Exhibit 13

TrustCo Bank Corp NY (the “Company,” or “TrustCo”) is a savings and loan holding company headquartered in Glenville, New York. The Company is headquartered in the Capital Region of New York State, and its principal subsidiary, Trustco Bank (the “Bank” or “Trustco”), operates 136 community banking offices and 154 Automatic Teller Machines throughout the Bank’s market areas. The Company serves 5 states and 34 counties with a broad range of community banking services.

Financial Highlights

(dollars in thousands, except per share data)	Years ended December 31,
	2024			2023			Percent Change
Income:
Net interest income	$	151,939		$	171,845			(11.58	)
Net Income		48,833			58,646			(16.73	)
Per Share:
Basic earnings		2.57			3.08			(16.56	)
Diluted earnings		2.57			3.08			(16.56	)
Book value at period end		35.56			33.92			4.83
Average Balances:
Assets		6,115,234			6,036,061			1.31
Loans, net		5,040,915			4,875,166			3.40
Deposits		5,286,032			5,219,554			1.27
Shareholders' equity		657,097			620,212			5.95
Financial Ratios:
Return on average assets		0.80	%		0.97	%		(17.53	)
Return on average equity		7.43			9.46			(21.46	)
Consolidated tier 1 capital to:
Total assets (leverage capital ratio)		11.05			10.78			2.50
Risk-adjusted assets		19.30			18.90			2.12
Common equity tier 1 capital ratio		19.30			18.90			2.12
Total capital to risk-adjusted assets		20.56			20.15			2.03
Allowance for credit losses on loans to nonperforming loans		2.67	x		2.75	x		(2.91	)
Efficiency ratio (GAAP)		61.55			58.53			5.16
Adjusted Efficiency ratio*		61.60	%		56.72	%		8.60
Dividend Payout ratio		56.09			46.71			20.08

Per Share information of common stock

	Basic Earnings		Diluted Earnings		Cash Dividend		Book Value		Range of Stock Price
									Range of Stock Price
									High		Low

2024
First quarter	$	0.64	$	0.64	$	0.36	$	34.12	$	31.19	$	26.38
Second quarter		0.66		0.66		0.36		34.46		29.65		25.91
Third quarter		0.68		0.68		0.36		35.19		35.74		27.81
Fourth quarter		0.59		0.59		0.36		35.56		37.96		31.83

2023
First quarter	$	0.93	$	0.93	$	0.36	$	32.31	$	38.70	$	31.72
Second quarter		0.86		0.86		0.36		32.66		31.76		27.43
Third quarter		0.77		0.77		0.36		32.80		31.11		26.50
Fourth quarter		0.52		0.52		0.36		33.92		31.91		24.62

* Adjusted Efficiency ratio is determined by a method other than in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”). See the Non-GAAP Financial Measures Reconciliation presented herein.

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Table of Contents

Financial Highlights	1

President’s Message	3

Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements	4-6

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	7-35

Glossary of Terms	36-38

Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting	39

Consolidated Financial Statements and Notes	43-100

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID Number 173)	40

Consolidated Statements of Income for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022	43

Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022	44

Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition as of December 31, 2024 and 2023	45

Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022	46

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022	47

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements	48

Branch Locations	101-106

Officers and Board of Directors	107-108

General Information	109-110

Stock Performance Graph	111

TrustCo Bank Corp NY Mission

The Mission of TrustCo Bank Corp NY is to be the premier hometown bank making financial dreams come true in the communities we serve. We achieve this through our commitment to excellence, treating all stakeholders fairly and with respect, while maintaining our tradition of being a pillar of strength.

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President’s Message

Dear Fellow Shareholder,

The essence of being an independent and strong hometown bank is having solid fundamentals. For Trustco Bank, this is more than just a catch phrase, they describes our very nature. Day in and day out, and quarter after quarter, our bankers deliver steady growth and superior service that combine to produce consistently strong results. Our team has an unwavering commitment to excellence and is dedicated to treating all of our stakeholders fairly and with respect. This is our mission.

Average deposits grew over the course of the year. Total average loans also grew, in significant measure due to the success of our effort to pivot our focus toward home equity credit lines. We did this to adjust for limited inventory of homes for sale in some markets and to work around other challenging elements of the lending environment. Originations of this product were up 19% over the prior year. We also grew commercial loans by 10% for the same period. Quality underwriting and attentive loan servicing are other fundamentals at which our team members excel and which contribute to our consistently strong results. Further, we maintained our best-in-peer group capital position – the strength upon which all other components rest. And we remained independent of easy-fix borrowings and other gimmicks.

Always looking forward, over the past year we rolled out a new business line providing banking services to the cannabis industry. We saw meaningful alignment between the financial needs of this industry and the Trustco Bank branch network and other infrastructure. We are working to establish ourselves as a leader in this space. We also renewed our contract with Fiserv for back-office support and added a number of technology features that will serve to enhance customer experience, and improve operational efficiency. Also looking toward the future, we purchased a new building in Longwood, Florida that will allow us to accommodate existing operations that have outgrown our current Florida headquarters and provide room for future growth.

More than anything else being an essential element of the hometown in the communities that we serve is fundamental for us. Last May we celebrated the 100^th anniversary of our branch location in the Mont Pleasant neighborhood in Schenectady, New York by giving away 100 bicycles to children who attend a neighborhood school. Mont Pleasant is a neighborhood that has been abandoned and forgotten by other businesses, but not by Trustco Bank. We also increased our support of Ronald McDonald House Charities, supporting the good works of that organization by naming a newly constructed home on their campus to provide housing and services to the families of hospitalized children.

Also with an eye toward the future, we promoted two long-tenured executives to growth-oriented roles. Robert Leonard was promoted to Chief Operating Officer and Kevin Curley was promoted to Chief Banking Officer. Between them, Bob and Kevin have over 70 years of experience at Trustco Bank. They have been charged with finding new ways to grow and improve upon our already excellent franchise. We also have expanded the roles of the next tier of leaders, ensuring that the bank will have robust leadership for many years to come.

Sadly, this year we lost Judge Barry Kramer, who was not only a great friend of the bank, serving as an advisor in our Wealth Management Department, but also a great man. Judge Kramer was a gifted athlete and a distinguished lawyer and judge. He will be missed.

We are proud of what we accomplished in 2024 because it represents the product of honest and skillful work by the many members of the Trustco Bank family. We look forward to the year to come because we have done the work necessary to build the fundamental skills that will carry us to success. As the owners of this great company, you can be assured that we are ready for what may come.

Very truly yours,

Robert J. McCormick

Chairman, President, and Chief Executive Officer

TrustCo Bank Corp NY

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Cautionary Note Regarding Forward‑Looking Statements

Statements included in this report and in future filings by TrustCo with the SEC, in TrustCo’s press releases, and in oral statements made with the approval of an authorized executive officer, that are not historical or current facts, are “forward-looking statements” made pursuant to the safe harbor provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, and are subject to certain risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from historical earnings and those presently anticipated or projected. Forward‑looking statements can be identified by the use of such words as may, will, should, could, would, estimate, project, believe, intend, anticipate, plan, seek, expect and similar expressions. TrustCo wishes to caution readers not to place undue reliance on any such forward-looking statements, which speak only as of the date made.

The following important factors, among others, in some cases have affected and in the future could affect TrustCo’s actual results, and could cause TrustCo’s actual financial performance to differ materially from that expressed in any forward-looking statement:

Risks Related to Our Lending Activities

•

changes in interest rates may significantly impact our financial condition and results of operations;

•

external economic factors, such as changes in monetary policy and inflation and deflation, may have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

•

we are exposed to credit risk in our lending activities;

•

weakness in the residential real estate markets could adversely affect our performance;

•

our commercial loan portfolio is increasing and the inherently higher risk of loss may lead to additional provisions for credit losses or charge-offs, which would negatively impact earnings and capital;

•

if our allowance for credit losses on loans is not sufficient to cover expected loan losses, our earnings could decrease;

•

we may not be able to meet the cash flow requirements of our depositors or borrowers or meet our operating cash needs to fund corporate expansion and other activities.

•

we are subject to claims and litigation pertaining to fiduciary responsibility and lender liability;

•

the strict enforcement of federal laws and regulations regarding cannabis could result in our inability to continue to provide financial products and services to customers that do business in the cannabis industry, legal action taken against us, or exposure to additional liabilities and compliance costs;

Risks Related to Our Operations

•

were are dependent upon the services of the management team;

•

our disclosure controls and procedures may not prevent or detect all errors or acts of fraud;

•

if the business continuity and disaster recovery plans that we have in place are not adequate to continue our operations in the event of a disaster, the business disruption can adversely impact its operations;

•

our risk management framework may not be effective in mitigating risk and loss;

	•	new lines of business or new products and services may subject us to additional risks;

•

we are exposed to climate risk;

•

societal responses to climate change could adversely affect our business and performance, including indirectly through impacts on our customers;

•

Environmental, social and governance (ESG) and diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) risks could adversely affect our reputation and shareholder, employee, client, and third party relationships and may negatively affect our stock price;

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Risks Related to Market Conditions

•

a prolonged economic downturn, especially one affecting our geographic market area, will adversely affect our operations and financial results;

•

instability in global economic conditions and geopolitical matters, as well as volatility in financial markets, could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition;

	•	any downgrade in the credit rating of the U.S. government or default by the U.S. government as a result of political conflicts over legislation to raise the U.S. government’s debt limit may have a material adverse effect on us;

•

the soundness of other financial institutions could adversely affect us;

	•	any government shutdown could adversely affect the U.S. and global economy and our liquidity, financial condition and earnings;

•

the trust wealth management fees we receive may decrease as a result of poor investment performance, in either relative or absolute terms, which could decrease our revenues and net earnings;

Risks Related to Compliance and Regulation

•

regulatory capital rules could slow our growth, cause us to seek to raise additional capital, or both;

•

changes in laws and regulations and the cost of regulatory compliance with new laws and regulations may adversely affect our operations and our income;

•

we are subject to numerous laws designed to protect consumers, including the CRA and fair lending laws, and a failure to comply with these laws could lead to a wide variety of sanctions;

•

changes in cybersecurity or privacy regulations may increase our compliance costs, limit our ability to gain insight from data and lead to increased scrutiny;

•

restrictions on data collection and use may limit opportunities to gain business insights useful to running our business and offering innovative products and services;

•

non-compliance with the Bank Secrecy Act, or other laws and regulations could result in fines or sanctions;

•

changes in tax laws may adversely affect us, and the Internal Revenue Service or a court may disagree with our tax positions, which may result in adverse effects on our business, financial condition, and results of operations or cash flows;

•

our ability to pay dividends is subject to regulatory limitations and other limitations that may affect our ability to pay dividends to our stockholders or to repurchase our common stock;

•

we may be subject to a higher effective tax rate if Trustco Realty Corp. fails to qualify as a real estate investment trust;

•

changes in accounting standards could impact reported earnings;

Risks Related to Competition

•

strong competition within the Bank’s market areas could hurt profits and slow growth;

	•	consumers and businesses are increasingly using non-banks to complete their financial transactions, which could adversely affect our business and results of operations;

Risks Related to Cybersecurity, Third Parties, and Technology

•

our business could be adversely affected by third-party service providers, data breaches, and cyber-attacks;

•

the development and use of artificial intelligence presents risks and challenges that may adversely impact our business;

•

a failure in or breach of our operational or security systems or infrastructure, or those of third parties, could disrupt our businesses, and adversely impact our results of operations, liquidity and financial condition, as well as cause reputational harm;

•

unauthorized disclosure of sensitive or confidential client or customer information, whether through a breach of our computer systems or otherwise, could severely harm our business;

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•

we could suffer a material adverse impact from interruptions in the effective operation of, or security breaches affecting, our computer systems;

Risks Related to Ownership of Our Securities

•

provisions in our articles of incorporation and bylaws and New York law may discourage or prevent takeover attempts, and these provisions may have the effect of reducing the market price of our stock; and

•

we cannot guarantee that the allocation of capital to various alternatives, including stock repurchase plans, will enhance long-term stockholder value.

You should not rely upon forward-looking statements as predictions of future events. Although TrustCo believes that the expectations reflected in the forward‑looking statements are reasonable, it cannot guarantee that the future results, levels of activity, performance or events and circumstances reflected in the forward-looking statements will be achieved or occur. The foregoing list should not be construed as exhaustive, and the Company disclaims any obligation to subsequently revise any forward-looking statements to reflect events or circumstances after the date of such statements, or to reflect the occurrence of anticipated or unanticipated events.

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MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following discussion and analysis provides information that we believe is relevant to an assessment and understanding of our results of operations and financial condition for 2024, 2023 and 2022. This discussion should be read in conjunction with our audited financial statements included in “Consolidated Financial Statements and Notes” herein and Part I, Item 1, “Business” set forth in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024 (“2024 Form 10-K”). The following analysis contains forward-looking statements about our future revenues, operating results and expectations. See “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” herein for a discussion of the risks, assumptions and uncertainties affecting these statements, as well as Part I, Item 1A. “Risk Factors” set forth in our 2024 Form 10-K.

To review our financial condition and results of operations for 2022 and a comparison between the 2022 and 2023 results, see Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations of our 2023 Form 10-K filed with the SEC on March 11, 2024. Balances discussed are daily averages unless otherwise described.

Financial Review

In 2024, a year that was extraordinary for the economy and the markets, TrustCo continued to make great progress. In management’s view, the key results for 2024 are:

•	Net income after taxes was $48.8 million or $2.57 diluted earnings per share in 2024;

•	Period-end loans were up $95.2 million for 2024 compared to the prior year;

•	Period-end deposits were up $40.2 million for 2024 compared to the prior year;

•	Nonperforming assets was $21.0 million for 2024;

•	GAAP net interest income was $151.9 million in 2024;

•	At 61.55% and 61.60%, the efficiency ratio (GAAP) and adjusted efficiency ratio (non-GAAP), respectively, remained stronger than our peer group levels (see Non-GAAP Financial Measures Reconciliation); and

•	The regulatory capital levels of both the Company and the Bank continued to remain strong as of December 31, 2024, and the Bank continues to meet the definition of “well capitalized” for regulatory purposes.

Management believes that the Company was able to achieve these accomplishments, by executing its long-term plan focused on traditional lending criteria and sound balance sheet management. Achievement of specific business goals such as the continued expansion of loans, along with tight control of operating expenses and manageable levels of nonperforming assets, is fundamental to the long-term success of the Company as a whole.

Return on average equity was 7.43% in 2024 compared to 9.46% in 2023, while return on average assets was 0.80% in 2024 as compared to 0.97% in 2023.

The U.S. economy proved to be resilient during 2024, with the GDP growing during three out of the four quarters and consumer spending remaining strong. Commencing in March 2022, the Federal Open Market Committee (“FOMC”) increased the target range for the federal funds rate seven times in 2022 by a total of 425 basis points, and four times in 2023 by a total of 100 basis points, for a total of 525 basis points. All of these increases were expressly made in response to inflationary pressures. At its FOMC meeting in September 2024, the Federal Reserve implemented a 50 basis points rate cut resulting in a federal funds target rate range of 4.75 percent to 5.00 percent. The rate cut represented the first interest rate change in a year and the first rate cut in more than four years. The Federal Reserve subsequently cut the federal funds target rate another 25 basis points in November 2024 and again in December 2024 to a current range of 4.25 percent to 4.50 percent.

For the year ended 2024, the Dow Jones Industrial Average ended up 12.9%, and the S&P 500 Index also was up 23.3%, resulting in two straight years of growth for both indices. United States three-month Treasury bills experienced a decrease in rates ending the year at 4.37%, 21 basis points behind the ten-year Treasury yield at year-end of 4.58%. These yields compare to 2023 year-end yields of 5.45% for the three-month Treasury bills and 3.84% for the ten-year Treasury bills. These rates are important to the banking industry because deposit rates tend to track the changes in the shorter-term Treasury markets and the mortgage loan products tend to track with the ten-year Treasury yields. Beginning in 2024, the yield on the two-year Treasury bond was 4.26% and decreased 1 basis point during the year to close 2024 at 4.25% and the ten-year Treasury bond began 2024 at 3.84% and closed the year up 74 basis points to 4.58% at year-end. These rate changes have a significant implication to the broader economic cycle.

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While the FOMC has initiated a rate easing cycle, the range of potential rate paths over the coming year is wide and will ultimately be driven by the path of inflation, labor market performance and economic growth. In its January 2025 “Beige Book”, the Federal Reserve Bank noted that overall economic activity increased slightly to moderately in late November and December. In the Second District (including New York), regional banks reported that demand declined for all loan types, including business loans, consumer loans, and commercial and residential mortgages, as well as refinances, during the most recent reporting period; however, credit standards eased and delinquency rates improved. Deposit rates continued to decline. In the Sixth District (including Florida), construction, land development, and auto loans contracted modestly; all other major loan categories increased moderately. Asset quality remained stable with low levels of nonperforming loans as a percentage of total loans. Both deposit balances and borrowings by banks increased, as loan-to-deposit ratios fell amid rising loan growth. Cash balances grew in the Sixth District, outpacing asset growth.

TrustCo, like most other banking organizations, prices its liabilities (deposits and short-term borrowings) in relation to the shorter end of the Treasury maturity curve. The average for the three-month treasury was 10 basis points lower in 2024 than in 2023, with the median yield of 5.43% in 2024 down 1 basis point over the median yield in 2023. These trends generally reflect a decrease in the cost for deposit products that price in relation to the short-term treasury market yields. At the same time the average yield of the ten-year Treasury has increased to 4.21% in 2024, up 25 basis points from 2023 when the average was 3.96%. Generally longer-term loans are priced consistent with the changes in the ten-year Treasury markets. These two trends – lower shorter-term rates and an increase in longer-term rates – could result in an increase of new loan yields and a decrease in deposit yields.

In November 2023, the FDIC issued a final rule to implement a special assessment to recoup losses to the Deposit Insurance Fund associated with bank failures in the first half of 2023. Under the rule, the assessment base for the special assessment is equal to an insured depository institution’s estimated uninsured deposits reported as of December 31, 2022, adjusted to exclude the first $5 billion of uninsured deposits. The total amount of the special assessment is to be paid in ten equal quarterly installments that began with the invoice for the first quarter of 2024 (received in June 2024) and ends with the invoice for the second quarter of 2026. There will be no additional cost to TrustCo as a result of its uninsured deposits being under $5 billion.

Management believes that TrustCo’s long-term focus on traditional banking services has enabled the Company to avoid significant impact from asset quality problems, and the Company’s strong liquidity and solid capital positions have allowed the Company to continue to conduct business in a manner consistent with past practices. While we continue to adhere to prudent underwriting standards, should general housing prices and other economic measures, such as unemployment in the Company’s market areas, deteriorate as a result of unexpected changes, financial sector instability, a potential or actual default on the federal debt or other reasons, the Company may experience an increase in the level of credit risk and in the amount of its classified and nonperforming loans.

Overview

2024 results were marked by growth in the Company’s loan portfolio despite a challenging year for loan rates and housing prices. The loan portfolio grew to a total of $5.10 billion, an increase of $95 million or 1.9% over the 2023 year-end balance. Deposits ended 2024 at $5.39 billion, up from $5.35 billion the prior year-end. The year-over-year increase in loans reflects the success the Company has had in attracting customers to the Bank given its array of loan products. Management believes that the increase in deposits was driven by the Banks effective market and pricing strategy. Moreover, management believes that TrustCo’s success is predicated on providing core banking services to a wider number of customers and continuing to provide added services to existing customers where possible. Growing the customer base should contribute to continued growth of loans and a renewed growth of deposits, as well as growth in net interest income and non-interest income.

TrustCo earned $48.8 million in net income or $2.57 of diluted earnings per share for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to $58.6 million in net income or $3.08 of diluted earnings per share for the year ended December 31, 2023.

During 2024, the following items had a significant effect on net income:

•	A decrease of $19.9 million in net interest income from 2023 to 2024 primarily as a result of the increase in interest expense reflecting the current interest rate environment;

•	an increase in the provision for credit losses of $750 thousand;

•	an increase in non-interest income of $1.5 million; and

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•	a decrease in non-interest expense of $5.6 million.

Management believes that TrustCo performed well in comparison to its peers with respect to a number of key performance ratios during 2024 and 2023, including:

•	Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of 19.30% for 2024 and 18.90% for 2023, compared to medians of 12.41% in 2024 and 12.01% in 2024 for a peer group comprised of all publicly traded banks and thrifts tracked by S&P Global Market Intelligence with assets of $2 billion to $10 billion, and

•	an efficiency ratio and an adjusted efficiency ratio of 61.55% and 61.60% for 2024, and 58.53%and 56.72% for 2023, respectively, as calculated by S&P Global Market Intelligence, compared to the peer group medians of 61.84% in 2024 and 60.85% in 2023.

During 2024, TrustCo’s results were affected by loan growth and a changing interest rate environment. The decrease in net interest income was due to a 37 basis-point contraction in the net interest margin to 2.54% from 2.91%, partially offset by a $65.7 million, or 1.1%, increase in average interest-earning assets. The net interest margin contraction was due to a 79-basis point increase in the average cost of deposits, and was partially offset by a 24 basis-point increase in the loan portfolio yield to 4.08%. Average loan balances increased 3.4% from 2023 to 2024, while the total of average Federal Funds Sold and other short-term investments, available for sale securities and held to maturity securities decreased 9.8%. Average net loans increased to 84.4% of average earning assets in 2024 from 82.5% in 2023. On average for 2024, non-maturity deposits were 63.8% of total deposits, down from 72.5% in 2023. Overall, the cost of interest-bearing liabilities increased 78 basis points to 1.97% in 2024 as compared to 2023. The Company has traditionally sought to maintain a high liquidity position and taken a conservative stance in its investment portfolio through the use of relatively short-term securities.

Market interest rates moved significantly during the course of 2023 and 2024, with shorter-term three-month treasury rates decreasing year-over-year while the longer term ten-year rates increased, resulting in the slope of the yield curve returning to slightly positive by the end of 2024. The average daily spread between the ten-year Treasury and the two-year Treasury was negative 0.16 basis points in 2024, up from an average of negative 63 basis points in 2023. The spread between the ten-year Treasury and the two-year Treasury changed throughout the year and ended 2024 at a positive 33 basis points. Generally, a more positive slope in the yield curve is beneficial for the Company’s earnings derived from its core mix of loans and deposits.

The tables below illustrate the range of key Treasury bond interest rates during 2024 and 2023.

	3 Month T Bill (BEY) Yield(%)		2 Year T Note Yield(%)		5 Year T Note Yield(%)		10 Year T Note Yield(%)		10 Year - 2 Year Spread(%)
2024
Beginning of Year		5.45		4.26		3.83		3.84		(0.42	)
Peak		5.52		5.04		4.72		4.70		0.33
Trough		4.31		3.49		3.41		3.63		(0.47	)
End of Year		4.37		4.25		4.38		4.58		0.33
Average		5.18		4.37		4.13		4.21		(0.16	)
Median		5.43		4.37		4.17		4.25		(0.25	)

2023
Beginning of Year		4.42		4.41		3.99		3.88		(0.53	)
Peak		5.63		5.19		4.95		4.98		(0.13	)
Trough		4.52		3.75		3.29		3.30		(1.08	)
End of Year		5.45		4.26		3.83		3.84		(0.42	)
Average		5.28		4.58		4.06		3.96		(0.63	)
Median		5.44		4.68		4.06		3.86		(0.65	)

Source: www.treasury.gov

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TrustCo focuses on providing high quality service to the communities served by its branch network. The financial results for the Company are influenced by economic events that affect those communities, as well as national economic trends, primarily interest rates, affecting the entire banking industry.

The Company remains focused on building its customer relationships, and deposits and loans throughout its branch network, with a particular emphasis on the newest branches added to our network in recent years.

The Company continually looks for opportunities to open new offices each year by filling in or extending existing markets. The Company has experienced continued growth in all markets as measured by the growth in our loan balances. Branches in all geographies have the same products and features found at other Trustco Bank locations. Additionally, over the last several years the Company has made significant investments in its online and mobile banking platforms, including new automated tools. With a combination of competitive rates, excellent service, technology, and convenient locations, management believes that as branches mature, they will continue to attract deposit and loan customers. As expected, some branches have grown more rapidly than others. Generally, new bank branches continue to grow for years after being opened, although there is no specific time frame that could be characterized as typical. The Company also took the opportunity in 2024 to close four underperforming branches.

Asset/Liability Management

In managing its balance sheet, TrustCo utilizes funding and capital sources within credit, investment, interest rate, and liquidity risk guidelines established by management and approved by the Board of Directors. Loans and securities (including Federal Funds sold and other short-term investments) are the Company’s primary earning assets. Average interest earning assets were 97.7% and 97.9% of average total assets for 2024 and 2023, respectively.

TrustCo, through its management of liabilities, attempts to provide stable and flexible sources of funding within established liquidity and interest rate risk guidelines. This is accomplished through core deposit banking products offered within the markets served by the Company. TrustCo does not actively seek to attract out‑of‑area deposits or so‑called “hot money,” but rather focuses on core relationships with both depositors and borrowers.

TrustCo’s objectives in managing its balance sheet are to limit the sensitivity of net interest income to actual or potential changes in interest rates and to enhance profitability through strategies that should provide sufficient reward for predicted and controlled risk. The Company is deliberate in its efforts to maintain adequate liquidity under prevailing and projected economic conditions and to maintain an efficient and appropriate mix of core deposit relationships. The Company relies on traditional banking investment instruments and its large base of core deposits to help in asset and liability management. Predicting the impact of changing rates on the Company’s net interest income and net fair value of its balance sheet is complex and subject to uncertainty for a number of reasons. For example, in making a general assumption that rates will rise, a myriad of other assumptions regarding whether the slope of the yield curve remains the same or changes, whether the spreads of various loans, deposits and investments remain unchanged, widen or narrow and what changes occur in customer behavior all need to be made. The Company routinely models various rate change assumptions to determine expected impact on net interest income.

Interest Rates

TrustCo competes with other financial service providers based upon many factors including quality of service, convenience of operations and rates paid on deposits and charged on loans. The absolute level of interest rates, changes in rates and customers’ expectations with respect to the direction of interest rates have a significant impact on the volume of loan and deposit originations in any particular year.

Interest rates have a significant impact on the operations and financial results of all financial services companies. One of the most important interest rates used to control national economic policy is the “Federal Funds” rate. This is the interest rate utilized within the banking system for overnight borrowings for institutions with the highest credit rating. Commencing in March 2022, the FOMC increased the target range for the federal funds rate seven times in 2022 by a total of 425 basis points, and four times in 2023 by a total of 100 basis point, for a total of 525 basis points, to a range of 5.25% to 5.50% as of the end of 2023. All of these increases were expressly made in response to inflationary pressures. At its FOMC meeting in September 2024, the Federal Reserve implemented a 50 basis point cut resulting in a federal funds target rate range of 4.75 percent to 5.00 percent. The rate cut represented the first interest rate change in a year and the first rate cut in more than four years. The Federal Reserve subsequently cut the federal funds target rate another 25 basis points in November 2024 and again in December 2024 to a current range of 4.25 percent to 4.50 percent.

Page 10 of 111

The yield on the ten-year Treasury bond increased 74 basis points from 3.84% at the beginning of 2024 to the year‑end level of 4.58%. The rate on the ten-year Treasury bond and other long-term interest rates have a significant influence on the rates offered for new residential real estate loans. These changes in interest rates have an effect on the Company relative to the interest income on loans, securities, and Federal Funds sold and on other short-term instruments, as well as the interest expense on deposits and borrowings. Residential real estate loans and longer‑term investments are most affected by the changes in longer-term market interest rates such as the ten‑year Treasury. The Federal Funds sold portfolio and other short‑term investments are affected primarily by changes in the Federal Funds target rate. Deposit interest rates are most affected by short term market interest rates. Also, changes in interest rates have an effect on the recorded balance of the securities available for sale portfolio, which are recorded at fair value. Generally, as market interest rates decrease, the fair value of the securities will increase and the reverse is also generally applicable. Interest rates on new residential real estate loan originations are also influenced by the rates established by secondary market participants, such as Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae. The Company establishes rates that management determines are appropriate in light of the long-term nature of residential real estate loans while remaining competitive with the secondary market rates. The Company continued to originate loans for sale into the secondary market during 2024. We believe that this has allowed the Company to have greater flexibility with respect to mortgage rate volatility and the loans we choose to include in our portfolio. Higher market interest rates also generally increase the value of retail deposits.

The increase in the Federal Funds target range throughout 2022 and 2023, had a positive impact on earnings and on the Company’s cash position. The net effect of market changes in interest rates during 2020 was that yields earned on both the investment portfolios and loans remained quite low in 2020 and 2021 relative to historic levels, which also had driven down deposit costs. However, as interest rates had increased throughout 2022 and remained elevated in 2023, we experienced increased yields on our Federal Fund Sold and other short-term investments, investment portfolios, loans, and deposits. During the third and fourth quarters of 2024, the Federal Funds target range was lowered three times which management believes could provide opportunity for margin expansion if deposit yields fall at a faster pace than investment and loan yields.

Earning Assets

Average earning assets during 2024 were $6.0 billion, which was an increase of $65.7 million from 2023. This increase was primarily the result of an increase in net loans of $165.7 million, partially offset by a decreases in Federal Funds Sold and other short-term investments of $27.5 million and securities available for sale of $71.8 million. The increase in the average loan portfolio is primarily the result of an increase in commercial loans, residential mortgage loans, and home equity lines of credit. TrustCo continues to prioritize the growth of residential real estate loans throughout the Trustco Bank branch network through an effective marketing campaign, competitive rates, and closing costs.

Total average assets were $6.1 billion for 2024 and $6.0 billion for 2023.

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The table “Mix of Average Earning Assets” shows how the mix of the earning assets has changed over the last three years. While the growth in earning assets is critical to improved profitability, changes in the mix also have a significant impact on income levels, as discussed below.

MIX OF AVERAGE EARNING ASSETS

(dollars in thousands)							2024 vs. 2023			2023 vs. 2022			Components of Total Earning Assets
													Components of Total Earning Assets
	2024		2023		2022								2024			2023			2022
Loans, net	$	5,040,915	$	4,875,166	$	4,551,281	$	165,749		$	323,885			84.3	%		82.5	%		75.7
Securities available for sale (1):
U.S. government sponsored enterprises		105,729		121,574		89,557		(15,845	)		32,017			1.8			2.1			1.5
State and political subdivisions		25		33		41		(8	)		(8	)		-			-			-
Mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations-residential		247,466		275,565		284,901		(28,099	)		(9,336	)		4.1			4.7			4.7
Corporate bonds		58,447		82,865		78,266		(24,418	)		4,599			1.0			1.4			1.3
Small Business Administration-guaranteed participation securities		17,003		20,410		26,679		(3,407	)		(6,269	)		0.3			0.3			0.4
Other		698		686		686		12			-			-			-			-
Total securities available for sale		429,368		501,133		480,130		(71,765	)		21,003			7.2			8.5			7.9

Held-to-maturity securities
Mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations-residential		5,916		7,053		8,647		(1,137	)		(1,594	)		0.1			0.1			0.1
Total held-to-maturity securities		5,916		7,053		8,647		(1,137	)		(1,594	)		0.1			0.1			0.1
Federal Reserve Bank and Federal Home Loan Bank stock		6,389		6,018		5,749		371			269			0.1			0.1			0.1
Federal funds sold and other short-term investments		493,546		521,021		969,043		(27,475	)		(448,022	)		8.3			8.8			16.2
Total earning assets	$	5,976,134	$	5,910,391	$	6,014,850	$	65,743		$	(104,459	)		100.0	%		100.0	%		100.0

(1) The average balances of securities available for sale are presented using amortized cost for these securities.

Loans

In 2024, the Company experienced another year of loan growth. The $95.2 million increase or 1.9% in the Company’s gross loan portfolio from December 31, 2023 to December 31, 2024 was primarily due to higher balances in commercial and residential loan categories. Average loans increased $165.7 million during 2024 to $5.04 billion. Interest income on the loan portfolio increased to $205.6 million in 2024 from $187.5 million in 2023. The average yield increased 24 basis points to 4.08% in 2024 compared to 3.84% in 2023.

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LOAN PORTFOLIO

(dollars in thousands)	As of December 31,
	2024					2023					2022
	Amount		Percent			Amount		Percent			Amount		Percent
Commercial	$	267,805		5.3	%	$	252,479		5.0	%	$	208,737		4.4	%
Real estate - construction		29,724		0.6			29,053		0.6			36,351		0.8
Real estate - mortgage		4,377,630		85.8			4,357,046		87.2			4,189,374		88.5
Home equity lines of credit		409,261		8.0			347,415		6.9			286,432		6.0
Installment loans		13,638		0.3			16,886		0.3			12,307		0.3
Total loans		5,098,058		100.0	%		5,002,879		100.0	%		4,733,201		100.0	%
Less: Allowance for loan losses		50,248					48,578					46,032
Net loans (1)	$	5,047,810				$	4,954,301				$	4,687,169

	Average Balances
	2024					2023					2022					2021					2020
	Amount		Percent			Amount		Percent			Amount		Percent			Amount		Percent			Amount		Percent
Commercial	$	260,522		5.20	%	$	234,011		4.8	%	$	185,314		4.1	%	$	193,370		4.5	%	$	203,314		4.9	%
Real estate - construction		29,388		0.60			32,702		0.7			36,815		0.8			31,014		0.7			26,641		0.6
Real estate - mortgage		4,361,238		86.50			4,279,194		87.8			4,065,135		89.3			3,870,097		89.2			3,667,909		88.2
Home equity lines of credit		374,841		7.40			313,914		6.4			254,168		5.6			233,628		5.4			255,583		6.1
Installment loans		14,926		0.30			15,345		0.3			9,849		0.2			8,725		0.2			9,952		0.2

Total loans		5,040,915		100.0	%		4,875,166		100.0	%		4,551,281		100.0	%		4,336,834		100.0	%		4,163,399		100.0	%
Less: Allowance for loan losses		49,648					46,971					46,124					49,421					47,330
Net loans (1)	$	4,991,267				$	4,828,195				$	4,505,157				$	4,287,413				$	4,116,069

(1) Presented net of deferred direct loan origination fees and costs.

