: 0pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 0pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> </tr> <tr style="text-align: right; text-transform: none; background-color: #cceeff; font: 10pt/10pt 'times new roman', times, serif; white-space: nowrap; color: #000000; vertical-align: bottom;"> <td style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1.5pt; padding-left: 0pt; width: 283.13pt; padding-right: 0pt; padding-top: 3.5pt;"> <div style="white-space: nowrap;">Net gain on financial assets at FVTPL</div> </td> <td style="width: 6pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 6pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 0pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="min-width: 3.75pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 1.5pt; padding-left: 0pt; padding-right: 0pt; padding-top: 3.5pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="min-width: 26.25pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 1.5pt; padding-left: 0pt; padding-right: 0pt; white-space: nowrap; padding-top: 3.5pt;">3,785</td> <td style="width: 0pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 6pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 6pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 0pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="min-width: 3.75pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 1.5pt; padding-left: 0pt; padding-right: 0pt; padding-top: 3.5pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="min-width: 32.25pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 1.5pt; padding-left: 0pt; padding-right: 0pt; white-space: nowrap; padding-top: 3.5pt;">6,825</td> <td style="width: 0pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 6pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 6pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 0pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="min-width: 3.75pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 1.5pt; padding-left: 0pt; padding-right: 0pt; padding-top: 3.5pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="min-width: 32.25pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 1.5pt; padding-left: 0pt; padding-right: 0pt; white-space: nowrap; padding-top: 3.5pt;">1,240</td> <td style="width: 0pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 0pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> </tr> <tr style="text-align: right; text-transform: none; font: 10pt/10pt 'times new roman', times, serif; white-space: nowrap; color: #000000; vertical-align: bottom;"> <td style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1.5pt; padding-left: 0pt; width: 283.13pt; padding-right: 0pt; padding-top: 3.5pt;"> <div style="white-space: nowrap;">Loss on loan payable at FVTPL</div> </td> <td style="width: 6pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 6pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 0pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="min-width: 3.75pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 1.5pt; padding-left: 0pt; padding-right: 0pt; padding-top: 3.5pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="min-width: 26.25pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 1.5pt; padding-left: 0pt; padding-right: 0pt; 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padding-bottom: 1.5pt; padding-left: 0pt; padding-right: 0pt; white-space: nowrap; padding-top: 3.5pt;">&#8212;</td> <td style="width: 0pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 0pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> </tr> </table> </div> <div>&#160;</div> <div style="line-height: 11pt; widows: 2; text-transform: none; font-style: normal; margin-top: 0pt; text-indent: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: normal; color: #000000; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal;">Note 30. 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An average of past sale prices is used when there are no observable market prices or current contracts but there have been recent past sales of such goods and there are no indications that the market prices have been materially impacted (level 2 fair value hierarchy).</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; widows: 2; text-transform: none; font-style: normal; margin-top: 6pt; text-indent: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: normal; color: #000000; font-size: 13px; font-weight: 400; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal;">The fair values of investment property are measured using an income approach which includes the following inputs: land value, realized basic rents, operating costs, discount rates and damages and defects (level 3 fair value hierarchy). 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The Group&#8217;s proportional voting interests in the subsidiaries are identical to its proportional beneficial interests, except for: MFC (A) Ltd. and MFC (D) Ltd., in each of which the Group holds a 99.72% proportional beneficial interest. In addition, the Group consolidated a structured entity as at December&#160;31, 2018.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">As at December&#160;31, 2018, none of the non-controlling interests are material to the Group. As at December&#160;31, 2018, there were no significant restrictions (statutory, contractual and regulatory restrictions, including protective rights of non-controlling interests) on MFC Bancorp&#8217;s ability to access or use the assets and settle the liabilities of the Group except for amounts presented as restricted cash.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">During the year ended December&#160;31, 2018, the Group completed merchant banking transactions which resulted in (i)&#160;recognition of a pre-tax gain of&#8201; $25,740; (ii) recognition of deferred tax expense of&#8201; $7,204; (iii) reclassification of cumulative translation loss of&#8201; $672 from accumulated other comprehensive income to profit or loss; (iv) recognition of a long-term liability of&#8201; $3,645; (v)&#160;recognition of non-controlling interests of&#8201; $6,441 in another subsidiary and (vi) a debit adjustment of&#8201; $6,284 to deficit under equity. 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As of December&#160;31, 2018, such rights had been exercised in respect of less than 0.5% of the ownership of each such subsidiary, respectively.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">During the year ended December&#160;31, 2017, the Group sold the shares of a non-core Latin America focused commodities trading subsidiary, resulting in a gain of&#8201; $57 (see Note 28). The Group also disposed of several other subsidiaries which resulted in a net loss of&#8201; $10,276, which were included in the consolidated statement of operations.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">During the year ended December&#160;31, 2016, the Group disposed of several merchant banking subsidiaries resulting in a gain of&#8201; $3,590. The Group also recognized a total loss of&#8201; $1,005 on the dispositions of other merchant banking subsidiaries. These gain and losses on the dispositions of the subsidiaries were included in the consolidated statement of operations.</div> </div> <div style="line-height: 11pt; widows: 2; text-transform: none; font-style: normal; margin-top: 0pt; text-indent: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: normal; color: #000000; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold; word-spacing: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">Note 33. Approval of Consolidated Financial Statements</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; widows: 2; text-transform: none; font-style: normal; margin-top: 6pt; text-indent: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: normal; color: #000000; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: 400; word-spacing: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">These consolidated financial statements were approved by the Board of Directors and authorized for issue on April 29, 2019.</div> <div style="line-height: 11pt; widows: 2; text-transform: none; font-style: italic; margin-top: 0pt; text-indent: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: normal; color: #000000; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; word-spacing: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;"><font style="text-decoration: underline;">Basis of Accounting</font></div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; widows: 2; text-transform: none; font-style: normal; margin-top: 6pt; text-indent: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: normal; color: #000000; font-size: 13px; font-weight: 400; word-spacing: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">These consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards (&#8220;IFRS&#8221;) as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (the &#8220;IASB&#8221;). MFC Bancorp complies with all the requirements of IFRS. The principal accounting policies applied in the preparation of the consolidated financial statements are set out below. These policies have been consistently applied with the exception of the adoption of IFRS 9,&#160;<font style="font-style: italic;">Financial Instruments&#160;</font>(&#8220;IFRS 9&#8221;), IFRS 15,&#160;<font style="font-style: italic;">Revenue from Contracts with Customers</font>&#160;(&#8220;IFRS 15&#8221;) and the amendments to IFRS 2,&#160;<font style="font-style: italic;">Share-Based Payment&#160;</font>from January 1, 2018. 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The Group recognizes directly in equity any difference between the amount by which the non-controlling interests are adjusted and the fair value of the consideration paid or received and attributes such difference to the owners of MFC Bancorp.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">When the Group loses control of a subsidiary it: (a)&#160;derecognizes (i)&#160;the assets (including any goodwill) and liabilities of the subsidiary at their carrying amounts at the date when control is lost and (ii) the carrying amount of any non-controlling interests in the former subsidiary at the date when control is lost (including any components of other comprehensive income attributable to them); (b)&#160;recognizes (i)&#160;the fair value of the consideration received, if any, from the transaction, event or circumstances that resulted in the loss of control, (ii) if the transaction, event or circumstances that resulted in the loss of control involves a distribution of shares of the subsidiary to owners in their capacity as owners, that distribution and (iii) any investment retained in the former subsidiary at its fair value at the date when control is lost; (c)&#160;reclassifies to profit or loss, or transfers directly to retained earnings if required by IFRS, the amounts recognized in other comprehensive income in relation to the subsidiary; and (d)&#160;recognizes any resulting difference as a gain or loss under costs of sales and services in profit or loss attributable to the owners of MFC Bancorp.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">The financial statements of MFC Bancorp and its subsidiaries used in the preparation of the consolidated financial statements are prepared as of the same date, using uniform accounting policies for like transactions and other events in similar circumstances.</div> </div> <div style="text-transform: none; font-variant: normal; font-style: normal; font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; color: #000000; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: normal; break-after: page;"> <div> <div style="line-height: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;"><font style="text-decoration: underline;">Foreign Currency Translation</font></div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">The presentation currency of the Group&#8217;s consolidated financial statements is the Canadian dollar.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">MFC Bancorp conducts its business throughout the world through its foreign operations. 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white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: normal; color: #000000; font-size: 13px; font-weight: 400; word-spacing: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">Certain assets and liabilities of the Group are measured at fair value (see Note 2B).</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; widows: 2; text-transform: none; font-style: normal; margin-top: 6pt; text-indent: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: normal; color: #000000; font-size: 13px; font-weight: 400; word-spacing: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. A fair value measurement is for a particular asset or liability. Therefore, when measuring fair value, the Group takes into account the characteristics of the asset or liability if market participants would take those characteristics into account when pricing the asset or liability at the measurement date. A fair value measurement assumes that the transaction to sell the asset or transfer the liability takes place either:</div> <div style="text-align: left; line-height: 12pt; widows: 2; text-transform: none; font-style: normal; margin-top: 8.98pt; text-indent: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; white-space: nowrap; orphans: 2; margin-bottom: 0pt; float: left; letter-spacing: normal; color: #000000; margin-left: 20pt; font-size: 13px; font-weight: 400; word-spacing: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">(a)&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;in the principal market for the asset or liability; or</div> <div style="line-height: 0pt; widows: 2; text-transform: none; font-style: normal; text-indent: 0px; margin: 0pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: normal; color: #000000; clear: both; font-size: 0pt; font-weight: 400; word-spacing: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</div> <div style="text-align: left; line-height: 12pt; widows: 2; text-transform: none; font-style: normal; margin-top: 8.98pt; text-indent: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; white-space: nowrap; orphans: 2; margin-bottom: 0pt; float: left; letter-spacing: normal; color: #000000; margin-left: 20pt; font-size: 13px; font-weight: 400; word-spacing: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">(b)&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;in the absence of a principal market, in the most advantageous market for the asset or liability.</div> <div style="line-height: 0pt; widows: 2; text-transform: none; font-style: normal; text-indent: 0px; margin: 0pt; font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: normal; color: #000000; clear: both; font-size: 0pt; font-weight: 400; word-spacing: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; widows: 2; text-transform: none; font-style: normal; margin-top: 6pt; text-indent: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: normal; color: #000000; font-size: 13px; font-weight: 400; word-spacing: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">The Group measures the fair value of an asset or a liability using the assumptions that market participants would use when pricing the asset or liability, assuming that market participants act in their economic best interest.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; widows: 2; text-transform: none; font-style: normal; margin-top: 6pt; text-indent: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: normal; color: #000000; font-size: 13px; font-weight: 400; word-spacing: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">The Group uses valuation techniques that are appropriate in the circumstances and for which sufficient data is available to measure fair value, maximizing the use of relevant observable inputs and minimizing the use of unobservable inputs. IFRS 13,&#160;<font style="font-style: italic;">Fair Value Measurement</font>&#160;(&#8220;IFRS 13&#8221;)<font style="font-style: italic;">, </font>establishes a fair value hierarchy that categorizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value into three levels:</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; widows: 2; text-transform: none; font-style: normal; margin-top: 6pt; text-indent: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: normal; color: #000000; font-size: 13px; font-weight: 400; word-spacing: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">Level&#160;1 inputs are quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the entity can access at the measurement date.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; widows: 2; text-transform: none; font-style: normal; margin-top: 6pt; text-indent: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: normal; color: #000000; font-size: 13px; font-weight: 400; word-spacing: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">Level&#160;2 inputs are inputs other than quoted prices included within Level&#160;1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; widows: 2; text-transform: none; font-style: normal; margin-top: 6pt; text-indent: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: normal; color: #000000; font-size: 13px; font-weight: 400; word-spacing: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">Level&#160;3 inputs are unobservable inputs for the asset or liability.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; widows: 2; text-transform: none; font-style: normal; margin-top: 6pt; text-indent: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: normal; color: #000000; font-size: 13px; font-weight: 400; word-spacing: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">Assessing the significance of a particular input to the fair value measurement in its entirety requires judgment, considering factors specific to the asset or liability.</div> <div style="line-height: 11pt; widows: 2; text-transform: none; font-style: italic; text-indent: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: normal; color: #000000; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; word-spacing: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;"><font style="text-decoration: underline;">Non-current Assets Held for Sale</font></div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; widows: 2; text-transform: none; font-style: normal; margin-top: 6pt; text-indent: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: normal; color: #000000; font-size: 13px; font-weight: 400; word-spacing: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">A non-current asset (or disposal group) is classified as held for sale if its carrying amount will be recovered principally through a sale transaction rather than through continuing use. For this to be the case, the asset (or disposal group) must be available for immediate sale in its present condition subject only to terms that are usual and customary for the sale of such asset (or disposal group), the appropriate level of management must be committed to a plan to sell the asset (or disposal group) and an active program to locate a buyer and complete the plan must have been initiated. Further, the asset (or disposal group) must be actively marketed for sale at a price that is reasonable in relation to its current fair value and the sale is highly probable to complete within one year from the date of classification, except as permitted under certain events and circumstances. If the aforesaid criteria are no longer met, the Group ceases to classify the asset (or disposal group) as held for sale.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; widows: 2; text-transform: none; font-style: normal; margin-top: 6pt; text-indent: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: normal; color: #000000; font-size: 13px; font-weight: 400; word-spacing: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">Non-current assets (and disposal groups) classified as held for sale are measured at the lower of their carrying amounts and fair values less costs to sell. The Group does not depreciate or amortize a non-current asset while it is classified as held for sale.</div> <div style="line-height: 11pt; widows: 2; text-transform: none; font-style: italic; margin-top: 0pt; text-indent: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: normal; color: #000000; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; word-spacing: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;"><font style="text-decoration: underline;">Use of Estimates and Assumptions and Measurement Uncertainty</font></div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; widows: 2; text-transform: none; font-style: normal; margin-top: 6pt; text-indent: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: normal; color: #000000; font-size: 13px; font-weight: 400; word-spacing: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">The timely preparation of the consolidated financial statements in conformity with IFRS requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. Management&#8217;s best estimates are based on the facts and circumstances available at the time estimates are made, historical experience, general economic conditions and trends and management&#8217;s assessment of probable future outcomes of these matters. Actual results could differ from these estimates and such differences could be material. For critical judgments in applying accounting policies and major sources of estimation uncertainty (see Notes 2C and 2D).