Through marketing, pricing, and a customer-friendly service delivery network, TrustCo has attempted to distinguish itself from other mortgage lenders by highlighting the uniqueness of its loan products, as well as by offering competitive interest rates to expand the loan portfolio. Specifically, key selling points such as low closing costs, no private mortgage insurance for qualified borrowers, quick loan decisions, and fast closings were identified and marketed to prospective customers. The average balance of residential real estate mortgage loans was approximately $4.37 billion in 2024 and approximately $4.29 billion in 2023. Income on residential real estate loans increased to $165.5 million in 2024 from $154.2 million in 2023. The yield on the portfolio increased from 3.60% in 2023 to 3.79% in 2024. The vast majority of TrustCo’s real estate loans are secured by properties within the Bank’s market areas.

TrustCo does not make subprime loans or purchase investments collateralized by subprime loans. A loan may be considered subprime for a number of reasons, but effectively subprime loans are loans where the certainty of repayment of principal and interest is lower than for a traditional prime loan due to the structure of the loan itself, the credit worthiness of the borrower, the underwriting standards of the lender, or some combination of these. For instance, adjustable loans underwritten at initial low “teaser” rates instead of the fully indexed rate and loans to borrowers with poor payment history would generally be classified as subprime. TrustCo underwrites its loan originations in a traditional manner, focusing on key factors that have proven to result in good credit decisions, rather than relying on automated systems or basing decisions primarily on one factor, such as a borrower’s credit score.

Average commercial loans increased by $24.9 million from $255.7 million in 2023 to $280.6 million in 2024. Average commercial loans included $19.0 million and $21.0 million of commercial real estate construction loans in 2024 and 2023, respectively. The average yield on the commercial loan portfolio increased to 5.38% for 2024 from 5.20% in 2023, primarily as a result of higher interest rates on originations and repricing of variable rate loans due to the current interest rate environment. Interest income on commercial loans was $15.1 million in 2024 compared to $13.3 million in 2023, up also primarily as a result of the interest rate environment and more originations.

TrustCo’s commercial lending activities are focused on balancing the Company’s commitment to meeting the credit needs of businesses in its market areas with the necessity of managing its credit risk. In accordance with these goals, the Company has consistently emphasized the origination of loans within its market areas. TrustCo’s commercial loan portfolio contains no foreign loans, nor does it contain any significant concentrations of credit to any single borrower or industry. The Capital Region commercial loan portfolio reflects the diversity of businesses found in the market area, including light manufacturing, retail, service, and real estate-related businesses. Commercial loans made in the downstate New York market area and in the central Florida market area also reflect the businesses in those areas, with a focus on real estate. TrustCo strives to maintain strong asset quality in all segments of its loan portfolio, especially commercial loans. There is significant competition for commercial loans in the Bank’s market regions.

During 2024, the average balance of home equity credit lines was $374.8 million, an increase from $313.9 million in 2023. Trustco Bank competes with both regional and national companies for these lines of credit and faces stiff competition with respect to interest rates, closing costs, and customer service for these loans. TrustCo continuously reviews changes made by competitors with respect to the home equity credit line product and adjusts its offerings to remain competitive while meeting evolving needs. TrustCo’s average yield on this portfolio was 6.39% for 2024 and 6.03% for 2023 reflecting increases in the prime lending rate that occurred in 2024 and 2023. Interest income on home equity credit lines increased from $18.9 million in 2023 to $23.9 million in 2024. Management would expect that a decline in interest rates during 2025 should increase demand for residential mortgages, including home equity credit lines.

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At December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company had approximately $29.7 million and $29.1 million of real estate construction loans, respectively. Of the $29.7 million in real estate construction loans at December 31, 2024, approximately $10.7 million was secured by first mortgages to residential borrowers with the remaining $19.0 million were loans to commercial borrowers for residential construction projects. Of the $29.1 million in real estate construction loans at December 31, 2023, approximately $8.0 million was secured by first mortgages to residential borrowers with the remaining $21.1 million comprised of loans to commercial borrowers for residential construction projects. The vast majority of the Company’s construction loans are in the Company’s New York market.

LOAN MATURITY SCHEDULE

The following table sets forth the maturities of our loan portfolio at December 31, 2024. Loans having no stated maturity and overdrafts are shown as due in one year or less. Loans are stated in the following table at contractual maturity and actual maturities could differ due to prepayments.

(dollars in thousands)	Amounts Due:
									Total Due
	Within 1 Year		1 to 5 Years		5 to 15 Years		Over 15 Years		After 1 Year		Total
Commercial	$	9,010	$	62,220	$	166,899	$	29,171	$	258,290	$	267,300
Commercial - other		6,768		4,342		8,447		-		12,789		19,557
First Mortgage		12,681		11,386		480,316		3,827,180		4,318,882		4,331,563
Home Equity Loans		76		2,002		25,955		28,706		56,663		56,739
Home Equity Lines of Credit		9,262		171,008		167,019		61,972		399,999		409,261
Installment		1,788		10,648		1,202		-		11,850		13,638
	$	39,585	$	261,606	$	849,838	$	3,947,029	$	5,058,473	$	5,098,058

The following table shows the loans as of December 31, 2024 due after December 31, 2025 according to type and loan category:

(dollars in thousands)	Fixed Rates		Floating or Adjustable Rates		Total

Commercial	$	258,290		-	$	258,290
Commercial - other		12,789		-		12,789
First Mortgage		4,318,882		-		4,318,882
Home Equity Loans		56,663		-		56,663
Home Equity Lines of Credit		-		399,999		399,999
Installment		11,850		-		11,850
	$	4,658,474	$	399,999	$	5,058,473

Page 14 of 111

INVESTMENT SECURITIES

The following table sets forth the amortized cost and fair value of our securities portfolio at the dates indicated:

(dollars in thousands)	As of December 31,
	2024				2023				2022
	Amortized Cost		Fair Value		Amortized Cost		Fair Value		Amortized Cost		Fair Value
	Amortized Cost		Fair Value		Amortized Cost		Fair Value		Amortized Cost		Fair Value
Securities available for sale:
U. S. government sponsored enterprises	$	86,833	$	85,617	$	121,728	$	118,668	$	124,123	$	118,187
State and political subdivisions		18		18		26		26		34		34
Mortgage backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations-residential		239,420		213,128		263,182		237,677		291,431		260,316
Corporate bonds		45,033		44,581		80,150		78,052		85,641		81,346
Small Business Adminstration-guaranteed participation securities		15,471		14,141		18,740		17,186		23,115		20,977
Other		688		700		687		680		686		653
Total securities available for sale		387,463		358,185		484,513		452,289		525,030		481,513
Held to maturity securities:
Mortgage backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations-residential		5,365		5,306		6,458		6,396		7,707		7,580
Total held to maturity securities		5,365		5,306		6,458		6,396		7,707		7,580
Total investment securities	$	392,828	$	363,491	$	490,971	$	458,685	$	532,737	$	489,093

Securities Available for Sale:

The portfolio of securities available for sale is designed to provide a stable source of interest income and liquidity. The portfolio is also managed by the Company to take advantage of changes in interest rates and is particularly important in providing greater flexibility in the current volatile interest rate environment. The securities available for sale portfolio is managed under a policy detailing the types and characteristics acceptable in the portfolio. Mortgage backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations held in the portfolio include only pass‑throughs issued by United States government agencies or sponsored enterprises.

Holdings of various types of securities may vary from year‑to‑year depending on management’s assessment of relative risk and reward, and also due to the timing of calls, maturities, prepayments and purchases. Holdings of both municipal and corporate securities are subject to additional monitoring requirements under current regulations, adding to the costs of owning those securities.

Proceeds from sales, calls and maturities of securities available for sale have been typically invested in higher yielding assets, such as loans, or temporarily held in Federal Funds sold and other short-term investments until deployed to fund future loan growth or future investment opportunities.

The designation of securities as “available for sale” is made at the time of purchase, based upon management’s intent and ability to hold the securities for an indefinite period of time. These securities are available for sale in response to changes in market interest rates, related changes in prepayment risk, needs for liquidity, or changes in the availability of and yield on alternative investments. At December 31, 2024, some securities in this portfolio had fair values that were less than the amortized cost due to changes in interest rates and market conditions and not related to the credit condition of the issuers. At December 31, 2024, the Company did not intend to sell, and it is not likely that the Company will be required to sell, these securities before market recovery. Accordingly, at December 31, 2024 due to elevated market interest rates, the net fair value of the investment securities portfolio was below amortized cost and unrealized losses were not credit related.

At December 31, 2024, the carrying value of securities available for sale amounted to $358.2 million, compared to $452.3 million at year-end 2023. For 2024, the average balance of securities available for sale was $429.4 million with an average yield of 2.54%, compared to an average balance in 2023 of $501.1 million with an average yield of 2.27%. The income earned on the securities available for sale portfolio in 2024 was $10.9 million, compared to $11.4 million earned in 2023.

Securities available for sale are recorded at their fair value, with any unrealized gains or losses, net of taxes, recognized as a component of shareholders’ equity. Average balances of securities available for sale are stated at amortized cost. At December 31, 2024, the fair value of TrustCo’s portfolio of securities available for sale carried gross unrealized gains of approximately $130 thousand and gross unrealized losses of approximately $29.4 million. At December 31, 2023, the fair value of TrustCo’s portfolio of securities available for sale carried gross unrealized gains of approximately $286 thousand and gross unrealized losses of approximately $32.5 million. As previously noted, in both periods, unrealized losses were related to market interest rate levels and were not credit related.

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Held to Maturity Securities

At December 31, 2024, the Company held $5.4 million of held to maturity securities, compared to $6.5 million at December 31, 2023. For 2024, the average balance of held to maturity securities was $5.9 million, compared to $7.1 million in 2023. Similar to securities available for sale, cash flow from these securities has been reinvested in higher yielding assets, such as loans, or temporarily held in Federal Funds Sold and other short-term investments to fund future loan growth or future investment opportunities. The average yield on held to maturity securities increased slightly from 4.20% in 2023 to 4.29% in 2024 due primarily to changes in average lives from normal pay downs and prepayments on the mortgage-backed securities held in the portfolio. Interest income on held to maturity securities declined from $296 thousand in 2023 to $254 thousand in 2024, reflecting the decline in average balances. Held to maturity securities are recorded at amortized cost. The fair value of these securities as of December 31, 2024 was $5.3 million.

The designation of securities as “held to maturity” is made at the time of purchase, based upon management’s intent and ability to hold the securities until final maturity. At December 31, 2024 there were $104 thousand of unrecognized losses and $45 thousand of unrecognized gains on securities in this portfolio.

Equity Securities

During the second quarter of 2024, Visa Inc. accepted the Company’s tender of its 6,528 shares of Visa Class B-1 common stock in exchange for a combination of Visa Class B-2 common stock and Visa Class C common stock. As a result, the Company marked its Visa Class C common stock to fair value and recorded an unrealized gain of $1.4 million. The Visa Class C common stock was sold during the year, thus resulting in no remaining carrying value on the Company’s Statement of Financial Condition. The Company originally obtained the shares in 2008. The carrying value of Visa B-2 shares is nominal as of December 31, 2024.

Securities Gains

During 2024 TrustCo recognized net gain on the sale of equity securities of $1.4 million as described above. During 2023 and 2022, TrustCo did not recognize any net gains from securities transactions. There were no sales or transfers of held to maturity securities in 2024, 2023 or 2022.

TrustCo has not invested in any exotic investment products such as interest rate swaps, forward placement contracts, or other instruments commonly referred to as derivatives. In addition, the Company has not invested in securities backed by subprime mortgages or in collateralized debt obligations (CDOs). By actively managing a portfolio of high quality securities, TrustCo believes it can meet the objectives of asset/liability management and liquidity, while at the same time producing a reasonably predictable earnings stream.

Securities pledged totaled $149.5 million, which results in $213.9 million in unpledged securities. In addition to unpledged securities, TrustCo had $641.8 million of cash and cash equivalents and borrowing capacity of $938.4 million as of December 31, 2024.

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SECURITIES PORTFOLIO MATURITY DISTRIBUTION AND YIELD

(dollars in thousands)	As of December 31, 2024
	Maturing:
Debt securities available for sale:	Within 1 Year			After 1 But Within 5 Years		After 5 But Within 10 Years		After 10 Years		Total

U. S. government sponsored enterprises
Amortized cost	$	25,000		$	49,833	$	12,000	$	-	$	86,833
Fair Value		24,933			48,723		11,961		-		85,617
Weighted average yield		2.01	%		2.56		5.13		-		2.75
State and political subdivisions
Amortized cost		9			9		-		-		18
Fair Value		9			9		-		-		18
Weighted average yield		5.28	%		5.29		-		-		5.29
Mortgage backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations-residential
Amortized cost		1,722			127,190		110,508		-		239,420
Fair Value		1,666			115,812		95,650		-		213,128
Weighted average yield		2.69	%		2.42		3.15		-		2.76
Corporate bonds
Amortized cost		45,033			-		-		-		45,033
Fair Value		44,581			-		-		-		44,581
Weighted average yield		2.67	%		-		-		-		2.67
Small Business Administration-guaranteed participation securities
Amortized cost		4,344			11,127		-		-		15,471
Fair Value		3,949			10,192		-		-		14,141
Weighted average yield		2.07	%		2.25		-		-		2.20
Other
Amortized cost		88			600		-		-		688
Fair Value		100			600		-		-		700
Weighted average yield		3.16	%		4.53		-		-		4.35
Total securities available for sale
Amortized cost	$	76,196		$	188,759	$	122,508	$	-	$	387,463
Fair Value	$	75,238		$	175,336	$	107,611	$	-	$	358,185
Weighted average yield		2.62	%		2.44		3.34		-		2.73

Held to maturity securities:
Mortgage backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations-residential
Amortized cost	$	-		$	52	$	1,876	$	3,437	$	5,365
Fair Value		-			51		1,781		3,474		5,306
Weighted average yield		-	%		3.38		2.93		5.60		4.65
Total held to maturity securities
Amortized cost	$	-		$	52	$	1,876	$	3,437		5,365
Fair Value	$	-		$	51	$	1,781	$	3,474	$	5,306
Weighted average yield		-	%		3.38		2.93		5.60		4.65

Weighted average yields have not been adjusted for any tax-equivalent factor.

Maturity and Call Dates of Securities

Many of the securities in the Company’s portfolios have a call date in addition to the stated maturity date. Call dates allow the issuer to redeem the bonds prior to maturity at specified dates and at predetermined prices. Normally, securities are redeemed at the call date when the issuer can reissue the security at a lower interest rate. Therefore, for cash flow, liquidity and interest rate risk management purposes, it is important for TrustCo to monitor both maturity dates and call dates. Given the current interest rate environment, the probability of future calls will depend on market interest rate levels. The tables labeled “Securities Portfolio Maturity and Call Date Distribution,” show the distribution, based on both final maturity and call date of each security, broken out by the available for sale and held to maturity portfolios as of December 31, 2024. Mortgage backed securities, collateralized mortgage obligations and Small Business Administration securities are reported using an estimate of average life. Actual maturities may differ from contractual maturities because of securities’ prepayments and the right of certain issuers to call or prepay their obligations without penalty. The table, “Securities Portfolio Maturity Distribution and Yield,” shows the distribution of maturities for each of the securities portfolios, based on final maturity, as well as the average yields at December 31, 2024 on each type/maturity grouping.

Page 17 of 111

SECURITIES PORTFOLIO MATURITY AND CALL DATE DISTRIBUTION

Debt securities available for sale:

(dollars in thousands)	As of December 31, 2024
	Based on Final Maturity				Based on Call Date
	Amortized Cost		Fair Value		Amortized Cost		Fair Value
Within 1 year	$	70,130	$	69,623	$	138,029	$	135,922
1 to 5 years		51,284		50,147		138,926		126,613
5 to 10 years		83,693		78,295		110,508		95,650
After 10 years		182,356		160,120		-		-
Total debt securities available for sale	$	387,463	$	358,185	$	387,463	$	358,185

Held to maturity securities:

(dollars in thousands)	As of December 31, 2024
	Based on Final Maturity				Based on Call Date
	Amortized Cost		Fair Value		Amortized Cost		Fair Value
Within 1 year	$	-	$	-	$	266	$	263
1 to 5 years		52		51		2,933		2,847
5 to 10 years		1,876		1,781		2,166		2,196
After 10 years		3,437		3,474		-		-
Total held to maturity securities	$	5,365	$	5,306	$	5,365	$	5,306

Federal Funds Sold and Other Short-term Investments

During 2024, the average balance of Federal Funds sold and other short-term investments was $493.5 million, a decrease from $521.0 million in 2023. The average rate earned on these assets was 5.26% in 2024 and 5.10% in 2023. TrustCo utilizes this category of earning assets as a means of maintaining strong liquidity. The Federal Funds sold and other short-term investments portfolio is significantly affected by changes in the target Federal Funds rate, as are virtually all short-term interest-sensitive instruments.

The year-end balance of Federal Funds sold and other short-term investments was approximately $594.4 million for 2024, compared to $528.7 million at year-end 2023. While yields on investment securities with acceptable risk characteristics were insufficient to justify shifting overnight liquidity into other investment types during 2024, some funds were shifted into higher yielding loans. Management will continue to evaluate the overall level of Federal Funds sold and other short-term investments in 2025 and make appropriate adjustments based upon market opportunities and interest rates.

Funding Sources

TrustCo utilizes various traditional sources of funds to support its earning asset portfolio. The table, “Mix of Average Sources of Funding,” presents the various categories of funds used and the corresponding average balances for each of the last three years.

Deposits: Average total deposits were approximately $5.3 billion in 2024, compared to approximately $5.2 billion in 2023, an increase of $66.5 million. Changes in deposit categories (average balances 2024 versus 2023) included: demand deposits down $45.2 million, interest-bearing checking deposits down $69.5 million, savings down $195.8 million, money market down $96.8 million and time deposits up $473.8 million. While many customers remain in one product type for many years, others may move funds between product types to maximize the yield earned or as a result of increased or decreased liquidity needs. The balance in time deposits over $250 thousand is not the result of any incentive pricing as TrustCo does not offer premium rates on large certificates of deposit.

Page 18 of 111

The Company has been proactive in retaining deposits, which is evident since total deposits have increased since December 31, 2023. Total deposits as of December 31, 2024 increased $40.2 million to $5.39 billion compared to $5.35 billion as of December 31, 2023. As we move forward, TrustCo’s objective is to continue to encourage customers to retain these funds in the expanded product offerings of the Bank through aggressive marketing and product differentiation.

MIX OF AVERAGE SOURCES OF FUNDING

(dollars in thousands)	2024		2023		2022		2024 vs. 2023			2023 vs. 2022			Components of Total Funding
													Components of Total Funding
													2024			2023			2022

Retail deposits
Demand deposits	$	738,816	$	784,021	$	838,944	$	(45,205	)	$	(54,923	)		13.7	%		14.7	%		15.3
Savings		1,128,190		1,323,995		1,553,016		(195,805	)		(229,021	)		21.0			24.8			28.3
Time deposits under $250 thousand		1,395,126		1,057,048		755,842		338,078			301,206			26.0			19.8			13.8
Interest bearing checking accounts		998,501		1,067,972		1,190,337		(69,471	)		(122,365	)		18.6			20.0			21.7
Money market deposits		509,409		606,230		745,714		(96,821	)		(139,484	)		9.5			11.4			13.6
Total retail deposits		4,770,042		4,839,266		5,083,853		(69,224	)		(244,587	)		88.8			90.7			92.7
Time deposits over $250 thousand		515,990		380,288		218,586		135,702			161,702			9.6			7.1			4.0
Short-term borrowings		89,707		114,639		177,599		(24,932	)		(62,960	)		1.6			2.2			3.3
Total purchased liabilities		605,697		494,927		396,185		110,770			98,742			11.2			9.3			7.3
Total sources of funding	$	5,375,739	$	5,334,193	$	5,480,038	$	41,546		$	(145,845	)		100.0	%		100.0	%		100.0

Page 19 of 111

AVERAGE BALANCES, YIELDS AND NET INTEREST MARGINS

(dollars in thousands)	2024								2023								2022
	Average Balance			Interest Income/ Expense		Average Rate			Average Balance			Interest Income/ Expense		Average Rate			Average Balance			Interest Income/ Expense		Average Rate
Assets
Loans, net	$	5,040,915		$	205,600		4.08	%	$	4,875,166		$	187,456		3.84	%	$	4,551,281		$	162,214		3.56	%

Securities available for sale:
U.S. government sponsored enterprises		105,729			3,213		3.04			121,574			2,805		2.31			89,557			1,405		1.57
State and political subdivisions		25			1		6.69			33			2		6.71			41			2		6.66
Mortgage backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations-residential		247,466			5,760		2.33			275,565			6,146		2.23			284,901			5,677		1.99
Corporate bonds		58,447			1,557		2.66			82,865			1,987		2.40			78,266			1,804		2.31
Small Business Administration- guaranteed participation securities		17,003			368		2.17			20,410			437		2.14			26,679			551		2.07
Other		698			13		1.86			686			10		1.46			686			9		1.31
Total securities available for sale		429,368			10,912		2.54			501,133			11,387		2.27			480,130			9,448		1.97
Held to maturity securities:
Mortgage backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations-residential		5,916			254		4.29			7,053			296		4.20			8,647			343		3.97
Total held to maturity securities		5,916			254		4.29			7,053			296		4.20			8,647			343		3.97
Federal Reserve Bank and Federal Home
Loan Bank stock		6,389			604		9.45			6,018			500		8.31			5,749			305		5.31
Federal funds sold and other short-term investments		493,546			25,946		5.26			521,021			26,567		5.10			969,043			14,292		1.47
Total interest earning assets		5,976,134			243,316		4.07	%		5,910,391			226,206		3.83	%		6,014,850			186,602		3.10	%
Allowance for loan losses		(49,648	)							(46,971	)							(46,124	)
Cash and noninterest earning assets		188,748								172,641								190,278
Total assets	$	6,115,234							$	6,036,061							$	6,159,004
Liabilities and shareholders' equity
Interest bearing deposits:
Interest bearing checking accounts	$	998,501			1,236		0.12	%	$	1,067,972			382		0.04	%	$	1,190,337			190		0.02	%
Savings		1,128,190			2,876		0.25			1,323,995			2,531		0.19			1,553,016			920		0.06
Time deposits and money markets		2,420,525			86,474		3.57			2,043,566			50,439		2.47			1,720,142			4,617		0.27
Total interest bearing deposits		4,547,216			90,586		1.99			4,435,533			53,352		1.20			4,463,495			5,727		0.13
Short-term borrowings		89,707			791		0.88			114,639			1,009		0.88			177,599			740		0.42
Total interest bearing liabilities		4,636,923			91,377		1.97	%		4,550,172			54,361		1.19	%		4,641,094			6,467		0.14	%
Demand deposits		738,816								784,021								838,944
Other liabilities		82,398								81,656								81,880
Shareholders' equity		657,097								620,212								597,086
Total liabilities and shareholders' equity	$	6,115,234							$	6,036,061							$	6,159,004
Net interest income					151,939								171,845								180,135
Taxable equivalent adjustment					-								-								1
Net interest income (Non-GAAP)*				$	151,939							$	171,845							$	180,136
Net interest spread							2.10	%							2.64	%							2.96	%
Net interest margin (net interest income to total interest earnings assets)							2.54								2.91								2.99

* Net interest income (non-GAAP) is determined by a method other than in accordance with GAAP. See the Non-GAAP Financial Measures Reconciliation presented herein.

Portions of income earned on certain commercial loans, obligations of states and political subdivisions, and equity securities are exempt from federal and/or state taxation. Appropriate adjustments have been made to reflect the equivalent amount of taxable income that would have been necessary to generate an equal amount of after tax income. Federal and state tax rates used to calculate income tax on a tax equivalent basis were 21% and 6%, respectively, for 2024, 2023 and 2022. The average balances of securities available for sale and held to maturity were calculated using amortized costs. Included in the average balance of shareholders’ equity is $30.1 million, $30.7 million, and $22.0 million in 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively, of net unrealized loss, net of tax, in the available for sale securities portfolio. The gross amounts of the net unrealized income (loss) has been included in cash and noninterest earning assets. Nonaccrual loans are included in average loans.

The overall cost of interest bearing deposits increased as a result of higher deposit rates throughout the year as a result of the current interest rate environment. The Company strives to maintain competitive rates on deposit accounts and to attract customers through a combination of competitive interest rates, quality customer service, and convenient banking locations. In this fashion, management believes TrustCo is able to attract deposit customers looking for a long-term banking relationship and to cross-sell banking services utilizing the deposit account relationship as the starting point.

Page 20 of 111

Other Funding Sources

Other Funding Sources: The Company had $89.7 million of average short‑term borrowings outstanding during 2024, compared to $114.6 million in 2023. The decrease over the prior year is attributable to customer behavior and the products they choose. These borrowings represent customer repurchase accounts, which behave more like deposit accounts than traditional borrowings. The average cost of short-term borrowings was consistent at 0.88% in both 2024 and 2023. The lower balance in 2024 resulted in a reduction of interest expense to approximately $791 thousand in 2024, compared to $1.0 million in 2023.

AVERAGE DEPOSITS BY TYPE OF DEPOSITOR

(dollars in thousands)	Years ended December 31,
	2024		2023		2022		2021		2020
Individuals, partnerships and corporations	$	5,261,526	$	5,195,100	$	5,262,996	$	5,144,071	$	4,700,635
States and political subdivisions		5,055		5,421		14,854		15,761		15,709
Other (certified and official checks, etc.)		19,451		19,033		24,589		28,515		26,108
Total average deposits by type of depositor	$	5,286,032	$	5,219,554	$	5,302,439	$	5,188,347	$	4,742,452

MATURITY OF TIME DEPOSITS IN EXCESS OF THE FDIC INSURANCE LIMIT

(dollars in thousands)
	As of December 31, 2024

Under 3 months	$	267,267
3 to 6 months		94,288
6 to 12 months		105,919
Over 12 months		93,817

Total	$	561,291

As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, approximately $1.11 billion and $1.03 billion, respectively, of our deposit portfolio was uninsured. The uninsured amounts are estimates based on the methodologies and assumptions used for the Bank's regulatory reporting requirements.

Page 21 of 111

VOLUME AND YIELD ANALYSIS

(dollars in thousands)	2024 vs. 2023									2023 vs. 2022
	Increase (Decrease)				Due to Volume		Due to Rate			Increase (Decrease)			Due to Volume			Due to Rate
Interest income:
Federal funds sold and other short-term investments	$	(621	)	$	(1,428	)	$	807		$	12,275		$	(9,179	)	$	21,454
Trading securities (taxable)		-			-			-			-			-			-
Securities available for sale:
Taxable		(474	)		(1,752	)		1,278			1,939			389			1,550
Tax-exempt		(1	)		(1	)		-			-			-			-
Total securities available for sale		(475	)		(1,753	)		1,278			1,939			389			1,550
Held to maturity securities (taxable)		(42	)		(49	)		7			(47	)		(65	)		18
Federal Reserve Bank and Federal Home Loan Bank stock		104			32			72			195			15			180
Loans, net		18,144			8,070			10,074			25,242			13,228			12,014
Total interest income		17,110			4,872			12,238			39,604			4,388			35,216

Interest expense:
Interest bearing checking accounts		854			(27	)		881			192			(22	)		214
Savings		345			(412	)		757			1,611			(155	)		1,766
Time deposits and money markets		36,035			15,281			20,754			45,822			2,217			43,605
Short-term borrowings		(218	)		(220	)		2			269			(333	)		602
Total interest expense		37,016			14,622			22,394			47,894			1,707			46,187
Net interest income		(19,906	)		(9,750	)		(10,156	)		(8,290	)		2,681			(10,971	)
Tax equivalent adjustment		-			-			-			(1	)		(1	)		-
Net interest income (TE)*	$	(19,906	)	$	(9,750	)	$	(10,156	)	$	(8,291	)	$	2,680		$	(10,971	)

* Net interest income (TE) is determined by a method other than in accordance with GAAP. See the Non-GAAP Financial Measures Reconciliation presented herein.

Capital Resources

Consistent with its long-term goal of operating a sound and profitable financial organization, TrustCo strives to maintain strong capital ratios and to qualify Trustco Bank as a well-capitalized institution in accordance with federal regulatory requirements. Historically, most of the Company’s capital requirements have been provided through retained earnings.

Both TrustCo and Trustco Bank are subject to regulatory capital requirements. The regulatory capital rules require a Tier 1 leverage ratio of 4.0% of consolidated assets, a common equity Tier 1 minimum capital requirement of 4.5% of risk-weighted assets, a minimum Tier 1 capital to risk-based assets requirement of 6.0% of risk-weighted assets, and a total risk-based capital ratio or 8.0% of risk-weighted assets. In addition, the Company and the Bank are required to maintain additional levels of Tier 1 common equity (known as the capital conservation buffer) above the minimum risk-based capital levels in order to avoid restrictions on dividends, share repurchases, or payment of discretionary bonuses.

As of December 31, 2024, the capital levels of both TrustCo and the Bank exceeded the minimum standards, including with the capital conservation buffer taken into account.

Under the OCC’s “prompt corrective action” regulations, a bank is deemed to be “well-capitalized” when its CET1, Tier 1, total risk-based, and leverage capital ratios are at least 6.5%, 8%, 10%, and 5%, respectively. A bank is deemed to be “adequately capitalized” or better if its capital ratios meet or exceed the minimum federal regulatory capital requirements, and “undercapitalized” if it fails to meet these minimal capital requirements. A bank is “significantly undercapitalized” if its CET1, Tier 1, total risk-based and leverage capital ratios fall below 3%, 4%, 6%, and 3%, respectively and “critically undercapitalized” if the institution has a ratio of tangible equity to total assets that is equal to or less than 2%. At December 31, 2024 and 2023, Trustco Bank met the definition of “well-capitalized.”

In January 2020, the federal bank regulatory agencies have adopted rules creating a “community bank leverage ratio” framework designed to simplify capital requirements for qualifying banks and bank or thrift holding companies. Although TrustCo would qualify to take advantage of the community bank leverage ratio framework, it decided not to opt into the framework.

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The Company’s dividend payout ratio was 56.09% of net income in 2024 and 46.71% of net income in 2023. The per-share dividend paid was $1.44 in both 2024 and 2023. The Company’s ability to pay dividends to its shareholders is dependent upon the ability of the Bank to pay dividends to the Company. The payment of dividends by the Bank to the Company is subject to continued compliance with minimum regulatory capital requirements.

TrustCo’s consolidated Tier 1 risk-based capital was 19.30% of risk-adjusted assets at December 31, 2024, and 18.90% of risk‑adjusted assets at December 31, 2023. Consolidated Tier 1 capital to assets (leverage ratio) at December 31, 2024 was 11.05%, as compared to 10.78% at year-end 2023. Note 14 to the financial statements includes information on all regulatory capital ratios.

TrustCo maintains a dividend reinvestment and stock purchase plan (DRSPP) with approximately 6,284 participants. During 2024, $2.1 million of dividends paid on the shares held in this plan were reinvested in shares of the Company. The DRSPP also allows for additional purchases of stock by participants and has a discount feature (up to 5%) that can be activated by management as a tool to raise capital. To date, the discount feature has not been utilized.

On March 17, 2023 the Company’s Board of Directors authorized, and the Company announced, another share repurchase program of up to 200,000 shares, or approximately 1% of its currently outstanding common stock. There were no repurchases during 2023. On March 29, 2024 the Company’s Board of Directors authorized, and the Company announced, another share repurchase program of up to 200,000 shares, or approximately 1% of its currently outstanding common stock. During the twelve months ended December 31, 2024, the Company repurchased a total of 14,000 shares at an average price per share of $26.68 for a total of $374,000 under its Board authorized share repurchase program.

Risk Management

The responsibility for balance sheet risk management oversight is the function of the Company’s Asset Allocation Committee. The Committee meets monthly and includes the executive officers of the Company as well as other department managers as appropriate. The meetings include a review of balance sheet structure, formulation of strategy in light of anticipated economic conditions, and comparison to Board-established guidelines to control exposures to various types of risk.

Credit Risk

Credit risk is managed through a network of loan officer authorities, review committees, loan policies, and oversight from the senior executives of the Company. In addition, the Company utilizes an independent loan review function to evaluate management’s loan grading of non-homogeneous loans. Management follows a policy of continually identifying, analyzing, and evaluating the credit risk inherent in the loan portfolio. As a result of management’s ongoing reviews of the loan portfolio, loans are placed in non-accrual status, either due to the delinquent status of the principal and/or interest payments, or based on a judgment by management that, although payment of principal and/or interest is current, such action is prudent. Thereafter, no interest is taken into income unless received in cash or until such time as the borrower demonstrates a sustained ability to make scheduled payments of interest and principal.

Management has also developed policies and procedures to monitor the credit risk in relation to the Federal Funds sold portfolio. TrustCo maintains an approved list of third party banks to which Trustco can sell Federal Funds and monitors the credit rating and capital levels of those institutions. At December 31, 2024, virtually all of the Federal Funds sold and other short-term investments were funds on deposit at the Federal Reserve Bank of New York (“FRBNY”) and the Federal Home Loan Bank of New York (“FHLBNY”). The Company also monitors the credit ratings on its investment securities and performs initial and periodic reviews of financial information for the issuers of corporate and municipal bonds.

Nonperforming Assets

Nonperforming assets include loans in non-accrual status, restructured loans, loans past due by three payments or more and still accruing interest, and foreclosed real estate properties.

Nonperforming assets at year-end 2024 and 2023 totaled $21.0 million and $17.9 million, respectively. Nonperforming loans as a percentage of the total loan portfolio were 0.37% in 2024 and 0.35% in 2023. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, there were $8.9 million and $7.5 million, respectively, of loans in non-accruing status that were less than 90 days past due.

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At December 31, 2024, nonperforming loans included a mix of commercial and residential loans. Of the total nonperforming loans of $18.8 million, $18.3 were residential real estate loans and $343 thousand were commercial loans. Economic conditions generally improved as compared to the prior year. The majority of the Company’s loan portfolio continues to come from its historical market area in Upstate New York. As of December 31, 2024, 64.3% of loans are in New York, including both the Upstate and Downstate areas, as well as nominal loan balances in adjoining states. The remaining 35.7% of the loan portfolio are Florida loans. At December 31, 2024, 19.6% of nonperforming loans were in Florida and 80.4% were in the Company’s New York area markets. At December 31, 2024 nonperforming Florida loans amounted to $3.7 million compared to $2.6 million at December 31, 2023.

(dollars in thousands)	As of December 31,
	2024			2023			2022			2021			2020
Loans in non-accrual status	$	18,800		$	17,663		$	17,483		$	18,739		$	21,061
Restructured retail loans		-			3			10			17			23
Total nonperforming loans		18,800			17,666			17,493			18,756			21,084
Other real estate owned		2,175			194			2,061			362			541
Total nonperforming assets	$	20,975		$	17,860		$	19,554		$	19,118		$	21,625
Allowance for credit losses on loans	$	50,248		$	48,578		$	46,032		$	44,267		$	49,595
Allowance coverage of nonperforming loans		2.67	x		2.75	x		2.63	x		2.36	x		2.35	x
Allowance for credit losses on loans to nonaccrual loans		2.67	x		2.75	x		2.63	x		2.36	x		2.35	x
Nonperforming loans as a % of total loans		0.37	%		0.35	%		0.37	%		0.42	%		0.50	%
Nonperforming assets as a % of total assets		0.34	%		0.29	%		0.33	%		0.31	%		0.37	%
Non-accrual loans to total loans outstanding		0.37	%		0.35	%		0.37	%		0.42	%		0.50	%

The Company places loans on non-accrual at the time the loan is 90 days delinquent unless facts and circumstances warrant classification of non-accrual even if the borrower is not 90 days past due.

Ongoing portfolio management is intended to result in early identification and disengagement from deteriorating credits. TrustCo has a diversified loan portfolio that includes a significant balance of residential mortgage loans to borrowers in the Capital Region of New York and avoids concentrations to any one borrower or any single industry.

There are inherent risks associated with lending; however based on its review of the loan portfolio, including loans classified as nonperforming, management is aware of no other loans in the portfolio that pose significant risk of the eventual non-collection of principal and interest. As of December 31, 2024, there were no other loans classified for regulatory purposes that management reasonably expects will materially impact future operating results, liquidity, or capital resources. TrustCo has no advances to borrowers or projects located outside the United States. The Bank makes loans to executive officers, directors and to associates of such persons in the ordinary course of business on substantially the same terms, including interest rates and collateral, as those prevailing at the time for comparable transactions.

At year-end 2024 and 2023 there were $2.2 million and $194 thousand of foreclosed real estate, respectively. We generally initiate foreclosure proceedings on real estate loans when a loan enters non-accrual status based upon non-payment, unless the borrower is paying in accordance with an agreed upon modified payment agreement. We obtain an updated appraisal upon the commencement of legal action to calculate a potential collateral shortfall and to reserve appropriately for the potential loss. If a foreclosure action is instituted and the loan is not brought current, paid in full, or refinanced before the foreclosure action is completed, the property securing the loan is transferred to Other Real Estate Owned (“OREO”). We generally attempt to utilize all available remedies, such as note sales in lieu of foreclosure, in an effort to resolve non-accrual loans and OREO properties as quickly and prudently as possible in consideration of market conditions, the physical condition of the property and any other mitigating circumstances. We have not initiated any expected or imminent foreclosure proceedings that are likely to have a material adverse impact on our consolidated financial statements. In the event that a non-accrual loan is subsequently brought current, it is returned to accrual status once the doubt concerning collectability has been removed and the borrower has demonstrated performance in accordance with the loan terms and conditions for a period of generally at least six months. Although the length of time to complete a foreclosure has remained elevated in recent years, TrustCo, as a portfolio lender, has generally not encountered issues such as lost notes and other documents, which have been a problem in the foreclosure process for many other mortgagees.

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Allowance for Credit Losses on Loans

On January 1, 2022, the Company adopted ASU 2016-13, "Financial Instruments - Credit Losses" (referred to as “CECL” and as Accounting Standards Codification Topic 326 (“ASC 326”)). Under this standard, allowances have been established for loans and commitments to lend. The allowance for credit losses on loans (“ACLL”) replaces the previous allowance for loan losses (“ALL”). Upon adoption of CECL, the ACLL increased by $2.4 million to $46.6 million from $44.3 at December 31, 2021 under the ALL. The allowance for credit losses on unfunded commitments (“ACLUC’) increased from $18 thousand to $2.4 million and is recorded in accrued expenses and other liabilities. The Company recorded a net decrease to undivided profits of $3.5 million, net of $1.2 million in deferred tax balances as of January 1, 2022 for the cumulative effect of adopting CECL.

During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company enhanced its ACLL calculation. The enhancement was completed on the heels of our previously utilized forecast period and continued periods of minimal losses. The enhancement produces more granular results of expected loan loss, incorporates more extensive peer historical loss data, and allows for a more efficient process. This enhancement did not result in a material impact to the Company’s financial statements. The primary reason for the Company’s change in methodology relates to continued periods of low to minimal losses and to gain operational efficiencies in the allowance process. The Company did not change how quantitative losses are calculated, i.e. utilizing a discounted cash flow approach, rather we enhanced the discounted cash flow calculation to incorporate peer data and updated our forecast and reversion periods. Since the adoption of CECL, the Company has been estimating the quantitative reserves based on internal data and an 8-quarter forecast and immediate reversion. As described above, we are now utilizing peer data, given our continued low to minimal loss history, and using baseline scenario with a 4-quarter forecast and 4-quarter straight line reversion to produce reasonable and supportable results. The estimate of expected credit losses are based on relevant information about current conditions, past events, and reasonable and supportable forecasts regarding collectability of the reported amounts. In order to estimate the expected credit losses for loans, the Company utilized a discounted cash flow model which calculated a historical loss rate for each of the identified loan segments. The historical loss rates were then adjusted with qualitative factors. The Company uses the regulatory interagency qualitative framework under a weighted scorecard approach. The weighted scorecard approach considers each qualitative factor with respect to risks in the Company’s portfolio and the economic environment, weighting is assigned based on the Company’s evaluation and understanding of the underlying risks and economic conditions within each portfolio segment. The determination of qualitative factors involves significant judgement and subjective measurement.

The ACLL reflects management's estimate of expected credit losses over the life of the loan portfolio. The ACLL level is influenced by past events and current conditions, as well as reasonable and supportable forecasts of future economic conditions. The ACLL level is updated quarterly based on the latest available information and assumptions. During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company’s ACLL calculation incorporated the following:

•

The use of a Discounted Cash Flow Methodology using the probability of default and loss given default approach, incorporating peer data.

•

Reasonable and supportable forecast period, which is based on a Moody's baseline scenario for four quarters.

•

Reversion period, which is the period after the forecast period when the ACLL factors revert to historical averages, using a four-quarter straight line reversion.

•

Qualitative considerations, which are adjustments to the ACLL quantitative reserves to account for changes in various internal and external factors that affect the credit quality of the loan portfolio, were allocated utilizing a weighted scorecard framework. The qualitative factors utilized are based on regulatory (interagency) guidelines.

For the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company recorded a provision for credit losses of $2.0 million, which includes a provision for credit losses on loans of $1.9 million as a result of a combination of factors such as loan growth, peer loss data and economic conditions, and a provision for credit losses on unfunded commitments of $100 thousand as a result of a corresponding increase in unfunded commitments. For the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company recorded a provision for credit losses of $1.3 million, which includes a provision for credit losses on loans of $2.5 million as a result of increased unemployment forecast offset by a sustained low level of NPL’s and actual charge-offs, and a benefit for credit losses on unfunded commitments of $1.3 million as a result of a corresponding decrease in unfunded commitments. For the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company recorded a credit to the provision for credit losses of $341 thousand, which included a credit to the provision for credit losses on loans of $900 thousand as a result of improving unemployment, housing price forecasts and a sustained low level of NPLs and charge-offs, and a provision for credit losses on unfunded commitments of $659 thousand as a result of a corresponding increase in unfunded commitments.

The Company evaluates several external forecasts in choosing the forecast element for the economic components of the allowance for credit losses on loans. The Company selected the Moody’s baseline forecast scenario for December 31, 2024 for economic modeling.

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As of December 31, 2024, the Company utilized Moody's baseline scenario model to assess economic conditions. This model incorporates recent developments, including the presidential election in November 2024 and subsequent policy implementations. Key considerations include the administration's introduction of tariffs, which may influence trade dynamics and inflation. Additionally, the Federal Reserve's recent indications of a higher-than-expected inflation rate at the end of 2024 suggest potential adjustments in monetary policy. The Company also acknowledges ongoing geopolitical tensions, such as the conflicts in the Middle East and the Russia-Ukraine situation, which continue to pose risks to market stability. Recognizing that actual outcomes may diverge from the baseline scenario, the Company has incorporated qualitative considerations to account for uncertainties in economic conditions and additional risk factors not fully captured by the quantitative model.

See Notes 1 and 4 of the consolidated financial statements for additional discussion related to the adoption of CECL, and the process for determining the provision for credit losses.

The table, “Summary of Loan Loss Experience”, includes an analysis of the changes to the allowance for the past five years. Net loans charged off (recovered) in 2024 and 2023 were $230 thousand and $(46) thousand, respectively. The increase in net charge-offs was primarily the result of an increase number of gross charge-offs in the Florida commercial segment of the portfolio partially offset by more recoveries in the New York residential segment. New York commercial, residential, and installment gross recoveries were down $129 thousand, up $283 thousand, and down $11 thousand, respectively, from 2024 to 2023. Total gross charge-offs in 2024 were $939 thousand versus $547 thousand in 2023. The increase in gross charge-offs was primarily the result of the Florida commercial charge-offs increasing $314 thousand in 2024, and New York commercial charge-offs increasing $127 thousand from 2024 to 2023. Residential gross charge-offs decreased $43 thousand from 2024 to 2023 and gross installment charge‑offs decreased $6 thousand from 2024 to 2023. The changes in gross and net charge-offs in these categories reflected economic and real estate market changes.

Conditions in most of the Bank’s market areas are stabilizing or improving as compared to 2023; however, should general economic conditions weaken and/or real estate values begin to decline, the level of problem loans may increase, as would the level of the provision for credit losses.

SUMMARY OF LOAN LOSS EXPERIENCE

(dollars in thousands)
	2024			2023			2022			2021			2020
Amount of loans outstanding at end of year (less unearned income)	$	5,098,058		$	5,002,879		$	4,733,201		$	4,438,779		$	4,244,470
Average loans outstanding during year (less average unearned income)		5,040,915			4,875,166			4,551,281			4,336,834			4,163,399
Balance of allowance at beginning of year		48,578			46,032			44,267			49,595			44,317
Impact of ASU 2016-13, Current Expected Credit Loss (CECL)		-			-			2,353			-			-
Balance as of January 1, 2022 as adjusted for ASU 2016-13		48,578			46,032			46,620			49,595			44,317

Loans charged off:
Commercial and commercial real estate		441			-			40			30			36
Real estate mortgage - 1 to 4 family		328			371			24			340			404
Installment		170			176			88			60			221
Total		939			547			152			430			661
Recoveries of loans previously charged off:
Commercial and commercial real estate		-			129			4			32			10
Real estate mortgage - 1 to 4 family		675			417			450			466			317
Installment		34			47			10			54			12
Total		709			593			464			552			339
Net loan chargeoffs (recoveries)		230			(46	)		(312	)		(122	)		322
Provision (credit) for credit losses on loans		1,900			2,500			(900	)		(5,450	)		5,600
Balance of allowance at end of year	$	50,248		$	48,578		$	46,032		$	44,267		$	49,595

Net charge offs as a percent of average loans outstanding during year (less average unearned income)		0.00	%		0.00	%		(0.01	)%		-	%		0.01	%

Allowance as a percent of loans outstanding at end of year		0.99			0.97			0.97			1.00			1.17

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The following table presents the ratio of net charge-offs (recoveries) to average loans outstanding by loan category, along with the components of the calculation, for the periods indicated:

	For the Years Ended December 31,
(dollars in thousands)	2024								2023								2022
	Net charge-offs (recoveries)			Average loans outstanding		Net charge- offs as a percent of average loans outstanding			Net charge-offs (recoveries)			Average loans outstanding		Net charge- offs as a percent of average loans outstanding			Net charge-offs (recoveries)			Average loans outstanding		Net charge- offs as a percent of average loans outstanding

Commercial	$	441		$	280,566		0.16	%	$	(129	)	$	255,666		0.05	%	$	36		$	206,144		0.02	%
Real estate mortgage - 1 to 4 family		(347	)		4,745,423		-0.01	%		(46	)		4,604,155		0.00	%		(426	)		4,335,288		-0.01	%
Installment		136			14,926		0.91	%		129			15,345		0.84	%		78			9,849		0.79	%
Total net (recoveries) chargeoffs	$	230		$	5,040,915		0.00	%	$	(46	)	$	4,875,166		0.00	%	$	(312	)	$	4,551,281		-0.01	%

Our loan portfolio experienced an annualized net charge-off rate of 0.00% for the year ended December 31, 2024 flat from the year ended December 31, 2023.

Allocation of the Allowance for Credit Losses on Loans

The allocation of the allowance for credit loss on loans is as follows:

(dollars in thousands)	As of December 31, 2024					As of December 31, 2023
	Amount		Percent of Loans to Total Loans			Amount		Percent of Loans to Total Loans
Commercial	$	3,195		5.25	%	$	2,519		5.05	%
Real estate - construction		328		0.58	%		291		0.58	%
Real estate mortgage - 1 to 4 family		40,866		85.87	%		40,745		87.09	%
Home equity lines of credit		5,667		8.03	%		4,805		6.94	%
Installment Loans		192		0.27	%		218		0.34	%
	$	50,248		100.00	%	$	48,578		100.00	%

MARKET RISK

The Company’s principal exposure to market risk is with respect to interest rate risk. Interest rate risk is the potential for economic loss due to future interest rate changes. These economic losses can be reflected as a loss of future net interest income and/or a loss of current market value.

QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURE ABOUT MARKET RISK

TrustCo realizes income principally from the difference or spread between the interest earned on loans, investments and other interest-earning assets and the interest paid on deposits and borrowings. Loan volume and yield, as well as the volume of and rates on investments, deposits and borrowings are affected by market interest rates. Additionally, because of the terms and conditions of many of the loan documents and deposit accounts, a change in interest rates could also affect the projected maturities of the loan portfolio and/or the deposit base.

In monitoring interest rate risk, management focuses on evaluating the levels of net interest income and the fair value of capital in varying interest rate cycles within Board-approved policy limits. Interest rate risk management also must take into consideration, among other factors, the Company’s overall credit, operating income, operating cost, and capital profile. The Asset Allocation Committee, which includes all members of executive management and reports quarterly to the Board of Directors, monitors and manages interest rate risk to maintain an acceptable level of potential net interest income and change in the fair value of capital as a result of changes in market interest rates.

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The Company uses a third party industry standard simulation model as the primary tool to identify, quantify and project changes in interest rates and the impact on the balance sheet and forecasted net interest income. The model utilizes assumptions with respect to cash flows and prepayment speeds taken both from industry sources and internally generated data based upon historical trends in the Bank’s balance sheet. Assumptions based on the historical behavior of deposit rates and balances in relation to changes in market interest rates are also incorporated into the model. This model calculates a fair value amount with respect to non-time deposit categories, since these deposits are part of the core deposit products of the Company. All changes in income are measured as percentage changes from the projected net interest income at the base interest rate scenario. Various estimates regarding prepayment assumptions are made at each level of rate shock. However, prepayment penalty income is excluded from this analysis. The assumptions used are inherently uncertain and, as a result, the model cannot precisely measure the fair value of capital or precisely predict the impact of fluctuations in interest rates on the fair value of capital. Actual results could differ from these estimates. Computations of prospective effects of hypothetical interest rate changes are based on numerous assumptions, including relative levels of market interest rates, loan prepayments and deposit repricing characteristics including decay rates, and correlations to movements in interest rates, and should not be relied on as indicative of actual results. Our model requires us to make certain assumptions that may or may not reflect the manner in which actual yields and costs respond to changes in market interest rates. However, we also apply consistent parallel yield curve shifts (in both directions) to determine possible changes in net interest income if the theoretical yield curve shifts occurred gradually. Net interest income analysis also adjusts the asset and liability repricing analysis based on changes in prepayment rates resulting from the parallel yield curve shifts. In addition, the net portfolio value and net interest income information presented assume that the composition of our interest-sensitive assets and liabilities existing at the beginning of a period remains constant over the period being measured and assume that a particular change in interest rates is reflected uniformly across the yield curve regardless of the duration or repricing of specific assets and liabilities.

Using this model, the fair values of capital projections as of December 31, 2024 are referenced below. The base case scenario shows the present estimate of the fair value of capital assuming no change in the operating environment or operating strategies and no change in interest rates from those existing in the marketplace as of December 31, 2024. The table indicates the impact on the fair value of capital assuming interest rates were to instantaneously increase and decrease by 100, 200, 300 and 400 basis points (BP), assuming the yield curve of the rate shocks will be parallel to each other.

(dollars in thousands)	December 31, 2024
						1 to 12 Months					13 to 24 Months
Change in Interest Rates	$ Amount of EVE		% Change in EVE			$ Amount of NII		% Change In NII			$ Amount of NII		% Change In NII

+400 BP		1,017,206		-26.8	%		146,487		-15.1	%		157,503		-17.8	%
+300 BP		1,074,687		-22.6	%		152,179		-11.8	%		163,625		-14.6	%
+200 BP		1,131,318		-18.6	%		157,863		-8.5	%		169,763		-11.4	%
+100 BP		1,290,356		-7.1	%		165,875		-3.9	%		182,489		-4.7	%
Current rates		1,389,173		0.0	%		172,598		0.0	%		191,561		0.0	%
-100 BP		1,414,204		1.8	%		176,684		2.4	%		195,705		2.2	%
-200 BP		1,375,226		-1.0	%		178,576		3.5	%		195,457		2.0	%
-300 BP		1,291,656		-7.0	%		178,106		3.2	%		190,864		-0.4	%
-400 BP		1,169,300		-15.8	%		175,397		1.6	%		183,764		-4.1	%

At December 31, 2024, the Company’s consolidated Tier 1 capital to assets ratio (leverage capital ratio) was 11.05%.

The fair value of capital is calculated as the fair value of assets less the fair value of liabilities in the interest rate scenario presented. The fair value of capital in the current rate environment is 24.3% of the fair value of assets, whereas the current Tier 1 capital to assets ratio was 11.05% at December 31, 2024, as noted. The significant difference between these two capital ratios reflects the impact that a fair value calculation can have on the capital ratios of a company. The fair value of capital calculations take into consideration the fair value of deposits, including those deposits considered core deposits, along with the fair value of assets such as the loan portfolio.

A secondary method to identify and manage the interest rate risk profile is the static gap analysis. Interest sensitivity gap analysis measures the difference between the assets and liabilities repricing or maturing within specific time periods. An asset‑sensitive position indicates that there are more rate-sensitive assets than rate‑sensitive liabilities repricing or maturing within specific time periods, which would generally imply a favorable impact on net interest income in periods of rising interest rates and a negative impact in periods of falling rates. A liability‑sensitive position would generally imply a negative impact on net interest income in periods of rising rates and a positive impact in periods of falling rates.

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Static gap analysis has limitations because it cannot measure precisely the effect of interest rate movements and competitive pressures on the repricing and maturity characteristics of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities. In addition, a significant portion of the interest sensitive assets are fixed rate with relatively long lives whereas the interest-bearing liabilities are not subject to these same limitations. As a result, certain assets and liabilities may in fact reprice at different times and at different volumes than the static gap analysis would indicate. The Company has deemphasized the use of gap analysis in favor of the more advanced methods provided by the previously noted model, including the sensitivity of the economic value of equity and net interest income.

The Company recognizes the relatively long-term nature of the fixed rate residential loan portfolio. To fund those long‑term assets, the Company cultivates long-term deposit relationships (often called core deposits). These core deposit relationships tend to be longer-term in nature and not as susceptible to changes in interest rates. Core deposit balances, along with substantial levels of short‑term liquid assets allows the Company to take on certain interest rate risk with respect to the fixed rate loans on its balance sheet.

In practice, the optionality imbedded in many of the Company’s assets and liabilities, along with other limitations such as differing timing between changes in rates on varying assets and liabilities limits the effectiveness of static gap analysis. Thus, the table should be viewed as a rough framework in the evaluation of interest rate risk. Management takes these factors, and others, into consideration when reviewing the Bank’s gap position and establishing its asset/liability management strategy. As noted, the simulation model is better able to consider these aspects of the Bank’s exposure to potential interest rate changes and thus is viewed as the more important of the two methodologies.

The table, “Interest Rate Sensitivity,” presents an analysis of the interest-sensitivity gap position at December 31, 2024. All interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities are shown based upon their contractual maturity or repricing date adjusted for forecasted prepayment rates. Asset prepayment and liability repricing periods are selected after considering the current rate environment, industry prepayment information and data specific to the Company. The interest rate sensitivity table indicates that TrustCo is liability sensitive on a cumulative basis when measured in the less than 1 year time frame, and asset sensitive when measured in the 1-5 year and the over 5 year time frames. The effect of being liability sensitive is that rising interest rates should result in liabilities repricing to higher levels faster than assets repricing to higher levels, thus decreasing net interest income. Conversely, should interest rates decline, the Company’s interest bearing liabilities would reprice down faster than assets, resulting in higher net interest income. The effect of being asset sensitive is that rising interest rates should result in assets repricing to higher levels faster than liabilities repricing to higher levels, thus increasing net interest income. Conversely, should interest rates decline, the Company’s interest bearing assets would reprice down faster than liabilities, resulting in lower net interest income.

INTEREST RATE SENSITIVITY

(dollars in thousands)	At December 31, 2024
	Repricing in:
	Less than 1 year			1-5 years			Over 5 years			Rate Insensitive		Total
Total assets	$	1,552,897			2,453,717			2,044,117			188,013		6,238,744
Cumulative total assets	$	1,552,897			4,006,614			6,050,731			6,238,744
Total liabilities and shareholders' equity	$	2,486,984			105,593			2,881,678			764,489		6,238,744
Cumulative total liabilities and shareholders' equity	$	2,486,984			2,592,577			5,474,255			6,238,744

Cumulative interest sensitivity gap	$	(934,087	)		1,414,037			576,476
Cumulative gap as a % of interest earning assets for the period		(60.2	%)		35.3	%		9.5	%
Cumulative interest sensitive assets to liabilities		62.4	%		154.5	%		110.5	%

Liquidity Risk

Liquidity risk involves the risk of being unable to fund assets with the appropriate duration and rate-based liabilities, as well as the risk of not being able to meet unexpected cash needs. Liquidity planning and management are necessary to ensure the ability to fund operations in a cost-effective manner and to meet current and future potential obligations such as loan commitments, lease obligations, and unexpected deposit outflows. See “Risk Factors – Risks Related to Our Lending Activities – We may not be able to meet the cash flow requirements of our depositors or borrowers or meet our operating cash needs to fund corporate expansion and other activities” in the 2024 Form 10-K.

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TrustCo seeks to obtain favorable funding sources and to maintain prudent levels of liquid assets in order to satisfy various liquidity demands. In addition to serving as a funding source for maturing obligations, liquidity provides flexibility in responding to customer-initiated needs. Many factors affect the ability to meet liquidity needs, including changes in the markets served by the Bank’s network of branches, the mix of assets and liabilities, and general economic conditions.

The Company actively manages its liquidity position through target ratios established under its asset/liability management policies. Continual monitoring of these ratios, both historically and through forecasts under multiple interest rate scenarios, allows TrustCo to employ strategies necessary to maintain adequate liquidity levels as provided in its asset/liability management policies. Management has also developed various contingent liquidity alternatives, such as borrowings from the FHLBNY and the FRBNY, and through the utilization of brokered CDs, should the need develop.

The Company achieves its liability-based liquidity objectives in a variety of ways. Liabilities can be classified into three categories for the purposes of managing liability-based liquidity: retail deposits, purchased money, and capital market funds. TrustCo seeks deposits that are dependable and predictable and that are based as much on the level and quality of service as they are on interest rate. Average retail deposits (total deposits less time deposits greater than $250 thousand) amounted to $4.77 billion in 2024 and $4.84 billion in 2023. Average balances of core deposits are detailed in the table “Mix of Average Sources of Funding.”

In addition to core deposits, another source of liability-based funding available to TrustCo is purchased money, which consists of long-term and short-term borrowings, Federal Funds purchased, securities sold under repurchase agreements, and time deposits greater than $250 thousand. The average balances of these purchased liabilities are detailed in the table “Mix of Average Sources of Funding.” During 2024, the average balance of purchased liabilities was $605.7 million, compared with $494.9 million in 2023. Although classified as purchased liabilities for the purposes of this analysis the Company does not offer premium rates on large time deposits and thus views its time deposits as relatively stable funds. The decrease in borrowed funds from $114.6 million to $89.7 million is wholly the result of customers’ behavioral preferences in regard to managing their funds and does not reflect any decision by management to decrease this category of funding. The classification of time deposits over $250 thousand as purchased liabilities is typical industry practice, partly reflecting that some banks pay premium rates for larger balance time deposits.

The Bank also has a line of credit available with the FHLBNY. The amount of that line is determined by the Bank’s total assets and the amount and types of collateral pledged. Assets that are eligible for pledging include most loans and securities. The Bank can borrow up to 30% of its total assets from the FHLBNY without special approval and may apply to borrow up to 50% of its total assets. Securities and loans pledged as collateral against any borrowings must cover certain margin requirements. Eligible securities have a maximum lendable value of 67% to 97%, depending on the security type, with the securities in the Bank’s investment portfolio generally having maximum lendable values of 80% to 95%. The maximum lendable value against loans is 90% for 1-4 family residential mortgages, 80% for multifamily mortgages and 75% for commercial mortgages. For both securities and loans, the maximum lendable limits are applied to the market value of the asset pledged. At December 31, 2024 the amount available to borrow from the FHLBNY was $937.9 million, and there were no outstanding borrowings as of December 31, 2024. In addition, as noted, the Bank has access to borrowings from the FRBNY. Borrowings from the FRBNY are subject to collateralization by securities or loans acceptable to the FRBNY and at collateral margins set by the FRBNY.

Management believes that the Company’s overall liquidity position remains strong. A simple liquidity proxy often used in the industry is the ratio of loans to deposits, with a lower number representing a more liquid institution. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, TrustCo’s loan to deposit ratio was 94.6% and 93.5%, respectively. In addition, at December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company had cash and cash equivalents totaling $641.8 million and $578.0 million, respectively, as well as unpledged securities available for sale with a fair value of $213.9 million and $297.1 million, respectively. Management believes that the Company currently has adequate sources of liquidity to cover its contractual obligations and commitments over the next twelve months and beyond.

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The following table and narrative below reflect our contractual obligations as of December 31, 2024:

(dollars in thousands)	Payments Due by Period:
	Less Than 1 Year		1-3 Years		3-5 Years		More than 5 Years		Total

Operating lease Iiabilities	$	8,339	$	13,704	$	8,742	$	15,167	$	45,952
Certificates of deposit		1,943,813		104,463		1,435		48	$	2,049,759

Total contractual obligations	$	1,952,152	$	118,167	$	10,177	$	15,215	$	2,095,711

In addition, the Company is contractually obligated to pay data processing vendors approximately $10 million to $11 million per year through 2030.

As of December 31, 2024 the Bank has unused lines of credit of $77.1 million that generally have a draw date of one year or less, and also the Bank has home equity lines of credit that generally have a draw period of up to 10 years. In addition, there are standby letters of credit of $4.6 million as of December 31, 2024 that generally have a term of one year or less. The Bank also has construction loans in process of $36.6 million with draw periods of up to three years.

Also, the Company is obligated under its various employee benefit plans to make certain payments of approximately $2.0 to $2.2 million per year through 2034. Additionally, the Company is obligated to pay the accumulated benefits under the Company’s post retirement pension plan which amounted to $6.2 million and $5.6 million, respectively, as of December 31, 2024 and 2023. Actual payments under the plan are made in accordance with the plan provisions.

Off-Balance Sheet Risk

Commitments to extend credit: The Bank makes contractual commitments to extend credit, and extends lines of credit which are subject to the Bank’s credit approval and monitoring procedures. At December 31, 2024 and 2023, commitments to extend credit in the form of loans, including unused lines of credit, amounted to $601.2 million and $596.8 million, respectively. In management’s opinion, there are no material commitments to extend credit that represent unusual risk.

The Company has issued conditional commitments in the form of standby letters of credit to guarantee payment on behalf of a customer and guarantee the performance of a customer to a third party. Standby letters of credit generally arise in connection with lending relationships. The credit risk involved in issuing these instruments is essentially the same as that involved in extending loans to customers. Contingent obligations under standby letters of credit totaled approximately $4.6 million and $4.8 million at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and represent the maximum potential future payments the Company could be required to make. Typically, these instruments have terms of 12 months or less and expire unused; therefore, the total amounts do not necessarily represent future cash requirements. Each customer is evaluated individually for creditworthiness under the same underwriting standards used for commitments to extend credit and on-balance sheet instruments. Company policies governing loan collateral apply to standby letters of credit at the time of credit extension. Loan-to-value ratios are generally consistent with loan-to-value requirements for other commercial loans secured by similar types of collateral. The fair value of the Company’s standby letters of credit at December 31, 2024 and 2023 was insignificant.

Other off-balance sheet risk: TrustCo does not engage in activities involving interest rate swaps, forward placement contracts, or any other instruments commonly referred to as “derivatives.” Management believes these instruments pose a high degree of risk, and that investing in them is unnecessary. TrustCo has no off-balance sheet partnerships, joint ventures, or other risk sharing entities.

The Company’s allowance for credit losses on unfunded commitments is recognized as a liability (within accrued expenses and other liabilities) with adjustments to the reserve recognized in provision (credit) for credit losses in the consolidated income statement. The Company recorded a provision for credit losses of $100 thousand in 2024, and a benefit for credit losses of $1.3 million in 2023. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023 the allowance for unfunded commitments was $1.8 million and $1.7 million, respectively.

Noninterest Income and Expense

Noninterest income: Noninterest income is an important source of revenue for the Company and a factor in overall results. Total noninterest income was $19.8 million in 2024, $18.3 million in 2023 and $19.3 million in 2022. The increase is primarily the result of a gain of $1.4 million recorded on the Visa Class C Common stock exchange as previously discussed, and an increase in financial services income due to higher market values of assets under management, partially offset by a decrease in fees for services to customers driven by lower interchange income.

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The Company routinely reviews its service charge policies and levels relative to its competitors. Reflecting those reviews, the Company makes changes in fees for services to customers in terms of both the levels of fees, as well as types of fees where appropriate. The changes in reported noninterest income also reflect the volume of services customers utilized and regulatory changes governing overdrafts. Other income was up $110 thousand in 2024 compared to 2023.

Trustco Wealth Management contributes a large recurring portion of noninterest income through fees generated by providing fiduciary and investment management services. Income from these fiduciary activities totaled $7.2 million in 2024, $6.4 million in 2023 and $7.0 million in 2022. Trust fees are generally calculated as a percentage of the assets under management by Trustco Wealth Management. In addition, trust fees include fees for estate settlements, tax preparation, and other services. Assets under management by Trustco Wealth Management are not included on the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements because Trustco Wealth Management holds these assets in a fiduciary capacity. At December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, fair value of assets under management by the Trustco Wealth Management were approximately $1.2 billion, $967 million and $918 million, respectively. The changes in levels of assets under management reflects a combination of changing market valuations and the net impact of new customer asset additions, losses of accounts and the settlement of estates. The increase in income is due to the timing of market value fluctuations and fees for other services.

NONINTEREST INCOME

(dollars in thousands)	For the year ended December 31,						2024 vs. 2023
	2024		2023		2022		Amount			Percent

Wealth Management income	$	7,247	$	6,425	$	7,037	$	822			12.8	%
Fees for services to customers		9,852		10,648		10,947		(796	)		(7.5	)
Net gain on equity securities		1,383		-		-		1,383			100.0
Other		1,352		1,242		1,276		110			8.9
Total noninterest income	$	19,834	$	18,315	$	19,260	$	1,519			8.3	%

Noninterest expense: Noninterest expense was $105.7 million in 2024, $111.3 million in 2023, and $100.3 million in 2022. TrustCo’s operating philosophy stresses the importance of monitoring and controlling the level of noninterest expense. The efficiency ratio is a strong indicator of how well controlled and monitored these expenses are for a banking enterprise. A low ratio indicates highly efficient performance. The median adjusted efficiency ratio for a peer group composed of banking institutions with assets of $2 to $10 billion was 61.8% for 2024. TrustCo’s efficiency ratio was 61.6% in 2024, 58.5% in 2023 and 50.3% in 2022. TrustCo’s adjusted efficiency ratio was 61.6% in 2024, 56.7% in 2023 and 50.2% in 2022. In 2024 net gains on equity securities was excluded from this calculation. In 2023 non-recurring losses, non-recurring expenses, and branch closure expenses were excluded from this calculation. In 2022, net gain on sale of building was excluded from this calculation. Other real estate owned expense or income was excluded from this calculation for all periods presented. See the Non-GAAP Financial Measures Reconciliation presented herein.

NONINTEREST EXPENSE

(dollars in thousands)	For the year ended December 31,						2024 vs. 2023
	2024		2023		2022		Amount			Percent

Salaries and employee benefits	$	48,149	$	51,242	$	45,904	$	(3,093	)		(6.0	)%
Net occupancy expense		17,820		17,427		17,527		393			2.3
Equipment expense		7,889		7,610		6,487		279			3.7
Professional services		6,675		6,245		5,577		430			6.9
Outsourced services		10,858		10,039		9,210		819			8.2
Advertising expense		1,803		1,878		2,046		(75	)		(4.0	)
FDIC and other insurance		4,116		4,300		3,159		(184	)		(4.3	)
Other real estate expense (income), net		770		524		310		246			46.9
Other		7,647		12,032		10,099		(4,385	)		(36.4	)
Total noninterest expense	$	105,727	$	111,297	$	100,319	$	(5,570	)		(5.0	)%

Page 32 of 111

Salaries and employee benefits are the most significant component of noninterest expense. For 2024, these expenses amounted to $48.1 million, compared with $51.2 million in 2023 and $45.9 million in 2022. The decrease in salaries and benefits in 2024 was primarily the result of a decrease in salaries due to lower headcount in 2024 and also a decrease in incentive compensation and various other employee benefit plan expenses in 2024. Full time equivalent headcount was 737 and 750 as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The Company constantly hires qualified candidates and from time-to-time experiences fluctuations in head count.