</div> <div style="widows: 2; text-transform: none; font-variant: normal; font-style: normal; text-indent: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: normal; color: #000000; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; break-after: page;"> <div style="line-height: 11pt; font-style: italic; margin-top: 12pt; font-weight: bold;"><font style="text-decoration: underline;">(i) Financial Instruments</font></div> <div style="line-height: 11pt; font-style: italic; margin-top: 12pt;"><font style="text-decoration: underline;">IFRS&#160;</font><font style="white-space: pre; text-decoration: underline;"></font><font style="text-decoration: underline;">9</font></div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">The Group adopted IFRS 9 with a date of initial application of January&#160;1, 2018.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">Financial assets and financial liabilities are recognized on the consolidated statement of financial position when the Group becomes a party to the financial instrument contract. A financial asset is derecognized either when the Group has transferred substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership of the financial asset or when cash flows expire. A financial liability is derecognized when the obligation specified in the contract is discharged, canceled or expired.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">The Group classifies its financial assets into the following measurement categories: (a)&#160;those measured subsequently at fair value (either through other comprehensive income (&#8220;FVTOCI&#8221;) or through profit or loss (&#8220;FVTPL&#8221;) and (b)&#160;subsequently measured at amortized cost. The classification of financial assets depends on the Group&#8217;s business model for managing the financial assets and the terms of the contractual cash flows. The Group classifies its financial liabilities as subsequently measured at amortized cost, except for financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss.</div> <div style="line-height: 11pt; font-style: italic; margin-top: 12pt;"><font style="text-decoration: underline;">Initial Adoption of IFRS 9</font></div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">IFRS 9 does not require restatement of comparative periods. Accordingly, the Group has reflected the retrospective impact of the adoption of IFRS 9 due to the change in accounting policy for investments in&#160;equity securities as an adjustment to opening accumulated deficit as at January&#160;1, 2018. Under IFRS 9, the Group&#8217;s investments in equity securities, which were previously classified as available for sale or at cost under IAS 39,<font style="font-style: italic;">Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement</font>&#160;(&#8220;IAS 39&#8221;), are measured at FVTPL. The retrospective adjustment, which represented the fair value gain adjustment on investments in equity securities as of January&#160;1, 2018, was $524 and debited to other comprehensive income.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">Upon the initial adoption of IFRS 9 on January 1, 2018, the financial assets which were previously classified at fair value through profit or loss, held-to-maturity, loans and receivables and available-for-sale have been transferred to, financial assets measured at FVTPL, FVTOCI or amortised cost.</div> <div style="line-height: 11pt; font-style: italic; margin-top: 12pt;"><font style="text-decoration: underline;">IAS 39</font>&#160;(Accounting Policies Applicable Prior to January&#160;1, 2018)</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">All financial assets and financial liabilities were classified by characteristic and/or management intent. Except for certain financial instruments which were excluded from the scope, all financial assets were classified into one of four categories: (a)&#160;at fair value through profit or loss; (b)&#160;held-to-maturity; (c)&#160;loans and receivables; and (d)&#160;available-for-sale, and all financial liabilities were classified into one of two categories: (a)&#160;at fair value through profit or loss; and (b)&#160;at amortized cost.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">A financial asset or financial liability at fair value through profit or loss was a financial asset or financial liability that met either of the following conditions: (a)&#160;it was classified as held for trading if it was (i)&#160;acquired or incurred principally for the purpose of selling or repurchasing it in the near term, (ii) part of a portfolio of identified financial instruments that were managed together and for which there was evidence of a recent actual pattern of short-term profit taking, or (iii) a derivative, except for a derivative that was a designated and effective hedging instrument; or (b)&#160;it was designated by the Group upon initial recognition as at fair value through profit or loss when certain conditions were met.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">Available-for-sale financial assets were those non-derivative financial assets that were designated as available for sale, or that were not classified as loans and receivables, held-to-maturity investments, or at fair value through profit or loss.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">Non-derivative financial liabilities were classified as financial liabilities measured at amortized cost.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">After initial recognition, the Group measured financial assets, including derivatives that were assets, at their fair values, without any deduction for transaction costs it might incur on sale or other disposal, except for the following financial assets: (a)&#160;held-to-maturity investments which were measured at amortized cost using the effective interest method; (b)&#160;loans and receivables which were measured at amortized cost using the effective interest method; and (c)&#160;investments in equity instruments that did not have a quoted market price in an active market and whose fair value could not be reliably measured and derivatives that were linked to and had to be settled by delivery of such unquoted equity instruments which were measured at cost. All financial assets except those measured at fair value through profit or loss were subject to review for impairment.</div> <div style="line-height: 11pt; font-style: italic; margin-top: 12pt;"><font style="text-decoration: underline;">Common to Both IFRS 9 and IAS 39</font></div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">Regular way purchases and sales of financial assets are accounted for at the settlement date.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">When a financial asset or financial liability is recognized initially, the Group measures it at its fair value plus, in the case of a financial asset or financial liability not at fair value through profit or loss, transaction costs that are directly attributable to the acquisition or issue of the financial asset or financial liability. Transaction costs related to the acquisition or issue of a financial asset or financial liability at fair value through profit or loss are expensed as incurred. The subsequent measurement of a financial instrument and the recognition of associated gains and losses are determined by the financial instrument classification.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">A gain or loss on a financial asset or financial liability classified as at fair value through profit or loss is recognized in profit or loss for the period in which it arises. A gain or loss on an asset measured at FVTOCI or classified as available for sale is recognized in other comprehensive income, except for impairment losses, until the financial asset is derecognized, at which time the cumulative gain or loss previously recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income is recognized in profit or loss for the period. For financial assets and financial liabilities carried at amortized cost, a gain or loss is recognized in profit or loss when the financial asset or financial liability is derecognized or impaired and through the amortization process.</div> </div> <div style="widows: 2; text-transform: none; font-variant: normal; font-style: normal; text-indent: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: normal; color: #000000; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; break-after: page;"> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 10pt;">Net gains or net losses on financial instruments at fair value through profit or loss do not include interest or dividend income.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">Whenever quoted market prices are available, bid prices are used for the measurement of fair value of financial assets while ask prices are used for financial liabilities. When the market for a financial instrument is not active, the Group establishes fair value by using a valuation technique. Valuation techniques include using recent arm&#8217;s length market transactions between knowledgeable, willing parties, if available; reference to the current fair value of another financial instrument that is substantially the same; discounted cash flow analysis; option pricing models; and other valuation techniques commonly used by market participants to price the financial instrument.</div> </div> <div style="line-height: 11pt; widows: 2; text-transform: none; font-style: italic; margin-top: 0pt; text-indent: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: normal; color: #000000; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; word-spacing: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;"><font style="text-decoration: underline;">(ii) Cash and Cash Equivalents</font></div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; widows: 2; text-transform: none; font-style: normal; margin-top: 6pt; text-indent: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: normal; color: #000000; font-size: 13px; font-weight: 400; word-spacing: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">Cash and cash equivalents include cash on hand, cash at banks and highly liquid investments (e.g. money market funds) readily convertible to a known amount of cash and subject to an insignificant risk of change in value. They have maturities of three&#160;months or less from the date of acquisition and are generally interest-bearing.</div> <div style="line-height: 11pt; widows: 2; text-transform: none; font-style: italic; margin-top: 0pt; text-indent: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: normal; color: #000000; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; word-spacing: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;"><font style="text-decoration: underline;">(iii) Securities</font></div> <div style="line-height: 11pt; widows: 2; text-transform: none; font-style: italic; margin-top: 12pt; text-indent: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: normal; color: #000000; font-size: 13px; font-weight: 400; word-spacing: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;"><font style="text-decoration: underline;">IFRS 9</font></div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; widows: 2; text-transform: none; font-style: normal; margin-top: 6pt; text-indent: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: normal; color: #000000; font-size: 13px; font-weight: 400; word-spacing: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">Investments in equity securities are measured at FVTPL.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; widows: 2; text-transform: none; font-style: normal; margin-top: 6pt; text-indent: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: normal; color: #000000; font-size: 13px; font-weight: 400; word-spacing: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">Debt securities which are held within a business model whose objective is to collect the contractual cash flows and sell the debt securities, and that have contractual cash flows that are solely payments of principal and interest on the principal outstanding are measured at FVTOCI.</div> <div style="line-height: 11pt; widows: 2; text-transform: none; font-style: italic; margin-top: 12pt; text-indent: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: normal; color: #000000; font-size: 13px; font-weight: 400; word-spacing: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;"><font style="text-decoration: underline;">IAS 39</font>&#160;(Accounting Policies Applicable Prior to January&#160;1, 2018)</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; widows: 2; text-transform: none; font-style: normal; margin-top: 6pt; text-indent: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: normal; color: #000000; font-size: 13px; font-weight: 400; word-spacing: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">Securities were classified as at fair value through profit or loss (i.e. held for trading) or short-term or long-term available-for-sale securities.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; widows: 2; text-transform: none; font-style: normal; margin-top: 6pt; text-indent: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: normal; color: #000000; font-size: 13px; font-weight: 400; word-spacing: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">Publicly-traded securities (debt and equity) which were acquired principally for the purpose of selling in the near term were classified as held for trading.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; widows: 2; text-transform: none; font-style: normal; margin-top: 6pt; text-indent: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: normal; color: #000000; font-size: 13px; font-weight: 400; word-spacing: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">Available-for-sale securities consisted of publicly-traded securities and unlisted equity securities which were not held for trading and not held to maturity. Long-term available-for-sale securities were purchased with the intention to hold until market conditions render alternative investments more attractive. Short-term available-for-sale securities were held with the intention of management to sell within the current operating cycle but did not meet the definition of trading securities.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; widows: 2; text-transform: none; font-style: normal; margin-top: 6pt; text-indent: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: normal; color: #000000; font-size: 13px; font-weight: 400; word-spacing: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">When a decline in the fair value of an available-for-sale security had been recognized in other comprehensive income and there was objective evidence that the asset is impaired, the cumulative loss that had been recognized in other comprehensive income was reclassified from equity to profit or loss as a reclassification adjustment even though the security had not been derecognized. A significant or prolonged decline in the fair value of an investment in an equity instrument below its cost is an objective evidence of impairment. The Group considered a decline in excess of 25&#160;percent generally as significant and a decline in a quoted market price that persisted for 15&#160;months as prolonged. Impairment losses recognized in profit or loss for an investment in an equity instrument classified as available for sale would not be reversed through profit or loss.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; widows: 2; text-transform: none; font-style: normal; margin-top: 6pt; text-indent: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: normal; color: #000000; font-size: 13px; font-weight: 400; word-spacing: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">Gains and losses on sales of securities are calculated on the average cost basis.</div> <div style="line-height: 11pt; widows: 2; text-transform: none; font-style: italic; margin-top: 0pt; text-indent: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: normal; color: #000000; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; word-spacing: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;"><font style="text-decoration: underline;">(iv) Securities and Financial Liabilities&#8201;&#8211;&#8201;Derivatives</font></div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; widows: 2; text-transform: none; font-style: normal; margin-top: 6pt; text-indent: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: normal; color: #000000; font-size: 13px; font-weight: 400; word-spacing: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">A derivative is a financial instrument or other contract with all three of the following characteristics: (a)&#160;its value changes in response to the change in a specified interest rate, financial instrument price, product price, foreign exchange rate, index of prices or rates, credit rating or credit index, or other variable; (b)&#160;it requires no initial net investment or an initial net investment that is smaller than would be required for other types of contracts that would be expected to have a similar response to changes in market factors; and (c)&#160;it is settled at a future date. A derivative financial instrument is either exchange-traded or negotiated. A derivative financial instrument is included in the consolidated statement of financial position as a security (i.e. financial asset) or a financial liability and measured at fair value. The recognition and measurement of a derivative financial instrument under both IFRS 9 and IAS 39 does not apply to a contract that is entered into and continues to be held for the purpose of the receipt or delivery of a non-financial item in accordance with the Group&#8217;s expected purchase, sale or usage requirements, unless the Group, as allowed under IFRS 9, designates the contract as measured at fair value through profit or loss if it eliminates or significantly reduces a measurement inconsistency.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; widows: 2; text-transform: none; font-style: normal; margin-top: 6pt; text-indent: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: normal; color: #000000; font-size: 13px; font-weight: 400; word-spacing: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">Where the Group has both the legal right and intent to settle derivative assets and liabilities simultaneously with the counterparty, the net fair value of the derivative financial instruments is reported as an asset or liability, as appropriate.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; widows: 2; text-transform: none; font-style: normal; margin-top: 6pt; text-indent: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: normal; color: #000000; font-size: 13px; font-weight: 400; word-spacing: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">Changes in the fair values of derivative financial instruments that do not qualify for hedge accounting are recognized in profit or loss as they arise.</div> <div style="line-height: 11pt; widows: 2; text-transform: none; font-style: italic; margin-top: 0pt; text-indent: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: normal; color: #000000; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; word-spacing: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;"><font style="text-decoration: underline;">(vi) Receivables</font></div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; widows: 2; text-transform: none; font-style: normal; margin-top: 6pt; text-indent: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: normal; color: #000000; font-size: 13px; font-weight: 400; word-spacing: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">Receivables are measured at amortized cost under both IFRS 9 and IAS 39.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; widows: 2; text-transform: none; font-style: normal; margin-top: 6pt; text-indent: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: normal; color: #000000; font-size: 13px; font-weight: 400; word-spacing: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">Receivables are net of an allowance for credit losses, if any. The Group performs ongoing credit evaluations of its customers and recognizes a loss allowance for expected credit losses. Receivables are considered past due on an individual basis based on the terms of the contracts.</div> <div style="line-height: 11pt; widows: 2; text-transform: none; font-style: italic; margin-top: 0pt; text-indent: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: normal; color: #000000; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; word-spacing: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;"><font style="text-decoration: underline;">(viii) Inventories</font></div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; widows: 2; text-transform: none; font-style: normal; margin-top: 5.6pt; text-indent: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: normal; color: #000000; font-size: 13px; font-weight: 400; word-spacing: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">Inventories principally consist of raw materials, work-in-progress, and finished goods. Inventories, other than commodities products, are recorded at the lower of cost and net realizable value. Cost, where appropriate, includes an allocation of manufacturing overheads incurred in bringing inventories to their present location and condition and is assigned by using the first-in, first-out or weighted average cost formula, depending on the class of inventories. Net realizable value represents the estimated selling price less all estimated costs of completion and costs to be incurred in marketing, selling and distribution. The amount of any write-down of inventories to net realizable value and all losses of inventories are recognized as an expense in the period the write-down or loss occurs. The reversal of a write-down of inventories arising from an increase in net realizable value is recognized as a reduction in the amount of costs of sales and services in the period in which the reversal occurs.