Net occupancy expense increased $393 thousand during 2024 compared to 2023 primarily as a result of additional costs incurred for branch closures. Net equipment expense increased $279 thousand during 2024 compared to 2023 primarily as a result of increased computer equipment expenses. Professional services increased $430 thousand during 2024 compared to 2023 primarily as a result of increased use of consultants and experts for various activities. Outsourced services expense increased $819 thousand during 2024 compared to 2023 primarily as a result of additional services being utilized from our banking service providers. Other real estate expense was $770 thousand in 2024 and $524 thousand in 2023, compared to other real estate expense of $310 thousand in 2022. Included in ORE expense, net during 2024, 2023 and 2022 were write downs of properties included in ORE totaling $350 thousand, $143 thousand and $68 thousand, respectively. Additionally, included in ORE expense, net during 2024, 2023 and 2022 were gains on sale of $75 thousand, $355 thousand and $122 thousand, respectively. Other noninterest expense was $7.6 million in 2024 compared to $12.0 million in 2023 and $10.1 million in 2022. The decrease in 2024 as compared to 2023 was primarily as a result of a $2.75 million litigation settlement expense incurred in 2023.

Income Tax

TrustCo recognized income tax expense of $15.2 million, $19.0 million and $24.2 million in 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The effective tax rates were 23.8% in 2024, 24.4% in 2023, and 24.3% in 2022.

Impact of Inflation and Changing Prices

The Consolidated Financial Statements for the years ended 2024, 2023 and 2022 have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles which require the measurement of financial position and operating results in terms of historical dollars without considering the changes in the relative purchasing power of money over time due to inflation. The impact of inflation is reflected in the cost of operations, included in noninterest expense.

Nearly all assets and liabilities of the Company are monetary. As a result, changes in interest rates have a greater impact on the Company’s performance than do the effects of general levels of inflation, because interest rates do not necessarily move in the same direction or to the same extent as the price of goods and services.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations is based upon the Company’s consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. The preparation of these financial statements requires the Company to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues, costs and expenses, income taxes and related disclosures. On an ongoing basis, the Company evaluates its estimates and assumptions. The Company’s actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.

Management considers the accounting policy relating to the allowance for credit losses on loans to be a critical accounting policy given the measurement uncertainty and subjective judgment necessary in evaluating the levels of the allowance required to cover the life time losses in the loan portfolio and the material effect that such judgments can have on the results of operations. Included in Note 1 to the Consolidated Financial Statements contained in this Annual Report to Shareholders is a description of the significant accounting policies that are utilized by the Company in the preparation of the Consolidated Financial Statements.

The estimate of expected credit losses under the CECL methodology required under ASC 326 are based on relevant information about current conditions, past events, and reasonable and supportable forecasts regarding collectability of the reported amounts. In order to estimate the expected credit losses on loans, the Company utilized a discounted cash flow model which calculated a historical loss rate for each of the identified loan segments. The historical loss rates were then adjusted using qualitative factors. The Company uses the regulatory interagency qualitative framework under a weighted scorecard approach. The weighted scorecard approach considers each qualitative factor with respect to risks in the Company’s portfolio and the economic environment, weighting is assigned based on the Company’s evaluation and understanding of the underlying risks and economic conditions within each portfolio segment.

Page 33 of 111

Assumptions evaluated each reporting period include the determination of the forecast scenario to be utilized and the assumption for prepayment speeds. As of December 31, 2024, management utilized Moody’s Baseline forecast scenario. Hypothetically, had management continued to utilize the Moody’s Stagflation scenario, the impact of the allowance would be an increase of $404 thousand. For its largest portfolio, 1-4 family residential real estate, the prepayment assumption applied within the quantitative calculation was 10.14% as of December 31, 2024. Hypothetically, if the prepayment assumption would be increased to 15.14%, the impact of the allowance would be a reduction of $5.5 million. Hypothetically, if the prepayment assumption would be decreased to 5.14%, the impact of the allowance would be an increase of $8.4 million.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Please refer to Note 19 to the consolidated financial statements for a detailed discussion of new accounting pronouncements and their impact on the Company.

SUMMARY OF UNAUDITED QUARTERLY FINANCIAL INFORMATION

(dollars in thousands, except per share data)
	2024										2023
		Q1		Q2		Q3		Q4	Year			Q1		Q2			Q3		Q4	Year
Income statement:
Interest and dividend income	$	59,753	$	60,585	$	61,069	$	61,909	$	243,316	$	53,932	$	56,082		$	57,552	$	58,640	$	226,206
Interest expense		23,175		22,797		22,398		23,007		91,377		6,967		12,030			15,331		20,033		54,361
Net interest income		36,578		37,788		38,671		38,902		151,939		46,965		44,052			42,221		38,607		171,845
(Credit) Provision for loan losses		600		500		500		400		2,000		300		(500	)		100		1,350		1,250
Net interest income after provison for loan losses		35,978		37,288		38,171		38,502		149,939		46,665		44,552			42,121		37,257		170,595

Noninterest income		4,843		5,651		4,931		4,409		19,834		4,669		4,598			4,574		4,474		18,315
Noninterest expense		24,903		26,459		26,200		28,165		105,727		27,679		27,327			27,460		28,831		111,297
Income before income taxes		15,918		16,480		16,902		14,746		64,046		23,655		21,823			19,235		12,900		77,613
Income tax expense		3,792		3,929		4,027		3,465		15,213		5,909		5,451			4,555		3,052		18,967
Net income	$	12,126	$	12,551	$	12,875	$	11,281	$	48,833	$	17,746	$	16,372		$	14,680	$	9,848	$	58,646

Per share data:
Basic earnings	$	0.64	$	0.66	$	0.68	$	0.59	$	2.57	$	0.93	$	0.86		$	0.77	$	0.52	$	3.08
Diluted earnings		0.64		0.66		0.68		0.59		2.57		0.93		0.86			0.77		0.52		3.08
Cash dividends declared		0.36		0.36		0.36		0.36		1.44		0.36		0.36			0.36		0.36		1.44

Non-GAAP Financial Measures Reconciliation

The Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) has adopted certain rules with respect to the use of “non-GAAP financial measures” by companies with a class of securities registered under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), such as TrustCo. Under the SEC’s rules, companies making disclosures containing non-GAAP financial measures must also disclose, along with each non-GAAP financial measure, certain additional information, including a reconciliation of the non-GAAP financial measure to the closest comparable GAAP financial measure and a statement of the company’s reasons for utilizing the non-GAAP financial measure as part of its financial disclosures. Certain of the financial measures used in this report, such as taxable equivalent net interest income and net interest margin, and efficiency ratio, are determined by methods other than in accordance with GAAP.

Taxable Equivalent Net Interest Income and Taxable Equivalent Net Interest Margin: Net interest income is commonly presented on a taxable equivalent basis. That is, to the extent that some component of the institution’s net interest income will be exempt from taxation (e.g., was received by the institution as a result of its holdings of state or municipal obligations), an amount equal to the tax benefit derived from that component is added back to the net interest income total. Management considers this adjustment helpful to investors in comparing one financial institution’s net interest income (pre-tax) to that of another institution, as each will have a different proportion of tax-exempt items in their portfolios. Moreover, net interest income is itself a component of a second financial measure commonly used by financial institutions, net interest margin, which is the ratio of net interest income to average earning assets. For purposes of this measure as well, taxable equivalent net interest income is generally used by financial institutions, again to provide investors with a better basis of comparison from institution to institution. We calculate the taxable equivalent net interest margin by dividing GAAP net interest income, adjusted to include the benefit of non-taxable interest income, by average interest earnings assets.

Page 34 of 111

Adjusted Efficiency Ratio: Adjusted efficiency ratio is a non-GAAP measure of expense control relative to revenue from net interest income and non-interest fee income. We calculate the efficiency ratio by dividing total non-interest expense by the sum of net interest income and total non-interest income. We calculate the adjusted efficiency ratio by dividing total noninterest expenses as determined under GAAP, excluding other real estate expense, net, strategic branch closing costs, and a non-recurring expense related to the settlement of a class action lawsuit, by net interest income and total noninterest income as determined under GAAP, excluding gain/loss on the disposal of assets from strategic branch closures from this calculation and net gains on equity securities. We believe that this provides a reasonable measure of primary banking expenses relative to primary banking revenue. Additionally, we believe this measure is important to investors looking for a measure of efficiency in our productivity measured by the amount of revenue generated for each dollar spent.

We believe that these non-GAAP financial measures provide information that is important to investors and that is useful in understanding the Company’s financial position, results and ratios. Management internally assesses our performance based, in part, on these measures. However, these non-GAAP financial measures are supplemental and are not a substitute for an analysis based on GAAP measures. As other companies may use different calculations for these measures, this presentation may not be comparable to other similarly titled measures reported by other companies.

A reconciliation of the non-GAAP measures of taxable equivalent net interest margin and adjusted efficiency ratio to the most directly comparable GAAP financial measures is set forth below.

(dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)
(Unaudited)
	Years ended
	12/31/24			12/31/23			12/31/22			12/31/21			12/31/20
Taxable Equivalent Net Interest Margin
Net interest income (GAAP)	$	151,939		$	171,845		$	180,135		$	160,408		$	153,580
Taxable Equivalent Adjustment		-			-			1			1			3
Net interest income (Taxable Equivalent) (Non-GAAP)	$	151,939		$	171,845		$	180,136		$	160,409		$	153,583

Total Interest Earning Assets		5,976,134			5,910,391			6,014,850			5,928,077			5,403,000

Net Interest Margin (GAAP)		2.54	%		2.91	%		2.99	%		2.71	%		2.84	%
Taxable Equivalent Net Interest Margin (Non-GAAP)		2.54	%		2.91	%		2.99	%		2.71	%		2.84	%

		Years ended
		12/31/24			12/31/23			12/31/22			12/31/21			12/31/20
Efficiency Ratio
Net interest income (Taxable Equivalent) (Non-GAAP)	A	$	151,939		$	171,845		$	180,136		$	160,409		$	153,583
Non-interest income (GAAP)	B		19,834			18,315			19,260			17,937			17,170
Add: Non-recurring loss	C		-			101			-			-			-
Less: Net gains on equity securities	D		1,383			-			-			-			-
Less: Net gain on securities	E		-			-			-			-			1,155
Less: Net gain on sale of building and net gain	F
on sale of nonperforming loans	G								268			-			-
Revenue used for efficiency ratio (Non-GAAP)	H	$	170,390		$	190,261		$	199,128		$	178,346		$	169,598

Total Noninterest expense (GAAP)	I	$	105,727		$	111,297		$	100,319		$	101,662		$	95,704
Less: Branch closure expense	J		-			114			-			-			-
Less: Non-recurring expenses	K		-			2,750			-			-			-
Less: Other real estate (income) expense, net	L		770			524			310			183			92
Expenses used for efficiency ratio (Non-GAAP)	M	$	104,957		$	107,909		$	100,009		$	101,479		$	95,612

Efficiency Ratio (GAAP)	I/(A+B)		61.55	%		58.53	%		50.31	%		57.00	%		56.05	%
Adjusted Efficiency Ratio (Non-GAAP)	M/H		61.60	%		56.72	%		50.22	%		56.90	%		56.38	%

Page 35 of 111

Glossary of Terms

Adjusted Efficiency Ratio:

Noninterest expense as determined under GAAP, excluding other real estate expense, net, and other non-recurring expenses, divided by taxable equivalent net interest income and total noninterest income as determined under GAAP, excluding any non-recurring income. This is an indicator of the total cost of operating the Company in relation to the total income generated.

Allowance for Credit Losses on Loans:

A balance sheet account which represents management’s estimate of expected credit losses in the loan portfolio. The provision for credit losses is added to the allowance account, charge offs of loans decrease the allowance balance and recoveries on previously charged off loans serve to increase the balance.

Basic Earnings Per Share:

Net income divided by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding (including participating securities) during the period.

Cash Dividends Per Share:

Total cash dividends for each share outstanding on the record dates.

Common equity tier 1 capital ratio

Common equity Tier 1 capital to risk weighted assets

Comprehensive Income (Loss):

Net income plus the change in selected items recorded directly to capital such as the net change in unrealized market gains and losses on securities available for sale and the overfunded/underfunded positions in the retirement plans.

Core Deposits:

Deposits that are traditionally stable, including all deposits other than time deposits of $250,000 or more.

Derivative Investments:

Investments in futures contracts, forwards, swaps, or other investments with similar characteristics.

Diluted Earnings Per Share:

Net income divided by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period, taking into consideration the effect of any dilutive stock options.

Earning Assets:

The sum of interest-bearing deposits with banks, securities available for sale, securities held to maturity, trading securities, loans, net of unearned income, and Federal Funds sold and other short-term investments.

Efficiency Ratio:

Noninterest expense divided by taxable equivalent net interest income plus noninterest income. This is an indicator of the total cost of operating the Company in relation to the total income generated.

Federal Funds Sold:

A short-term (generally one business day) investment of excess cash reserves from one bank to another.

Government Sponsored Enterprises (“GSE”):

Corporations sponsored by the United States government and include the Federal Home Loan Bank (FHLB), the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (FHLMC or Freddie Mac), the Federal National Mortgage Association (FNMA or Fannie Mae) and the Small Business Administration (SBA).

Page 36 of 111

Glossary of Terms (continued)

Individually Evaluated Loans:

Loans that no longer match the risk profile of the pool are individually assessed for credit losses. Non-accrual loans that have been delinquent 180 days or greater, commercial non-accrual loans and loans identified as troubled debt restructuring (“TDR”) are individually assessed.

Interest Bearing Liabilities:

The sum of interest bearing deposits, Federal Funds purchased, securities sold under agreements to repurchase, short-term borrowings, and long-term debt.

Interest Rate Spread:

The difference between the taxable equivalent yield on earning assets and the rate paid on interest bearing liabilities.

Liquidity:

The ability to meet loan commitments, deposit withdrawals, and maturing borrowings as they come due.

Loan Modifications:

A refinanced loan in which the bank allows the borrower certain concessions that would normally not be considered. The concessions are made in light of the borrower’s financial difficulties and the bank’s objective to maximize recovery on the loan. Loan modifications are considered impaired loans.

Net Interest Income:

The difference between income on earning assets and interest expense on interest bearing liabilities.

Net Interest Margin:

Fully taxable equivalent net interest income as a percentage of average earning assets.

Net Loans Charged Off:

Reductions to the allowance for credit losses on loans written off as losses, net of the recovery of loans previously charged off.

Non-accrual Loans:

Loans for which no periodic accrual of interest income is recognized.

Nonperforming Assets:

The sum of nonperforming loans plus foreclosed real estate properties.

Nonperforming Loans:

The sum of loans in a non-accrual status (for purposes of interest recognition), plus accruing loans three payments or more past due as to principal or interest payments.

Parent Company:

A company that owns or controls a subsidiary through the ownership of voting stock.

Real Estate Owned:

Real estate acquired through foreclosure proceedings.

Return on Average Assets:

Net income as a percentage of average total assets.

Page 37 of 111

Glossary of Terms (continued)

Return on Average Equity:

Net income as a percentage of average equity.

Risk-Adjusted Assets:

A regulatory calculation that assigns risk factors to various assets on the balance sheet.

Risk-Based Capital:

The amount of capital required by federal regulatory standards, based on a risk-weighting of assets.

Subprime Loans:

Loans, including mortgages, that are underwritten based on non-traditional guidelines or structured in non-traditional ways, typically with the goal of facilitating the approval of loans that more conservative lenders would likely decline.

Taxable Equivalent (“TE”):

Tax exempt income that has been adjusted to an amount that would yield the same after tax income had the income been subject to taxation at the statutory federal and/or state income tax rates.

Tier 1 Capital:

Total shareholders’ equity excluding accumulated other comprehensive income.

Troubled Debt Restructurings (TDRs):

Prior to 2023, a refinanced loan in which the bank allows the borrower certain concessions that would normally not be considered. The concessions are made in light of the borrower’s financial difficulties and the bank’s objective to maximize recovery on the loan. TDRs are considered impaired loans.

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Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting

The management of TrustCo Bank Corp NY is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting (as such term is defined in Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(f)). TrustCo’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

Management has completed an assessment of TrustCo Bank Corp NY’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024. In making this assessment, we used the criteria set forth by the 2013 Internal Control - Integrated Framework promulgated by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission, commonly referred to as the “COSO” criteria. Based on our assessment, we believe that, as of December 31, 2024, the Company maintained effective internal control over financial reporting.

The Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024 has been audited by Crowe LLP, the Company’s independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in their report which is included herein.

Robert J. McCormick

Chairman, President, and Chief Executive Officer

Michael M. Ozimek

Executive Vice President, and Chief Financial Officer

March 14, 2025

Page 39 of 111


	Crowe LLP Independent Member Crowe Global

REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

Shareholders and the Board of Directors of Trustco Bank Corp NY

Glenville, New York

Opinions on the Financial Statements and Internal Control over Financial Reporting

We have audited the accompanying consolidated statements of condition of Trustco Bank Corp NY (the "Company") as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, changes in shareholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2024, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the "financial statements"). We also have audited the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024, based on Internal Control – Integrated Framework: (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO).

In our opinion, the financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2024 in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Also in our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024, based on Internal Control – Integrated Framework: (2013) issued by COSO.

Change in Accounting Principle

As discussed in Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company has changed its method of accounting for credit losses effective January 1, 2022 due to the adoption of Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Codification No. 326, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (“ASC 326”). The Company adopted the new credit loss standard using the modified retrospective method such that prior period amounts are not adjusted and continue to be reported in accordance with previously applicable generally accepted accounting principles.

Basis for Opinions

The Company’s management is responsible for these financial statements, for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting . Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements and an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) ("PCAOB") and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud, and whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.

Page 40 of 111

Our audits of the financial statements included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audits also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinions.

Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Critical Audit Matter

The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of the critical audit matter does not alter in any way our opinion on the financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.

Allowance for Credit Losses – Qualitative Factors

As described in Notes 1 and 4, the allowance for credit losses on loans (“ACLL”) is a valuation account that is deducted from the loans’ amortized cost basis to present the net amount expected to be collected on the loans. The Company has identified the ACLL as a critical accounting estimate.

The estimate of expected credit losses under the CECL methodology required under ASC 326 are based on relevant information about current conditions, past events, and reasonable and supportable forecasts regarding collectability of the reported amounts. In order to estimate the expected credit losses for loans, the Company utilized a discounted cash flow model which calculated a historical loss rate for each of the identified loan segments. The historical loss rates were then adjusted with qualitative factors. The Company uses the regulatory interagency qualitative framework under a weighted scorecard approach. The weighted scorecard approach considers each qualitative factor with respect to risks in the Company’s portfolio and the economic environment, weighting is assigned based on the Company’s evaluation and understanding of the underlying risks and economic conditions within each portfolio segment.

We identified auditing the qualitative factors to be a critical audit matter due to the significant professional judgment and use of subjective measurements by management in determining the qualitative factors using the weighted scorecard approach. This resulted in a high degree of auditor effort and judgment in evaluating the qualitative factors due to the subjective nature and the resulting measurement uncertainty associated with the qualitative factors.

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The primary procedures we performed to address this critical audit matter included:

•

Testing of design and operating effectiveness of management’s internal controls over the (i) appropriateness of management’s methodology for developing the qualitative factors; (ii) relevance and reliability of the internal and external data used in the determination of the qualitative factors; and (iii) reasonableness of management’s judgments applied in determining the risk tranches and allocations for the selected qualitative factors.

•

Substantively testing management’s process to estimate the allowance for credit losses for loans qualitative factors calculation, which included (i) testing the relevance and reliability of internal and external data utilized in the determination of the qualitative factors; (ii) evaluating the reasonableness of management’s judgments and subjective measurements used in the qualitative factor calculation; and (iii) evaluating the appropriateness of management’s qualitative factor methodology.

/s/ Crowe LLP

We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2009.

Boston, Massachusetts

March 14, 2025

Page 42 of 111

TRUSTCO BANK CORP NY

Consolidated Statements of Income

(dollars in thousands, except per share data)

	Years ended December 31,
	2024		2023		2022

Interest and dividend income:
Interest and fees on loans	$	205,600	$	187,456	$	162,214
Interest and dividends on securities available for sale:
U. S. government sponsored enterprises		3,213		2,805		1,405
State and political subdivisions		1		2		2
Mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations-residential		5,760		6,146		5,677
Corporate bonds		1,557		1,987		1,804
Small Business Administration-guaranteed participation securities		368		437		551
Other		13		10		9
Total interest and dividends on securities available for sale		10,912		11,387		9,448

Interest on held to maturity securities:
Mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations-residential		254		296		343
Total interest on held to maturity securities		254		296		343

Federal Home Loan Bank stock		604		500		305
Interest on federal funds sold and other short-term investments		25,946		26,567		14,292
Total interest and dividend income		243,316		226,206		186,602

Interest expense:
Interest on deposits		90,586		53,352		5,727
Interest on short-term borrowings		791		1,009		740
Total interest expense		91,377		54,361		6,467

Net interest income		151,939		171,845		180,135
Provision (Credit) for credit losses		2,000		1,250		(341	)
Net interest income after provision (credit) for credit losses		149,939		170,595		180,476

Noninterest income:
Trustco Financial Services income		7,247		6,425		7,037
Fees for services to customers		9,852		10,648		10,947
Net gain on equity securities		1,383		-		-
Other		1,352		1,242		1,276
Total noninterest income		19,834		18,315		19,260

Noninterest expense:
Salaries and employee benefits		48,149		51,242		45,904
Net occupancy expense		17,820		17,427		17,527
Equipment expense		7,889		7,610		6,487
Professional services		6,675		6,245		5,577
Outsourced services		10,858		10,039		9,210
Advertising expense		1,803		1,878		2,046
FDIC and other insurance expense		4,116		4,300		3,159
Other real estate expense, net		770		524		310
Other		7,647		12,032		10,099
Total noninterest expense		105,727		111,297		100,319

Income before income taxes		64,046		77,613		99,417
Income taxes		15,213		18,967		24,183
Net income	$	48,833	$	58,646	$	75,234

Earnings per share:
Basic	$	2.57	$	3.08	$	3.93
Diluted	$	2.57	$	3.08	$	3.93

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

Page 43 of 111

TRUSTCO BANK CORP NY

Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income

(dollars in thousands)

	Years ended December 31,
	2024			2023			2022

Net income	$	48,833		$	58,646		$	75,234

Net unrealized holding gain (loss) on securities available for sale		2,946			11,293			(43,513	)
Tax effect		(760	)		(2,921	)		11,268
Net unrealized gain (loss) on securities available for sale, net of tax		2,186			8,372			(32,245	)

Change in overfunded position in pension and postretirement plans arising during the year		10,524			7,955			(8,266	)
Tax effect		(2,734	)		(2,067	)		2,148
Change in overfunded position in pension and postretirement plans arising during the year, net of tax		7,790			5,888			(6,118	)

Amortization of net actuarial gain		(824	)		(423	)		(1,008	)
Amortization of prior service cost (credit)		13			13			(313	)
Tax effect		211			107			343
Amortization of net actuarial gain and prior service cost (credit) on pension and postretirement plans, net of tax		(600	)		(303	)		(978	)

Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax		9,376			13,957			(39,341	)
Comprehensive income	$	58,209		$	72,603		$	35,893

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

Page 44 of 111

TRUSTCO BANK CORP NY

Consolidated Statements of Condition

(dollars in thousands, except per share data)

	As of December 31,
	2024			2023
ASSETS

Cash and due from banks	$	47,364		$	49,274
Federal funds sold and other short term investments		594,448			528,730
Total cash and cash equivalents		641,812			578,004
Securities available for sale		358,185			452,289
Held to maturity securities ($5,306 and $6,396 fair value at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively)		5,365			6,458
Federal Home Loan Bank stock		6,507			6,203
Loans, net of deferred costs		5,098,058			5,002,879
Less: Allowance for credit losses on loans		50,248			48,578
Net loans		5,047,810			4,954,301
Bank premises and equipment, net		33,782			34,007
Operating lease right-of-use assets		36,627			40,542
Other assets		108,656			96,387

Total assets	$	6,238,744		$	6,168,191

LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Deposits:
Demand	$	762,101		$	754,532
Savings accounts		1,086,534			1,179,241
Interest-bearing checking		1,027,540			1,015,213
Money market deposit accounts		465,049			565,767
Time accounts		2,049,759			1,836,024
Total deposits		5,390,983			5,350,777
Short-term borrowings		84,781			88,990
Operating lease liabilities		40,159			44,471
Accrued expenses and other liabilities		46,478			38,668

Total liabilities		5,562,401			5,522,906

Commitments and contingent liabilities

SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY:

Capital stock: $1.00 par value; 30,000,000 shares authorized, 20,097,152 and 20,058,142 shares issued and 19,019,749 and 19,024,433 shares outstanding at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively		20,097			20,058
Surplus		258,874			257,181
Undivided profits		446,503			425,069
Accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of tax		(3,861	)		(13,237	)
Treasury stock: 1,077,403 and 1,033,709 shares, at cost, at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.		(45,270	)		(43,786	)

Total shareholders’ equity		676,343			645,285

Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity	$	6,238,744		$	6,168,191

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

Page 45 of 111

TRUSTCO BANK CORP NY

Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity

(dollars in thousands, except per share data)

	Capital Stock		Surplus			Undivided Profits			Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)			Treasury Stock			Total

Balance, January 1, 2022	$	20,046	$	256,661		$	349,056		$	12,147		$	(36,782	)	$	601,128
Cumulative impact of adoption of ASU 2016-13							(3,470	)								(3,470	)
Balance, January 1, 2022 as adjusted for impact of adoption of ASU 2016-13		20,046		256,661			345,586			12,147			(36,782	)		597,658
Net income		-		-			75,234			-			-			75,234
Change in other comprehensive (loss) income, net of tax		-		-			-			(39,341	)		-			(39,341	)
Stock options exercises (12,458 shares issued)		12		417			-			-			-			429
Cash dividend declared, $1.41 per share		-		-			(26,989	)		-			-			(26,989	)
Purchase of treasury stock (208,014 shares)		-		-			-			-			(7,004	)		(7,004	)
Ending balance, December 31, 2022	$	20,058	$	257,078		$	393,831		$	(27,194	)	$	(43,786	)	$	599,987

Net income		-		-			58,646			-			-			58,646
Change in other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax		-		-			-			13,957			-			13,957
Cash dividend declared, $1.44 per share		-		-			(27,408	)		-			-			(27,408	)
Purchase of treasury stock (0 shares)		-		-			-			-			-			-
Sale of treasury stock		-		-			-			-			-			-
Stock based compensation expense		-		103			-			-			-			103
Ending balance, December 31, 2023	$	20,058	$	257,181		$	425,069		$	(13,237	)	$	(43,786	)	$	645,285

Net income		-		-			48,833			-			-			48,833
Change in other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax		-		-			-			9,376			-			9,376
Exercise of stock option, net of repurchases		30		982			-			-			(958	)		54
Restricted stock vesting, net of repurchaes		9		(9	)		-			-			(152	)		(152	)
Cash dividend declared, $1.44 per share		-		-			(27,399	)		-			-			(27,399	)
Purchase of treasury stock, 14,973 shares		-		-			-			-			(374	)		(374	)
Stock based compensation expense		-		720			-			-			-			720
Ending balance, December 31, 2024	$	20,097	$	258,874		$	446,503		$	(3,861	)	$	(45,270	)	$	676,343

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

Page 46 of 111

TRUSTCO BANK CORP NY

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

(dollars in thousands, except per share data)

	Years ended December 31,
	2024			2023			2022
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net income	$	48,833		$	58,646		$	75,234
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization		4,540			4,114			4,101
Amortization of right-of-use asset		6,895			6,672			6,452
Net gain on sale of other real estate owned		(75	)		(355	)		(122	)
Writedown of other real estate owned		350			143			68
Net gain on securities transactions		(1,383	)		-			-
Provision (Credit) for credit losses		2,000			1,250			(341	)
Deferred tax expense		1,986			2,156			4,114
Net amortization of securities		1,137			1,734			2,266
Stock based compensation expense		720			103			-
Net (gain) loss on sale of bank premises and equipment		(144	)		101			(315	)
Decrease (Increase) in taxes receivable		6,351			(79	)		4,906
Decrease (Increase) in interest receivable		489			(2,192	)		(2,393	)
Increase in interest payable		204			3,010			439
Increase in other assets		(6,341	)		(5,588	)		(8,432	)
Decrease in operating lease liabilities		(7,292	)		(6,996	)		(6,829	)
Increase (Decrease) in accrued expenses and other liabilities		1,172			1,410			(522	)
Total adjustments		10,609			5,483			3,392
Net cash provided by operating activities		59,442			64,129			78,626
Cash flows from investing activities:
Proceeds from paydowns and calls of securities available for sale		68,119			53,503			68,954
Purchases of securities available for sale		(42,773	)		(19,678	)		(203,516	)
Proceeds from maturities of securities available for sale		70,608			5,008			15,057
Proceeds from paydowns of held to maturity securities		1,052			1,199			2,142
Purchases of Federal Reserve Bank and Federal Home Loan Bank stock		(304	)		(406	)		(193	)
Net decrease in loans		(97,989	)		(269,952	)		(296,343	)
Proceeds from sale of securities transactions		1,383			-			-
Proceeds from dispositions of other real estate owned		325			2,399			588
Proceeds from dispositions of bank premises and equipment		713			-			470
Purchases of bank premises and equipment		(4,884	)		(5,666	)		(3,785	)
Net cash used in investing activities		(3,750	)		(233,593	)		(416,626	)
Cash flows from financing activities:
Net change in deposits		40,206			157,967			(75,319	)
Net change in short-term borrowings		(4,209	)		(33,710	)		(121,986	)
Proceeds from exercise of stock options and related tax benefits		95			-			429
Stock based award tax withholding payments		(193	)		-			-
Purchases of treasury stock		(374	)		-			(7,004	)
Dividends paid		(27,409	)		(27,388	)		(26,991	)
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities		8,116			96,869			(230,871	)
Net (decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents		63,808			(72,595	)		(568,871	)
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period		578,004			650,599			1,219,470
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period	$	641,812		$	578,004		$	650,599

Cash paid during the year for:
Interest paid	$	91,173		$	51,351		$	6,028
Income taxes paid		8,869			19,064			19,459
Non cash investing and financing activities:
Transfer of loans to real estate owned		2,580			320			2,233
Change in dividends payable		(10	)		20			(2	)
Change in unrealized gain (loss) on securities available for sale - gross of deferred taxes		2,946			11,293			(43,513	)
Change in deferred tax effect on unrealized (gain) loss on securities available for sale, net of reclassification adjustment		(760	)		(2,921	)		11,268
Amortization of net actuarial gain and prior service credit on pension and post retirement plans, gross of deferred taxes		(811	)		(410	)		(1,321	)
Change in deferred tax effect of amortization of net actuarial gain and prior service credit on pension and post retirement plans		211			107			343
Change in overfunded portion of pension and post retirement benefit plans (ASC 715) - gross of deferred taxes		10,524			7,955			(8,266	)
Deferred tax effect of change in overfunded portion of pension and post retirement benefit plans (ASC 715)		(2,734	)		(2,067	)		2,148

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

Page 47 of 111

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(1)	Basis of Presentation

The accounting and financial reporting policies of TrustCo Bank Corp NY (the Company or TrustCo), ORE Subsidiary Corp., Trustco Bank (referred to as Trustco Bank or the Bank), and its wholly owned subsidiaries, Trustco Realty Corporation, Trustco Insurance Agency, Inc., ORE Property, Inc. and its subsidiaries ORE Property One, Inc. and ORE Property Two, Inc. conform to general practices within the banking industry and are in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. A description of the more significant policies follows.

Consolidation

The consolidated financial statements of the Company include the accounts of the subsidiaries after elimination of all significant intercompany accounts and transactions.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Securities Available for Sale and Held to Maturity (Debt Securities)

Debt securities are classified as held to maturity and carried at amortized cost when management has the positive intent and ability to hold them to maturity. Debt securities are classified as available for sale when they might be sold before maturity. Securities available for sale are carried at fair value, with unrealized holding gains and losses reported in other comprehensive income, net of tax. Interest income includes amortization of purchase premium or discount. Premiums and discounts on securities are generally amortized on the level-yield method without anticipating prepayments. Premiums on callable debt securities are amortized to their earlier call date. Discounts are amortized to maturity date. Gains and losses are recorded on the trade date and determined using the specific identification method.

A debt security is placed on non-accrual status at the time any principal or interest payments become 90 days delinquent. Interest accrued but not received for a security placed on non-accrual is reversed against interest income.

The Company measures expected credit losses on securities held to maturity debt on a collective basis. Accrued interest receivable on held to maturity debt securities is excluded from the estimate of credit losses and was not material as of December 31, 2024 and 2023. The estimate of expected credit losses considers nature of the issuers, historical credit loss information that is adjusted for current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts. Based on the nature of the issuer, there is no allowance for credit losses on held to maturity securities for the periods ended December 31, 2024 and 2023.

The Company evaluates securities available for sale in an unrealized loss position by first assessing whether it intends to sell or it is more likely than not that it will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis. If either the criteria regarding intent or requirement to sell is met, the security’s amortized cost basis is written down to fair value through income. For available for sale debt securities that do not meet the aforementioned criteria, the Company evaluates whether the decline in fair value has resulted from credit losses or other factors. In making this assessment, the Company considers the extent to which fair value is less than amortized cost, any changes to the rating of security by a rating agency, and adverse conditions specifically related to the security, among other factors. If this assessment indicates that a credit loss exists, the present value of cash flows expected to be collected from the security are compared to the amortized cost basis of the security. If the present value of cash flows expected to be collected is less than the amortized cost basis, a credit loss exists and an allowance for credit losses is recorded for the credit loss, limited by the amount that the fair value is less than the amortized cost basis. Any impairment that has not been recorded through an allowance for credit losses is recognized in other comprehensive income.

Equity Securities

Equity securities are carried at fair value, with changes in fair value reported in net income. Equity securities without readily determinable fair values are carried at cost, minus impairment, if any, plus or minus changes resulting from observable price changes in orderly transactions for the identical or similar investment. Restrictions on the sale of equity securities held are not considered in the fair value measurement unless the restriction is a characteristic of the actual securities.

Page 48 of 111

Federal Reserve Bank of New York (Reserve Bank) stock

The Bank is a member of the FHLB system. Members are required to own a certain amount of stock based on the level of borrowings and other factors, and may invest in additional amounts. FHLB stock is carried at cost, classified as a restricted security, and periodically evaluated for impairment based on ultimate recovery of par value. Dividends are reported as income.

Loans

Loans that management has the intent and ability to hold for the near future or until maturity or payoff are reported at amortized cost net of allowance for credit losses on loans. Amortized cost is the principal balance outstanding, net of deferred loan fees and costs. Interest income is accrued on unpaid principal balances. Loan origination fees, net of certain direct origination costs, are deferred and recognized in interest income using the level-yield method without anticipating prepayments.

Interest income from mortgage and commercial loans is discontinued and placed on non-accrual status at the time the loan is 90 days delinquent. Non-accrual loans are individually reviewed and charged off at 180 days past due. Commercial loans are charged off to the extent principal or interest is deemed uncollectible. In all cases, loans are placed on non-accrual or charged off at an earlier date if collection of principal or interest is considered doubtful.

All interest accrued but not received for loans placed on non-accrual is reversed against interest income. Interest received on such loans is accounted for on the cash-basis or cost-recovery method, until qualifying for return to accrual. Under the cost-recovery method, interest income is not recognized until the loan balance is reduced to zero. Under the cash-basis method, interest income is recorded when the payment is received in cash. Loans are returned to accrual status when all the principal and interest amounts contractually due are brought to current and future payments are reasonably assured.

Allowance for Credit Losses on Loans

The allowance for credit losses on loans (“ACLL”) is a valuation account that is deducted from the loans’ amortized cost basis to present the net amount expected to be collected on the loans. Loans are charged off against the allowance when management believes the uncollectibility of the loan balance is confirmed. Expected recoveries are not to exceed the aggregate of amounts previously charged-off and expected to be charged-off. Accrued interest receivable is excluded from the estimate of credit losses.

During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company enhanced its ACLL calculation as follows:

•	Continued to use a Discounted Cash Flow Methodology using the probability of default and loss given default approach, now incorporating peer data.

•	Reasonable and supportable forecast period, which is now based on four quarters.

•	Reversion period - which is the period after the forecast period when the ACLL factors revert to historical averages, using a four-quarter straight line reversion.

•

The enhancement did not have a material impact on the Company’s financial statements. The rationale for the enhancement was part of an ongoing effort related model governance and alignment with regulatory expectations under CECL. The estimate of expected credit losses are based on relevant information about current conditions, past events, and reasonable and supportable forecasts regarding collectability of the reported amounts. In order to estimate the expected credit losses for loans, the Company utilized a discounted cash flow model which calculated a historical loss rate for each of the identified loan segments. The historical loss rates were then adjusted with qualitative factors. The Company uses the regulatory interagency qualitative framework under a weighted scorecard approach. The weighted scorecard approach considers each qualitative factor with respect to risks in the Company’s portfolio and the economic environment, weighting is assigned based on the Company’s evaluation and understanding of the underlying risks and economic conditions within each portfolio segment. The determination of qualitative factors involves significant judgement and subjective measurement.

The level of the ACLL represents management’s estimate of expected credit losses over the expected life of the loans at the balance sheet date. The Company uses the Discounted Cash Flow Methodology using the probability of default and loss given default approach, incorporating peer data. The level of the ACLL is based on management’s ongoing review of all relevant information, from internal and external sources, relating to past and current events, utilizing an four-quarter reasonable and supportable forecast period, followed by a four-quarter straight-line reversion to historical averages. As part of its economic forecast methodology, management evaluates various economic indicators for key metropolitan areas in New York and Florida. Management utilizes the regulatory interagency qualitative framework, with a weighted scorecard approach. The weighted scorecard approach considers each qualitative factor with respect to risks in our portfolio and the economic environment, weighting is assigned based on our evaluation and understanding of the underlying risks and economic conditions within each portfolio segment to make adjustments to historical loss information (“qualitative factors”). The determination of qualitative factors involves significant judgement and subjective measurement.

Page 49 of 111

The ACLL is measured on a collective (pool) basis when similar risk characteristics exist. The Company evaluates its risk characteristics of loans based on regulatory call report code with sub-segmentation based on geographic territory (New York and Florida). Risk characteristics relevant to each portfolio segment are as follows:

Commercial: Commercial real estate loans and other commercial loans are made based primarily on the identified cash flow of the borrower and secondarily on the underlying collateral provided by the borrower. Commercial real estate collateral is generally located within the Bank’s geographic territories; while collateral for non‑real estate secured commercial loans is typically accounts receivable, inventory, and/or equipment. Repayment is primarily dependent upon the borrower’s ability to service the debt based upon cash flows generated from the underlying business. Additional support involves liquidation of the pledged collateral and enforcement of a personal guarantee, if a guarantee is obtained.

Residential real estate: Residential real estate loans, including first mortgages, home equity loans and home equity lines of credit, are collateralized by first or second liens on one‑to‑four family residences generally located within the Bank’s market areas. Proof of ownership title, clear mortgage title, and hazard insurance coverage are normally required.

Installment: The Company’s installment loans are primarily made up of installment loans, personal lines of credit, as well as secured and unsecured credit cards. The installment loans represent a relatively small portion of the loan portfolio and are primarily used for personal expenses and are secured by automobiles, equipment and other forms of collateral, while personal lines of credit are unsecured as are most credit card loans.

Loans that do not share risk characteristics are evaluated on an individual basis, which the Company has determined are non-accrual loans that have been delinquent 180 days or greater, commercial non-accrual loans and loans identified as loan modifications. Loans evaluated individually are not also included in the collective evaluation. Estimates of specific allowance may be determined by the present value of anticipated future cash flows or the loan’s observable fair market value, or the fair value of the collateral less costs to sell, if the loan is collateral dependent. However, for collateral dependent loans, the amount of the amortized cost in a loan that exceeds the fair value of the collateral is charged-off against the allowance for credit losses on loans in lieu of an allocation of a specific allowance amount when such an amount has been identified.

A loan for which terms have been modified resulting in a concession, and for which the borrower is experiencing financial difficulties, is considered a loan modification. In situations where the Bank considers a loan modification, management determines whether the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty by performing an evaluation of the probability that the borrower will be in payment default on any of its debt in the near future without the modification. This evaluation is performed under the Company’s underwriting policy. Generally, the modification of the terms of loans was the result of the borrower filing for bankruptcy protection. Chapter 13 bankruptcies generally include the deferral of all past due amounts for a period of generally 60 months in accordance with the bankruptcy court order. In the case of Chapter 7 bankruptcies, even though there was no modification of terms, the borrowers’ debt to the Company was discharged and they may not reaffirm the debt.

Loan modifications that have subsequently defaulted have the underlying collateral evaluated at the time these loans were identified as loan modifications, and a charge-off was taken at that time, if necessary. Collateral values on these loans are reviewed for collateral sufficiency on a quarterly basis.

The allowance for unfunded commitments is maintained at a level by the Company determined to be sufficient to absorb expected lifetime losses related to unfunded credit facilities (including unfunded loan commitments and letters of credit). The allowance for unfunded commitments is recorded as a separate liability and is included with Accrued expenses and other liabilities on the consolidated statements of condition. Changes in the reserve are recorded through the provision for credit losses on the consolidated statements of income.

Prior to the adoption of CECL, the Company calculated the allowance for loan losses under the incurred loss methodology.

The impact of the January 1, 2022 adoption entry is summarized in the table below:

(in thousands)	December 31, 2021 Pre-CECL Adoption		Impact of Adoption			January 1, 2022 Post-CECL Adoption
Assets:
Allowance for credit losses on loans	$	44,267	$	2,353		$	46,620
Allowance for credit losses on securities		-		-			-
Liabilities and shareholders' equity:
Other liabilities (ACL unfunded loan commitments)		18		2,335			2,353
Tax Effect, net (included in other assets)		-		(1,218	)		-
Total		44,285		3,470			48,973

Undivided Profits	$	349,056	$	(3,470	)	$	345,586

Page 50 of 111

Bank Premises and Equipment

Premises and equipment are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation. Depreciation is computed on either the straight‑line or accelerated methods over the remaining useful lives of the assets; generally 20 to 40 years for buildings, 3 to 7 years for furniture and equipment, and the shorter of the estimated life of the asset or the lease term for leasehold improvements.

Other Real Estate Owned

Assets that are acquired through or instead of foreclosure are initially recorded at fair value less costs to sell. These assets are subsequently accounted for at the lower of cost or fair value less costs to sell. Subsequent write downs and gains and losses on sale are included in noninterest expense. Operating costs after acquisition are also included in noninterest expense. At December 31, 2024 and 2023, there were $2.2 million and $194 thousand, respectively, of other real estate owned included in the category of Other Assets in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Condition.

Income Taxes

Deferred taxes are recorded for the future tax consequences of events that have been recognized in the financial statements or tax returns based upon enacted tax laws and rates. Deferred tax assets are recognized subject to management’s judgment that realization is more likely than not. The amount recognized is the largest amount of tax benefit that has a greater than 50% likelihood of being realized on examination. For tax positions not meeting the “more likely than not” test, no benefit is recorded.

Dividend Restrictions

The Company’s ability to pay dividends to its shareholders is dependent upon the ability of the Bank to pay dividends to the Company. The payment of dividends by the Bank to the Company is subject to continued compliance with minimum regulatory capital requirements and the filing of notices with the Bank’s and the Company’s regulators. The Bank’s primary regulator may disapprove a dividend if: the Bank would be undercapitalized following the distribution; the proposed capital distribution raises safety and soundness concerns; or the capital distribution would violate a prohibition contained in any statue, regulation, or agreement between the Bank and a regulator or a condition imposed in a previously approved application or notice. Currently the Bank meets the regulatory definition of a well-capitalized institution.

Benefit Plans

The Company has a defined benefit pension plan covering substantially all of its employees who participated in the plan before it was frozen as of December 31, 2006. The benefits are based on years of service and the employee’s compensation.

The Company has a postretirement benefit plan that permits retirees under age 65 to participate in the Company’s medical plan by which retirees pay all of their premiums.

Under certain employment contracts with selected executive officers, the Company is obligated to provide postretirement benefits to these individuals once they attain certain vesting requirements.

The Company recognized in the Consolidated Statement of Condition the funded status of the pension plan and postretirement benefit plan with an offset, net of tax, recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss).

Page 51 of 111

Stock-Based Compensation Plans

The Company has stock-based compensation plans for employees and directors. Compensation cost is recognized for stock options and restricted stock awards issued to employees and directors based on the fair value of these awards at the date of grant. A Black-Scholes model is utilized to estimate the fair value of stock options while, for restricted stock awards, the fair value of the Company’s common stock at the date of grant is used.

Compensation cost for stock options and restricted stock awards to be settled in stock are recognized over the required service period generally defined as the vesting period. The expense is recognized over the shorter of each award’s vesting period or the retirement date for any awards that vest immediately upon eligible retirement.

Awards to be settled in cash based on the fair value of the Company’s stock at vesting are treated as liability based awards.

Compensation costs for liability based awards are re‑measured at each reporting date and recognized over the vesting period. For awards with performance based conditions, compensation cost is recognized over the performance period based on the Company’s expectation of the likelihood of meeting the specific performance criteria.

Earnings Per Share

Basic earnings per common share is net income divided by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. All outstanding unvested share‑based payment awards that contain rights to non‑forfeitable dividends are considered participating securities for this calculation. Diluted earnings per common share includes the dilutive effect of additional potential common shares issuable under stock options. At December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, the Company did not have any unvested awards that would be considered participating securities.

Segment Reporting

The Company’s reportable segment is determined by the Chief Executive Officer, who is designated the chief operating decision maker (“CODM”), based upon information provided about the Company’s products and services offered, primarily banking operations. Consolidated net income of the company is the primary performance metric utilized by the CODM. The segment is also distinguished by the level of information provided to the CODM, who uses such information to review performance of various components of the business, which are then aggregated if operating performance, products/services, and customers are similar.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

The Company classifies cash on hand, cash due from banks, Federal Funds sold, and other short-term investments as cash and cash equivalents for disclosure purposes.

Trust Assets

Assets under management with the Trustco Financial Services Department are not included in the Company’s consolidated financial statements because Trustco Financial Services holds these assets in a fiduciary capacity.

Comprehensive Income

Comprehensive income represents the sum of net income and items of other comprehensive income or loss, which are reported directly in shareholders’ equity, net of tax, such as the change in net unrealized gain or loss on securities available for sale and changes in the funded position of the pension and postretirement benefit plans. Accumulated other comprehensive income or loss, which is a component of shareholders’ equity, represents the net unrealized gain or loss on securities available for sale, net of tax and the funded position in the Company’s pension plan and postretirement benefit plans, net of tax.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

Fair values of financial instruments are estimated using relevant market information and other assumptions, as more fully disclosed in Note 13. Fair value estimates involve uncertainties and matters of significant judgment regarding interest rates, credit risk, prepayments, and other factors, especially in the absence of broad markets for particular items. Changes in assumptions or in market conditions could significantly affect these estimates.

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Recently Adopted Accounting Standards

In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures. ASU 2023-07 expands reportable segment disclosure requirements through enhanced disclosures about significant segment expenses. ASU 2023-07 implements a new requirement to disclose significant segment expenses regularly provided to the chief operating decision maker, expands certain annual disclosures to interim periods, clarifies that single reportable segment entities must apply Topic 280 in its entirety and permits more than one measure of segment profit or loss to be reported under certain conditions. ASU 2023-07 is effective for the Company for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024, with early adoption permitted. The Company has evaluated the requirements of the expanded segment disclosures and has determined that they did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

(2)	Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash and Cash Equivalents includes cash on hand, due from banks, and Federal fund sold and short-term investments with original maturities of 90 days or less. The Federal Reserve Bank requires the bank to maintain certain reserve requirements. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023 this reserve requirement was zero.

(3)	Investment Securities

(a)	Debt securities available for sale

The amortized cost and fair value of the securities available for sale are as follows:

(dollars in thousands)	December 31, 2024
	Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses		Fair Value

U.S. government sponsored enterprises	$	86,833	$	4	$	1,220	$	85,617
State and political subdivisions		18		-		-		18
Mortgage backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations - residential		239,420		114		26,406		213,128
Corporate bonds		45,033		-		452		44,581
Small Business Administration - guaranteed participation securities		15,471		-		1,330		14,141
Other		688		12		-		700
Total securities available for sale	$	387,463	$	130	$	29,408	$	358,185

(dollars in thousands)	December 31, 2023
	Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses		Fair Value

U.S. government sponsored enterprises	$	121,728	$	5	$	3,065	$	118,668
State and political subdivisions		26		-		-		26
Mortgage backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations - residential		263,182		270		25,775		237,677
Corporate bonds		80,150		-		2,098		78,052
Small Business Administration - guaranteed participation securities		18,740		-		1,554		17,186
Other		687		11		18		680
Total securities available for sale	$	484,513	$	286	$	32,510	$	452,289

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The following table categorizes the amortized cost and fair value of debt securities included in the available for sale portfolio as of December 31, 2024, based on the securities’ final maturity. Actual maturities may differ because of securities prepayments and the right of certain issuers to call or prepay their obligations without penalty. Securities not due at a single maturity are shown separately:

(dollars in thousands)	Amortized Cost		Fair Value

Due in one year or less	$	70,130	$	69,623
Due in after one year through five years		50,442		49,332
Due after five years through ten years		12,000		11,961
Mortgage backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations - residential		239,420		213,128
Small Business Administration - guaranteed participation securities		15,471		14,141
	$	387,463	$	358,185

Gross unrealized losses on securities available for sale and the related fair values aggregated by the length of time that individual securities have been in an unrealized loss position, were as follows:

(dollars in thousands)	December 31, 2024
	Less than 12 months				12 months or more				Total
	Fair Value		Gross Unreal. Loss		Fair Value		Gross Unreal. Loss		Fair Value		Gross Unreal. Loss
U.S. government sponsored enterprises	$	11,961	$	38	$	68,651	$	1,182	$	80,612	$	1,220
Mortgage backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations - residential		12,346		280		194,636		26,126		206,982		26,406
Corporate bonds		-		-		44,581		452		44,581		452
Small Business Administration - guaranteed participation securities		-		-		14,141		1,330		14,141		1,330

Total	$	24,307	$	318	$	322,009	$	29,090	$	346,316	$	29,408

(dollars in thousands)	December 31, 2023
	Less than 12 months				12 months or more				Total
	Fair Value		Gross Unreal. Loss		Fair Value		Gross Unreal. Loss		Fair Value		Gross Unreal. Loss
U.S. government sponsored enterprises	$	-	$	-	$	116,163	$	3,065	$	116,163	$	3,065
Mortgage backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations - residential		-		-		227,891		25,775		227,891		25,775
Corporate bonds		-		-		78,052		2,098		78,052		2,098
Small Business Administration - guaranteed participation securities		-		-		17,186		1,554		17,186		1,554
Other		-		-		631		18		631		18

Total	$	-	$	-	$	439,923	$	32,510	$	439,923	$	32,510

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The proceeds from sales, calls/paydowns and maturities of securities available for sale, and gross realized gains and gross realized losses from sales during 2024, 2023, and 2022 are as follows:

	Years ended December 31,
(dollars in thousands)	2024		2023		2022

Proceeds from sales	$	-	$	-	$	-
Proceeds from calls/paydowns		68,119		53,503		68,954
Proceeds from maturities		70,608		5,008		15,057
Gross realized losses		-		-		-
Gross realized gains		-		-		-

The amount of securities pledged to secure short-term borrowings and for other purposes amounted to $149.5 million and $155.3 million at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. There was no allowance for credit losses recorded for securities available for sale as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. All securities are performing in accordance with contractual terms.

(b)	Held to maturity securities

The amortized cost and fair value of the held to maturity securities are as follows:

	December 31, 2024
(dollars in thousands)	Amortized Cost			Gross Unrecognized Gains			Gross Unrecognized Losses			Fair Value
Mortgage backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations - residential		$	5,365		$	45		$	104		$	5,306
Total held to maturity		$	5,365		$	45		$	104		$	5,306

	December 31, 2023
(dollars in thousands)	Amortized Cost			Gross Unrecognized Gains			Gross Unrecognized Losses			Fair Value
Mortgage backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations - residential		$	6,458		$	74		$	136		$	6,396
Total held to maturity		$	6,458		$	74		$	136		$	6,396

The following table categorizes the debt securities included in the held to maturity portfolio as of December 31, 2024, based on the securities’ final maturity. Actual maturities may differ because of securities prepayments and the right of certain issuers to call or prepay their obligations without penalty. Securities not due at a single maturity date are shown separately.

(dollars in thousands)	Amortized Cost		Fair Value
Mortgage backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations - residential	$	5,365		5,306
	$	5,365		5,306

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Gross unrealized losses on held to maturity securities and the related fair values aggregated by the length of time that individual securities have been in an unrealized loss position, were as follows:

	December 31, 2024
(dollars in thousands)	Less than 12 months						12 months or more						Total
	Fair Value			Gross Unrec. Loss			Fair Value			Gross Unrec. Loss			Fair Value			Gross Unrec. Loss
Mortgage backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations - residential		$	592		$	7		$	2,047		$	97		$	2,639		$	104
Total		$	592		$	7		$	2,047		$	97		$	2,639		$	104

	December 31, 2023
(dollars in thousands)	Less than 12 months						12 months or more						Total
	Fair Value			Gross Unrec. Loss			Fair Value			Gross Unrec. Loss			Fair Value			Gross Unrec. Loss
Mortgage backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations - residential		$	283		$	3		$	2,703		$	133		$	2,986		$	136
Total		$	283		$	3		$	2,703		$	133		$	2,986		$	136

There were no allowance for credit losses recorded for held to maturity securities during 2024 and 2023 and as of December 31, 2024 and 2023. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, there were no securities on non-accrual status and all securities were performing in accordance with contractual terms. All securities were investment grade.

(c)	Equity Securities

During the year ended December 31, 2024, Visa Inc. accepted the Company’s tender of its 6,528 shares of Visa Class B-1 common stock in exchange for a combination of Visa Class B-2 common stock and Visa Class C common stock. As a result, the Company marked its Visa Class C common stock to fair value and recorded an unrealized gain of $1.4 million. The Visa Class C common stock was sold during the year, thus resulting in no remaining carrying value on the Company’s Statement of Financial Condition. The Company originally obtained the shares in 2008. The carrying value of Visa B-2 shares is nominal as of December 31, 2024.

(d)	Concentrations

The Company has the following balances of securities held in the available for sale and held to maturity portfolios as of December 31, 2024 that represent greater than 10% of shareholders’ equity:

(dollars in thousands)	Amortized Cost		Fair Value
Federal National Mortgage Association	$	145,419	$	130,046
Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation		98,208		89,081

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(e)	Securities in an unrealized loss position

As of December 31, 2024, the Company’s security portfolio included certain securities which were in an unrealized loss position, and are discussed below.

U.S. government sponsored enterprises

In the case of unrealized losses on U.S. government sponsored enterprises, because the decline in fair value is attributable to changes in interest rates, and not credit quality, and because the Company does not have the intent to sell these securities and it is likely that it will not be required to sell the securities before their anticipated recovery, the securities are investment grade rated and there were no material underlying credit downgrades during 2024. All securities are performing.

Mortgage backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations – residential

At December 31, 2024, all mortgage backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations held by the Company were issued by U.S. government sponsored entities and agencies, primarily Ginnie Mae, Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, institutions which the government has affirmed its commitment to support. Because the decline in fair value is attributable to changes in interest rates, and not credit quality, and because the Company does not have the intent to sell these securities and it is likely that it will not be required to sell the securities before their anticipated recovery, the securities are investment grade rated and there were no material underlying credit downgrades during 2024. All securities are performing.

Small Business Administration (SBA) - guaranteed participation securities:

At December 31, 2024, all of the SBA securities held by the Company were issued and guaranteed by the U.S. Small Business Administration. Because the decline in fair value is attributable to changes in interest rates, and not credit quality, and because the Company does not have the intent to sell these securities and it is likely that it will not be required to sell the securities before their anticipated recovery, the securities are investment grade rated and there were no material underlying credit downgrades during 2024. All securities are performing.

Corporate Bonds

At December 31, 2024, corporate bonds held by the Company are investment grade quality. Because the decline in fair value is attributable to changes in interest rates, and not credit quality, and because the Company does not have the intent to sell these securities and it is likely that it will not be required to sell the securities before their anticipated recovery, the securities are investment grade rated and there were no material underlying credit downgrades during 2024. All securities are performing.

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(4)	Loan Portfolio and Allowance for Credit Losses

The following table presents loans by portfolio segment:

	December 31, 2024
(dollars in thousands)	New York and
	other states*		Florida		Total
Commercial:
Commercial real estate	$	227,771	$	39,529	$	267,300
Other		19,144		413		19,557
Real estate mortgage - 1 to 4 family:
First mortgages		2,741,334		1,590,229		4,331,563
Home equity loans		43,096		13,643		56,739
Home equity lines of credit		235,939		173,322		409,261
Installment		9,885		3,753		13,638
Total loans, net	$	3,277,169	$	1,820,889		5,098,058
Less: Allowance for credit losses on loans						50,248
Net loans					$	5,047,810

*Includes New York, New Jersey, Vermont and Massachussetts.

	December 31, 2023
(dollars in thousands)	New York and
	other states*		Florida		Total
Commercial:
Commercial real estate	$	212,754	$	39,501	$	252,255
Other		20,863		397		21,260
Real estate mortgage - 1 to 4 family:
First mortgages		2,756,914		1,550,191		4,307,105
Home equity loans		44,152		13,806		57,958
Home equity lines of credit		212,298		135,117		347,415
Installment		12,057		4,829		16,886
Total loans, net	$	3,259,038	$	1,743,841		5,002,879
Less: Allowance for credit losses on loans						48,578
Net loans					$	4,954,301

*Includes New York, New Jersey, Vermont and Massachussetts.

Included in commercial loans above are Paycheck Protection Program (“PPP”) loans totaling $241 thousand and $620 thousand as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

At December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company had approximately $29.7 million and $29.1 million, respectively, of real estate construction loans. Of the $29.7 million in real estate construction loans at December 31, 2024, approximately $10.7 million are secured by first mortgages to residential borrowers while approximately $19.0 million were to commercial borrowers for residential construction projects. Of the $29.1 million in real estate construction loans at December 31, 2023, approximately $8.0 million are secured by first mortgages to residential borrowers while approximately $21.1 million were to commercial borrowers for residential construction projects. The majority of construction loans are in the Company’s New York market.

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At December 31, 2024 and 2023, loans to executive officers, directors, and to associates of such persons aggregated $27.6 million and $29.3 million, respectively. During 2024, approximately $6.4 million of new loans were made, and repayments of loans totaled approximately $3.6 million. The composition of the related parties’ loan balances were reduced by $4.5 million as a result of a director resignation. All loans are current according to their term.

TrustCo lends in the geographic territory of its branch locations in New York, Florida, Massachusetts, New Jersey and Vermont. Although the loan portfolio is diversified, a portion of its debtors’ ability to repay depends significantly on the economic conditions prevailing in the respective geographic territory.

Allowance for credit losses on loans

During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company enhanced its ACLL calculation. The Company continues to utilize a discounted cash flow approach, now incorporating peer data and updated forecast and reversion periods. Since the adoption of CECL, the Company has been estimating the quantitative reserves based on internal data and an 8-quarter forecast and immediate reversion. We are now utilizing peer data, and using baseline scenario with a 4-quarter forecast and 4-quarter straight line reversion to produce reasonable and supportable results. Forecast data is sourced from Moody’s Analytics (“Moody’s”). The level of the ACLL is based on factors that influence management’s current estimate of expected credit losses, including past events and current conditions. The Company has determined the Moody’s Baseline forecast scenario to be appropriate for the December 31, 2024, ACLL calculation. The Company selected the Moody’s Baseline economic forecast for credit losses as Moody's baseline economic scenario represents their most probable outlook. We continue to use the regulatory interagency qualitative framework, we now utilize a weighted scorecard approach. The weighted scorecard approach considers each qualitative factor with respect to risks in our portfolio and the economic environment, weighting is assigned based on our evaluation and understanding of the underlying risks and economic conditions within each portfolio segment. This change did not result in a material impact to the Company’s financial statements.

Activity in the allowance for credit losses on loans by portfolio segment for the years ended December 31, 2024, and 2023 are summarized as follows:

	For the year ended December 31, 2024
(dollars in thousands)			Real Estate
			Mortgage-
	Commercial		1 to 4 Family			Installment		Total
Balance at beginning of period	$	2,735	$	45,625		$	218	$	48,578
Loans charged off:
New York and other states*		127		311			120		558
Florida		314		17			50		381
Total loan chargeoffs		441		328			170		939

Recoveries of loans previously charged off:
New York and other states*		-		675			34		709
Florida		-		-			-		-
Total recoveries		-		675			34		709
Net loans (recoveries) charged off		441		(347	)		136		230
Provision for credit losses		1,126		664			110		1,900
Balance at end of period	$	3,420	$	46,636		$	192	$	50,248

* Includes New York, New Jersey, Vermont and Massachusetts.

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	For the year ended December 31, 2023
(dollars in thousands)				Real Estate
				Mortgage-
	Commercial			1 to 4 Family			Installment		Total
Balance at beginning of period	$	2,596		$	43,271		$	165	$	46,032
Loans charged off:
New York and other states*		-			371			97		468
Florida		-			-			79		79
Total loan chargeoffs		-			371			176		547

Recoveries of loans previously charged off:
New York and other states*		129			392			45		566
Florida		-			25			2		27
Total recoveries		129			417			47		593
Net loans (recoveries) charged off		(129	)		(46	)		129		(46	)
Provision for loan losses		10			2,308			182		2,500
Balance at end of period	$	2,735		$	45,625		$	218	$	48,578

* Includes New York, New Jersey, Vermont and Massachusetts.

The following tables present the balance in the allowance for credit losses on loans by portfolio segment and based on impairment evaluation as of December 31, 2024 and 2023:

	As of December 31, 2024
(dollars in thousands)			1-to-4 Family
	Commercial		Residential		Installment
	Loans		Real Estate		Loans		Total
Allowance for credit losses on loans:
Ending allowance balance attributable to loans:
Individually evaluated for impairment	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-
Collectively evaluated for impairment		3,420		46,636		192		50,248

Total ending allowance balance	$	3,420	$	46,636	$	192	$	50,248

Loans:
Individually evaluated for impairment	$	443	$	23,835	$	112	$	24,390
Collectively evaluated for impairment		286,414		4,773,728		13,526		5,073,668

Total ending loans balance	$	286,857	$	4,797,563	$	13,638	$	5,098,058

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	As of December 31, 2023
(dollars in thousands)			1-to-4 Family
	Commercial		Residential		Installment
	Loans		Real Estate		Loans		Total
Allowance for credit losses on loans:
Ending allowance balance attributable to loans:
Individually evaluated for impairment	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-
Collectively evaluated for impairment		2,735		45,625		218		48,578

Total ending allowance balance	$	2,735	$	45,625	$	218	$	48,578

Loans:
Individually evaluated for impairment	$	957	$	23,628	$	144	$	24,729
Collectively evaluated for impairment		272,558		4,688,850		16,742		4,978,150

Total ending loans balance	$	273,515	$	4,712,478	$	16,886	$	5,002,879

The Company’s allowance for credit losses on unfunded commitments is recognized as a liability (accrued expenses and other liabilities) with adjustments to the reserve recognized in (credit) provision for credit losses in the consolidated statements of income.

The Company’s activity in the allowance for credit losses on unfunded commitments were as follows:

(In thousands)	For the year ended
	December 31, 2024
Balance at January 1, 2024		$	1,662
Provision for credit losses			100
Balance at December 31, 2024		$	1,762

(In thousands)	For the year ended December 31, 2023

Balance at January 1, 2023	$	2,912
(Credit) provision for credit losses		(1,250	)
Balance at December 31, 2023	$	1,662

Loan Credit Quality

The Company categorizes commercial loans into risk categories based on relevant information about the ability of borrowers to service their debt, such as current financial information, historical payment experience, credit documentation, public information, and current economic trends, among other factors. On at least an annual basis, the Company’s loan grading process analyzes non-homogeneous loans, such as commercial loans and commercial real estate loans, individually by grading the loans based on credit risk. The Company’s internal loan review department in accordance with the Company’s internal loan review policy tests the loan grades assigned to all loan types.

The Company uses the following definitions for classified loans:

Special Mention: Loans classified as special mention have a potential weakness that deserves management’s close attention. If left uncorrected, these potential weaknesses may result in deterioration of the repayment prospects for the loan or of the Company’s credit position at some future date.

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Substandard: Loans classified as substandard are inadequately protected by the current net worth and paying capacity of the obligor or of the collateral pledged, if any. Loans classified as such have a well-defined weakness or weaknesses that jeopardize the liquidation of the debt. They are characterized by the distinct possibility that the Company will sustain some loss if the deficiencies are not corrected.

Doubtful: Loans classified as doubtful have all the weaknesses inherent in those loans classified as substandard, with the added characteristic that the weaknesses make collection or liquidation in full, on the basis of currently existing facts, conditions, and values, highly questionable and improbable.

Loans not meeting the criteria above that are analyzed individually as part of the above described process are considered to be “pass” rated loans.

For homogeneous loan pools, such as residential mortgages, home equity lines of credit, and installment loans, the Company uses payment status to identify the credit risk in these loan portfolios. Payment status is reviewed on a daily basis by the Bank’s collection area and on a monthly basis with respect to determining the adequacy of the allowance for credit losses on loans. The payment status of these homogeneous pools as of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 is also included in the aging of the past due loans table. Nonperforming loans shown in the table below were loans on non-accrual status and loans over 90 days past due and accruing.