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; widows: 2; text-transform: none; font-style: normal; margin-top: 6pt; text-indent: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: normal; color: #000000; font-size: 13px; font-weight: 400; word-spacing: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">Commodity products acquired by the Group as a broker-trader in the Group&#8217;s merchant banking activities with the purpose of selling in the near future and generating a profit from fluctuations in price or broker-traders&#8217; margin are measured at fair value less costs to sell. Fair values of the Group&#8217;s inventories are determined by reference to their contractual selling prices or quoted prices in marketplaces in the absence of a contract (Level 1 fair value hierarchy), in accordance with guidance on fair value in IFRS 13.</div> <div style="widows: 2; text-transform: none; font-variant: normal; font-style: normal; text-indent: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: normal; color: #000000; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; break-after: page;"> <div style="line-height: 11pt; font-style: italic; margin-top: 0pt; font-weight: bold;"><font style="text-decoration: underline;">(x) Investment Property</font></div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 5.41pt;">Investment property is property that is held for generating rental income or for capital appreciation or both, rather than for: (a) use in the production or supply of goods or services or for administrative purposes; or (b) sale in the ordinary course of business. The Group&#8217;s investment property comprises freehold land and buildings. Investment property is initially recognized at cost including related transaction costs. After initial recognition, investment property is measured at fair value, with changes in fair value recognized in profit or loss in the period in which they arise.</div> </div> <div style="widows: 2; text-transform: none; font-variant: normal; font-style: normal; text-indent: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: normal; color: #000000; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; break-after: page;"> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 10pt;">The Group determines fair value without any deduction for transaction costs it may incur on sale or other disposal. Fair value of the Group&#8217;s investment property is based on valuations prepared annually by external evaluators in accordance with guidance issued by the International Valuation Standard Committee and reviewed by the Group, or these valuations are updated by management when there are no significant changes in the inputs to the valuation prepared by external evaluators in the preceding year, in accordance with guidance on fair value in IFRS 13.</div> </div> <div style="line-height: 11pt; widows: 2; text-transform: none; font-style: italic; margin-top: 0pt; text-indent: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: normal; color: #000000; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; word-spacing: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;"><font style="text-decoration: underline;">(xi) Property, Plant and Equipment</font></div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; widows: 2; text-transform: none; font-style: normal; margin-top: 6pt; text-indent: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: normal; color: #000000; font-size: 13px; font-weight: 400; word-spacing: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">Property, plant and equipment are carried at cost, net of accumulated depreciation and, if any, accumulated impairment losses. The initial cost of an item of property, plant and equipment comprises its purchase price or construction cost, any costs directly attributable to bringing the asset into operation, the initial estimate of any decommissioning obligation, if any, and, for qualifying assets, borrowing costs. The purchase price or construction cost is the aggregate amount paid and the fair value of any other consideration given to acquire the asset. Where an item of property, plant and equipment or part of the item that was separately depreciated is replaced and it is probable that future economic benefits associated with the replacement item will flow to the Group, the cost of the replacement item is capitalized and the carrying amount of the replaced asset is derecognized. All other replacement expenditures are recognized in profit or loss when incurred.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; widows: 2; text-transform: none; font-style: normal; margin-top: 6pt; text-indent: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: normal; color: #000000; font-size: 13px; font-weight: 400; word-spacing: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">Inspection costs associated with major maintenance programs are capitalized and amortized over the period to the next inspection. 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white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: normal; color: #000000; font-size: 13px; font-weight: 400; word-spacing: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">The residual value and the useful life of an asset are reviewed at least at each financial year-end and, if expectations differ from previous estimates, the changes, if any, are accounted for as a change in an accounting estimate in accordance with IAS 8,&#160;<font style="font-style: italic;">Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors</font>. The depreciation method applied to an asset is reviewed at least at each financial year-end and, if there has been a significant change in the expected pattern of consumption of the future economic benefits embodied in the asset, the method is changed to reflect the changed pattern.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; widows: 2; text-transform: none; font-style: normal; margin-top: 6pt; text-indent: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: normal; color: #000000; font-size: 13px; font-weight: 400; word-spacing: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">The carrying amount of an item of property, plant and equipment is derecognized upon disposal or when no future economic benefits are expected to arise from the continued use of the asset. Any gain or loss arising on derecognition of the asset (calculated as the difference between the net disposal proceeds and the carrying amount of the item) is included in profit or loss in the period in which the item is derecognized.</div> <div style="line-height: 11pt; widows: 2; text-transform: none; font-style: italic; margin-top: 0pt; text-indent: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: normal; color: #000000; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal;"><font style="text-decoration: underline;">(xii) Interests in Resource Properties</font></div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; widows: 2; text-transform: none; font-style: normal; margin-top: 5.81pt; text-indent: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: normal; color: #000000; font-size: 13px; font-weight: 400; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal;">The Group&#8217;s interests in resource properties are mainly comprised of an interest in the Scully Iron Ore Mine, and to a lesser extent exploration and evaluation assets (comprising hydrocarbon probable reserves and hydrocarbon undeveloped lands), hydrocarbon development and production assets.</div> <div style="line-height: 11pt; widows: 2; text-transform: none; font-style: normal; margin-top: 12pt; text-indent: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: normal; color: #000000; margin-left: 20pt; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal;">(a)&#160;<font style="text-decoration: underline;">Exploration and evaluation assets</font></div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; widows: 2; text-transform: none; font-style: normal; margin-top: 5.8pt; text-indent: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: normal; color: #000000; font-size: 13px; font-weight: 400; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal;">Exploration and evaluation costs, including the costs of acquiring undeveloped land and drilling costs are initially capitalized until the drilling of the well is complete and the results have been evaluated in order to determine the technical feasibility and commercial viability of the asset. Technical feasibility and commercial viability are considered to be determinable when proved and/or probable reserves are determined to exist. When proved and/or probable reserves are found, the drilling costs and the costs of associated hydrocarbon undeveloped lands are reclassified to hydrocarbon development and production assets or from hydrocarbon undeveloped lands to hydrocarbon probable reserves. The cost of hydrocarbon undeveloped land that expires or any impairment recognized during a period is charged to profit or loss. Pre-license costs are recognized in profit or loss as incurred.</div> <div style="line-height: 11pt; widows: 2; text-transform: none; font-style: normal; margin-top: 12pt; text-indent: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: normal; color: #000000; margin-left: 20pt; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal;">(b)&#160;<font style="text-decoration: underline;">Hydrocarbon development and production assets and&#160;</font><font style="white-space: pre; text-decoration: underline;"></font><font style="text-decoration: underline;">an interest in an iron ore mine</font></div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; widows: 2; text-transform: none; font-style: normal; margin-top: 6pt; text-indent: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: normal; color: #000000; font-size: 13px; font-weight: 400; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal;">The Group&#8217;s interests in resource properties are mainly comprised of an interest in the Scully Iron Ore Mine, and to a lesser extent, hydrocarbon development and production assets.</div> <div style="line-height: 11pt; widows: 2; text-transform: none; font-style: normal; margin-top: 12pt; text-indent: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: normal; color: #000000; margin-left: 40pt; font-size: 13px; font-weight: 400; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal;"><font style="text-decoration: underline;">(1) Recognition and measurement</font></div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; widows: 2; text-transform: none; font-style: normal; margin-top: 6pt; text-indent: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: normal; color: #000000; font-size: 13px; font-weight: 400; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal;">Interests in resource properties are initially measured at cost and subsequently carried at cost less accumulated depletion and, if any, accumulated impairment losses.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; widows: 2; text-transform: none; font-style: normal; margin-top: 6pt; text-indent: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: normal; color: #000000; font-size: 13px; font-weight: 400; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal;">The cost of an interest in resource property includes the initial purchase price and directly attributable expenditures to find, develop, construct and complete the asset. This cost includes reclassifications from exploration and evaluation assets, installation or completion of infrastructure facilities such as platforms, pipelines and the drilling of development wells, including unsuccessful development or delineation wells. Any costs directly attributable to bringing the asset to the location and condition necessary to operate as intended by management and result in an identifiable future benefit are also capitalized. These costs include an estimate of decommissioning obligations and, for qualifying assets, capitalized borrowing costs.</div> <div style="line-height: 11pt; widows: 2; text-transform: none; font-style: normal; margin-top: 12pt; text-indent: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: normal; color: #000000; margin-left: 40pt; font-size: 13px; font-weight: 400; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal;"><font style="text-decoration: underline;">(2) Subsequent costs</font></div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; widows: 2; text-transform: none; font-style: normal; margin-top: 6pt; text-indent: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: normal; color: #000000; font-size: 13px; font-weight: 400; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal;">Costs incurred subsequent to the determination of technical feasibility and commercial viability and the costs of replacing parts of property are capitalized only when they increase the future economic benefits embodied in the specific asset to which they relate. Such capitalized costs generally represent costs incurred in developing proved reserves and bringing in, or enhancing production from, such reserves and are accumulated on a field or geotechnical area basis. All other expenditures are recognized in profit or loss as incurred. The costs of periodic servicing of the properties are recognized in costs of sales and services as incurred.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; widows: 2; text-transform: none; font-style: normal; margin-top: 6pt; text-indent: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: normal; color: #000000; font-size: 13px; font-weight: 400; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal;">The carrying amount of any replaced or sold component is derecognized.</div> <div style="line-height: 11pt; widows: 2; text-transform: none; font-style: normal; margin-top: 12pt; text-indent: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: normal; color: #000000; margin-left: 40pt; font-size: 13px; font-weight: 400; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal;"><font style="text-decoration: underline;">(3) Depletion</font></div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; widows: 2; text-transform: none; font-style: normal; margin-top: 6pt; text-indent: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: normal; color: #000000; font-size: 13px; font-weight: 400; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal;">The carrying amount of an interest in a resource property is depleted using the unit of production method by reference to the ratio of production in the period to the related reserves.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; widows: 2; text-transform: none; font-style: normal; margin-top: 6pt; text-indent: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: normal; color: #000000; font-size: 13px; font-weight: 400; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal;">For interests in hydrocarbon development and production assets, depletion is calculated based on proved producing reserves, taking into account estimated future development costs necessary to bring those reserves into production and the estimated salvage values of the assets at the end of their estimated useful lives. Future development costs are estimated taking into account the level of development required to continue to produce the reserves. Reserves for hydrocarbon development and production assets are estimated annually by independent qualified reserve evaluators and represent the estimated quantities of natural gas, natural gas liquids and crude oil which geological, geophysical and engineering data demonstrate with a specified degree of certainty to be recoverable in future&#160;years from known reservoirs and which are considered commercially producible. For depletion purposes, relative volumes of petroleum and natural gas production and reserves are converted at the energy equivalent conversion rate of six thousand cubic feet of natural gas to one barrel of crude oil.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; widows: 2; text-transform: none; font-style: normal; margin-top: 6pt; text-indent: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: normal; color: #000000; font-size: 13px; font-weight: 400; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal;">For the interest in an iron ore mine, depletion is calculated based on proved and probable reserves. The estimate of the reserves of iron ore is reviewed whenever significant new information about the reserve is available, or at least at each financial year-end.</div> <div style="line-height: 11pt; widows: 2; text-transform: none; font-style: italic; margin-top: 0pt; text-indent: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: normal; color: #000000; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal;"><font style="text-decoration: underline;">(</font><font style="white-space: pre; text-decoration: underline;"></font><font style="text-decoration: underline;">xiii) Impairment of Non-financial Assets</font></div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; widows: 2; text-transform: none; font-style: normal; margin-top: 6pt; text-indent: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: normal; color: #000000; font-size: 13px; font-weight: 400; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal;">The Group reviews the carrying amounts of its non-financial assets at each reporting date to determine whether there is any indication of impairment. If any such indication exists, an asset&#8217;s recoverable amount is estimated.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; widows: 2; text-transform: none; font-style: normal; margin-top: 6pt; text-indent: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: normal; color: #000000; font-size: 13px; font-weight: 400; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal;">The recoverable amount is the higher of an asset&#8217;s fair value less costs of disposal and value in use. Where an individual asset does not generate separately identifiable cash flows, an impairment test is performed at the cash-generating unit (&#8220;CGU&#8221;) level. A CGU is the smallest identifiable group of assets that generates cash inflows that are largely independent of the cash inflows from other assets or groups of assets. Where the carrying amount of an asset (or CGU) exceeds its recoverable amount, the asset (or CGU) is considered impaired and written down to its recoverable amount. In assessing value in use, the estimated future cash flows are discounted to their present value using a discount rate that reflects current market assessments of the time value of money and the risks specific to the asset. In determining fair value less costs of disposal, an appropriate valuation model is used. These calculations are corroborated by external valuation metrics or other available fair value indicators wherever possible.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; widows: 2; text-transform: none; font-style: normal; margin-top: 6pt; text-indent: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: normal; color: #000000; font-size: 13px; font-weight: 400; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal;">An assessment is made at the end of each reporting period whether there is an indication that previously recognized impairment losses no longer exist or have decreased. If such indication exists, an estimate of the asset&#8217;s (or CGU&#8217;s) recoverable amount is reviewed. A previously recognized impairment loss is reversed to the extent that the events or circumstances that triggered the original impairment have changed. The reversal is limited so that the carrying amount of the asset does not exceed its recoverable amount, nor exceed the carrying amount that would have been determined, net of depreciation, depletion and amortization, had no impairment loss been recognized for the asset in prior periods. A reversal of an impairment loss for a CGU is allocated to the assets of the CGU pro-rata with the carrying amounts of those assets. During the year ended December 31, 2018, there was a reversal of impairment of the Group&#8217;s interest in an iron ore mine (see Note 13).</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; widows: 2; text-transform: none; font-style: normal; margin-top: 6pt; text-indent: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: normal; color: #000000; font-size: 13px; font-weight: 400; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal;">Hydrocarbon probable reserves are tested for impairment when they are reclassified to hydrocarbon development and production assets or when indicators exist that suggest the carrying amount may exceed the recoverable amount. For purposes of impairment testing, hydrocarbon probable reserves are grouped with related producing resource properties as a CGU with common geography and geological characteristics.