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As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, and based on the most recent analysis performed, the risk category of loans by class of loans, and gross charge-offs year to date for each loan type by origination year was as follows:

Loan Credit Quality
(in thousands)	As of December 31, 2024
	Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year
Commercial :	2024		2023		2022		2021		2020		Prior		Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis		Revolving Loan Converted to Term		Total
Risk rating
Pass	$	47,687	$	54,877	$	73,094	$	22,215	$	15,014	$	50,052	$	2,169	$	-	$	265,108
Special Mention		-		-		242		-		-		-		-		-		242
Substandard		-		-		1,003		-		22		887		-		-		1,912
Doubtful		-		-		-		-		-		38		-		-		38
Total Commercial Loans	$	47,687	$	54,877	$	74,339	$	22,215	$	15,036	$	50,977	$	2,169	$	-	$	267,300

Commercial Loans:
Current-period Gross writeoffs	$	-	$	-	$	10	$	431	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	441
	$	-	$	-	$	10	$	431	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	441

Commercial Other:
Risk rating
Pass	$	1,842	$	7,417	$	1,796	$	407	$	184	$	2,108	$	5,634	$	-	$	19,388
Special mention		-		-		-		-		-		-		-		-		-
Substandard		13		-		-		22		-		134		-		-		169
Total Commercial Real Estate Loans	$	1,855	$	7,417	$	1,796	$	429	$	184	$	2,242	$	5,634	$	-	$	19,557

Other Commercial Loans:
Current-period Gross writeoffs	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-
	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-

Residential First Mortgage:
Risk rating
Performing	$	313,944	$	398,722	$	535,702	$	821,804	$	681,840	$	1,563,659	$	938	$	-	$	4,316,609
Nonperforming		-		987		391		870		243		12,463		-		-		14,954
Total First Mortgage:	$	313,944	$	399,709	$	536,093	$	822,674	$	682,083	$	1,576,122	$	938	$	-	$	4,331,563

Residential First Mortgage Loans:
Current-period Gross writeoffs	$	194	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	18	$	-	$	-	$	212
	$	194	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	18	$	-	$	-	$	212

Home Equity Loans:
Risk rating
Performing	$	6,621	$	8,586	$	5,354	$	6,490	$	5,066	$	24,096	$	-	$	-	$	56,213
Nonperforming		-		-		155		-		-		371		-		-		526
Total Home Equity Loans:	$	6,621	$	8,586	$	5,509	$	6,490	$	5,066	$	24,467	$	-	$	-	$	56,739

Home Equity Loans:
Current-period Gross writeoffs	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-
	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-

Home Equity Lines of Credit:
Risk rating
Performing	$	4,793	$	1,558	$	1,110	$	887	$	46	$	14,595	$	383,425	$	-	$	406,414
Nonperforming		-		-		70		-		-		2,532		245		-		2,847
Total Home Equity Credit Lines:	$	4,793	$	1,558	$	1,180	$	887	$	46	$	17,127	$	383,670	$	-	$	409,261

Home Equity Lines of Credit:
Current-period Gross writeoffs	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	116	$	-	$	-	$	116
	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	116	$	-	$	-	$	116

Installments:
Risk rating
Performing	$	2,846	$	5,513	$	2,788	$	705	$	123	$	505	$	1,028	$	-	$	13,508
Nonperforming		16		5		55		19		-		35		-		-		130
Total Installments	$	2,862	$	5,518	$	2,843	$	724	$	123	$	540	$	1,028	$	-	$	13,638

Installments Loans:
Current-period Gross writeoffs	$	-	$	53	$	47	$	35	$	4	$	31	$	-	$	-	$	170
	$	-	$	53	$	47	$	35	$	4	$	31	$	-	$	-	$	170

Page 63 of 111

Loan Credit Quality
(in thousands)	As of December 31, 2023
	Term Loans Amortized Cost Basis by Origination Year
Commercial :	2023		2022		2021		2020		2019		Prior		Revolving Loans Amortized Cost Basis		Revolving Loan Converted to Term		Total
Risk rating
Pass	$	61,148	$	82,339	$	23,940	$	16,653	$	19,835	$	41,153	$	5,664	$	-	$	250,732
Special Mention		-		-		-		42		-		225		-		-		267
Substandard		-		-		-		-		-		1,256		-		-		1,256
Total Commercial Loans	$	61,148	$	82,339	$	23,940	$	16,695	$	19,835	$	42,634	$	5,664	$	-	$	252,255

Commercial Loans:
Current-period Gross writeoffs	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-
	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-

Commercial Other:
Risk rating
Pass	$	7,873	$	2,164	$	1,933	$	1,386	$	321	$	2,641	$	4,482	$	-	$	20,800
Special mention		-		-		-		-		-		-		34		-		34
Substandard		-		-		328		-		-		98		-		-		426
Total Commercial Real Estate Loans	$	7,873	$	2,164	$	2,261	$	1,386	$	321	$	2,739	$	4,516	$	-	$	21,260

Other Commercial Loans:
Current-period Gross writeoffs	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-
	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-

Residential First Mortgage:
Risk rating
Performing	$	418,891	$	566,617	$	878,015	$	732,851	$	342,559	$	1,354,867	$	-	$	-	$	4,293,800
Nonperforming		64		210		383		229		1,119		11,300		-		-		13,305
Total First Mortgage:	$	418,955	$	566,827	$	878,398	$	733,080	$	343,678	$	1,366,167	$	-	$	-	$	4,307,105

Residential First Mortgage Loans:
Current-period Gross writeoffs	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	27	$	336	$	-	$	-	$	363
	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	27	$	336	$	-	$	-	$	363

Home Equity Loans:
Risk rating
Performing	$	9,660	$	5,963	$	7,770	$	5,668	$	6,542	$	22,076	$	-	$	-	$	57,679
Nonperforming		-		-		-		-		-		279		-		-		279
Total Home Equity Loans:	$	9,660	$	5,963	$	7,770	$	5,668	$	6,542	$	22,355	$	-	$	-	$	57,958

Home Equity Lines Loans:
Current-period Gross writeoffs	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-
	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-

Home Equity Credit Lines:
Risk rating
Performing	$	355	$	641	$	248	$	75	$	10	$	15,964	$	327,059	$	-	$	344,352
Nonperforming		-		-		8		56		-		2,813		186		-		3,063
Total Home Equity Credit Lines:	$	355	$	641	$	256	$	131	$	10	$	18,777	$	327,245	$	-	$	347,415

Home Equity Credit Lines Loans:
Current-period Gross writeoffs	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	8	$	-	$	-	$	8
	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	8	$	-	$	-	$	8

Installments:
Risk rating
Performing	$	8,473	$	4,592	$	1,484	$	360	$	198	$	605	$	1,008	$	-	$	16,720
Nonperforming		-		49		51		-		63		3		-		-		166
Total Installments	$	8,473	$	4,641	$	1,535	$	360	$	261	$	608	$	1,008	$	-	$	16,886

Installments Loans:
Current-period Gross writeoffs	$	16	$	67	$	50	$	1	$	21	$	21	$	-	$	-	$	176
	$	16	$	67	$	50	$	1	$	21	$	21	$	-	$	-	$	176

Page 64 of 111

The following tables present the aging of the amortized cost in past due loans by loan class and by region as of December 31, 2024 and 2023:

	As of December 31, 2024

New York and other states*:	30-59		60-89		90 +		Total
	Days		Days		Days		30+ days				Total
(dollars in thousands)	Past Due		Past Due		Past Due		Past Due		Current		Loans

Commercial:
Commercial real estate	$	1,189	$	-	$	329	$	1,518	$	226,253	$	227,771
Other		-		-		14		14		19,130		19,144
Real estate mortgage - 1 to 4 family:
First mortgages		2,438		773		6,091		9,302		2,732,032		2,741,334
Home equity loans		15		22		318		355		42,741		43,096
Home equity lines of credit		401		-		1,267		1,668		234,271		235,939
Installment		18		19		69		106		9,779		9,885

Total	$	4,061	$	814	$	8,088	$	12,963	$	3,264,206	$	3,277,169

Florida:	30-59		60-89		90 +		Total
	Days		Days		Days		30+ days				Total
(dollars in thousands)	Past Due		Past Due		Past Due		Past Due		Current		Loans

Commercial:
Commercial real estate	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	39,529	$	39,529
Other		-		-		-		-		413		413
Real estate mortgage - 1 to 4 family:
First mortgages		2,037		629		1,773		4,439		1,585,790		1,590,229
Home equity loans		-		6		-		6		13,637		13,643
Home equity lines of credit		220		-		-		220		173,102		173,322
Installment		109		22		16		147		3,606		3,753

Total	$	2,366	$	657	$	1,789	$	4,812	$	1,816,077	$	1,820,889

Total:	30-59		60-89		90 +		Total
	Days		Days		Days		30+ days				Total
(dollars in thousands)	Past Due		Past Due		Past Due		Past Due		Current		Loans

Commercial:
Commercial real estate	$	1,189	$	-	$	329	$	1,518	$	265,782	$	267,300
Other		-		-		14		14		19,543		19,557
Real estate mortgage - 1 to 4 family:
First mortgages		4,475		1,402		7,864		13,741		4,317,822		4,331,563
Home equity loans		15		28		318		361		56,378		56,739
Home equity lines of credit		621		-		1,267		1,888		407,373		409,261
Installment		127		41		85		253		13,385		13,638

Total	$	6,427	$	1,471	$	9,877	$	17,775	$	5,080,283	$	5,098,058

* Includes New York, New Jersey, Vermont and Massachusetts.

Page 65 of 111

	As of December 31, 2023

New York and other states*:	30-59		60-89		90 +		Total
	Days		Days		Days		30+ days				Total
(dollars in thousands)	Past Due		Past Due		Past Due		Past Due		Current		Loans

Commercial:
Commercial real estate	$	-	$	-	$	521	$	521	$	212,233	$	212,754
Other		-		26		-		26		20,837		20,863
Real estate mortgage - 1 to 4 family:
First mortgages		4,330		811		6,008		11,149		2,745,765		2,756,914
Home equity loans		20		138		157		315		43,837		44,152
Home equity lines of credit		591		135		1,499		2,225		210,073		212,298
Installment		6		18		95		119		11,938		12,057

Total	$	4,947	$	1,128	$	8,280	$	14,355	$	3,244,683	$	3,259,038

Florida:	30-59		60-89		90 +		Total
	Days		Days		Days		30+ days				Total
(dollars in thousands)	Past Due		Past Due		Past Due		Past Due		Current		Loans

Commercial:
Commercial real estate	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	39,501	$	39,501
Other		-		-		314		314		83		397
Real estate mortgage - 1 to 4 family:
First mortgages		1,290		78		1,433		2,801		1,547,390		1,550,191
Home equity loans		73		6		-		79		13,727		13,806
Home equity lines of credit		184		-		56		240		134,877		135,117
Installment		16		-		60		76		4,753		4,829

Total	$	1,563	$	84	$	1,863	$	3,510	$	1,740,331	$	1,743,841

Total:	30-59		60-89		90 +		Total
	Days		Days		Days		30+ days				Total
(dollars in thousands)	Past Due		Past Due		Past Due		Past Due		Current		Loans

Commercial:
Commercial real estate	$	-	$	-	$	521	$	521	$	251,734	$	252,255
Other		-		26		314		340		20,920		21,260
Real estate mortgage - 1 to 4 family:
First mortgages		5,620		889		7,441		13,950		4,293,155		4,307,105
Home equity loans		93		144		157		394		57,564		57,958
Home equity lines of credit		775		135		1,555		2,465		344,950		347,415
Installment		22		18		155		195		16,691		16,886

Total	$	6,510	$	1,212	$	10,143	$	17,865	$	4,985,014	$	5,002,879

* Includes New York, New Jersey, Vermont and Massachusetts.

Page 66 of 111

At December 31, 2024 and 2023, there were no loans that were 90 days past due and still accruing interest. As a result, non-accrual loans include all loans 90 days or more past due as well as certain loans less than 90 days past due that were placed on non-accrual status for reasons other than delinquent status. There are no commitments to extend further credit on non-accrual or modified loans.

The Company transfers loans to other real estate owned, at fair value less cost to sell, in the period the Company obtains physical possession of the property (through legal title or through a deed in lieu). Other real estate owned is included in other assets on the Consolidated Statements of Condition. As of December 31, 2024 other real estate owned included $2.2 million of residential foreclosed properties. In addition, non-accrual residential mortgage loans that were in the process of foreclosure had an amortized cost of $8.1 million as of December 31, 2024. As of December 31, 2023 other real estate owned included $194 thousand of residential foreclosed properties. In addition, non-accrual residential mortgage loans that were in the process of foreclosure had an amortized cost of $6.6 million as of December 31, 2023.

Loans individually evaluated for impairment are non-accrual loans delinquent greater than 180 days, non-accrual commercial loans, as well as loans classified as loan modifications. As of December 31, 2024, there was no allowance for credit losses based on loans individually evaluated for impairment. Residential and installment non-accrual loans which are not loan modifications or greater than 180 days delinquent are collectively evaluated to determine the allowance for credit loss.

The following tables present the amortized cost basis in non-accrual loans by portfolio segment as of December 31, 2024 and 2023:

	As of December 31, 2024
(dollars in thousands)	New York and other states*		Florida		Total
Loans in non-accrual status:
Commercial:
Commercial real estate	$	329	$	-	$	329
Other		14		-		14
Real estate mortgage - 1 to 4 family:
First mortgages		11,586		3,368		14,954
Home equity loans		432		94		526
Home equity lines of credit		2,653		194		2,847
Installment		108		22		130
Total non-accrual loans		15,122		3,678		18,800
Restructured real estate mortgages - 1 to 4 family		-		-		-
Total nonperforming loans	$	15,122	$	3,678	$	18,800

* Includes New York, New Jersey, Vermont and Massachusetts.

Page 67 of 111

	As of December 31, 2023
(dollars in thousands)	New York and other states*		Florida		Total
Loans in non-accrual status:
Commercial:
Commercial real estate	$	536	$	-	$	536
Other		-		314		314
Real estate mortgage - 1 to 4 family:
First mortgages		11,324		1,981		13,305
Home equity loans		235		44		279
Home equity lines of credit		2,816		247		3,063
Installment		151		15		166
Total non-accrual loans		15,062		2,601		17,663
Restructured real estate mortgages - 1 to 4 family		3		-		3
Total nonperforming loans	$	15,065	$	2,601	$	17,666

* Includes New York, New Jersey, Vermont and Massachusetts.

The following tables present the amortized cost basis of loans on non-accrual status and loans past due over 89 days still accruing as of December 31, 2024 and 2023:

	As of December 31, 2024
(dollars in thousands)	Non-accrual With No Allowance for Credit Loss		Non-accrual With Allowance for Credit Loss		Loans Past Due Over 89 Days Still Accruing


Commercial:
Commercial real estate	$	329	$	-		-
Other		14		-		-
Real estate mortgage - 1 to 4 family:
First mortgages		13,560		1,394		-
Home equity loans		526		-		-
Home equity lines of credit		2,724		123		-
Installment		112		18		-
Total loans, net	$	17,265	$	1,535		-

Page 68 of 111

	As of December 31, 2023
(dollars in thousands)	Non-accrual With No Allowance for Credit Loss		Non-accrual With Allowance for Credit Loss		Loans Past Due Over 89 Days Still Accruing


Commercial:
Commercial real estate	$	536	$	-		-
Other		314		-		-
Real estate mortgage - 1 to 4 family:
First mortgages		12,584		721		-
Home equity loans		271		8		-
Home equity lines of credit		2,395		668		-
Installment		144		22		-
Total loans, net	$	16,244	$	1,419		-

The non-accrual balance of $1.5 million and $1.4 million disclosed above was collectively evaluated and the associated allowance for credit losses on loans was not material as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

A financial asset is considered collateral-dependent when the debtor is experiencing financial difficulty and repayment is expected to be provided substantially through the sale or operation of the collateral. Expected credit losses for the collateral dependent loans are based on the fair value of the collateral at the reporting date, adjusted for selling costs as appropriate.

The following tables present the amortized cost basis of individually analyzed collateral dependent loans by portfolio segment as of December 31, 2024 and 2023:

	As of December 31, 2024
	Type of Collateral
(dollars in thousands)
	Real Estate		Investment Securities/Cash		Other
Commercial:
Commercial real estate	$	429		-		-
Other		14		-		-
Real estate mortgage - 1 to 4 family:
First mortgages		19,928		-		-
Home equity loans		535		-		-
Home equity lines of credit		3,372		-		-
Installment		112		-		-
Total	$	24,390		-		-

Page 69 of 111

	As of December 31, 2023
	Type of Collateral
(dollars in thousands)
	Real Estate		Investment Securities/Cash		Other
Commercial:
Commercial real estate	$	643		-		-
Other		314		-		-
Real estate mortgage - 1 to 4 family:
First mortgages		20,018		-		-
Home equity loans		371		-		-
Home equity lines of credit		3,239		-		-
Installment		144		-		-
Total	$	24,729		-		-

The Company has not committed to lend additional amounts to customers with outstanding loans that are modified. Interest income recognized on loans that are individually evaluated was not material during the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022.

A loan for which the terms have been modified, and for which a borrower is experiencing financial difficulties, is considered a loan modification and is classified as individually evaluated. Loan modifications at December 31, 2024 are measured at the amortized cost using the loan’s effective rate at inception or fair value of the underlying collateral if the loan is considered collateral dependent.

As of December 31, 2024 and 2023 loans individually evaluated included approximately $7.0 million and $8.3 million, respectively, of loans in accruing status that were identified as loan modifications.

Pursuant to the adoption of ASU 2022-02 - Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326) Troubled Debt Restructuring and Vintage Disclosures (“ASU 2022-02”), a borrower that is experiencing financial difficulty and receives a modification in the form of principal forgiveness, an interest rate reduction, an other-than-insignificant payment delay or a term extension in the current period needs to be disclosed.

Page 70 of 111

The following table presents the amortized cost basis of loans at December 31, 2024 and 2023 that were both experiencing financial difficulty and modified during the year ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, by class and by type of modification. The percentage of the amortized cost basis of loans that were modified to borrowers in financial distress as compared to the amortized cost basis of each class of financing receivable is also presented below:

For the year ended:

New York and other states*:	December 31, 2024						December 31, 2023
	Payment			% of Total Class			Payment			% of Total Class
(dollars in thousands)	Delay			of Loans			Delay			of Loans

Commercial:
Commercial real estate		$	-		-			$	-		-
Other			-		-				-		-
Real estate mortgage - 1 to 4 family:
First mortgages			267		0.01	%			895		0.03	%
Home equity loans			19		0.04	%			-		-
Home equity lines of credit			238		0.10	%			50		0.02	%
Installment			-		-				-		-

Total		$	524		0.02	%		$	945		0.03	%

Florida:
	Payment			% of Total Class			Payment			% of Total Class
(dollars in thousands)	Delay			of Loans			Delay			of Loans

Commercial:
Commercial real estate		$	-		-			$	-		-
Other			-		-				-		-
Real estate mortgage - 1 to 4 family:
First mortgages			84		0.01	%			338		0.02	%
Home equity loans			88		0.65	%			-		-
Home equity lines of credit			70		0.04	%			-		-
Installment			-		-				-		-

Total		$	242		0.01	%		$	338		0.02	%

Total
	Payment			% of Total Class			Payment			% of Total Class
(dollars in thousands)	Delay			of Loans			Delay			of Loans

Commercial:
Commercial real estate		$	-		-			$	-		-
Other			-		-				-		-
Real estate mortgage - 1 to 4 family:
First mortgages			351		0.01	%			1,233		0.03	%
Home equity loans			107		0.19	%			-		-
Home equity lines of credit			308		0.08	%			50		0.02	%
Installment			-		-				-		-

Total		$	766		0.02	%		$	1,283		0.03	%

* Includes New York, New Jersey, Vermont and Massachusetts.

Page 71 of 111

The Bank monitors the performance of loans modified to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty to understand the effectiveness of its modification efforts. The following table describes the performance of loans that have been modified as of December 31, 2024 and 2023:

	As of December 31, 2024

New York and other states*:				30-59		60-89		90+
				Days		Days		Days
(dollars in thousands)	Current			Past Due		Past Due		Past Due	Total

Commercial:
Commercial real estate	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-
Other		-		-		-		-		-
Real estate mortgage - 1 to 4 family:
First mortgages		137		49		-		81		267
Home equity loans		19		-		-		-		19
Home equity lines of credit		238		-		-		-		238
Installment		-		-		-		-		-

Total	$	394	$	49	$	-	$	81	$	524

Florida:				30-59		60-89		90+
				Days		Days		Days
(dollars in thousands)	Current			Past Due		Past Due		Past Due	Total

Commercial:
Commercial real estate	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-
Other		-		-		-		-		-
Real estate mortgage - 1 to 4 family:
First mortgages		84		-		-		-		84
Home equity loans		88		-		-		-		88
Home equity lines of credit		70		-		-		-		70
Installment		-		-		-		-		-

Total	$	242	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	242

Total				30-59		60-89		90+
				Days		Days		Days
(dollars in thousands)	Current			Past Due		Past Due		Past Due	Total

Commercial:
Commercial real estate	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-
Other		-		-		-		-		-
Real estate mortgage - 1 to 4 family:
First mortgages		221		49		-		81		351
Home equity loans		107		-		-		-		107
Home equity lines of credit		308		-		-		-		308
Installment		-		-		-		-		-

Total	$	636	$	49	$	-	$	81	$	766

* Includes New York, New Jersey, Vermont and Massachusetts.

Page 72 of 111

	As of December 31, 2023

New York and other states*:				30-59		60-89		90+
				Days		Days		Days
(dollars in thousands)	Current			Past Due		Past Due		Past Due	Total

Commercial:
Commercial real estate	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-
Other		-		-		-		-		-
Real estate mortgage - 1 to 4 family:
First mortgages		691		152		-		52		895
Home equity loans		-		-		-		-		-
Home equity lines of credit		50		-		-		-		50
Installment		-		-		-		-		-

Total	$	741	$	152	$	-	$	52	$	945

Florida:				30-59		60-89		90+
				Days		Days		Days
(dollars in thousands)	Current			Past Due		Past Due		Past Due	Total

Commercial:
Commercial real estate	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-
Other		-		-		-		-		-
Real estate mortgage - 1 to 4 family:
First mortgages		338		-		-		-		338
Home equity loans		-		-		-		-		-
Home equity lines of credit		-		-		-		-		-
Installment		-		-		-		-		-

Total	$	338	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	338

Total				30-59		60-89		90+
				Days		Days		Days
(dollars in thousands)	Current			Past Due		Past Due		Past Due	Total

Commercial:
Commercial real estate	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	-
Other		-		-		-		-		-
Real estate mortgage - 1 to 4 family:
First mortgages		1,029		152		-		52		1,233
Home equity loans		-		-		-		-		-
Home equity lines of credit		50		-		-		-		50
Installment		-		-		-		-		-

Total	$	1,079	$	152	$	-	$	52	$	1,283

* Includes New York, New Jersey, Vermont and Massachusetts.

Page 73 of 111

The following tables describes the financial effect of the modifications made to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty:

For the year ended:

	December 31, 2024			December 31, 2023
	Weighted			Weighted
New York and other states*:	Average			Average
	Payment			Payment
(dollars in thousands)	Delay (Months)			Delay (Months)

Commercial:
Commercial real estate		$	-		$	-
Other			-			-
Real estate mortgage - 1 to 4 family:			-			-
First mortgages			15			21
Home equity loans			24			-
Home equity lines of credit			17			18
Installment			-			-

Total		$	56		$	39

	Weighted			Weighted
Florida:	Average			Average
	Payment			Payment
(dollars in thousands)	Delay (Months)			Delay (Months)

Commercial:
Commercial real estate		$	-		$	-
Other			-			-
Real estate mortgage - 1 to 4 family:
First mortgages			12			24
Home equity loans			9			-
Home equity lines of credit			6			-
Installment			-			-

Total		$	27		$	24

	Weighted			Weighted
	Average			Average
	Payment			Payment
(dollars in thousands)	Delay (Months)			Delay (Months)

Commercial:
Commercial real estate		$	-		$	-
Other			-			-
Real estate mortgage - 1 to 4 family:
First mortgages			27			45
Home equity loans			33			-
Home equity lines of credit			23			18
Installment			-			-

Total		$	83		$	63

* Includes New York, New Jersey, Vermont and Massachusetts.

Page 74 of 111

There were no commitments to lend additional funds to the borrowers and there were no charge-offs recorded against the loans. The Company had no allowance for credit losses recorded against these loans as of December 31, 2024. The Company had 13 loan modifications totaling $1.2 million that had a payment default during the year ended December 31, 2024.

(5)	Bank Premises and Equipment

A summary of premises and equipment at December 31, 2024 and 2023 follows:

(dollars in thousands)
	2024			2023
Land	$	2,651		$	2,444
Buildings		37,103			36,347
Furniture, fixtures and equipment		64,059			62,902
Leasehold improvements		36,448			36,418
Total bank premises and equipment		140,261			138,111
Accumulated depreciation and amortization		(106,479	)		(104,104	)
Total	$	33,782		$	34,007

Depreciation and amortization expense was approximately $4.5 million, $4.1 million, and $4.1 million for the years 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively. Occupancy expense of the Bank’s premises included rental expense of $8.4 million in 2024, and $8.2 million in both 2023 and 2022.

(6)

Deposits

Interest expense on deposits was as follows:

(dollars in thousands)	For the year ended December 31,
	2024		2023		2022

Interest bearing checking accounts	$	1,236	$	382	$	190
Savings accounts		2,876		2,531		920
Time deposits and money market accounts		86,474		50,439		4,617
Total	$	90,586	$	53,352	$	5,727

At December 31, 2024, the maturity of total time deposits is as follows:

(dollars in thousands)

Under 1 year	$	1,943,813
1 to 2 years		10,226
2 to 3 years		94,237
3 to 4 years		963
4 to 5 years		472
Over 5 years		48
	$	2,049,759

Included in total time deposits as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 is $561.3 million and $474.4 million in time deposits with balances in excess of $250,000.

Page 75 of 111

(7)	Borrowings

Short-term borrowings (repurchase agreements) of the Company were cash management accounts as follows:

(dollars in thousands)	2024			2023			2022

Amount outstanding at December 31,	$	84,781		$	88,990		$	122,700
Maximum amount outstanding at any month end		102,954			134,293			253,219
Average amount outstanding		89,707			114,639			177,599
Weighted average interest rate:
For the year		0.88	%		0.88	%		0.42	%
As of year end		0.88			0.86			0.86

Cash management accounts represent retail accounts with customers for which the Bank has pledged certain assets as collateral.

As of December 31, 2024 the Company also has borrowing capacity of $937.9 million available with the Federal Home Loan Bank of New York. The borrowings capacity is secured by the loans pledged by the Company. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company had no outstanding borrowings with the Federal Home Loan Bank of New York.

Trustco Bank is approved to borrow on short-term basis from the Federal Reserve Bank of New York. The Bank can pledge certain securities to the Federal Reserve Bank to support this arrangement. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the bank had no outstanding borrowings and loans with the Federal Reserve Bank of New York.

(8)	Income Taxes

A summary of income tax expense included in the Consolidated Statements of Income follows:

(dollars in thousands)	For the year ended December 31,
	2024		2023		2022
Current tax expense:
Federal	$	12,300	$	15,224	$	17,136
State		927		1,587		2,933
Total current tax expense		13,227		16,811		20,069
Deferred tax expense		1,986		2,156		4,114
Total income tax expense	$	15,213	$	18,967	$	24,183

Page 76 of 111

The tax effects of temporary differences that give rise to significant portions of the deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities at December 31, 2024 and 2023, are as follows:

	As of December 31,
(dollars in thousands)	2024			2023
	Deductible temporary differences			Deductible temporary differences

Benefits and deferred remuneration	$	(10,595	)	$	(9,490	)
Difference in reporting the allowance for credit losses, net		13,271			12,995
Other income or expense not yet reported for tax purposes		(2,409	)		(1,188	)
Depreciable assets		(2,432	)		(2,496	)
Net deferred tax liability at end of year		(2,165	)		(179	)

Net deferred tax (liability) asset at beginning of year		(179	)		1,977
Deferred tax expense	$	1,986		$	2,156

Deferred tax liabilities and assets are recognized subject to management’s judgment that realization is more likely than not. Based primarily on the sufficiency of expected future taxable income, management believes it is more likely than not that the remaining deferred tax liability of $2.2 million and $179 thousand at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, will be realized.

In addition to the deferred tax items described in the preceding table, the Company has deferred tax assets of $7.6 million and $8.4 million at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, relating to the net unrealized losses on securities available for sale and deferred tax liabilities of approximately $6.3 million and $3.7 million at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, as a result of changes in the unrecognized overfunded position in the Company’s pension and postretirement benefit plans recorded, net of tax, as an adjustment to accumulated other comprehensive income.

The effective tax rates differ from the statutory federal income tax rate. The reasons for these differences are as follows:

	For the year ended December 31,
	2024			2023			2022
Statutory federal income tax rate		21.0	%		21.0	%		21.0	%
Increase/(decrease) in taxes resulting from:
State income tax, net of federal tax benefit		2.1			3.1			3.0
Other items		0.7			0.3			0.3
Effective income tax rate		23.8	%		24.4	%		24.3	%

On a periodic basis, the Company evaluates its income tax positions based on tax laws and regulations and financial reporting considerations, and records adjustments as appropriate. This evaluation takes into consideration the status of taxing authorities’ current examinations of the Company’s tax returns, recent positions taken by the taxing authorities on similar transactions, if any, and the overall tax environment in relation to uncertain tax positions. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, no uncertain tax positions have been recorded.

The Company does not anticipate a material charge to the amount of unrecognized tax benefits in the next twelve months.

The Company recognizes interest and/or penalties related to income tax matters in noninterest expense. For the years 2024, 2023, and 2022, these amounts were not material. The Company and its subsidiaries file income tax returns in the U.S. federal jurisdiction as well as in various states. In the normal course of business, the Company is subject to U.S. federal, state, and local income tax examinations by tax authorities. The Company’s federal and state income tax returns for the years 2021 through 2024 remain open to examination.

Page 77 of 111

(9)	Benefit Plans

(a)	Retirement Plan

The Company maintains a trusteed non-contributory pension plan covering employees that have completed one year of employment and 1,000 hours of service while the plan was in effect. This plan was frozen as of December 31, 2006. The benefits are based on the sum of (a) a benefit equal to a prior service benefit plus the average of the employees’ highest five consecutive years’ compensation in the ten years preceding retirement multiplied by a percentage of service after a specified date plus (b) a benefit based upon career average compensation. The amounts contributed to the plan are determined annually on the basis of (a) the maximum amount that can be deducted for federal income tax purposes or (b) the amount certified by a consulting actuary as necessary to avoid an accumulated funding deficiency as defined by the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974. Contributions are intended to provide for benefits attributed to service to date. Assets of the plan are administered by Trustco Bank’s Financial Services Department.

The following tables set forth the plan’s funded status and amounts recognized in the Company’s consolidated statements of condition at December 31, 2024 and 2023:

Change in Projected Benefit Obligation:

	December 31,
(dollars in thousands)	2024			2023

Projected benefit obligation at beginning of year	$	23,159		$	23,042
Service cost		-			-
Interest cost		1,155			1,213
Benefit payments and expected expenses		(1,664	)		(1,741	)
Net actuarial (gain) loss		(1,058	)		645

Projected benefit obligation at end of year	$	21,592		$	23,159

Change in Plan Assets and Reconciliation of Funded Status:

	December 31,
(dollars in thousands)	2024			2023

Fair Value of plan assets at beginning of year	$	59,641		$	52,673
Actual gain on plan assets		9,491			8,747
Benefit payments and actual expenses		(1,711	)		(1,779	)
Fair value of plan assets at end of year		67,421			59,641

Funded status at end of year	$	45,829		$	36,482

Amounts recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) consist of the following as of:

	December 31,
	2024		2023
Net actuarial gain	$	13,915	$	6,550

The accumulated benefit obligation was $21.6 million and $23.2 million at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Page 78 of 111

Components of Net Periodic Pension Income and Other Amounts Recognized in Other Comprehensive Income (Loss):

	For the years ended December 31,
(dollars in thousands)	2024			2023			2022

Service cost	$	-		$	-		$	-
Interest cost		1,155			1,213			888
Expected return on plan assets		(3,050	)		(2,684	)		(3,227	)
Amortization of net gain		(86	)		-			-
Net periodic pension credit		(1,981	)		(1,471	)		(2,339	)

Amortization of net gain		86			-			-
Net actuarial (gain) loss included in other comprehensive loss		(7,451	)		(5,380	)		4,869
Total recognized in other comprehensive loss		(7,365	)		(5,380	)		4,869

Total recognized in net periodic benefit (credit) cost and other comprehensive loss	$	(9,346	)	$	(6,851	)	$	2,530

Estimated Future Benefit Payments

The following benefit payments, which reflect expected future service, as appropriate, are expected to be paid:

(dollars in thousands)

Year	Pension Benefits
2025	$	1,698
2026		1,721
2027		1,728
2028		1,782
2029		1,782
2030 - 2034		8,551

The assumptions used to determine benefit obligations at December 31 are as follows:

		2024				2023				2022
Discount rate			5.69	%			5.18	%			5.44	%

The assumptions used to determine net periodic pension expense (benefit) for the years ended December 31 are as follows:

	2024			2023			2022
Discount rate		5.18	%		5.44	%		2.96	%
Expected long-term rate of return on assets		5.25			5.25			5.25

The annual rate assumption used for purposes of computing the service and interest costs components is determined based upon factors including the yields on high quality corporate bonds and other appropriate yield curves along with analysis prepared by the Company’s actuaries.

Page 79 of 111

(b)	Supplemental Retirement Plan

The Company also has a supplementary pension plan under which additional retirement benefits are accrued for eligible executive officers. This plan supplements the defined benefit retirement plan for eligible employees that exceed the Internal Revenue Service limit on the amount of pension payments that are allowed from a retirement plan. The supplemental plan provides eligible employees with total benefit payments as calculated by the retirement plan without regard to this limitation. Benefits under this plan are calculated using the same actuarial assumptions and interest rates as used for the retirement plan calculations. The accumulated benefits under this supplementary pension plan were approximately $2.3 million as of December 31, 2024 and 2023. Effective as of December 31, 2008, this plan has been frozen and no additional benefits will accrue. Instead, the amount of the Company’s annual contribution to the plan plus interest is paid directly to each eligible employee. The expense recorded for this plan was $2.8 million in 2024 and $2.9 million in 2023.

Rabbi trusts have been established for this plan. These trust accounts are administered by the Trustco Financial Services Department and invest primarily in bonds issued by government-sponsored enterprises and money market instruments. These assets are recorded at their fair value and are included in short-term investments in the Consolidated Statements of Condition. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the trusts had assets totaling $2.5 million and $2.4 million, respectively.

(c)	Postretirement Benefits

The Company permits retirees under age 65 to participate in the Company’s medical plan by making certain payments. In addition, the plan provides a death benefit to certain eligible employees and retirees. In 2003, the Company amended the medical plan to reflect changes to the retiree medical insurance coverage portion. The Company’s subsidy of the retiree medical insurance premiums was eliminated at that time. The Company continues to provide postretirement medical benefits for a limited number of executives in accordance with their employment contracts.

The following tables show the plan’s funded status and amounts recognized in the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Condition at December 31, 2024 and 2023:

Change in Accumulated Benefit Obligation:

(dollars in thousands)	December 31,
	2024			2023
Accumulated benefit obligation at beginning of year	$	5,628		$	4,893
Service cost		18			11
Interest cost		284			271
Prior Service cost		-			-
Benefits paid		(194	)		(74	)
Net actuarial loss		478			527

Accumulated benefit obligation at end of year	$	6,214		$	5,628

Change in Plan Assets and Reconciliation of Funded Status:

(dollars in thousands)	December 31,
	2024			2023
Fair value of plan assets at beginning of year	$	33,224		$	28,988
Actual gain on plan assets		4,877			4,260
Company contributions		172			50
Benefits paid and actual expenses		(194	)		(74	)
Fair value of plan assets at end of year		38,079			33,224

Funded status at end of year	$	31,865		$	27,596

Page 80 of 111

Amounts recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income consist of the following as of:

(dollars in thousands)	December 31,
	2024			2023
Net actuarial gain	$	(10,247	)	$	(7,912	)
Prior service cost		55			68

Total	$	(10,192	)	$	(7,844	)

The accumulated benefit obligation was $6.2 million and $5.6 million at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Components of Net Periodic Benefit Income and Other Amounts Recognized in Other Comprehensive Income (Loss):

(dollars in thousands)	December 31,
	2024			2023			2022
Service cost	$	18		$	11		$	18
Interest cost		284			271			207
Expected return on plan assets		(1,326	)		(1,157	)		(1,332	)
Amortization of net actuarial gain		(738	)		(423	)		(1,008	)
Amortization of prior service cost		13			13			(313	)
Net periodic benefit credit		(1,749	)		(1,285	)		(2,428	)

Net (gain) loss		(3,073	)		(2,575	)		3,397
Amortization of prior service (cost) credit		(13	)		(13	)		313
Prior service cost		-			-			-
Amortization of net gain		738			423			1,008
Total amount recognized in other comprehensive loss		(2,348	)		(2,165	)		4,718

Total amount recognized in net periodic benefit cost and other comprehensive loss	$	(4,097	)	$	(3,450	)	$	2,290

The estimated amount of net gain that will be amortized from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) into net periodic benefit income over the next fiscal year is approximately $738 thousand. The estimated amount of prior service cost that will be amortized from accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) into net periodic benefit income (loss) over the next fiscal year is approximately $13 thousand.