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; widows: 2; text-transform: none; font-style: normal; margin-top: 6pt; text-indent: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: normal; color: #000000; font-size: 13px; font-weight: 400; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal;">Undeveloped lands are evaluated for indicators separately from hydrocarbon development and production assets and hydrocarbon probable reserves. Impairment is assessed by comparing the carrying amount of undeveloped lands to values determined by an independent land evaluator based on recent market transactions. Management also takes into account future plans for those properties, the remaining terms of the leases and any other factors that may be indicators of potential impairment.</div> <div style="widows: 2; text-transform: none; font-variant: normal; font-style: normal; text-indent: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: normal; color: #000000; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; break-after: page;"> <div style="line-height: 11pt; font-style: italic; margin-top: 0pt; font-weight: bold;"><font style="text-decoration: underline;">(</font><font style="white-space: pre; text-decoration: underline;"></font><font style="text-decoration: underline;">xiv) Defined Benefit Pension Plan</font></div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">Prior to October&#160;1, 2017, the Group had defined benefit pension plans.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">The Group recognizes an accrued pension obligation, which represents the deficit of a defined benefit pension plan and is calculated by deducting the fair value of plan assets from the present value of the defined benefit obligations, in the consolidated statement of financial position.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">The Group uses the projected unit credit method to determine the present value of its defined benefit obligations and the related current service cost and, where applicable, past service cost. Actuarial assumptions are unbiased and mutually compatible and comprise demographic and financial assumptions.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">Past service cost, which is the change in the present value of the defined benefit obligation for employee service in prior periods resulting from a plan amendment or curtailment, is recognized as an expense at the earlier of when the amendment/curtailment occurs or when the Group recognizes related restructuring or termination costs. The gain or loss on a settlement, which is the difference between the present value of the defined benefit obligation being settled and the settlement price, is recognized in profit or loss when the settlement occurs.</div> </div> <div style="widows: 2; text-transform: none; font-variant: normal; font-style: normal; text-indent: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: normal; color: #000000; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; break-after: page;"> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 10pt;">Current service cost and net interest on the accrued pension obligation are recognized in profit or loss.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">Remeasurements of the accrued pension obligation, which comprise actuarial gains and losses, the return on plan assets (excluding amounts included in net interest on the net defined benefit liability (asset)) and any change in the effect of the asset ceiling (excluding amounts included in net interest on the net defined benefit liability (asset)), are recognized in other comprehensive income and are not reclassified to profit or loss in a subsequent period.</div> </div> <div style="line-height: 11pt; widows: 2; text-transform: none; font-style: italic; margin-top: 0pt; text-indent: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: normal; color: #000000; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; word-spacing: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;"><font style="text-decoration: underline;">(</font><font style="white-space: pre; text-decoration: underline;"></font><font style="text-decoration: underline;">xv) Provisions and Contingencies</font></div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; widows: 2; text-transform: none; font-style: normal; margin-top: 6pt; text-indent: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: normal; color: #000000; font-size: 13px; font-weight: 400; word-spacing: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">Provisions are recognized when the Group has a present obligation as a result of a past event, it is probable that an outflow of resources embodying economic benefits will be required to settle the obligation and a reliable estimate can be made of the amount of the obligation. Provisions are measured at management&#8217;s best estimate of the expenditure required to settle the obligation at the reporting date. Where appropriate, the future cash flow estimates are adjusted to reflect risks specific to the liability. If the effect of the time value of money is material, provisions are determined by discounting the expected future cash flows at a pre-tax rate that reflects current market assessments of the time value of money and the risks specific to the liability. Where discounting is used, the increase in the provision due to the passage of time is recorded as accretion and included in finance costs.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; widows: 2; text-transform: none; font-style: normal; margin-top: 6pt; text-indent: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: normal; color: #000000; font-size: 13px; font-weight: 400; word-spacing: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">Contingent liabilities are possible obligations whose existence will only be confirmed by future events not wholly within the control of the Group. Contingent liabilities, other than those assumed in connection with business combinations which are measured at fair value at the acquisition date, are not recognized in the consolidated financial statements but are disclosed unless the possibility of an outflow of economic resources is considered remote. Legal costs in connection with a loss contingency are recognized in profit or loss when incurred.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; widows: 2; text-transform: none; font-style: normal; margin-top: 6pt; text-indent: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: normal; color: #000000; font-size: 13px; font-weight: 400; word-spacing: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">The Group does not recognize a contingent or reimbursement asset unless it is virtually certain that the contingent or reimbursement asset will be received.</div> <div style="line-height: 11pt; widows: 2; text-transform: none; font-style: italic; margin-top: 0pt; text-indent: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: normal; color: #000000; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; word-spacing: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;"><font style="text-decoration: underline;">(</font><font style="white-space: pre; text-decoration: underline;"></font><font style="text-decoration: underline;">xvi) Decommissioning Obligations</font></div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; widows: 2; text-transform: none; font-style: normal; margin-top: 6pt; text-indent: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: normal; color: #000000; font-size: 13px; font-weight: 400; word-spacing: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">The Group provides for decommissioning, restoration and similar liabilities (collectively, decommissioning obligations) on its resource properties, facilities, production platforms, pipelines and other facilities based on estimates established by current legislation and industry practices. The decommissioning obligation is initially measured at fair value and capitalized to interests in resource properties or property, plant and equipment as an asset retirement cost. The liability is estimated by discounting expected future cash flows required to settle the liability using a pre-tax rate that reflects current market assessments of the time value of money and the risks specific to the liability. The estimated future asset retirement costs are adjusted for risks such as project, physical, regulatory and timing. The estimates are reviewed periodically. Changes in the provision as a result of changes in the estimated future costs or discount rates are added to or deducted from the asset retirement cost in the period of the change. The liability accretes for the effect of time value of money until it is settled. The capitalized asset retirement cost is amortized through depreciation, depletion and amortization over the estimated useful life of the related asset. Actual asset retirement expenditures are recorded against the obligation when incurred. Any difference between the accrued liability and the actual expenditures incurred is recorded as a gain or loss in the settlement period.</div> <div style="line-height: 11pt; widows: 2; text-transform: none; font-style: italic; margin-top: 0pt; text-indent: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: normal; color: #000000; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; word-spacing: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;"><font style="text-decoration: underline;">(</font><font style="white-space: pre; text-decoration: underline;"></font><font style="text-decoration: underline;">xvii) Own Equity Instruments</font></div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; widows: 2; text-transform: none; font-style: normal; margin-top: 6pt; text-indent: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: normal; color: #000000; font-size: 13px; font-weight: 400; word-spacing: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">The Group&#8217;s holdings of its own equity instruments, including common stock and preferred stock, are presented as &#8220;treasury stock&#8221; and deducted from shareholders&#8217; equity at cost and in the determination of the number of equity shares outstanding. No gain or loss is recognized in profit or loss on the purchase, sale, re-issue or cancellation of the Group&#8217;s own equity instruments.</div> <div style="widows: 2; text-transform: none; font-variant: normal; font-style: normal; text-indent: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: normal; color: #000000; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; break-after: page;"> <div style="line-height: 11pt; font-style: italic; margin-top: 0pt; font-weight: bold;"><font style="text-decoration: underline;">(</font><font style="white-space: pre; text-decoration: underline;"></font><font style="text-decoration: underline;">xviii) Revenue Recognition</font></div> <div style="line-height: 11pt; font-style: italic; margin-top: 12pt;"><font style="text-decoration: underline;">IFRS 15</font></div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">Effective January&#160;1, 2018, the Group adopted IFRS 15,&#160;<font style="font-style: italic;">Revenue from Contracts with Customers</font>&#160;(&#8220;IFRS&#160;15&#8221;). Pursuant to IFRS 15, the Group recognizes revenue, excluding interest and dividend income and other such income from financial instruments recognized in accordance with IFRS 9, upon transfer of promised goods or services to customers in amounts that reflect the consideration to which the Group expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services based on the following five step approach:</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">Step 1:&#160;&#160;&#160;Identify the contracts with customers;</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">Step 2:&#160;&#160;&#160;Identify the performance obligations in the contract;</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">Step 3:&#160;&#160;&#160;Determine the transaction price;</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">Step 4:&#160;&#160;&#160;Allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract; and</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">Step 5:&#160;&#160;&#160;Recognize revenue when (or as) the entity satisfies a performance obligation.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">The Group typically satisfies its performance obligations upon shipment of the goods, or upon delivery as the services are rendered or upon completion of services depending on whether the performance obligations are satisfied over time or at a point in time. The Group primarily acts as principal in contracts with its customers. The Group does not have material obligations for returns, refunds and other similar obligations, nor warranties and related obligations.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">For performance obligations that the Group satisfies over time, the Group typically uses time-based measures of progress because the Group is providing a series of distinct services that are substantially the same and have the same pattern of transfer.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">For performance obligations that the Group satisfies at a point in time, the Group typically uses shipment or delivery of goods and/or services in evaluating when a customer obtains control of promised goods or services.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">A significant financing component exists and is accounted for if the timing of payments agreed to by the parties to the contract provides the customer or the Group with a significant benefit of financing the transfer of goods and services to the customer. As a practical expedient, the Group does not adjust the promised amount of consideration for the effects of a significant financing component if the Group expects, at contract inception, that the period between when the Group transfers a promised good or service to a customer and when the customer pays for that good or service will be one year or less.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">The incremental costs of obtaining contracts with customers and the costs incurred in fulfilling contracts with customers that are directly associated with the contract are recognized as an asset (hereinafter, &#8220;assets arising from contract costs&#8221;) if those costs are expected to be recoverable, which are included in other long-term assets in the consolidated statements of financial position. The incremental costs of obtaining contracts are those costs that the Group incurs to obtain a contract with a customer that they would not have incurred if the contract had not been obtained. As a practical expedient, the Group recognizes the incremental costs of obtaining a contract as an expense when incurred if the amortization period of the asset that the entity otherwise would have recognized is one year or less. Assets arising from contract costs are amortized using the straight-line method over their estimated contract periods.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">The Group exercises judgments in determining the amount of the costs incurred to obtain or fulfill a contract with a customer, which includes, but is not limited to (a)&#160;the likelihood of obtaining the contract, (b)&#160;the estimate of the profitability of the contract, and (c)&#160;the credit risk of the customer. An impairment loss will be recognized in profit or loss to the extent that the carrying amount of the asset exceeds (a)&#160;the remaining amount of consideration that the entity expects to receive in exchange for the goods or services to which the asset relates, less (b)&#160;the costs that relate directly to providing those goods or services and that have not been recognized as expenses.</div> </div> <div style="widows: 2; text-transform: none; font-variant: normal; font-style: normal; text-indent: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: normal; color: #000000; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; break-after: page;"> <div style="line-height: 11pt; font-style: italic; margin-top: 10pt;"><font style="text-decoration: underline;">Initial Adoption of IFRS 15</font></div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">Pursuant to the transition arrangement permitted under IFRS 15, the Group applied IFRS 15 retrospectively with the cumulative effect of initially applying IFRS 15 recognized at the date of initial application. There were no revisions on the accounts in the consolidated statement of financial position on January&#160;1, 2018 upon the adoption of IFRS 15.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">Moreover, there were no financial statement line items affected in the current year ended December&#160;31, 2018 by the application of IFRS 15 as compared to the presentation under IAS 18,&#160;<font style="font-style: italic;">Revenue</font>&#160;and related interpretations.</div> <div style="line-height: 11pt; font-style: italic; margin-top: 12pt;"><font style="text-decoration: underline;">IAS 18, Revenue (&#8220;IAS 18&#8221;)</font>&#160;(Accounting Policies Applicable Prior to January&#160;1, 2018)</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">The Group accounted for revenues under IAS 18 and other related international accounting standards and interpretations for the recognition and measurement of revenue until December&#160;31, 2017.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">Revenue included proceeds from sales of merchant banking products and services, real estate properties, medical instruments and supplies, rental income on investment property, interest and dividend income and net gains on securities. In an agency relationship, revenue is the amount of commission earned.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">Revenue from the sale of goods was recognized when: (a)&#160;the Group had transferred to the buyer the significant risks and rewards of ownership of the goods (which generally coincided with the time when the goods were delivered to the buyer and title had passed); (b)&#160;the Group retained neither continuing managerial involvement to the degree usually associated with ownership nor effective control over the goods sold; (c)&#160;the amount of revenue could be measured reliably; (d)&#160;it was probable that the economic benefits associated with the transaction would flow to the Group; and (e)&#160;the costs incurred or to be incurred in respect of the transaction could be measured reliably.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">Revenue from the rendering of services is recognized when: (a)&#160;the amount of revenue could be measured reliably; (b)&#160;it was probable that the economic benefits associated with the transaction would flow to the Group; (c)&#160;the stage of completion of the transaction at the reporting date could be measured reliably; and (d)&#160;the costs incurred for the transaction and the costs to complete the transaction could be measured reliably.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">Revenue was measured at the fair value of the consideration received or receivable and represents amounts receivable for goods and services provided in the normal course of business, net of discounts, customs duties and sales taxes. When the Group charges shipping and handling fees to customers, such fees are included in sales revenue. Where the Group acts as an agent on behalf of a third party to procure or market goods, any associated fee income is recognized and no purchase or sale is recorded.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 11.5pt; margin-top: 6pt;">Interest, royalty and dividend income were recognized when it is probable that economic benefits will flow to the Group and the amount of income could be measured reliably.</div> </div> <div style="line-height: 11pt; widows: 2; text-transform: none; font-style: italic; margin-top: 0pt; text-indent: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: normal; color: #000000; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; word-spacing: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;"><font style="text-decoration: underline;">(</font><font style="white-space: pre; text-decoration: underline;"></font><font style="text-decoration: underline;">xix) Costs of Sales and Services</font></div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; widows: 2; text-transform: none; font-style: normal; margin-top: 5.8pt; text-indent: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: normal; color: #000000; font-size: 13px; font-weight: 400; word-spacing: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">Costs of sales and services include the costs of goods (merchant banking products and services, real estate properties, medical instruments and supplies) sold. The costs of goods sold include both the direct cost of materials and indirect costs, freight charges, purchasing and receiving costs, inspection costs, distribution costs and a provision for warranty when applicable.