Expected Future Benefit Payments

The following benefit payments are expected to be paid:

(dollars in thousands)
Year	Postretirement Benefits

2025	$	268
2026		319
2027		360
2028		405
2029		439
2030 - 2034		2,102

Page 81 of 111

The discount rate assumption used to determine benefit obligations at December 31 is as follows:

		2024				2023				2022
Discount rate			5.69	%			5.18	%			5.44	%

The assumptions used to determine net periodic pension expense (benefit) for the years ended December 31 are as follows:

	2024			2023			2022
Discount rate		5.18	%		5.44	%		2.96	%
Expected long-term rate of return on assets, net of tax		4.00			4.00			4.00

(d)	Components of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) Related to Retirement and Postretirement Benefit Plans

The following table details the change in the components of other comprehensive income (loss) related to the retirement plan and the postretirement benefit plan, at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively:

(dollars in thousands)	December 31, 2024
	Retirement Plan			Post- Retirement Benefit Plan			Total
Change in overfunded position of pension and postretirement benefits	$	(7,451	)	$	(3,073	)	$	(10,524	)
Prior service cost		-			-			-
Amortization of net actuarial gain		86			738			824
Amortization of prior service cost		-			(13	)		(13	)
Total	$	(7,365	)	$	(2,348	)	$	(9,713	)

	December 31, 2023
	Retirement Plan			Post- Retirement Benefit Plan			Total
Change in overfunded position of pension and postretirement benefits	$	(5,380	)	$	(2,575	)	$	(7,955	)
Prior service cost		-			-			-
Amortization of net actuarial gain		-			423			423
Amortization of prior service cost		-			(13	)		(13	)
Total	$	(5,380	)	$	(2,165	)	$	(7,545	)

Page 82 of 111

(e)	Major Categories of Pension and Postretirement Benefit Plan Assets:

The asset allocations of the Company’s pension and postretirement benefit plans at December 31, were as follows:

	Pension Benefit Plan Assets						Postretirement Benefit Plan Assets
	2024			2023			2024			2023
Debt Securities		34	%		34	%		32	%		27	%
Equity Securities		62			63			62			61
Other		4			3			6			12
Total		100	%		100	%		100	%		100	%

The expected long-term rate-of-return on plan assets, noted in sections (a) and (b) above, reflects long-term earnings expectations on existing plan assets. In estimating that rate, appropriate consideration was given to historical returns earned by plan assets and the rates of return expected to be available for reinvestment. Rates of return were adjusted to reflect current capital market assumptions and changes in investment allocations.

The Company’s investment policies and strategies for the pension benefit and postretirement benefit plans prescribe a target allocation of 50% to 70% equity securities, 25% to 40% debt securities, and 0% to 10% for other securities for the asset categories. The Company’s investment goals are to maximize returns subject to specific risk management policies. Its risk management policies permit direct investments in equity and debt securities and mutual funds while prohibiting direct investment in derivative financial instruments. The Company addresses diversification by the use of mutual fund investments whose underlying investments are in domestic and international debt and equity securities. These mutual funds are readily marketable and can be sold to fund benefit payment obligations as they become payable.

Fair Value of Plan Assets:

Fair value is the exchange price that would be received for an asset in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date.

The Company used the following methods and significant assumptions to estimate the fair value of each type of financial instrument:

Equity mutual funds, Fixed Income mutual funds and Debt Securities: The fair values for investment securities are determined by quoted market prices, if available (Level 1). For securities where quoted prices are not available, fair values are calculated based on market prices of similar securities (Level 2).

Page 83 of 111

The fair value of the plan assets at December 31, 2024 and 2023, by asset category, is as follows:

			Fair Value Measurements at December 31, 2024 Using:
Retirement Plan (dollars in thousands)	Carrying Value		Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
Plan Assets
Cash and cash equivalents	$	2,848	$	2,848	$	-	$	-
Equity mutual funds		41,384		41,384		-		-
U.S. government sponsored enterprises		22,659		-		22,659		-
Fixed income mutual funds		530		530		-		-

Total Plan Assets	$	67,421	$	44,762	$	22,659	$	-

			Fair Value Measurements at December 31, 2024 Using:
Postretirement Benefits (dollars in thousands)	Carrying Value		Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
Plan Assets
Cash and cash equivalents	$	2,407	$	2,407	$	-	$	-
Equity mutual funds		23,377		23,377		-		-
U.S. government sponsored enterprises		12,295		-		12,295		-

Total Plan Assets	$	38,079	$	25,784	$	12,295	$	-

			Fair Value Measurements at December 31, 2023 Using:
Retirement Plan (dollars in thousands)	Carrying Value		Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
Plan Assets
Cash and cash equivalents	$	1,811	$	1,811	$	-	$	-
Equity mutual funds		37,615		37,615		-		-
U.S. government sponsored enterprises		19,674		-		19,674		-
Corporate bonds		-		-		-		-
Fixed income mutual funds		541		541		-		-

Total Plan Assets	$	59,641	$	39,967	$	19,674	$	-

				Fair Value Measurements at December 31, 2023 Using:
Postretirement Benefits (dollars in thousands)	Carrying Value			Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)			Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)			Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
Plan Assets
Cash and cash equivalents		$	3,986		$	3,986		$	-		$	-
Equity mutual funds			20,236			20,236			-			-
U.S. government sponsored enterprises			9,002			-			9,002			-

Total Plan Assets		$	33,224		$	24,222		$	9,002		$	-

Page 84 of 111

At December 31, 2024 and 2023, the majority of the equity mutual funds included in the plan assets of the retirement plan and postretirement benefit plan consist of large-cap index funds, while the remainder of the equity mutual funds consists of mid‑cap, small‑cap and international funds.

There were no transfers between Level 1 and Level 2 in 2024 and 2023.

The Company made no contributions to its pension and postretirement benefit plans in 2024 or 2023. The Company does not expect to make any contributions to its pension and postretirement benefit plans in 2025.

(f)	Incentive and Bonus Plans

During 2006, the Company amended its profit sharing plan to include a 401(k) feature. Under the 401(k) feature, the Company matches 100% of the aggregate salary contribution up to the first 3% of compensation and 50% of the aggregate contribution of the next 3%. No profit sharing contributions were made in 2023, 2022 or 2021 but were replaced with Company contributions to the 401(k) feature of the plan. Expenses related to the plan equaled $1.4 million for 2024 and 2023, and $1.3 million for 2022.

The Company also has an officers and executive incentive plan. The expense of these plans generally is based on the Company’s performance and estimated distributions to participants are accrued during the year and generally paid in the following year. The expense recorded for this plan was $625 thousand, $2.3 million, and $1.3 million in 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

The Company has also awarded 284 thousand performance bonus units to the executive officers and directors. These units become vested and exercisable only under a change of control as defined in the plan. The units were awarded based upon the stock price at the time of grant and, if exercised under a change of control, allow the holder to receive the increase in value offered in the exchange over the stock price at the date of grant for each unit, if any. As of December 31, 2024, the weighted average strike price of each unit was $53.61.

(g)	Stock-Based Compensation Plans-Equity Awards

Equity awards are types of stock-based compensation that are to be settled in shares. As such, the amount of compensation expense to be paid at the time of settlement is included in surplus in the Consolidated Statement of Condition.

In May 2019, shareholders of the Company approved the TrustCo Bank Corp NY 2019 Equity Incentive Plan (“2019 Equity Incentive Plan”) which replaced and combined into one plan both the Amended and Restated TrustCo Bank Corp NY 2010 Equity Incentive Plan (“2010 Equity Incentive Plan”) and the Amended and Restated TrustCo Bank Corp NY 2010 Directors Equity Incentive Plan (“Directors Plan”), and all remaining shares eligible for issuance thereunder were canceled. Awards previously made under the prior plans remain in effect in accordance with the terms of those awards. The shareholders of the Company subsequently approved the amendment and restatement of the 2019 Equity Incentive Plan (“A&R 2019 Equity Incentive Plan”) in May 2023. Under the A&R 2019 Equity Incentive Plan, the Company may provide for the issuance of 700,000 shares of our common stock which is available for issuance pursuant to options, SARs, restricted stock, and restricted stock units (both time based and performance based), to eligible employees and directors. This allotment of 700,000 shares includes the authorized but unissued shares remaining available for issuance under the 2010 Equity Incentive Plan and the Directors Plan. As of December 31, 2024, the Company did not issue any shares of our common stock pursuant to options or SARs. The Company did, however, grant restricted stock units (both time based and performance based) to certain executives in November 2023 and 2024 that will settle in shares of common stock upon vesting as described below. The Company also granted restricted stock units (both time based and performance based) to directors and certain eligible officers that will settle in cash upon vesting as described below.

Under the A&R 2019 Equity Incentive Plan, the exercise price of each option may not be less than 100% of the fair value of the Company’s stock on the date of grant, and for an Incentive Stock Option (ISO) granted to a ten-percent shareholder the option price may not be less than 110% of the fair value of the Company’s stock on the date of the ISO grant. The vesting period and term of the option will be determined at the time of the option grant as set forth in the Award Agreement. Options granted under the 2010 Equity Incentive Plan and the Directors Plan will continue to expire ten years, and vest over five years, from the date the options were granted.

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A summary of the status of TrustCo’s stock option awards as of December 31, 2024 and changes during the year then ended, are as follows:

	Outstanding Options
	Number of Options			Weighted Average Exercise Price		Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Life
Balance, January 1, 2024		47,541		$	34.01
New options awarded - 2024		-			-
Expired options - 2024		(9,600	)		36.10
Options forfeited - 2024		-			-
Exercised options - 2024		(29,905	)		33.84
Balance, December 31, 2024		8,036		$	32.15	.88 years

	Exercisable Options

Balance, December 31, 2024		8,036	$	32.15	.88 years

At December 31, 2024, the intrinsic value of stock options was $9 thousand. All outstanding options were vested as of December 31, 2024.

During 2024 approximately 30 thousand shares of stock were exercised. In 2023 there was no options exercised and during 2022 approximately 12 thousand shares of stock were exercised.The intrinsic value and related tax benefits of stock options exercised in these years were not material. It is the Company’s policy to generally issue stock upon stock option exercises from previously unissued shares of common stock or treasury shares.

Income tax benefits recognized in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Income related to stock-based compensation were not material.

Valuation of Stock-Based Compensation: The fair value of the Company’s employee and director stock options granted is estimated on the measurement date, which, for the Company, is the date of grant. The Company did not grant new stock option awards in 2024, 2023, or 2022.

There was no stock-based compensation expense for stock options recognized in 2024,2023, and 2022.

Restricted stock units

	Shares			Weighted-Average Grant-Date Fair Value
Nonvested at January 1, 2024		27,316		$	27.09
Granted		20,348
Vested		(9,105	)
Forfeited		-
Nonvested at December 31, 2024		38,559		$	31.99

Service-Based Awards: During 2024 and 2023, the Company issued restricted stock units to certain eligible officers. The restricted share units do not hold voting powers, and are not eligible for common stock dividends. Depending on the year of the grant the awards vest in whole units in equal installments from the first through the third year following the award date. Upon issuance, the fair value of these awards is the fair value of the Company’s common stock on the grant date. Thereafter, the amount of compensation expense recognized is based on the fair value of the Company’s stock.

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During 2024 and 2023, the Company recognized $287 thousand and $41 thousand, respectively, in compensation expense related to these awards. Unrecognized compensation expense related to the outstanding restricted share units totaled approximately $1.2 million at December 31, 2024. During 2024, one third of the awards granted in 2023 became vested and settled. The weighted average period over which the unrecognized expense is expected to be recognized was approximately 29 months as of December 31, 2024.

Performance share units

	Shares		Weighted-Average Grant-Date Fair Value
Nonvested at January 1, 2024		40,977	$	27.09
Granted		30,520
Vested		-
Forfeited		-
Nonvested at December 31, 2024		71,497	$	31.05

Performance Based Awards: During 2024 and 2023, the Company issued performance share units to certain eligible officers and executives. These units do not hold voting powers, are not eligible for common stock dividends, and become 100% vested after three years based upon a cliff-vesting schedule and the satisfaction of performance metrics. Upon issuance, fair value of these units was the fair value of the Company’s common stock on the grant date. Thereafter, the amount of compensation expense recognized is based upon the Company’s achievement of certain performance criteria in accordance with Plan provisions as well as the fair value of the Company’s stock.

During 2024 and 2023, the Company recognized approximately $432 thousand and $62 thousand, respectively, in compensation expense related to these units. Unrecognized compensation expense related to the outstanding performance share units totaled $1.7 million at December 31, 2024. The weighted average period over which the unrecognized expense is expected to be recognized was approximately 29 months as of December 31, 2024.

(h)	Stock-Based Compensation Plans-Liability Awards

Liability awards are types of compensation that are settled in cash (not shares). As such, the amount of compensation expense to be paid at the time of settlement is included in accrued expenses and other liabilities in the Consolidated Statement of Condition. The Company granted both service-based and performance based liability awards in 2024, 2023 and 2022.

The activity for service-based awards during 2024 was as follows:

Restricted share units

	Outstanding Units
Balance, December 31, 2023		64,151
New cash settled awards granted		21,660
Forfeited awards		(4,271	)
Awards settled		(36,475	)
Balance, December 31, 2024		45,065

Service-Based Awards: During 2024 and 2023, the Company issued restricted share units to certain eligible officers, executives and members of its board of directors. The restricted share units do not hold voting powers, and are not eligible for common stock dividends. The awards granted to the members of the board of directors become 100% vested after one year, and all other awards granted vest in whole units in equal installments from the first through the third year following the award date. Upon issuance, the fair value of these awards is the fair value of the Company’s common stock on the grant date. Thereafter, the amount of compensation expense recognized is based on the fair value of the Company’s stock.

During 2024, 2023 and 2022, the Company recognized $1.3 million, $1.1 million and $1.6 million, respectively, in compensation expense related to these awards. Unrecognized compensation expense related to the outstanding restricted share units totaled approximately $1.3 million at December 31, 2024. During 2024, one third of the awards granted in 2021, 2022 and 2023 became vested and settled. The weighted average period over which the unrecognized expense is expected to be recognized was approximately 23 months as of December 31, 2024.

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The liability related to service-based liability awards was approximately $156 thousand and $202 thousand at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and is included in Accrued expense and other liabilities on the Consolidated Statements of Condition.

The activity for performance-based awards during 2024 was as follows:

Performance share units

	Outstanding Units
Balance, December 31, 2023		135,666
New cash settled awards granted		29,092
Forfeited awards		(1,027	)
Awards settled		(63,008	)
Balance, December 31, 2024		100,723

Performance Based Awards: During 2024, 2023 and 2022, the Company issued performance share units to certain eligible officers and executives. These units do not hold voting powers, are not eligible for common stock dividends, and become 100% vested after three years based upon a cliff-vesting schedule and the satisfaction of performance metrics. Upon issuance, fair value of these units was the fair value of the Company’s common stock on the grant date. Thereafter, the amount of compensation expense recognized is based upon the Company’s achievement of certain performance criteria in accordance with Plan provisions as well as the fair value of the Company’s stock.

For units granted in 2021, those have been fully vested and unpaid. For units granted subsequent to 2021, all of the units are unvested as of December 31, 2024, and the Company expects to meet the required performance criteria of the awards.

During 2024, 2023 and 2022, the Company recognized approximately $2.1 million, $1.5 million and $1.3 thousand, respectively, in compensation expense related to these units. Unrecognized compensation expense related to the outstanding performance share units totaled $870 thousand at December 31, 2024. The weighted average period over which the unrecognized expense is expected to be recognized was approximately 19 months as of December 31, 2024.

The liability related to performance-based liability awards totaled $3.6 million and $3.5 million at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and is included in Accrued expense and other liabilities on the Consolidated Statements of Condition.

(10)	Commitments and Contingent Liabilities

(a)	Litigation

In the normal course of business, TrustCo and Trustco Bank become involved in a variety of routine legal proceedings. At present, there are no legal proceedings pending or threatened, which in the opinion of management and counsel, would result in a material loss to TrustCo or Trustco Bank.

Like many banks, Trustco Bank has been subject to putative class-action claims alleging improper overdraft practices. Trustco Bank has reached an agreement to settle all claims thus asserted. That settlement agreement, which is subject to court approval, calls for the creation of a fund (“Fund”) to be overseen by a court-supervised administrator that will determine which Trustco Bank customers and former customers meet the criteria for participation in the settlement. That administrator also will distribute the Fund on a pro rata basis to eligible customers and former customers. The fees of the plaintiffs’ attorneys and other expenses also will be paid out of the Fund. The total liability of TrustCo and Trustco Bank in connection with this settlement will be $2.75 million. The Company has accrued for this amount as of December 31, 2024.

(b)	Outsourced Services

The Company contracted with third-party service providers to perform certain banking functions. The outsourced services include data and item processing for the Bank and trust operations. The service expense can vary based upon the volume and nature of transactions processed. Outsourced service expense was $10.9 million for 2024, $10.0 million for 2023 and $9.2 million in 2022. The Company is contractually obligated to pay these third -party service providers approximately $10 million to $11 million per year through 2030.

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(11)	Earnings Per Share

The Company computes earnings per share in accordance with Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 260, Earnings Per Share (“ASC 260”). TrustCo adopted FASB Staff Position on Emerging Issues Task Force 03-6-1, Determining Whether Instruments Granted in Share-Based Payment Transactions Are Participating Securities, as codified in FASB ASC 260-10 (“ASC 260-10”), which clarified that unvested share-based payment awards that contain non-forfeitable rights to receive dividends or divided equivalents (whether paid or unpaid) are participating securities, and thus, should be included in the two-class method of computing earnings per share (“EPS”). Participating securities under this statement include the unvested employees’ and directors’ restricted stock awards with time-based vesting, which receive non-forfeitable dividend payments. For the years presented, the Company no longer has unvested awards that would be considered participating securities.

A reconciliation of the component parts of earnings per share for 2024, 2023, and 2022 follows:

(dollars in thousands,
except per share data)	For the years ended December 31,
	2024		2023		2022

Net income	$	48,833	$	58,646	$	75,234
Weighted average common shares		19,018		19,024		19,131

Effect of dilutive common stock options		19		1		2

Weighted average common shares including potential dilutive shares		19,037		19,025		19,133

Basic EPS	$	2.57	$	3.08	$	3.93

Diluted EPS	$	2.57	$	3.08	$	3.93

For the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, there were 42 thousand and 73 thousand, respectively, of antidilutive stock options excluded from diluted earnings per share. The stock options are antidilutive because the strike price is greater than the average fair value of the Company’s common stock for the periods presented.

(12)	Off-Balance Sheet Financial Instruments

Loan commitments to extend credit are agreements to lend to a customer as long as there is no violation of any condition established in the contract. Commitments generally have fixed expiration dates or other termination clauses and may require a fee. Commitments sometimes expire without being drawn upon. Therefore, the total commitment amounts do not necessarily represent future cash requirements. These arrangements have credit risk essentially the same as that involved in extending loans to customers and are subject to the Bank’s normal credit policies, including obtaining collateral. The Bank’s maximum exposure to credit loss for loan commitments, including unused lines of credit, at December 31, 2024 and 2023, was $601.2 million and $596.8 million, respectively. Approximately 62% and 71% of these commitments were for variable rate products at the end of 2024 and 2023, respectively.

The Company does not issue any guarantees that require liability-recognition or disclosure, other than its standby letters of credit. The Company has issued conditional commitments in the form of standby letters of credit to guarantee payment on behalf of a customer and guarantee the performance of a customer to a third party. Standby letters of credit generally arise in connection with lending relationships. The credit risk involved in issuing these instruments is essentially the same as that involved in extending loans to customers. Contingent obligations under standby letters of credit totaled approximately $4.6 Million and $4.8 million at December 31, 2024 and 2023, and represent the maximum potential future payments the Company could be required to make. Typically, these instruments have terms of 12 months or less and expire unused; therefore, the total amounts do not necessarily represent future cash requirements. Each customer is evaluated individually for creditworthiness under the same underwriting standards used for commitments to extend credit and on-balance sheet instruments. Company policies governing loan collateral apply to standby letters of credit at the time of credit extension. Loan‑to‑value ratios are generally consistent with loan‑to‑value requirements for other commercial loans secured by similar types of collateral. The fair value of the Company’s standby letters of credit at December 31, 2024 and 2023 was insignificant.

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No losses are anticipated as a result of loan commitments or standby letters of credit.

(13)	Fair Value

Fair value measurements (ASC 820) defines fair value as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. ASC 820 also establishes a fair value hierarchy which requires an entity to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value. The standard describes three levels of inputs that may be used to measure fair values:

Level 1 – Quoted prices (unadjusted) for identical assets or liabilities in active markets that the entity can access as of the measurement date.

Level 2 – Significant other observable inputs other than Level 1 prices such as quoted prices or similar assets or liabilities; quoted prices in markets that are not active; or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data.

Level 3 – Significant unobservable inputs that reflect a company’s own assumptions about the value that market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability.

The Company used the following methods and significant assumptions to estimate the fair value of assets and liabilities:

Securities Available for Sale: The fair value of securities available for sale are determined utilizing an independent pricing service for identical assets or significantly similar securities. The pricing service uses a variety of techniques to arrive at fair value including market maker bids, quotes and pricing models. Inputs to the pricing models include recent trades, benchmark interest rates, spreads and actual and projected cash flows. This results in a Level 2 classification of the inputs for determining fair value. Interest and dividend income is recorded on the accrual method and included in the income statement in the respective investment class under total interest income. The Company does not have any securities that would be designated as level 3.

Other Real Estate Owned: Assets acquired through loan foreclosure are initially recorded at fair value less costs to sell when acquired, establishing a new cost basis. These assets are subsequently accounted for at lower of cost or fair value less estimated costs to sell. Fair value is commonly based on recent real estate appraisals. These appraisals may utilize a single valuation approach or a combination of approaches including comparable sales and the income approach. Adjustments are routinely made in the appraisal process to adjust for differences between the comparable sales and income data available. This results in a Level 3 classification of the inputs for determining fair value.

Individually Evaluated Loans: Loans individually evaluated carried at fair value generally have had a charge-off through the allowance for credit losses on loans. For collateral dependent loans, fair value is commonly based on recent real estate appraisals. These appraisals may utilize a single valuation approach or a combination of approaches including comparable sales and the income approach. Adjustments are routinely made in the appraisal process to adjust for differences between the comparable sales and income data available. Such adjustments may be significant and typically result in a Level 3 classification of the inputs for determining fair value. When obtained, non-real estate collateral may be valued using an appraisal, net book value per the borrower’s financial statements, or aging reports, adjusted or discounted based on management’s historical knowledge, changes in market conditions from the time of the valuation, and management’s expertise and knowledge of the client and client’s business, resulting in a Level 3 fair value classification. Loans individually evaluated are evaluated on a quarterly basis for additional impairment and adjusted accordingly.

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Assets and liabilities measured at fair value under ASC 820 on a recurring basis are summarized below:

There were no transfers between Level 1 and Level 2 in 2024 and 2023.

	Fair Value Measurements at December 31, 2024 Using:
(dollars in thousands)	Carrying Value		Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)

Securities available for sale:
U.S. government sponsored enterprises	$	85,617	$	-	$	85,617	$	-
State and political subdivisions		18		-		18		-
Mortgage backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations - residential		213,128		-		213,128		-
Corporate bonds		44,581		-		44,581		-
Small Business Administration - guaranteed participation securities		14,141		-		14,141		-
Other		700		-		700		-

Total securities available for sale	$	358,185	$	-	$	358,185	$	-

	Fair Value Measurements at December 31, 2023 Using:
(dollars in thousands)	Carrying Value		Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)

Securities available for sale:
U.S. government sponsored enterprises	$	118,668	$	-	$	118,668	$	-
State and political subdivisions		26		-		26		-
Mortgage backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations - residential		237,677		-		237,677		-
Corporate bonds		78,052		-		78,052		-
Small Business Administration - guaranteed participation securities		17,186		-		17,186		-
Other		680		-		680		-

Total securities available for sale	$	452,289	$	-	$	452,289	$	-

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Assets measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis are summarized below:

	Fair Value Measurements at December 31, 2024 Using:
(dollars in thousands)	Carrying Value		Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)		Valuation technique	Unobservable inputs	Range (Weighted Average)

Other real estate owned	$	2,174	$	-	$	-	$	2,174	Sales comparison approach	Adjustments for differences between comparable sales		0% - 44% (18	%)

Individually evaluated loans:
Real estate mortgage - 1 to 4 family		-		-		-		-	Sales comparison approach	Adjustments for differences between comparable sales		N/A

	Fair Value Measurements at December 31, 2023 Using:
(dollars in thousands)	Carrying Value		Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)		Valuation technique	Unobservable inputs	Range (Weighted Average)

Other real estate owned	$	194	$	-	$	-	$	194	Sales comparison approach	Adjustments for differences between comparable sales		0% - 39% (20	%)

Individually evaluated loans:
Real estate mortgage - 1 to 4 family		-		-		-		-	Sales comparison approach	Adjustments for differences between comparable sales		N/A

Other real estate owned, which is carried at fair value less costs to sell, was approximately $2.2 million at December 31, 2024, and consisted of residential and commercial real estate properties. A valuation charge of $350 thousand is included in earnings for the year ended December 31, 2024.

Of the total individually evaluated loans of $24.4 million at December 31, 2024, there are no loans that were collateral dependent and are carried at fair value measured on a non-recurring basis. Due to the sufficiency of charge-offs taken on these loans and the adequacy of the underlying collateral, there were no specific valuation allowances for these loans at December 31, 2024. There were no gross charge-offs related to residential impaired loans included in the table above.

Other real estate owned, which is carried at fair value less costs to sell, was approximately $194 thousand at December 31, 2023, and consisted of only residential real estate properties. A valuation charge of $143 thousand is included in earnings for the year ended December 31, 2023.

Of the total individually evaluated loans of $24.7 million at December 31, 2023, there are no loans that were collateral dependent and are carried at fair value measured on a non-recurring basis. Due to the sufficiency of charge-offs taken on these loans and the adequacy of the underlying collateral, there were no specific valuation allowances for these loans at December 31, 2023. There were no gross charge-offs related to residential impaired loans included in the table above.

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In accordance with ASC 825, the carrying amounts and estimated fair values (exit price) of financial instruments at December 31, 2024 and 2023 are as follows:

(dollars in thousands)	Carrying		Fair Value Measurements at December 31, 2024 Using:
	Value		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Financial assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	641,812		641,812		-		-		641,812
Securities available for sale		358,185		-		358,185		-		358,185
Held to maturity securities		5,365		-		5,306		-		5,306
Federal Reserve Bank and
Federal Home Loan Bank stock		6,507		N/A		N/A		N/A		N/A
Net loans		5,047,810		-		-		4,589,822		4,589,822
Accrued interest receivable		13,194		271		1,317		11,606		13,194
Financial liabilities:
Demand deposits		762,101		762,101		-		-		762,101
Interest bearing deposits		4,628,882		2,579,123		2,038,200		-		4,617,323
Short-term borrowings		84,781		-		84,781		-		84,781
Accrued interest payable		3,817		216		3,601		-		3,817

(dollars in thousands)	Carrying		Fair Value Measurements at December 31, 2023 Using:
	Value		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Financial assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	578,004		578,004		-		-		578,004
Securities available for sale		452,289		-		452,289		-		452,289
Held to maturity securities		6,458		-		6,396		-		6,396
Federal Reserve Bank and
Federal Home Loan Bank stock		6,203		N/A		N/A		N/A		N/A
Net loans		4,954,301		-		-		4,422,027		4,422,027
Accrued interest receivable		13,683		234		1,920		11,529		13,683
Financial liabilities:
Demand deposits		754,532		754,532		-		-		754,532
Interest bearing deposits		4,596,245		2,760,221		1,819,789		-		4,580,010
Short-term borrowings		88,990		-		88,990		-		88,990
Accrued interest payable		3,612		256		3,356		-		3,612

(14)	Regulatory Capital Requirements

Depository institutions and their holding companies are subject to regulatory capital requirements administered by federal banking agencies. Capital adequacy rules and regulations involve quantitative measures of assets, liabilities, and certain off-balance-sheet items calculated under regulatory accounting practices. Capital amounts and classifications are also subject to qualitative judgments by regulators. Failure to meet capital requirements can result in regulatory action. The capital rules include a capital conservation buffer of 2.5% that is designed to absorb losses during periods of economic stress and to require increased capital levels before capital distributions and certain other payments can be made. Failure to meet the full amount of the buffer will result in restrictions on capital distributions, including dividend payments and stock repurchases, and to pay discretionary bonuses to executive officers. For regulatory capital purposes, the ratios exclude the impact of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss). As of December 31, 2023, the Company and Bank meet all capital adequacy requirements to which they are subject and reported capital in levels that exceeded the capital conservation buffer.

Prompt corrective action regulations, to which banks, but not their holding companies, are subject, provide five classifications: well capitalized, adequately capitalized, undercapitalized, significantly undercapitalized, and critically undercapitalized. If a bank is not classified as well capitalized, its ability to accept brokered deposits is restricted. If a bank is undercapitalized, capital distributions are limited, as is asset growth and expansion, and capital restoration plans are required. The federal banking agencies are required to take certain supervisory actions (and may take additional discretionary actions) with respect to an undercapitalized institution or its holding company. Such actions could have a direct material effect on an institution’s or its holding company’s financial statements. As of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the most recent regulatory notifications categorized the Bank as well capitalized under the regulatory framework for prompt corrective action. There are no conditions or events since that notification that management believes have changed the Bank’s category.

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The following is a summary of actual capital amounts and ratios as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, for Trustco Bank:

	As of December 31, 2024						Well			Minimum for Capital Adequacy plus Capital Conservation
(dollars in thousands)	Amount			Ratio			Capitalized⁽¹⁾			Buffer⁽¹⁾⁽²⁾

Tier 1 leverage ratio		$	652,668		10.618	%		5.000	%		4.000	%
Common equity Tier 1 capital			652,668		18.542			6.500			7.000
Tier 1 risk-based capital			652,668		18.542			8.000			8.500
Total risk-based capital			696,767		19.795			10.000			10.500

	As of December 31, 2023						Well			Minimum for Capital Adequacy plus Capital Conservation
(dollars in thousands)	Amount			Ratio			Capitalized⁽¹⁾			Buffer⁽¹⁾⁽²⁾

Tier 1 leverage ratio		$	636,327		10.428	%		5.000	%		4.000	%
Common equity Tier 1 capital			636,327		18.280			6.500			7.000
Tier 1 risk-based capital			636,327		18.280			8.000			8.500
Total risk-based capital			679,924		19.532			10.000			10.500

The following is a summary of actual capital amounts and ratios as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 for TrustCo on a consolidated basis.

	As of December 31, 2024						Minimum for Capital Adequacy plus Capital Conservation
(dollars in thousands)	Amount			Ratio			Buffer⁽¹⁾⁽²⁾

Tier 1 leverage ratio		$	679,651		11.054	%		4.000	%
Common equity Tier 1 capital			679,651		19.303			7.000
Tier 1 risk-based capital			679,651		19.303			8.500
Total risk-based capital			723,762		20.556			10.500

	As of December 31, 2023						Minimum for Capital Adequacy plus Capital Conservation
(dollars in thousands)	Amount			Ratio			Buffer⁽¹⁾⁽²⁾

Tier 1 leverage ratio		$	657,968		10.780	%		4.000	%
Common equity Tier 1 capital			657,968		18.896			7.000
Tier 1 risk-based capital			657,968		18.896			8.500
Total risk-based capital			701,577		20.149			10.500

(1)	Federal regulatory minimum requirements to be considered to be Well Capitalized and Adequately Capitalized.

(2)	The December 31, 2024 and 2023 common equity tier 1, tier 1 risk-based, and total risk-based capital ratios include a capital conservation buffer of 2.50 percent.

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(15)	Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income

The following is a summary of the accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) balances, net of tax:

	December 31, 2024
(dollars in thousands)	Balance at 12/31/2023				Other Comprehensive Income (loss)- Before Reclassifications			Amount reclassified from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income				Other Comprehensive Income (loss)- year ended 12/31/2024				Balance at 12/31/2024

Net unrealized holding gain (loss) on securities available for sale, net of tax		$	(23,899	)		$	2,186		$	-			$	2,186			$	(21,713	)
Net change in overfunded position in pension and postretirement plans arising during the year, net of tax			13,476				7,790			-				7,790				21,266
Net change in net actuarial gain and prior service cost on pension and pension and postretirement benefit plans, net of tax			(2,814	)			-			(600	)			(600	)			(3,414	)

Accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income, net of tax		$	(13,237	)		$	9,976		$	(600	)		$	9,376			$	(3,861	)

	December 31, 2023
(dollars in thousands)	Balance at 12/31/2022			Other Comprehensive Income (loss)- Before Reclassifications		Amount reclassified from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income			Other Comprehensive Income (loss)- year ended 12/31/2023			Balance at 12/31/2023

Net unrealized holding gain on securities available for sale, net of tax	$	(32,271	)	$	8,372	$	-		$	8,372		$	(23,899	)
Net change in overfunded position in pension and postretirement plans arising during the year, net of tax		7,588			5,888		-			5,888			13,476
Net change in net actuarial gain and prior service credit on pension and pension and postretirement benefit plans, net of tax		(2,511	)		-		(303	)		(303	)		(2,814	)

Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax	$	(27,194	)	$	14,260	$	(303	)	$	13,957		$	(13,237	)

	December 31, 2022
(dollars in thousands)	Balance at 12/31/2021			Other Comprehensive Income (loss)- Before Reclassifications			Amount reclassified from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income			Other Comprehensive Income (loss)- year ended 12/31/2022			Balance at 12/31/2022

Net unrealized holding (loss) gain on securities available for sale, net of tax	$	(26	)	$	(32,245	)	$	-		$	(32,245	)	$	(32,271	)
Net change in overfunded position in pension and postretirement plans arising during the year, net of tax		13,706			(6,118	)		-			(6,118	)		7,588
Net change in net actuarial gain and prior service credit on pension and pension and postretirement benefit plans, net of tax		(1,533	)		-			(978	)		(978	)		(2,511	)

Accumulated other comprehensive income, net of tax	$	12,147		$	(38,363	)	$	(978	)	$	(39,341	)	$	(27,194	)

The following represents the reclassifications out of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022:

(dollars in thousands)	Years ended December 31,
	2024			2023			2022			Affected Line Item in Financial Statements
Amortization of pension and postretirement benefit items:
Amortization of net actuarial gain		824			423			1,008		Salaries and employee benefits
Amortization of prior service (cost) credit		(13	)		(13	)		313		Salaries and employee benefits
Income tax benefit		(211	)		(107	)		(343	)	Income taxes
Net of tax		600			303			978

Total reclassifications, net of tax	$	600		$	303		$	978

Page 95 of 111

(16)	Revenue from Contracts with Customers

All of the Company’s revenue from contracts with customers in the scope of ASC 606 is recognized within Non-Interest Income. The following table presents the Company’s sources of Non-Interest Income for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022. Items outside the scope of ASC 606 are noted as such.