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; widows: 2; text-transform: none; font-style: normal; margin-top: 6pt; text-indent: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: normal; color: #000000; font-size: 13px; font-weight: 400; word-spacing: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">Costs of sales and services also include write-downs of inventories, net loss on securities, credit losses on financial assets, gains or losses on dispositions of subsidiaries, and fair value gain and loss on investment property, commodity inventories and derivative contracts.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; widows: 2; text-transform: none; font-style: normal; margin-top: 6pt; text-indent: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: normal; color: #000000; font-size: 13px; font-weight: 400; word-spacing: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">The reversal of write-downs of inventories and credit losses reduces the costs of sales and services.</div> <div style="line-height: 11pt; widows: 2; text-transform: none; font-style: italic; margin-top: 0pt; text-indent: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: normal; color: #000000; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; word-spacing: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;"><font style="text-decoration: underline;">(</font><font style="white-space: pre; text-decoration: underline;"></font><font style="text-decoration: underline;">xx) Employee Benefits</font></div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; widows: 2; text-transform: none; font-style: normal; margin-top: 5.8pt; text-indent: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: normal; color: #000000; font-size: 13px; font-weight: 400; word-spacing: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">Wages, salaries, bonuses, social security contributions, paid annual leave and sick leave are accrued in the period in which the associated services are rendered by employees of the Group. The employee benefits are included in costs of sales and services or selling, general and administrative expenses, as applicable.</div> <div style="line-height: 11pt; widows: 2; text-transform: none; font-style: italic; margin-top: 0pt; text-indent: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: normal; color: #000000; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; word-spacing: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;"><font style="text-decoration: underline;">(</font><font style="white-space: pre; text-decoration: underline;"></font><font style="text-decoration: underline;">xxi) Leases</font></div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; widows: 2; text-transform: none; font-style: normal; margin-top: 6pt; text-indent: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: normal; color: #000000; font-size: 13px; font-weight: 400; word-spacing: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">A lease is classified as an operating lease if it does not transfer substantially all the risks and rewards incidental to ownership of the leased asset. Operating lease payments are expensed in profit or loss over the term of the lease on a straight line basis.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; widows: 2; text-transform: none; font-style: normal; margin-top: 6pt; text-indent: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: normal; color: #000000; font-size: 13px; font-weight: 400; word-spacing: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">Lease income from operating leases is recognized in income on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease.</div> <div style="line-height: 11pt; widows: 2; text-transform: none; font-style: italic; margin-top: 0pt; text-indent: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: normal; color: #000000; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; word-spacing: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;"><font style="text-decoration: underline;">(</font><font style="white-space: pre; text-decoration: underline;"></font><font style="text-decoration: underline;">xxii) Share-Based Compensation</font></div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; widows: 2; text-transform: none; font-style: normal; margin-top: 6pt; text-indent: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: normal; color: #000000; font-size: 13px; font-weight: 400; word-spacing: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">The cost of equity-settled transactions with employees is measured by reference to the fair value of the equity instruments on the date at which the equity instruments are granted and is recognized as an expense over the vesting period, which ends on the date on which the relevant employees become fully entitled to the award. Fair value is determined by using an appropriate valuation model. At each reporting date before vesting, the cumulative expense is calculated, representing the extent to which the vesting period has expired and management&#8217;s best estimate of the achievement or otherwise of non-market conditions and the number of equity instruments that will ultimately vest. The movement in cumulative expense since the previous reporting date is recognized in profit or loss, with a corresponding amount in equity.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; widows: 2; text-transform: none; font-style: normal; margin-top: 6pt; text-indent: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: normal; color: #000000; font-size: 13px; font-weight: 400; word-spacing: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">When the terms of an equity-settled award are modified or a new award is designated as replacing a cancelled or settled award, the cost based on the original award terms continues to be recognized over the original vesting period. In addition, an expense is recognized over the remainder of the new vesting period for the incremental fair value of any modification, based on the difference between the fair value of the original award and the fair value of the modified award, both as measured on the date of the modification. No reduction is recognized if this difference is negative. When an equity-settled award is cancelled other than by forfeiture when the vesting conditions are not satisfied, it is treated as if it had vested on the date of cancellation and any cost not yet recognized in profit or loss for the award is expensed immediately.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; widows: 2; text-transform: none; font-style: normal; margin-top: 6pt; text-indent: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: normal; color: #000000; font-size: 13px; font-weight: 400; word-spacing: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">Share-based compensation expenses are included in selling, general and administrative expenses. When stock options are exercised, the exercise price proceeds together with the amount initially recorded in contributed surplus are credited to capital stock.</div> <div style="line-height: 11pt; widows: 2; text-transform: none; font-style: italic; margin-top: 0pt; text-indent: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: normal; color: #000000; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; word-spacing: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;"><font style="text-decoration: underline;">(</font><font style="white-space: pre; text-decoration: underline;"></font><font style="text-decoration: underline;">xxiii) Finance Costs</font></div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; widows: 2; text-transform: none; font-style: normal; margin-top: 6pt; text-indent: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: normal; color: #000000; font-size: 13px; font-weight: 400; word-spacing: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">Finance costs comprise interest expense on borrowings, accretion of the discount on provisions, decommissioning obligations and other liabilities and charges and fees relating to factoring transactions.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; widows: 2; text-transform: none; font-style: normal; margin-top: 6pt; text-indent: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: normal; color: #000000; font-size: 13px; font-weight: 400; word-spacing: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">Finance costs directly attributable to the acquisition, construction or production of qualifying assets, which are assets that necessarily take a substantial period of time to get ready for their intended use, are added to the cost of those assets until such time as the assets are substantially ready for their intended use. All other finance costs are recognized in profit or loss in the period in which they are incurred.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; widows: 2; text-transform: none; font-style: normal; margin-top: 6pt; text-indent: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: normal; color: #000000; font-size: 13px; font-weight: 400; word-spacing: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">Capital stock and debt are recorded at the amount of proceeds received, net of direct issue costs (transaction costs). The transaction costs attributable to debt issued are amortized over the debt term using the effective interest method.</div> <div style="widows: 2; text-transform: none; font-variant: normal; font-style: normal; text-indent: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: normal; color: #000000; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; break-after: page;"> <div style="line-height: 11pt; font-style: italic; margin-top: 0pt; font-weight: bold;"><font style="text-decoration: underline;">(</font><font style="white-space: pre; text-decoration: underline;"></font><font style="text-decoration: underline;">xxiv) Income Taxes</font></div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">Income tax expense (recovery) comprises current income tax expense (recovery) and deferred income tax expense (recovery) and includes all domestic and foreign taxes which are based on taxable profits. The current income tax provision is based on the taxable profits for the period. Taxable profit differs from income before income taxes as reported in the consolidated statements of operations because it excludes items of income or expense that are taxable or deductible in other periods and items that are never taxable or deductible. The Group&#8217;s liability for current income tax is calculated using tax rates that have been enacted or substantively enacted by the reporting date. Deferred income tax is provided, using the liability method, on all temporary differences at the reporting date between the tax bases of assets and liabilities and their carrying amounts in the consolidated statement of financial position.</div> </div> <div style="widows: 2; text-transform: none; font-variant: normal; font-style: normal; text-indent: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: normal; color: #000000; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; break-after: page;"> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 10pt;">Deferred income tax liabilities are recognized for all taxable temporary differences:</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6.6pt; text-indent: -30px; margin-bottom: 0pt; float: left; margin-left: 60px;">-&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;except where the deferred income tax liability arises on goodwill that is not tax deductible or the initial recognition of an asset or liability in a transaction that is not a business combination and, at the time of the transaction, affects neither the accounting profit nor taxable profit or loss.</div> <div style="line-height: 0pt; margin: 0pt; clear: both; font-size: 0pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6.59pt; text-indent: -30px; margin-bottom: 0pt; float: left; margin-left: 60px;">-&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;in respect of taxable temporary differences associated with investments in subsidiaries and branches, except where the Group is able to control the timing of the reversal of the temporary differences and it is probable that the temporary differences will not reverse in the foreseeable future.</div> <div style="line-height: 0pt; margin: 0pt; clear: both; font-size: 0pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">Deferred income tax assets are recognized for all deductible temporary differences, carry-forward of unused tax credits and unused tax losses, to the extent that it is probable that taxable profit will be available against which the deductible temporary differences and the carry-forward of unused tax credits and unused tax losses can be utilized:</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6.6pt; text-indent: -30px; margin-bottom: 0pt; float: left; margin-left: 60px;">-&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;except where the deferred income tax asset arises from the initial recognition of an asset or liability in a transaction that is not a business combination and, at the time of the transaction, affects neither the accounting profit nor taxable profit or loss.</div> <div style="line-height: 0pt; margin: 0pt; clear: both; font-size: 0pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6.59pt; text-indent: -30px; margin-bottom: 0pt; float: left; margin-left: 60px;">-&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;in respect of deductible temporary differences associated with investments in subsidiaries and branches, deferred tax assets are recognized only to the extent that it is probable that the temporary differences will reverse in the foreseeable future.</div> <div style="line-height: 0pt; margin: 0pt; clear: both; font-size: 0pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">On the reporting date, management reviews the Group&#8217;s deferred income tax assets to determine whether it is probable that the benefits associated with these assets will be realized. The Group also reassesses unrecognized deferred income tax assets. The review and assessment involve evaluating both positive and negative evidence. The Group recognizes a previously unrecognized deferred income tax asset to the extent that it has become probable that future taxable profit will allow the deferred income tax asset to be recovered.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">Deferred income tax assets and liabilities are measured at the tax rates that are expected to apply in the year when the asset is realized or the liability is settled, based on tax rates and tax laws that have been enacted or substantively enacted at the reporting date. Tax relating to items recognized in other comprehensive income or equity is recognized in other comprehensive income or equity and not in profit or loss.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">Deferred income tax assets and liabilities are offset when there is a legally enforceable right to set off current income tax assets against current income tax liabilities, and when they relate to income tax levied by the same taxation authority and the Group intends to settle its current income tax assets and liabilities on a net basis.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">Withholding taxes (which include withholding taxes payable by a subsidiary on distributions to the Group) are treated as income taxes when they have the characteristics of an income tax. This is considered to be the case when they are imposed under government authority and the amount payable is calculated by reference to revenue derived.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">The Group includes interest charges and penalties on current income tax liabilities as a component of interest expense.</div> </div> <div style="line-height: 11pt; widows: 2; text-transform: none; font-style: italic; margin-top: 0pt; text-indent: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: normal; color: #000000; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal;"><font style="text-decoration: underline;">(</font><font style="white-space: pre; text-decoration: underline;"></font><font style="text-decoration: underline;">xxv) Earnings Per Share</font></div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; widows: 2; text-transform: none; font-style: normal; margin-top: 6pt; text-indent: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: normal; color: #000000; font-size: 13px; font-weight: 400; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal;">Basic earnings per share is determined by dividing net income attributable to ordinary equity holders of MFC Bancorp by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period, net of treasury stock.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; widows: 2; text-transform: none; font-style: normal; margin-top: 6pt; text-indent: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: normal; color: #000000; font-size: 13px; font-weight: 400; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal;">Diluted earnings per share is determined using the same method as basic earnings per share, except that the weighted average number of common shares outstanding includes the effect of dilutive potential ordinary shares. For the purpose of calculating diluted earnings per share, the Group assumes the exercise of its dilutive options with the assumed proceeds from these instruments regarded as having been received from the issue of common shares at the average market price of common shares during the period. The difference between the number of common shares issued and the number of common shares that would have been issued at the average market price of common shares during the period is treated as an issue of common shares for no consideration and added to the weighted average number of common shares outstanding. The amount of the dilution is the average market price of common shares during the period minus the issue price and the issue price includes the fair value of services to be supplied to the Group in the future under the share-based payment arrangement. Potential ordinary shares are treated as dilutive when, and only when, their conversion to ordinary shares would decrease earnings per share or increase loss per share from continuing operations.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; widows: 2; text-transform: none; font-style: normal; margin-top: 5.22pt; text-indent: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: normal; color: #000000; font-size: 13px; font-weight: 400; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal;">When share-based payments are granted during the period, the shares issuable are weighted to reflect the portion of the period during which the payments are outstanding. The shares issuable are also weighted to reflect forfeitures occurring during the period. When stock options are exercised during the period, shares issuable are weighted to reflect the portion of the period prior to the exercise date and actual shares issued are included in the weighted average number of shares outstanding from the exercise date.</div> <div style="line-height: 11pt; widows: 2; text-transform: none; font-style: italic; margin-top: 0pt; text-indent: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: normal; color: #000000; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; word-spacing: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;"><font style="text-decoration: underline;">(</font><font style="white-space: pre; text-decoration: underline;"></font><font style="text-decoration: underline;">xxvi) Business Combinations</font></div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; widows: 2; text-transform: none; font-style: normal; margin-top: 4.01pt; text-indent: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: normal; color: #000000; font-size: 13px; font-weight: 400; word-spacing: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">The Group accounts for each business combination by applying the acquisition method. Pursuant to the acquisition method, the Group, when a business combination occurs and it is identified as the acquirer, determines the acquisition date (on which the Group legally transfers the consideration, acquires the assets and assumes the liabilities of the acquiree), recognizes and measures the identifiable assets acquired, the liabilities assumed and any non-controlling interest in the acquiree, and recognizes and measures goodwill or a gain from a bargain purchase (i.e. negative goodwill). The identifiable assets acquired and the liabilities assumed are measured at their acquisition-date fair values. A non-controlling interest is measured at either its fair value or its proportionate share in the recognized amounts of the subsidiary&#8217;s identifiable net assets, on a transaction-by-transaction basis.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; widows: 2; text-transform: none; font-style: normal; margin-top: 5.02pt; text-indent: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: normal; color: #000000; font-size: 13px; font-weight: 400; word-spacing: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">The consideration transferred in a business combination is measured at fair value, which is calculated as the sum of the acquisition-date fair values of the assets transferred by the Group, the liabilities incurred by the Group to former owners of the acquiree and the equity interests issued by the Group.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; widows: 2; text-transform: none; font-style: normal; margin-top: 5.02pt; text-indent: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: normal; color: #000000; font-size: 13px; font-weight: 400; word-spacing: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">In a business combination achieved in stages, the Group remeasures its previously held equity interest in the acquiree at its acquisition-date fair value and recognizes the resulting gain or loss, if any, in profit or loss.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; widows: 2; text-transform: none; font-style: normal; margin-top: 5.01pt; text-indent: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: normal; color: #000000; font-size: 13px; font-weight: 400; word-spacing: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">If the initial accounting for a business combination is incomplete by the end of the reporting period in which the combination occurs, the Group reports in its financial statements provisional amounts for the items for which the accounting is incomplete. During the measurement period, the Group retrospectively adjusts the provisional amounts recognized at the acquisition date to reflect new information obtained about facts and circumstances that existed as of the acquisition date and, if known, would have affected the measurement of the amounts recognized as of that date. During the measurement period, the Group also recognizes additional assets or liabilities if new information is obtained about facts and circumstances that existed as of the acquisition date and, if known, would have resulted in the recognition of those assets and liabilities as of that date. The measurement period ends as soon as the Group receives the information it was seeking about facts and circumstances that existed as of the acquisition date or learns that more information is not obtainable. However, the measurement period does not exceed one year from the acquisition date.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; widows: 2; text-transform: none; font-style: normal; margin-top: 5.02pt; text-indent: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: normal; color: #000000; font-size: 13px; font-weight: 400; word-spacing: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">Acquisition-related costs are costs the Group incurs to effect a business combination. Those costs include finder&#8217;s fees; advisory, legal, accounting, valuation and other professional or consulting fees; general administrative costs, including the costs of maintaining an internal acquisitions department; and costs of registering and issuing debt and equity securities. The Group accounts for acquisition-related costs as expenses in the periods in which the costs are incurred and the services are received, except for the costs to issue debt or equity securities (see Significant Accounting Policy Item (xxiii) above).</div> <div style="widows: 2; text-transform: none; font-variant: normal; font-style: normal; text-indent: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: normal; color: #000000; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; break-after: page;"> <div style="line-height: 11pt; margin-top: 0pt; font-weight: bold;">C. Critical Judgments in Applying Accounting Policies</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 4.02pt;">In the process of applying the Group&#8217;s accounting policies, management makes various judgments, apart from those involving estimations under Note 2D below, that can significantly affect the amounts it recognizes in the consolidated financial statements. The following are the critical judgments that management has made in the process of applying the Group&#8217;s accounting policies and that have the most significant effects on the amounts recognized in the consolidated financial statements:</div> <div style="line-height: 11pt; font-style: italic; margin-top: 12pt; font-weight: bold;"><font style="text-decoration: underline;">(i) Identification of Cash-generating Units</font></div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">The Group&#8217;s assets are aggregated into CGUs, for the purpose of assessing and calculating impairment, based on their ability to generate largely independent cash flows. The determination of CGUs requires judgment in defining the smallest identifiable group of assets that generate cash inflows that are largely independent of the cash inflows from other assets or groups of assets. CGUs have been determined based on similar geological structure, shared infrastructure, geographical proximity, product type and similar exposure to market risks. In the event facts and circumstances surrounding factors used to determine the Group&#8217;s CGUs change, the Group will re-determine the groupings of CGUs.</div> <div style="line-height: 11pt; font-style: italic; margin-top: 12pt; font-weight: bold;"><font style="text-decoration: underline;">(ii) Impairment and Reversals of Impairment on Non-Financial Assets</font></div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">The carrying amounts of the Group&#8217;s non-financial assets, other than and deferred tax assets, are reviewed at the end of each reporting period to determine whether there is an indication of impairment or reversal of previously recorded impairment. If such indication exists, the recoverable amount is estimated.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">Determining whether there are any indications of impairment or impairment reversals requires significant judgment of external factors, such as an extended change in prices or margins for hydrocarbon commodities or refined products, a significant change in an asset&#8217;s market value, a significant revision of estimated volumes, revision of future development costs, a change in the entity&#8217;s market capitalization or significant changes in the technological, market, economic or legal environment that would have an impact on the Company&#8217;s CGUs. Given that the calculations for recoverable amounts require the use of estimates and assumptions, including forecasts of commodity prices, marketing supply and demand, product margins and in the case of hydrocarbon properties, expected production volumes, it is possible that the assumptions may change, which may impact the estimated life of the CGU and may require a material adjustment to the carrying value of goodwill and non-financial assets.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">Impairment losses recognized in prior years are assessed at the end of each reporting period for indications that the impairment has decreased or no longer exists. An impairment loss is reversed only to the extent that the carrying amount of the asset or CGU does not exceed the carrying amount that would have been determined, net of depletion, depreciation and amortization, if no impairment loss had been recognized.</div> <div style="line-height: 11pt; font-style: italic; margin-top: 12pt; font-weight: bold;"><font style="text-decoration: underline;">(iii) Valuation of Investment Property</font></div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">Investment properties are included in the consolidated statement of financial position at their market value, unless their fair value cannot be reliably determined at that time. The market value of investment properties is assessed annually by an independent qualified valuer, who is an authorized expert for the valuation of developed and undeveloped land in Germany, after taking into consideration the net income with inputs on realized basic rents, operating costs and damages and defects. The assumptions adopted in the property valuations are based on the market conditions existing at the end of the reporting period, with reference to current market sales prices and the appropriate capitalization rate. Changes in any of these inputs, or incorrect assumptions related to any of these items, could materially impact these valuations.</div> <div style="line-height: 11pt; font-style: italic; margin-top: 12pt; font-weight: bold;"><font style="text-decoration: underline;">(iv) Assets Held for Sale and Discontinued Operations</font></div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">The Group applies judgment to determine whether an asset (or disposal group) is available for immediate sale in its present condition and that its sale is highly probable and therefore should be classified as held for sale at the balance sheet date. In order to assess whether it is highly probable that the sale can be completed within one year, or the extension period in certain circumstances, management reviews the business and economic factors, both macro and micro, which include the industry trends and capital markets, and the progress towards a sale transaction. It is also open to all forms of sales, including exchanges of non-current assets for other non-current assets when the exchange will have commercial substance in accordance with IAS 16,&#160;<font style="font-style: italic;">Property, Plant and Equipment</font>.</div> </div> <div style="widows: 2; text-transform: none; font-variant: normal; font-style: normal; text-indent: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: normal; color: #000000; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; break-after: page;"> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 10pt;">A discontinued operation is a component of an entity (which comprises operations and cash flows that can be clearly distinguished, operationally and, for financial reporting purposes, from the rest of the entity) that either has been disposed of or is classified as held for sale. While a component of the entity has distinguished financial data, judgments must be exercised on the presentation of inter-company transactions between components that are presented as discontinued operations and those that are presented as continuing operations. Furthermore, the allocation of income tax expense (recovery) also involves the exercise of judgments as the tax position of continuing operations may have an impact on the tax position of discontinued operations, or vice versa.</div> <div style="line-height: 11pt; font-style: italic; margin-top: 12pt; font-weight: bold;"><font style="text-decoration: underline;">(</font><font style="white-space: pre; text-decoration: underline;"></font><font style="text-decoration: underline;">v) Consolidation</font></div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">Judgment is required when assessing whether the Group controls and therefore consolidates an entity, particularly an entity with complex share capital, management/decision-making or financing structures. Judgment is required to determine whether the Group has decision-making power over the key relevant activities of an investee, whether the Group has exposure or rights to variable returns from its involvement with the investee and whether the Group has the ability to use that power to affect its returns.</div> <div style="line-height: 11pt; font-style: italic; margin-top: 12pt; font-weight: bold;"><font style="text-decoration: underline;">(</font><font style="white-space: pre; text-decoration: underline;"></font><font style="text-decoration: underline;">vi) Purchase Price Allocations</font></div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">For each business combination, the Group measures the identifiable assets acquired and the liabilities assumed at their acquisition-date fair values. The determination of fair value requires the Group to make assumptions, estimates and judgments regarding future events, including the profit forecast of the new subsidiary in the future. The allocation process is inherently subjective and impacts the amounts assigned to individual identifiable assets and liabilities, including the fair value of long-lived assets, the recognition and measurement of any unrecorded intangible assets and/or contingencies and the final determination of the amount of goodwill or bargain purchase. The inputs to the exercise of judgments include legal, contractual, business and economic factors. As a result, the purchase price allocation impacts the Group&#8217;s reported assets and liabilities and future net earnings due to the impact on future depreciation, depletion and amortization and impairment tests.</div> <div style="line-height: 11pt; font-style: italic; margin-top: 12pt; font-weight: bold;"><font style="text-decoration: underline;">(vii) Credit Losses and Impairment of Receivables</font></div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">On January&#160;1, 2018, the Group adopted IFRS 9. As a result, the Group applies credit risk assessment and valuation methods to its trade and other receivables under IFRS 9 which establishes a single forward-looking expected loss impairment model to replace the incurred impairment model under IAS 39.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">The Group measures the loss allowance for a financial instrument at an amount equal to the lifetime expected credit losses if the credit risk on that financial instrument has increased significantly since initial recognition. The objective of the impairment requirements is to recognize lifetime expected credit losses for&#160;all financial instruments for which there have been significant increases in credit risk since initial recognition&#8201;&#8212;&#8201;whether assessed on an individual or collective basis&#8201;&#8212;&#8201;considering all reasonable and supportable information, including that which is forward-looking.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">At each reporting date, management assesses whether the credit risk on a financial instrument has increased significantly since initial recognition. When making the assessment, management uses the change in the risk of a default occurring over the expected life of the financial instrument instead of the change in the amount of expected credit losses. To make that assessment, management compares the risk of a default occurring on the financial instrument as at the reporting date with the risk of a default occurring on the financial instrument as at the date of initial recognition and consider reasonable and supportable information, that is available without undue cost or effort, that is indicative of significant increases in credit risk since initial recognition.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">Allowance for credit losses is maintained at an amount considered adequate to absorb the expected credit losses. Such allowance for credit losses reflects management&#8217;s best estimate of changes in the credit risk on the Group&#8217;s financial instruments and judgments about economic conditions. The assessment of allowance for credit losses is a complex process, particularly on a looking-forward basis; which involves a significant degree of judgment and a high level of estimation uncertainty. The input factors include the assessment of the credit risk of the Group&#8217;s financial instruments, legal rights and obligations under all the contracts and the expected future cash flows from the financial instruments, which include inventories, mortgages and other credit enhancement instruments. The major source of estimation uncertainty relates to the likelihood of the various scenarios under which different amounts are expected to be recovered through the security in place on the financial assets. The expected future cash flows are projected under different scenarios and weighted by probability, which involves the exercise of significant judgment. Estimates and judgments could change in the near-term and could result in a significant change to a recognized allowance.</div> </div> <div style="widows: 2; text-transform: none; font-variant: normal; font-style: normal; text-indent: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: normal; color: #000000; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; break-after: page;"> <div style="line-height: 11pt; margin-top: 0pt; font-weight: bold;">D. Major Sources of Estimation Uncertainty</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">The timely preparation of the consolidated financial statements requires management to make judgments, estimates and assumptions that affect the application of accounting policies and the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, income and expenses.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">The major assumptions about the future and other major sources of estimation uncertainty at the end of the reporting period that have a significant risk of resulting in a material adjustment to the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities within the next financial year are discussed below. These items require management&#8217;s most difficult, subjective or complex estimates. Actual results may differ materially from these estimates.</div> <div style="line-height: 11pt; font-style: italic; margin-top: 12pt; font-weight: bold;"><font style="text-decoration: underline;">(i) Interests in Resource Properties and Reserve Estimates</font></div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">The Group had interests in resource properties mainly comprised of an interest in the Scully Iron Ore Mine, and to a lesser extent, hydrocarbon properties, with an aggregate carrying amount of&#8201; $273,250 as at December&#160;31, 2018.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">Estimation of reported recoverable quantities of proved and probable reserves include judgmental assumptions regarding production profile, prices of products produced, exchange rates, remediation costs, timing and amount of future development costs and production, transportation and marketing costs for future cash flows. It also requires interpretation of geological and geophysical models in anticipated recoveries. The economical, geological and technical factors used to estimate reserves may change from period to period. Changes in reported reserves can impact the carrying amounts of the Group&#8217;s interests in resource properties and/or property, plant and equipment, the recognition of impairment losses and reversal of impairment losses, the calculation of depletion and depreciation, the provision for decommissioning obligations and the recognition of deferred income tax assets or liabilities due to changes in expected future cash flows. The recoverable quantities of reserves and estimated cash flows from the Group&#8217;s hydrocarbon interests are independently evaluated by reserve engineers at least annually. During the year ended December 31, 2018, the Group recognized a reversal of impairment of&#8201; $188,203 in respect of its interest in an iron ore mine (see Note 13).</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">The Group&#8217;s hydrocarbon reserves represent the estimated quantities of petroleum, natural gas and natural gas liquids which geological, geophysical and engineering data demonstrate with a specified degree of certainty to be economically recoverable in future&#160;years from known reservoirs and which are considered commercially producible. Such reserves may be considered commercially producible if management has the intention of developing and producing them and such intention is based upon: (a)&#160;a reasonable assessment of the future economics of such production; (b)&#160;a reasonable expectation that there is a market for all or substantially all the expected hydrocarbon production; and (c)&#160;evidence that the necessary production, transmission and transportation facilities are available or can be made available. Reserves may only be considered proven and probable if producibility is supported by either production or conclusive formation tests.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">Included in interests in resource properties as at December&#160;31, 2018, were exploration and evaluation assets with an aggregate carrying amount of&#8201; $17,007. Exploration and evaluation assets are assessed for impairment when facts and circumstances suggest that the carrying amount of an exploration and evaluation asset may exceed its recoverable amount and upon reclassification to hydrocarbon development and production assets. If such indicators exist, impairment, if any, is determined by comparing the carrying amounts to the recoverable amounts. The measurement of the recoverable amount involves a number of assumptions, including the timing, likelihood and amount of commercial production, further resource assessment plans and future revenue and costs expected from the asset, if any.</div> <div style="line-height: 11pt; font-style: italic; margin-top: 12pt; font-weight: bold;"><font style="text-decoration: underline;">(ii) Impairment of Other Non-Financial Assets</font></div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">The Group had property, plant and equipment aggregating $58,325 as at December&#160;31, 2018, consisting mainly of a power plant and a natural gas processing facility. Impairment of the Group&#8217;s non-financial assets is evaluated at the CGU level. In testing for impairment, the recoverable amounts of the Company&#8217;s CGUs are determined as the higher of their values in use and fair values less costs of disposal. In the absence of quoted market prices, the recoverable amount is based on estimates of future production rates, future product selling prices and costs, discount rates and other relevant assumptions. Increases in future costs and/or decreases in estimates of future production rates and product selling prices may result in a write-down of the Group&#8217;s property, plant and equipment.</div> <div style="line-height: 11pt; font-style: italic; margin-top: 12pt; font-weight: bold;"><font style="text-decoration: underline;">(iii) Taxation</font></div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">The Group is subject to tax in a number of jurisdictions and judgment is required in determining the worldwide provision for income taxes. Deferred income taxes are recognized for temporary differences using the liability method, with deferred income tax liabilities generally being provided for in full (except for taxable temporary differences associated with investments in subsidiaries and branches where the Group is able to control the timing of the reversal of the temporary differences and it is probable that the temporary differences will not reverse in the foreseeable future) and deferred income tax assets being recognized to the extent that it is probable that future taxable profits will be available against which the temporary differences can be utilized.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">The operations and organization structures of the Group are complex, and related tax interpretations, regulations and legislation are continually changing. As a result, there are usually some tax matters in question that result in uncertain tax positions. The Group only recognizes the income tax benefit of an uncertain tax position when it is probable that the ultimate determination of the tax treatment of the position will result in that benefit being realized.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">The Group companies&#8217; income tax filings are subject to audit by taxation authorities in numerous jurisdictions. There are audits in progress and items under review, some of which may increase the Group&#8217;s income tax liabilities. In addition, the companies have filed appeals and have disputed certain issues. While the results of these items cannot be ascertained at this time, the Group believes that the Group has an adequate provision for income taxes based on available information.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">The Group recognized deferred income tax assets of&#8201; $15,735 as at December&#160;31, 2018. In assessing the realizability of deferred income tax assets, management considers whether it is probable that some portion or all of the deferred income tax assets will be realized. The ultimate realization of deferred income tax assets is dependent upon the generation of future taxable income during the periods in which temporary differences become deductible or before tax loss and tax credit carry-forwards expire. Management considers the future reversals of existing taxable temporary differences, projected future taxable income, taxable income in prior&#160;years and tax planning strategies in making this assessment. Unrecognized deferred income tax assets are reassessed at the end of each reporting period.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">The Group provides for future income tax liabilities in respect of uncertain tax positions where additional income tax may become payable in future periods and such provisions are based on management&#8217;s assessment of exposure. The Group did not recognize the full deferred tax liability on taxable temporary differences associated with investments in subsidiaries and branches where the Group is able to control the timing of the reversal of the temporary differences and it is probable that the temporary differences will not reverse in the foreseeable future. The Group may change its investment decision in its normal course of business, thus resulting in additional income tax liabilities.</div> </div> <div style="widows: 2; text-transform: none; font-variant: normal; font-style: normal; text-indent: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: normal; color: #000000; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; break-after: page;"> <div style="line-height: 11pt; font-style: italic; margin-top: 10pt; font-weight: bold;"><font style="text-decoration: underline;">(iv) Contingencies</font></div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">Pursuant to IAS 37,&#160;<font style="font-style: italic;">Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets,</font>&#160;the Group does not recognize a contingent liability. By their nature, contingencies will only be resolved when one or more future events occur or fail to occur. The assessment of contingencies inherently involves the exercise of significant judgment and estimates of the outcome of future events. If it becomes probable that an outflow of future economic benefits will be required for an item previously accounted for as a contingent liability, an accrual or a provision is recognized in the consolidated financial statements of the period in which the change in probability occurs. See Note 26 for further disclosures on contingencies.</div> </div> <div style="line-height: 11pt; widows: 2; text-transform: none; font-style: normal; margin-top: 0pt; text-indent: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: normal; color: #000000; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; word-spacing: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">E. Accounting Changes</div> <div style="line-height: 11pt; widows: 2; text-transform: none; font-style: italic; margin-top: 12pt; text-indent: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: normal; color: #000000; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; word-spacing: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;"><font style="text-decoration: underline;">Future Accounting Changes</font></div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; widows: 2; text-transform: none; font-style: normal; margin-top: 6pt; text-indent: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: normal; color: #000000; font-size: 13px; font-weight: 400; word-spacing: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">IFRS 16,&#160;<font style="font-style: italic;">Leases</font>&#160;(&#8220;IFRS 16&#8221;), issued in January&#160;2016, introduces a single on-balance sheet model of accounting for leases by lessees that eliminates the distinction between operating and finance leases. Lessor accounting remains largely unchanged and the distinction between operating and finance leases is retained. IFRS 16 supersedes IAS 17,&#160;<font style="font-style: italic;">Leases</font>, and related interpretations and management will adopt IFRS 16 for annual reporting periods beginning on January&#160;1, 2019. Management concluded that the impacts of IFRS 16 on the Group&#8217;s consolidated financial statements as of January&#160;1, 2019 would be a debit of&#8201; $2,911 to the right-of-use assets with credits of&#8201; $843 and $2,068, respectively, to the current and long-term lease payables.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; widows: 2; text-transform: none; font-style: normal; margin-top: 6pt; text-indent: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: normal; color: #000000; font-size: 13px; font-weight: 400; word-spacing: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">In December&#160;2017,&#160;<font style="font-style: italic;">Annual Improvements to IFRS Standards 2015-2017 Cycle</font>&#160;amended paragraph 14 of IAS 23,&#160;<font style="font-style: italic;">Borrowing Costs</font>. The amendments clarify that the capitalization rate to the expenditures on a qualifying asset shall be the weighted average of the borrowing costs applicable to the borrowings of the entity that are outstanding during the period, and an entity shall exclude from this calculation borrowing costs applicable to borrowings made specifically for the purpose of obtaining the qualifying asset until substantially all the activities necessary to prepare that asset for its intended use or sale are complete. The Group will apply these amendments for annual reporting periods beginning January&#160;1, 2019 and management concluded that there will be no material impact on the Group&#8217;s consolidated financial statements.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; widows: 2; text-transform: none; font-style: normal; margin-top: 6pt; text-indent: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: normal; color: #000000; font-size: 13px; font-weight: 400; word-spacing: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">In June&#160;2017, IASB issued IFRIC 23&#160;<font style="font-style: italic;">Uncertainty over Income Tax Treatments</font>. IFRIC 23 aims to reduce diversity in how companies recognize and measure a tax liability or tax asset when there is uncertainty over income tax treatments. The Group will apply IFRIC 23 for annual reporting periods beginning January&#160;1, 2019 and management concluded that there will be no material impact on the Group&#8217;s consolidated financial statements.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; widows: 2; text-transform: none; font-style: normal; margin-top: 6pt; text-indent: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: normal; color: #000000; font-size: 13px; font-weight: 400; word-spacing: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">In October&#160;2018, IASB issued amendments to its definition of material to make it easier for companies to make materiality judgements. The updated definition amends IAS 1,&#160;<font style="font-style: italic;">Presentation of Financial Statements</font>, and IAS 8<font style="font-style: italic;">, Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors</font>. The amendments clarify the definition of material and how it should be applied and ensure that the definition of material is consistent across all IFRS Standards. The changes are effective from January&#160;1, 2020, but companies can decide to apply them earlier. Management is assessing its impacts on the Group&#8217;s financial statement presentation.</div> <div style="widows: 2; text-transform: none; font-variant: normal; font-style: normal; text-indent: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: normal; color: #000000; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; break-after: page;"> <div style="line-height: 11pt; font-style: italic; margin-top: 0pt; font-weight: bold;"><font style="text-decoration: underline;">(</font><font style="white-space: pre; text-decoration: underline;"></font><font style="text-decoration: underline;">vii) Allowance for Credit Losses</font></div> <div style="line-height: 11pt; font-style: italic; margin-top: 12pt;"><font style="text-decoration: underline;">IFRS 9</font></div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">The Group recognizes and measures a loss allowance for expected credit losses on a financial asset which is measured at amortized cost or at FVTOCI, including a lease receivable, a contract asset or a loan commitment and a financial guarantee contract. The impairment methodology applied depends on whether there has been a significant increase in credit risk since initial recognition. To assess whether there is a significant increase in credit risk, the Group compares the risk of a default occurring on the asset as at the reporting date with the risk of default as at the date of initial recognition based on all information available, and reasonable and supportive forward-looking information.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">When there is significant increase in credit risk or for credit-impaired financial assets, the loss allowance equals the lifetime expected credit losses which is defined as the expected credit losses that result from all possible default events over the expected life of a financial instrument. If, at the reporting date, the credit risk on a financial asset has not increased significantly since initial recognition, the Group measures the loss allowance for that financial instrument at an amount equal to the 12-month expected credit losses which is defined as the portion of lifetime expected credit losses that represent the expected credit losses that result from default events on a financial instrument that are possible within the 12&#160;months after the reporting date.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 6pt;">As required by IFRS 9, the Group always measures the loss allowance at an amount equal to lifetime expected credit losses for trade receivables and contract assets that result from transactions that are within the scope of IFRS 15.</div> </div> <div style="widows: 2; text-transform: none; font-variant: normal; font-style: normal; text-indent: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: normal; color: #000000; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: normal; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; break-after: page;"> <div style="line-height: 11pt; font-style: italic; margin-top: 10pt;"><font style="text-decoration: underline;">IAS 39</font>&#160;(Accounting Policies Applicable Prior to January&#160;1, 2018)</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 5.61pt;">The Group applied credit risk assessment and valuation methods to its trade and other receivables. Credit losses arose primarily from receivables but might also relate to other credit instruments issued by or on behalf of the Group, such as guarantees and letters of credit. Specific provisions were established on an individual receivable basis.</div> <div style="line-height: 11pt; font-style: italic; margin-top: 12pt;"><font style="text-decoration: underline;">Common to Both IFRS 9 and IAS 39</font></div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; margin-top: 5.61pt;">The Group&#8217;s allowance for credit losses is maintained at an amount considered adequate to absorb expected or estimated credit-related losses. Such allowance reflects management&#8217;s best estimate of the losses in the Group&#8217;s financial assets and judgments about economic conditions. Estimates and judgments could change in the near term, and could result in a significant change to a recognized allowance. An allowance for credit losses is increased by provisions, which are recognized in profit or loss and reduced by write-offs net of any recoveries. Write-offs are generally recorded after all reasonable restructuring or collection activities have taken place and there is no realistic prospect of recovery.</div> </div> <div style="line-height: 11pt; widows: 2; text-transform: none; font-style: italic; margin-top: 0pt; text-indent: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: normal; color: #000000; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; word-spacing: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;"><font style="text-decoration: underline;">(ix) Real Estate Held for Sale</font></div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; widows: 2; text-transform: none; font-style: normal; margin-top: 5.61pt; text-indent: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: normal; color: #000000; font-size: 13px; font-weight: 400; word-spacing: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">Real estate held for sale is real estate intended for sale in the ordinary course of business or in the process of construction or development for such sale.</div> <div style="text-align: justify; line-height: 12pt; widows: 2; text-transform: none; font-style: normal; margin-top: 6pt; text-indent: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: normal; color: #000000; font-size: 13px; font-weight: 400; word-spacing: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">Real estate held for sale is measured at the lower of cost (on a specific item basis) and net realizable value. 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style="width: 0pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 6pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 6pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 0pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="min-width: 3.75pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 0.5pt; padding-left: 0pt; padding-right: 0pt; padding-top: 2.5pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="min-width: 21pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 0.5pt; padding-left: 0pt; padding-right: 0pt; white-space: nowrap; padding-top: 2.5pt;">771</td> <td style="width: 0pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 0pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> </tr> <tr style="text-align: right; text-transform: none; background-color: #cceeff; font: 10pt/10pt 'times new roman', times, serif; white-space: nowrap; color: #000000; vertical-align: bottom;"> <td style="border-bottom: #cceeff 1px solid; text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1.5pt; padding-left: 0pt; width: 291.13pt; padding-right: 0pt; padding-top: 2.5pt;"> <div style="margin-left: 10pt;">Debt 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style="border-bottom: #000000 1px solid; min-width: 3.75pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 1.5pt; padding-left: 0pt; padding-right: 0pt; padding-top: 2.5pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: #000000 1px solid; min-width: 15pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 1.5pt; padding-left: 0pt; padding-right: 0pt; white-space: nowrap; padding-top: 2.5pt;">&#8212;</td> <td style="border-bottom: #cceeff 1px solid; width: 0pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: #cceeff 1px solid; width: 6pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: #cceeff 1px solid; width: 6pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: #cceeff 1px solid; width: 0pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: #000000 1px solid; min-width: 3.75pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 1.5pt; padding-left: 0pt; padding-right: 0pt; padding-top: 2.5pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: #000000 1px solid; min-width: 15pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 1.5pt; 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padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 0pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="min-width: 3.75pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 1.5pt; padding-left: 0pt; padding-right: 0pt; padding-top: 2.75pt;">$</td> <td style="min-width: 32.25pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 1.5pt; padding-left: 0pt; padding-right: 0pt; white-space: nowrap; padding-top: 2.75pt;">3,509</td> <td style="width: 0pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 6pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 6pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 0pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="min-width: 3.75pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 1.5pt; padding-left: 0pt; padding-right: 0pt; padding-top: 2.75pt;">$</td> <td style="min-width: 32.25pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 1.5pt; padding-left: 0pt; padding-right: 0pt; white-space: nowrap; padding-top: 2.75pt;">7,747</td> <td style="width: 0pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 0pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> </tr> <tr 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padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: #cceeff 1px solid; width: 6pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: #cceeff 1px solid; width: 0pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: #000000 1px solid; min-width: 3.75pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 2.5pt; padding-left: 0pt; padding-right: 0pt; padding-top: 3.5pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: #000000 1px solid; min-width: 32.25pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 2.5pt; padding-left: 0pt; padding-right: 0pt; white-space: nowrap; padding-top: 3.5pt;">&#8199;&#8199;&#8199;&#8199;7,720</td> <td style="border-bottom: #cceeff 1px solid; width: 0pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: #cceeff 1px solid; width: 0pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> </tr> <tr style="text-align: right; text-transform: none; font: 10pt/10pt 'times new roman', times, serif; white-space: nowrap; color: #000000; vertical-align: bottom;"> <td style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 3.25pt; 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padding-right: 0pt; padding-top: 3.25pt;">$</td> <td style="border-bottom: #000000 3px double; min-width: 32.25pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 2.5pt; padding-left: 0pt; padding-right: 0pt; white-space: nowrap; padding-top: 3.25pt;">4,704</td> <td style="width: 0pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 6pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 6pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 0pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: #000000 3px double; min-width: 3.75pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 2.5pt; padding-left: 0pt; padding-right: 0pt; padding-top: 3.25pt;">$</td> <td style="border-bottom: #000000 3px double; min-width: 32.25pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 2.5pt; padding-left: 0pt; padding-right: 0pt; white-space: nowrap; padding-top: 3.25pt;">15,467</td> <td style="width: 0pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 0pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> </tr> <tr style="text-align: right; text-transform: none; 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0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="min-width: 3.75pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 1.5pt; padding-left: 0pt; padding-right: 0pt; padding-top: 2.75pt;">$</td> <td style="min-width: 32.25pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 1.5pt; padding-left: 0pt; padding-right: 0pt; white-space: nowrap; padding-top: 2.75pt;">&#8212;</td> <td style="width: 0pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 6pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 6pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 0pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="min-width: 3.75pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 1.5pt; padding-left: 0pt; padding-right: 0pt; padding-top: 2.75pt;">$</td> <td style="min-width: 32.25pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 1.5pt; padding-left: 0pt; padding-right: 0pt; white-space: nowrap; padding-top: 2.75pt;">&#8212;</td> <td style="width: 0pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 0pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> </tr> <tr style="text-align: right; text-transform: none; font: 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0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="min-width: 3.75pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 1.5pt; padding-left: 0pt; padding-right: 0pt; padding-top: 3.5pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="min-width: 32.25pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 1.5pt; padding-left: 0pt; padding-right: 0pt; white-space: nowrap; padding-top: 3.5pt;">&#8212;</td> <td style="width: 0pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 6pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 6pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 0pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="min-width: 3.75pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 1.5pt; padding-left: 0pt; padding-right: 0pt; padding-top: 3.5pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="min-width: 32.25pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 1.5pt; padding-left: 0pt; padding-right: 0pt; white-space: nowrap; padding-top: 3.5pt;">6</td> <td style="width: 0pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 0pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> </tr> <tr style="text-align: right; text-transform: none; 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0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="min-width: 3.75pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 1.5pt; padding-left: 0pt; padding-right: 0pt; padding-top: 3.5pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="min-width: 32.25pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 1.5pt; padding-left: 0pt; padding-right: 0pt; white-space: nowrap; padding-top: 3.5pt;">6,825</td> <td style="width: 0pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 6pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 6pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 0pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="min-width: 3.75pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 1.5pt; padding-left: 0pt; padding-right: 0pt; padding-top: 3.5pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="min-width: 32.25pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 1.5pt; padding-left: 0pt; padding-right: 0pt; white-space: nowrap; padding-top: 3.5pt;">1,240</td> <td style="width: 0pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 0pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> </tr> <tr style="text-align: right; text-transform: none; font: 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0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="min-width: 3.75pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 1.5pt; padding-left: 0pt; padding-right: 0pt; padding-top: 3.5pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="min-width: 32.25pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 1.5pt; padding-left: 0pt; padding-right: 0pt; white-space: nowrap; padding-top: 3.5pt;">&#8212;</td> <td style="width: 0pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 6pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 6pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 0pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="min-width: 3.75pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 1.5pt; padding-left: 0pt; padding-right: 0pt; padding-top: 3.5pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="min-width: 32.25pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 1.5pt; padding-left: 0pt; padding-right: 0pt; white-space: nowrap; padding-top: 3.5pt;">&#8212;</td> <td style="width: 0pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 0pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> </tr> <tr style="text-align: right; text-transform: none; 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solid; width: 0pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: #ffffff 1px solid; width: 6pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: #ffffff 1px solid; width: 6pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: #ffffff 1px solid; width: 0pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: #000000 1px solid; min-width: 3.75pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 2.5pt; padding-left: 0pt; padding-right: 0pt; padding-top: 3.5pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: #000000 1px solid; min-width: 33.75pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 2.5pt; padding-left: 0pt; padding-right: 0pt; white-space: nowrap; padding-top: 3.5pt;">&#8212;</td> <td style="border-bottom: #ffffff 1px solid; width: 0pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: #ffffff 1px solid; width: 6pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: #ffffff 1px solid; width: 6pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: #ffffff 1px solid; width: 0pt; padding: 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nowrap; padding-top: 3.25pt;">271</td> <td style="width: 0pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 6pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 6pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 0pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: #000000 3px double; min-width: 3.75pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 2pt; padding-left: 0pt; padding-right: 0pt; padding-top: 3.25pt;">$</td> <td style="border-bottom: #000000 3px double; min-width: 30pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 2pt; padding-left: 0pt; padding-right: 0pt; white-space: nowrap; padding-top: 3.25pt;">37,660</td> <td style="width: 0pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 0pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> </tr> <tr style="line-height: 4pt; height: 4pt;"> <td style="line-height: 0pt; font-size: 0pt; padding: 0pt;" colspan="20">&#160;</td> </tr> </table> <div>&#160;</div> 0.001 0.001 1.4169 1.3427 1.5052 1.2545 1.5613 1.3642 1.4660 1.3248 1.4650 1.2986 1.5302 1.2957 20 years 5 to 20 years 20 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3066000 1839000 0.10 1.00 0.40 14413000 3590000 57000 57000 25740000 246000 6000 771000 5121000 209000 5774000 0 6328000 246000 6000 771000 5121000 209000 5774000 0 6328000 43733000 302000 0 0 0 37000 3981000 43733000 302000 0 0 0 37000 3981000 6144000 6000 246000 5898000 246000 0 0 246000 0 6000 0 0 771000 0 0 771000 5121000 0 0 5121000 12311000 209000 8101000 4210000 0 5774000 6328000 1773000 4001000 0 209000 0 6328000 0 0 302000 0 302000 0 4018000 37000 0 37000 0 0 37000 3981000 3981000 0 0 3981000 209000 14018000 82268000 0 82268000 605000 434000 15000 2451000 539000 661000 7747000 3509000 989000 7720000 1195000 680000 0 0 168000 1240000 6825000 3785000 P30D P60D P180D P14D 40677000 1317000 21812000 1502000 833000 75000 -131000 0 172000 1377000 1377000 6559000 6559000 6943000 6943000 506000 424000 416000 416000 MFC (A) Ltd MFC (D) Ltd 1178936 B.C. Ltd. Marshall Islands Marshall Islands Canada 0.0046 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.0004 0.9972 2 1005000 10276000 2911000 843000 2068000 0.16 <div style="line-height: 11pt; widows: 2; text-transform: none; font-style: normal; margin-top: 0pt; text-indent: 0px; font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: normal; color: #000000; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; word-spacing: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">Note 7.&#8194;Securities</div> <table style="widows: 2; text-transform: none; font-style: normal; margin-top: 7pt; text-indent: 0px; width: 454.55pt; border-collapse: collapse; font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; white-space: normal; orphans: 2; letter-spacing: normal; height: 147.5pt; color: #000000; font-size: 13px; font-weight: 400; word-spacing: 0px; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;"> <tr style="text-align: center; text-transform: none; font: bold 8pt/8pt 'times new roman', times, serif; white-space: nowrap; color: #000000; vertical-align: bottom;"> <td style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1.5pt; padding-left: 0pt; width: 375.13pt; padding-right: 0pt; padding-top: 0pt;"> <div style="white-space: nowrap;"><font style="border-bottom: #000000 1px solid; padding-bottom: 1pt; padding-right: 1pt;">As at December&#160;31:</font></div> </td> <td style="border-bottom: #ffffff 1px solid; width: 6pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: #ffffff 1px solid; width: 6pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; padding-left: 0pt; padding-right: 0pt; padding-top: 0pt;" colspan="4"> <div style="text-align: center; white-space: nowrap;"><font style="border-bottom: #000000 1px solid; padding-bottom: 1pt; padding-left: 6pt; padding-right: 6pt;">2018</font></div> </td> <td style="border-bottom: #ffffff 1px solid; width: 6pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: #ffffff 1px solid; width: 6pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="padding-bottom: 1.5pt; padding-left: 0pt; padding-right: 0pt; padding-top: 0pt;" colspan="4"> <div style="text-align: center; white-space: nowrap;"><font style="border-bottom: #000000 1px solid; padding-bottom: 1pt; padding-left: 6pt; padding-right: 6pt;">2017</font></div> </td> <td style="border-bottom: #ffffff 1px solid; width: 0pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> </tr> <tr style="text-align: right; text-transform: none; background-color: #cceeff; font: 10pt/10pt 'times new roman', times, serif; white-space: nowrap; color: #000000; vertical-align: bottom;"> <td style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 0.5pt; padding-left: 0pt; width: 375.13pt; padding-right: 0pt; padding-top: 2.25pt;"><font style="white-space: pre; text-decoration: underline;"></font><font style="text-decoration: underline;">Short-term securities</font></td> <td style="width: 6pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 6pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 0pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="min-width: 3.75pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 0.5pt; padding-left: 0pt; padding-right: 0pt; padding-top: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="min-width: 17.25pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 0.5pt; padding-left: 0pt; padding-right: 0pt; white-space: nowrap; padding-top: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 0pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 6pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 6pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 0pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="min-width: 3.75pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 0.5pt; padding-left: 0pt; padding-right: 0pt; padding-top: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="min-width: 17.25pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 0.5pt; padding-left: 0pt; padding-right: 0pt; white-space: nowrap; padding-top: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 0pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 0pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> </tr> <tr style="text-align: right; text-transform: none; font: 10pt/10pt 'times new roman', times, serif; white-space: nowrap; color: #000000; vertical-align: bottom;"> <td style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 0.5pt; padding-left: 0pt; width: 375.13pt; padding-right: 0pt; padding-top: 2.5pt;"> <div style="white-space: nowrap;">Equity securities at FVTPL, publicly traded</div> </td> <td style="width: 6pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 6pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 0pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="min-width: 3.75pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 0.5pt; padding-left: 0pt; padding-right: 0pt; padding-top: 2.5pt;">$</td> <td style="min-width: 17.25pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 0.5pt; padding-left: 0pt; padding-right: 0pt; white-space: nowrap; padding-top: 2.5pt;">1,072</td> <td style="width: 0pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 6pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 6pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 0pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="min-width: 3.75pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 0.5pt; padding-left: 0pt; padding-right: 0pt; padding-top: 2.5pt;">$</td> <td style="min-width: 17.25pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 0.5pt; padding-left: 0pt; padding-right: 0pt; white-space: nowrap; padding-top: 2.5pt;">6</td> <td style="width: 0pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 0pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> </tr> <tr style="text-align: right; text-transform: none; background-color: #cceeff; font: 10pt/10pt 'times new roman', times, serif; white-space: nowrap; color: #000000; vertical-align: bottom;"> <td style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 0.5pt; padding-left: 0pt; width: 375.13pt; padding-right: 0pt; padding-top: 2.5pt;"> <div style="white-space: nowrap;">Debt securities at FVOCI</div> </td> <td style="width: 6pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 6pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 0pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="min-width: 3.75pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 0.5pt; padding-left: 0pt; padding-right: 0pt; padding-top: 2.5pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="min-width: 17.25pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 0.5pt; padding-left: 0pt; padding-right: 0pt; white-space: nowrap; padding-top: 2.5pt;">6,328</td> <td style="width: 0pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 6pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 6pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 0pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="min-width: 3.75pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 0.5pt; padding-left: 0pt; padding-right: 0pt; padding-top: 2.5pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="min-width: 17.25pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 0.5pt; padding-left: 0pt; padding-right: 0pt; white-space: nowrap; padding-top: 2.5pt;">&#8212;</td> <td style="width: 0pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 0pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> </tr> <tr style="text-align: right; text-transform: none; font: 10pt/10pt 'times new roman', times, serif; white-space: nowrap; color: #000000; vertical-align: bottom;"> <td style="border-bottom: #ffffff 1px solid; text-align: left; padding-bottom: 1.5pt; padding-left: 0pt; width: 375.13pt; padding-right: 0pt; padding-top: 2.5pt;"> <div style="white-space: nowrap;">Debt securities available for sale</div> </td> <td style="border-bottom: #ffffff 1px solid; width: 6pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: #ffffff 1px solid; width: 6pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: #ffffff 1px solid; width: 0pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: #000000 1px solid; min-width: 3.75pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 1.5pt; padding-left: 0pt; padding-right: 0pt; padding-top: 2.5pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: #000000 1px solid; min-width: 17.25pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 1.5pt; padding-left: 0pt; padding-right: 0pt; white-space: nowrap; padding-top: 2.5pt;">&#8212;</td> <td style="border-bottom: #ffffff 1px solid; width: 0pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: #ffffff 1px solid; width: 6pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: #ffffff 1px solid; width: 6pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: #ffffff 1px solid; width: 0pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: #000000 1px solid; min-width: 3.75pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 1.5pt; padding-left: 0pt; padding-right: 0pt; padding-top: 2.5pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: #000000 1px solid; min-width: 17.25pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 1.5pt; padding-left: 0pt; padding-right: 0pt; white-space: nowrap; padding-top: 2.5pt;">5,121</td> <td style="border-bottom: #ffffff 1px solid; width: 0pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: #ffffff 1px solid; width: 0pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> </tr> <tr style="text-align: right; text-transform: none; background-color: #cceeff; font: 10pt/10pt 'times new roman', times, serif; white-space: nowrap; color: #000000; vertical-align: bottom;"> <td style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 0.75pt; padding-left: 0pt; width: 375.13pt; padding-right: 0pt; padding-top: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 6pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 6pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 0pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: #000000 3px double; min-width: 3.75pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 1.5pt; padding-left: 0pt; padding-right: 0pt; padding-top: 2.25pt;">$</td> <td style="border-bottom: #000000 3px double; min-width: 17.25pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 1.5pt; padding-left: 0pt; padding-right: 0pt; white-space: nowrap; padding-top: 2.25pt;">7,400</td> <td style="width: 0pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 6pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 6pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 0pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: #000000 3px double; min-width: 3.75pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 1.5pt; padding-left: 0pt; padding-right: 0pt; padding-top: 2.25pt;">$</td> <td style="border-bottom: #000000 3px double; min-width: 17.25pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 1.5pt; padding-left: 0pt; padding-right: 0pt; white-space: nowrap; padding-top: 2.25pt;">5,127</td> <td style="width: 0pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 0pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> </tr> <tr style="text-align: right; text-transform: none; font: 10pt/10pt 'times new roman', times, serif; white-space: nowrap; color: #000000; vertical-align: bottom;"> <td style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 0.5pt; padding-left: 0pt; width: 375.13pt; padding-right: 0pt; padding-top: 7.75pt;"><font style="text-decoration: underline;">Long-term securities</font></td> <td style="width: 6pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 6pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 0pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="min-width: 3.75pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 0.5pt; padding-left: 0pt; padding-right: 0pt; padding-top: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="min-width: 17.25pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 0.5pt; padding-left: 0pt; padding-right: 0pt; white-space: nowrap; padding-top: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 0pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 6pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 6pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 0pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="min-width: 3.75pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 0.5pt; padding-left: 0pt; padding-right: 0pt; padding-top: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="min-width: 17.25pt; text-align: right; padding-bottom: 0.5pt; padding-left: 0pt; padding-right: 0pt; white-space: nowrap; padding-top: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 0pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 0pt; padding: 0pt;">&#160;</td> </tr> <tr style="text-align: right; text-transform: none; background-color: #cceeff; font: 10pt/10pt 'times new roman', times, serif; white-space: nowrap; color: #000000; vertical-align: bottom;"> <td style="text-align: left; padding-bottom: 0.5pt; padding-left: 0pt; width: 375.13pt; padding-right: 0pt; padding-top: 2.5pt;"> <div style="white-space: nowrap;">Equity securities at FVTPL, publicly traded</div> </td> <td style="width: 6pt; 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For directors&#8217; fees, please see Note 28.</div> 1 for 25 basis 0.005 0 57392000 42070000 P15Y