(dollars in thousands)	December 31,
	2024		2023		2022
Non-interest income
Service Charges on Deposits
Overdraft fees	$	2,733	$	2,939	$	2,708
Other		2,172		2,110		2,044
Interchange Income		5,139		5,819		6,348
Net gain on equity securities (a)		1,383		-		-
Wealth management fees		7,247		6,425		7,037
Other (a)		1,160		1,022		1,123

Total non-interest income	$	19,834	$	18,315	$	19,260

(a)	Not within the scope of ASC 606.

A description of the Company’s revenue streams accounted in accordance with ASC 606 as follows:

Service charges on Deposit Accounts: The Company earns fees from its deposit customers for transaction-based, account maintenance and overdraft services. Transaction-based fees, which include services such as stop payment charges, statement rendering and ACH fees, are recognized at the time the transaction is executed as that is the point in time the Company fulfills the customer’s request. Account maintenance fees, which relate primarily to monthly maintenance, are earned over the course of a month, representing the period over which the Company satisfies the performance obligation. Overdraft fees are recognized at the point in time that the overdraft occurs. Service charges on deposits are withdrawn from the customer’s account balance.

Interchange Income: Interchange revenue primarily consists of interchange fees, volume-related incentives and ATM charges. As the card-issuing bank, interchange fees represent our portion of discount fees paid by merchants for credit / debit card transactions processed through the interchange network. The levels and structure of interchange rates are set by the card processing companies and are based on cardholder purchase volumes. The Company earns interchange income as cardholder transactions occur and interchange fees are settled on a daily basis concurrent with the transaction processing services provided to the cardholder.

Wealth Management fees: Trustco Financial Services provides a comprehensive suite of trust and wealth management products and services, including financial and estate planning, trustee and custodial services, investment management, corporate retirement plan recordkeeping and administration of which a fee is charged to manage assets for investment or transact on accounts. These fees are earned over time as the Company provides the contracted monthly or quarterly services and are generally assessed over the period in which services are performed based on a percentage of the fair value of assets under management or administration. Other services are based on a fixed fee for certain account types, or based on transaction activity and are recognized when services are rendered. Fees are withdrawn from the customer’s account balance.

Gains/Losses on Sales of Other real Estate Owned “OREO”: The Company records a gain or loss from the sale of OREO when control of the property transfers to the buyer, which generally occurs at the time of an executed deed. When the company finances the sale of OREO to the buyer, the Company assesses whether the buyer is committed to perform their obligations under the contract and whether collectability of the transaction price is probable. Once these criteria are met, the OREO asset is derecognized and the gain or loss on sale is recorded upon the transfer of control of the property to the buyer. In determining the gain or loss on the sale, the Company adjusts the transaction price and related gain/(loss) on sale if a significant financing component is present.

Page 96 of 111

(17)	Operating leases

The Company has committed to rent premises used in business operations under non-cancelable operating leases and determines if an arrangement meets the definition of a lease upon inception. Operating leases are included in operating lease right-of-use (“ROU”) assets and operating lease liabilities on the Company’s balance sheets.

Operating lease ROU assets represent the Company’s right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and lease liabilities represent the Company’s obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. Operating lease ROU assets and lease liabilities are recognized at the commencement date based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term. The Company’s leases do not provide an implicit rate, therefore the Company used its incremental collateralized borrowing rates commensurate with the underlying lease terms to determine present value of operating lease liabilities. Additionally, the Company does allocate the consideration between lease and non-lease components. The Company’s lease terms may include options to extend when it is reasonably certain that the Company will exercise that option. Lease expense for lease payments is recognized on a straight -line basis over the lease term. Variable lease components, such as fair market value adjustments, are expensed as incurred and not included in ROU assets and operating lease liabilities. Leases with an initial term of 12 months or less are not recorded on the balance sheet; we recognize lease expense for these leases on a straight-line basis over the lease term. As of December 31, 2024, the Company did not have any leases with terms of twelve months or less.

As of December 31, 2024 the Company did not have any leases for which any related construction had not yet started. At December 31, 2024 lease expiration dates ranged from one month to 19.8 years and have a weighted average remaining lease term of 8.3 years. Certain leases provide for increases in future minimum annual rental payments as defined in the lease agreements. As mentioned above the leases generally also include variable lease components which include real estate taxes, insurance, and common area maintenance (“CAM”) charges in the annual rental payments.

Other information related to leases was as follows:

(dollars in thousands)	2024		2023		2022
Operating lease cost	$	8,422	$	8,165	$	8,213
Variable lease cost		2,232		2,226		2,183
Total Lease costs	$	10,654	$	10,391	$	10,396

Supplemental cash flows information:
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities:
Operating cash flows from operating leases	$	8,524		$	8,393		$	8,327

Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for lease obligations:	$	2,980		$	2,487		$	3,089

Weighted average remaining lease term (years)		8.3			8.5			8.9
Weighted average discount rate		3.2	%		3.1	%		3.0	%

Page 97 of 111

Future minimum lease payments under non-cancellable leases as of December 31, 2024 were as follows:

(dollars in thousands)
Year ending December 31,
2025	$	8,339
2026		7,456
2027		6,248
2028		5,060
2029		3,682
Thereafter		15,167
Total lease payments	$	45,952
Less: Interest		5,793
Present value of lease liabilities	$	40,159

A member of the Board of Directors has an ownership interest in five entities that own commercial real estate leased by the Company for use as branch locations. Total future lease payments from the Company to those entities, which are included in the table above, at December 31, 2024, were $2.3 million, which includes interest in the amount of $236 thousand. The Company paid total rent and fees to these entities in the amounts of $564 thousand, $534 thousand, and $500 thousand for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company had amounts no amounts outstanding due to the entities.

As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the operating lease right-of-use asset was $36.6 million and $40.5 million, respectively.

(18)	Segment Reporting

The Company's reportable segment is determined by the Chief Executive Officer, who is designated the chief operating decision maker, based upon information provided about the Company's products and services offered, primarily banking operations. Consolidated net income of the company is the primary performance metric utilized by the CODM. The segment is also distinguished by the level of information provided to the chief operating decision maker, who uses such information to review performance of various components of the business, which are then aggregated if operating performance, products/services, and customers are similar. The chief operating decision maker will evaluate the financial performance of the Company's business components such as by evaluating revenue streams, significant expenses, and budget to actual results in assessing the Company's segment and in the determination of allocating resources.

The chief operating decision maker uses revenue streams to evaluate product pricing and significant expenses to assess performance and evaluate return on assets. Loans, investments, and deposits provide the revenues in the banking operation. Interest expense, provisions for credit losses, and compensation provide the significant expenses in the banking operation. While the Company has assigned certain management responsibilities by region and business line, the Company’s chief decision-maker monitors and evaluate financial performance on a Company-wide basis. The majority of the Company’s revenue is from the business of banking and the Company’s assigned regions have similar economic characteristics, products, services and customers. Accordingly, all of the Company’s operations are considered by management to be aggregated in one reportable operating segment. All operations are domestic.

(19)	Recent Accounting Pronouncements

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures. ASU 2023-09 is focused on additional income tax disclosures and requires public business entities, on an annual basis, to disclose specific categories in the rate reconciliation and provide additional information for reconciling items that meet a quantitative threshold (if the effect of those reconciling items is equal to or greater than 5 percent of the amount computed by multiplying pretax income by the applicable statutory income tax rate). ASU 2023-09 is effective for the Company for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2024, with early adoption permitted. While the Company is currently evaluating the impact applying this standard will have on its income tax disclosures, the adoption of ASU 2023-09 is not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

Page 98 of 111

(20)	Parent Company Only

The following statements pertain to TrustCo Bank Corp NY (Parent Company):

Statements of Comprehensive Income

(dollars in thousands)	Years ended December 31,
	2024			2023			2022
Income:
Dividends and interest from subsidiaries	$	34,244		$	34,220		$	34,125
Net gain on securities transactions		-			-			-
Miscellaneous income		-			-			-
Total income		34,244			34,220			34,125

Expense:
Operating supplies		-			-			-
Professional services		865			972			585
Miscellaneous expense		408			1,371			1,752
Total expense		1,273			2,343			2,337
Income before income taxes and subsidiaries’ undistributed earnings		32,971			31,877			31,788
Income tax benefit		(228	)		(530	)		(559	)
Income before subsidiaries’ undistributed earnings		33,199			32,407			32,347
Equity in undistributed earnings of subsidiaries		15,634			26,239			42,887
Net income	$	48,833		$	58,646		$	75,234
Change in other comprehensive income		9,376			13,957			(39,341	)
Comprehensive income	$	58,209		$	72,603		$	35,893

Statements of Condition

(dollars in thousands)	December 31,
	2024		2023
Assets:
Cash in subsidiary bank	$	32,083	$	28,547
Investments in subsidiaries		649,373		623,658
Securities available for sale		49		48
Other assets		890		869

Total assets		682,395		653,122
Liabilities and shareholders’ equity:
Accrued expenses and other liabilities		6,052		7,837
Total liabilities		6,052		7,837
Shareholders’ equity		676,343		645,285

Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity	$	682,395	$	653,122

Page 99 of 111

Statements of Cash Flows

(dollars in thousands)	Years ended December 31,
	2024			2023			2022
Increase/(decrease) in cash and cash equivalents:
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net income	$	48,833		$	58,646		$	75,234
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Equity in undistributed earnings of subsidiaries		(15,634	)		(26,239	)		(42,887	)
Stock based compensation expense		-			-			-
Net change in other assets and accrued expenses		(1,796	)		(1,563	)		(440	)
Total adjustments		(17,430	)		(27,802	)		(43,327	)

Net cash provided by operating activities		31,403			30,844			31,907

Cash flows from investing activities:
Purchases of securities available for sale		-			-			-

Net cash used in investing activities		-			-			-

Cash flows from financing activities:
Stock based award tax withholding payments		(193	)		-			-
Proceeds from exercise of stock options		95			-			429
Dividends paid		(27,395	)		(27,376	)		(26,978	)
Payments to acquire treasury stock		(374	)		-			(7,004	)
Proceeds from sales of treasury stock		-			-			-
Net cash used in financing activities		(27,867	)		(27,376	)		(33,553	)

Net increase in cash and cash equivalents		3,536			3,468			(1,646	)

Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year		28,547			25,079			26,725

Cash and cash equivalents at end of year	$	32,083		$	28,547		$	25,079

Page 100 of 111

Branch Locations

New York

-Airmont Office	-Campbell West Plaza Office	-Elmsford Office
327 Route 59 East	141 West Campbell Rd.	100 Clearbrook Rd.
Airmont, NY	Rotterdam, NY	Elmsford, NY
Telephone: (845) 357-2435	Telephone: (518) 377-2393	Telephone: (914) 345-1808

-Altamont Ave. Office	-Catskill Office	-Exit 8 Office
1400 Altamont Ave.	238 West Bridge St.	1541 Crescent Rd.
Schenectady, NY	Catskill, NY	Clifton Park, NY
Telephone: (518) 356-1317	Telephone: (518) 943-5090	Telephone: (518) 383-0039

-Amsterdam Office	-Chatham Office	-Exit 11 Office
4931 Route 30	193 Hudson Ave.	43 Round Lake Rd.
Amsterdam, NY	Chatham, NY	Ballston Lake, NY
Telephone: (518) 842-5459	Telephone: (518) 392-0031	Telephone: (518) 899-1558

-Ardsley Office	-Clifton Country Road Office	-Fishkill Office
33-35 Center St.	7 Clifton Country Rd.	1545 Route 52
Ardsley, NY	Clifton Park, NY	Fishkill, NY
Telephone: (914) 693-3254	Telephone: (518) 371-5002	Telephone: (845) 896-8260

-Ballston Spa Office	-Clifton Park Office	-Freemans Bridge Rd. Office
235 Church Ave.	1026 Route 146	1 Sarnowski Dr.
Ballston Spa, NY	Clifton Park, NY	Glenville, NY
Telephone: (518) 885-1561	Telephone: (518) 371-8451	Telephone: (518) 344-7510

-Balltown Road Office	-Cobleskill Office	-Glenmont Office
1475 Balltown Rd.	104 Merchant Pl.	380 Route 9W
Niskayuna, NY	Cobleskill, NY	Glenmont, NY
Telephone: (518) 377-2460	Telephone: (518) 254-0290	Telephone: (518) 449-2128

-Brandywine Office	-Colonie Office	-Glens Falls Office
1048 State St.	1818 Central Ave.	100 Glen St.
Schenectady, NY	Albany, NY	Glens Falls, NY
Telephone: (518) 346-4295	Telephone: (518) 456-0041	Telephone: (518) 798-8131

-Briarcliff Manor Office	-Crestwood Plaza Office	-Greenwich Office
75 North State Rd.	415 Whitehall Rd.	131 Main St.
Briarcliff Manor, NY	Albany, NY	Greenwich, NY
Telephone: (914) 762-7133	Telephone: (518) 482-0693	Telephone: (518) 692-2233

-Bronxville Office	-Delmar Office	-Guilderland Office
5-7 Park Pl.	167 Delaware Ave.	3900 Carman Rd.
Bronxville, NY	Delmar, NY	Schenectady, NY
Telephone: (914) 771-4180	Telephone: (518) 439-9941	Telephone: (518) 355-4890

-Brunswick Office	-East Greenbush Office	-Halfmoon Office
740 Hoosick Rd.	501 Columbia Tpk.	215 Guideboard Rd.
Troy, NY	Rensselaer, NY	Halfmoon, NY
Telephone: (518) 272-0213	Telephone: (518) 479-7233	Telephone: (518) 371-0593

Page 101 of 111

Branch Locations (continued)

-Hartsdale Office	-Madison Ave. Office	-New City Office
220 East Hartsdale Ave.	1084 Madison Ave.	20 Squadron Blvd.
Hartsdale, NY	Albany, NY	New City, NY
Telephone: (914) 722-2640	Telephone: (518) 489-4711	Telephone: (845) 634-4571

-Highland Office	-Mahopac Office	-New Scotland Office
3580 Route 9W	945 South Lake Blvd.	301 New Scotland Ave.
Highland, NY	Mahopac, NY	Albany, NY
Telephone: (845) 691-7023	Telephone: (845) 803-8756	Telephone: (518) 438-7838

-Hoosick Falls Office	-Malta 4 Corners Office	-Newton Plaza Office
47 Main St.	2471 Route 9	602 New Loudon Rd.
Hoosick Falls, NY	Malta, NY	Latham, NY
Telephone: (518) 686-5352	Telephone: (518) 899-1056	Telephone: (518) 786-3687

-Hudson Office	-Mamaroneck Office	-Niskayuna-Woodlawn Office
507 Warren St.	180-190 East Boston Post Rd.	3461 State St.
Hudson, NY	Mamaroneck, NY	Schenectady, NY
Telephone: (518) 828-9434	Telephone: (914) 777-3023	Telephone: (518) 377-2264

-Hudson Falls Office	-Mayfair Office	-Northern Pines Office
3750 Burgoyne Ave.	286 Saratoga Rd.	649 Maple Ave.
Hudson Falls, NY	Glenville, NY	Saratoga Springs, NY
Telephone: (518) 747-0886	Telephone: (518) 399-9121	Telephone: (518) 583-2634

-Katonah Office	-Mechanicville Office	-Nyack Office
18 Woods Bridge Rd.	9 Price Chopper Plaza	388 Route 59
Katonah, NY	Mechanicville, NY	Nyack, NY
Telephone: (914) 666-6230	Telephone: (518) 664-1059	Telephone: (845) 535-3728

-Kimberly Square Office	-Milton Office	-Peekskill Office
477 Albany Shaker Rd.	2 Trieble Ave.	20 Welcher Ave.
Loudonville, NY	Ballston Spa, NY	Peekskill, NY
Telephone: (518) 992-7323	Telephone: (518) 885-0498	Telephone: (914) 739-1839

-Lake George Office	-Monroe Office	-Pelham Office
4066 Route 9L	791 Route 17M	132 Fifth Ave.
Lake George, NY	Monroe, NY	Pelham, NY
Telephone: (518) 668-2352	Telephone: (845) 782-1100	Telephone: (914) 632-1983

-Latham Office	-Mont Pleasant Office	-Poughkeepsie Office
1 Johnson Rd.	959 Crane St.	2656 South Rd.
Latham, NY	Schenectady, NY	Poughkeepsie, NY
Telephone: (518) 785-0761	Telephone: (518) 346-1267	Telephone: (845) 485-7413

-Loudon Plaza Office	-Mt. Kisco Office	-Queensbury Office
372 Northern Blvd.	222 Main St.	118 Quaker Rd.
Albany, NY	Mt. Kisco, NY	Suite 1
Telephone: (518) 462-6668	Telephone: (914) 666-2362	Queensbury, NY
		Telephone (518) 798-7226

Page 102 of 111

Branch Locations (continued)

-Red Hook Office	-South Glens Falls Office	-Valatie Office
4 Morgans Way	133 Saratoga Rd.	2929 Route 9
Red Hook, NY	Suite 1	Valatie, NY
Telephone: (845) 752-2224	South Glens Falls, NY	Telephone: (518) 758-2265
	Telephone: (518) 793-7668
-Rotterdam Office		-Warrensburg Office
1416 Curry Rd.	-State Farm Road Office	9 Lake George Plaza Rd.
Schenectady, NY	2050 Western Ave.	Warrensburg, NY
Telephone: (518) 355-8330	Guilderland, NY	Telephone: (518) 623-3707
	Telephone: (518) 452-6913
-Route 2 Office		-West Sand Lake Office
201 Troy-Schenectady Rd.	-State St. Albany Office	3690 NY Route 43
Latham, NY	112 State St.	West Sand Lake, NY
Telephone: (518) 785-7155	Albany, NY	Telephone: (518) 674-3327
	Telephone: (518) 436-9043
-Route 7 Office		-Wilton Office
1156 Troy-Schenectady Rd.	-State St. Schenectady - Main Office	4208 Route 50
Latham, NY	320 State St.	Saratoga Springs, NY
Telephone: (518) 785-4744	Schenectady, NY	Telephone: (518) 583-1716
	Telephone: (518) 381-3831
-Saratoga Springs Office		-Wolf Road Office
34 Congress St.	-Stuyvesant Plaza Office	34 Wolf Rd.
Saratoga Springs, NY	1475 Western Ave.	Albany, NY
Telephone: (518) 587-3520	Albany, NY	Telephone: (518) 458-7761
	Telephone: (518) 489-2616
-Schaghticoke Office		-Wynantskill Office
2 Main St.	-Troy Office	134-136 Main St.
Schaghticoke, NY	1700 5^th Ave.	Wynantskill, NY
Telephone: (518) 753-6509	Troy, NY	Telephone: (518) 286-2674
	Telephone: (518) 274-5420
-Scotia Office
123 Mohawk Ave.	-Upper Union Street Office
Scotia, NY	1620 Union St.
Telephone: (518) 372-9416	Schenectady, NY
	Telephone: (518) 374-4056
-Slingerlands Office
400 Maple Road	-Ushers Road Office
Slingerlands, NY	308 Ushers Rd.
Telephone: (518) 439-9352	Ballston Lake, NY
	Telephone: (518) 877-8069

Page 103 of 111

Branch Locations (continued)

Florida

-Alafaya Woods Office	-Curry Ford Road Office	-Lake Brantley Office
1500 Alafaya Trl.	3020 Lamberton Blvd., Suite 116	909 North State Rd 434
Oviedo, FL	Orlando, FL	Altamonte Springs, FL
Telephone: (407) 359-5991	Telephone: (407) 277-9663	Telephone: (407) 339-3396

-Aloma Office	-Curry Ford West Office	-Lake Mary Office
4070 Aloma Ave.	2838 West Curry Ford Rd.	350 West Lake Mary Blvd.
Winter Park, FL	Orlando, FL	Sanford, FL
Telephone: (407) 677-1969	Telephone: (407) 893-9878	Telephone: (407) 330-7106

-Apollo Beach Office	-Davenport Office	-Lake Nona Office
205 Apollo Beach Blvd.	2300 Deer Creek Commerce Ln.	9360 Narcoossee Rd.
Apollo Beach, FL	Suite 600	Orlando, FL
Telephone: (813) 649-0460	Davenport, FL	Telephone: (407) 801-7330
	Telephone: (863) 424-9493
-Apopka Office		-Lake Square Office
1134 North Rock Springs Rd.	-Dean Road Office	10105 Route 441
Apopka, FL	3920 Dean Rd.	Leesburg, FL
Telephone: (407) 464-7371	Orlando, FL	Telephone: (352) 323-8147
	Telephone: (407) 657-8001
-Avalon Park Office
3662 Avalon Park East Blvd.	-Downtown Orlando Office	-Lee Vista Office
Orlando, FL	415 East Pine St.	8288 Lee Vista Blvd., Suite E
Telephone: (407) 380-2264	Orlando, FL	Orlando, FL
	Telephone: (407) 422-7129	Telephone: (321) 235-5583
-Bay Hill Office
6084 Apopka Vineland Rd.	-East Colonial Office	-Leesburg Office
Orlando, FL	12901 East Colonial Dr.	1330 Citizens Blvd., Suite 101
Telephone: (321) 251-1859	Orlando, FL	Leesburg, FL
	Telephone: (407) 275-3075	Telephone: (352) 365-1305
-BeeLine Center Office
10249 South John Young Pkwy.	-Englewood Office	-Maitland Office
Suite 101	2930 South McCall Rd.	9400 US Route 17/92, Suite 101
Orlando, FL	Englewood, FL	Maitland, FL
Telephone: (407) 240-0945	Telephone: (941) 460-0601	Telephone: (407) 332-6071

-Beneva Village Office	-Gateway Commons Office	-Melbourne Office
5950 South Beneva Rd.	1525 East Osceola Pkwy., Suite 120	2481 Croton Rd.
Sarasota, FL	Kissimmee, FL	Melbourne, FL
Telephone: (941) 923-8269	Telephone: (407) 932-0398	Telephone: (321) 752-0446

-Bradenton Office	-Juno Beach Office	-Metro West Office
5858 Cortez Rd. West	14051 US Highway 1	2619 S. Hiawassee Rd.
Bradenton, FL	Juno Beach, FL	Orlando, FL
Telephone: (941) 792-2604	Telephone: (561) 630-4521	Telephone: (407) 293-1580

-Colonial Drive Office	-Lady Lake Office	-North Clermont Office
4301 East Colonial Dr.	873 North US Highway 27/441	12302 Roper Blvd.
Orlando, FL	Lady Lake, FL	Clermont, FL
Telephone: (407) 895-6393	Telephone: (352) 205-8893	Telephone: (352) 243-2563

Page 104 of 111

Branch Locations (continued)

-Orange City Office	-Sarasota Office	-Westwood Plaza Office
902 Saxon Blvd., Suite 101	2704 Bee Ridge Rd.	4942 West State Route 46
Orange City, FL	Sarasota, FL	Suite 1050
Telephone: (386) 775-1392	Telephone: (941) 929-9451	Sanford, FL
		Telephone: (407) 321-4925
-Ormond Beach Office	-South Clermont Office
115 North Nova Rd.	16908 High Grove Blvd.	-Windermere Office
Ormond Beach, FL	Clermont, FL	2899 Maguire Rd.
Telephone: (386) 256-3813	Telephone: (352) 243-9511	Windermere, FL
		Telephone: (407) 654-0498
-Osprey Office	-Stuart Office
1300 South Tamiami Trl.	951 SE Federal Highway	-Winter Garden Office
Osprey, FL	Stuart, FL	16100 Marsh Rd.
Telephone: (941) 918-9380	Telephone: (772) 286-4757	Winter Garden, FL
		Telephone: (407) 654-4609
-Oviedo Office	-Sun City Center Office
1875 West County Rd. 419	4441 Sun City Center Blvd.	-Winter Haven Office
Suite 600	Sun City Center, FL	7476 Cypress Gardens Blvd. SE
Oviedo, FL	Telephone: (813) 633-1468	Winter Haven, FL
Telephone: (407) 365-1145		Telephone: (863) 326-1918
	-Sweetwater Office
-Palm Coast Office	671 North Hunt Club Rd.	-Winter Springs Office
120 Belle Terre Pkwy.	Longwood, FL	851 East State Route 434
Palm Coast, FL	Telephone: (407) 774-1347	Winter Springs, FL
Telephone: (386) 524-5044		Telephone: (407) 327-6064
	-Tuskawilla Road Office
-Pleasant Hill Commons Office	1295 Tuskawilla Rd., Suite 10
3307 South Orange Blossom Trl.	Winter Springs, FL
Kissimmee, FL	Telephone: (407) 695-5558
Telephone: (407) 846-8866
	-Venice Office
-Port Orange Office	2057 South Tamiami Trl.
3751 Clyde Morris Blvd.	Venice, FL
Port Orange, FL	Telephone: (941) 496-9100
Telephone: (386) 322-3730

-Rinehart Road Office	-Vero Beach Office
1185 Rinehart Rd.	4125 20th St.
Sanford, FL	Vero Beach, FL
Telephone: (407) 268-3720	Telephone: (772) 492-9295

Page 105 of 111

Branch Locations (continued)

Massachusetts	New Jersey	Vermont

Allendale Office	Northvale Office	Bennington Office
5 Cheshire Rd.	220 Livingston St.	215 North St.
Suite 18	Northvale, NJ	Bennington, VT
Pittsfield, MA	Telephone: (201) 750-1501	Telephone: (802) 447-4952
Telephone: (413) 236-8400

Page 106 of 111

TRUSTCO BANK CORP NY

EXECUTIVE OFFICERS	BOARD OF DIRECTORS

CHAIRMAN, PRESIDENT, AND CHIEF	Steffani Cotugno, D.O.,
EXECUTIVE OFFICER	Physician, Community Care Physicians
Robert J. McCormick
	Brian C. Flynn, CPA
EXECUTIVE VICE PRESIDENT AND	KPMG LLP
CHIEF BANKING OFFICER	Retired Partner
Kevin M. Curley
	Lisa M. Lucarelli, Private Investor
EXECUTIVE VICE PRESIDENT AND
CHIEF OPERATING OFFICER	Thomas O. Maggs, President
Robert M. Leonard	Maggs & Associates
	Insurance Broker
EXECUTIVE VICE PRESIDENT
AND CHIEF FINANCIAL OFFICER	Anthony J. Marinello, M.D., Ph.D.
Michael M. Ozimek	Vice President, MVP Healthcare

GENERAL COUNSEL AND	Robert J. McCormick,
CORPORATE SECRETARY	Chairman, President, and Chief Executive Officer
Michael Hall	TrustCo Bank Corp NY
	and Trustco Bank
HONORARY DIRECTORS
Lionel O. Barthold	Curtis N. Powell,
Nancy A. McNamara	Member, Walker Powell Investments, LLC
James H. Murphy, D.D.S.
William F. Terry	Kimberly A. Russell, President and COO
	Frank Adams Jewelers, Inc.

	Frank B. Silverman
	Managing member of Vision Development and Management
Directors of TrustCo Bank Corp NY	Managing member of Central Florida Championship Karate
are also Directors of Trustco Bank	Executive Director of the Martial Arts Industry Association
	Owner Silverman Consulting

Page 107 of 111

TRUSTCO BANK OFFICERS

CHAIRMAN, PRESIDENT AND	BRANCH ADMINISTRATION,	LENDING
CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER	MARKETING, AND TREASURY	Senior Vice President and Chief
Robert J. McCormick	SERVICES (CONTINUED)	Lending Officer
	Mark J. Cooper	Michelle L. Simmonds
EXECUTIVE VICE PRESIDENT	William B. Jansz	Vice Presidents
AND CHIEF BANKING OFFICER	Phillip J. Kaufman	Patrick M. Canavan
Kevin M. Curley	Justin C. Maggs	William J. Chow
	Pratik A. Shah	Officers
EXECUTIVE VICE PRESIDENT	James J. Smith	Douglas L. Hall
AND CHIEF OPERATING	Jocelyn E. Vizcarra	Rebecca L. O’Hare
OFFICER	Berkley K. Young	Sara Steinback
Robert M. Leonard	Officers	Lisa Tully
	Victor J. Berger
EXECUTIVE VICE PRESIDENT	Barbara Carlsson
AND CHIEF FINANCIAL	Ronni H. Domowitz	PERSONNEL, QUALITY
OFFICER	Peggy Eastwood	CONTROL, AND TRAINING
Michael M. Ozimek	Albert N. Estopinal	Vice President
	Herbert Klein	Jessica M. Marshall
GENERAL COUNSEL AND	John D. Mariani	Officer
CORPORATE SECRETARY	Kathryn Nasr	Nicolette C. Messina
Michael Hall	Samantha Nauth
	Ronald G. Patterson
	Daniel Tricozzi	PLANNING & SYSTEMS, LOAN
ACCOUNTING AND FINANCE	Jason Vann	SERVICING, OPERATIONS AND
Vice Presidents		CUSTOMER SERVICE
Carol J. Rhatigan	COMPLIANCE, RISK, BSA,	Senior Vice President and Chief
Michael Rydberg	FACILITIES, AND	Operations Officer
Officer	CREDIT ADMINISTRATION	Carly K. Batista
Jonah A. Dooley	Senior Vice President and Chief Risk	Vice Presidents
	Officer	Sean P. Dougherty
	Michael J. Ewell	Lesly Jean-Louis
AUDIT	Administrative Vice President	Stacy L. Marble
Director of Internal Audit	Michael J. Lofrumento	Assistant Vice President
Daniel R. Saullo	Vice Presidents	Aislinn E. Melia
Officers	Lara Ann Gough
Allison R. Downs	Jennifer L. Meadows
Dennis M. Pitaniello	Officers	WEALTH MANAGEMENT
	Amanda L. Biance	Administrative Vice President and
BRANCH ADMINISTRATION,	Johnathan R. Goodell	Chief Trust Officer
MARKETING, AND TREASURY	Michael F. McMahon	Patrick J. LaPorta
SERVICES		Assistant Vice President
Senior Vice President and Chief		John W. Bresonis
Retail Banking Officer	INVESTOR RELATIONS AND	Officers
John R. George	LEGAL	Thomas A. Alteio
Vice Presidents	Assistant Vice President and	Michael D. Bates
Jason T. Goodell	Assistant Corporate Secretary	Kaitlyn E. Goodell
Thomas L. McCormick	Lauren A. McCormick	Michael T. Hadsell
Gloryvel Morales	Associate Counsel
Adam E. Roselan	Camila Rivera Abreu
Assistant Vice Presidents
Takla A. Awad

Page 108 of 111

General Information

ANNUAL MEETING

Tuesday, May 20, 2025

10:30 AM

Albany, NY 12205

CORPORATE HEADQUARTERS

5 Sarnowski Drive

Glenville, NY 12302

(518) 377-3311

DIVIDEND REINVESTMENT PLAN

A Dividend Reinvestment Plan is available to shareholders of TrustCo Bank Corp NY. It provides for the reinvestment of cash dividends and optional cash payments to purchase additional shares of TrustCo stock. The Dividend Reinvestment Plan has certain administrative charges and provides a convenient method of acquiring additional shares. Computershare acts as administrator for this service and is the agent for shareholders in these transactions. Shareholders who want additional information may contact Computershare at 1-800-368-5948.

DIRECT DEPOSIT OF DIVIDENDS

Electronic deposit of dividends, which offers safety and convenience, is available to TrustCo shareholders who wish to have dividends deposited directly to personal checking, savings or other accounts. If you would like to arrange direct deposit, please write to Computershare listed as transfer agent on the next page.

ANNUAL REPORT FORM 10-K

TrustCo Bank Corp NY will provide, without charge, a copy of its Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024 upon written request. Requests and related inquiries should be directed to Michael Hall, Corporate Secretary, TrustCo Bank Corp NY, P.O. Box 1082, Schenectady, New York 12301-1082.

CODE OF CONDUCT

TrustCo Bank Corp NY will provide, without charge, a copy of its Code of Conduct upon written request. Requests and related inquiries should be directed to Michael Hall, Corporate Secretary, TrustCo Bank Corp NY, P.O. Box 1082, Schenectady, New York 12301-1082. The Code of Conduct also is available on the Company’s web site at www.trustcobank.com under the “Investor Relations” link.

NASDAQ SYMBOL: TRST

The Corporation’s common stock trades on The Nasdaq Stock Market under the symbol TRST. There were approximately 6,947 shareholders of record of TrustCo common stock as of January 31, 2025.

SUBSIDIARIES:

Trustco Bank

Glenville, New York

Member FDIC

(and its wholly owned subsidiaries)

Trustco Realty Corp

Glenville, New York

Trustco Insurance Agency, Inc.

Glenville, New York

ORE Property, Inc.

Glenville, New York

(and its wholly owned subsidiaries)

ORE Property One, Inc.

Orlando, Florida

ORE Property Two, Inc.

Orlando, Florida

ORE Subsidiary Corporation

Glenville, New York

Page 109 of 111

TRANSFER AGENT

Computershare

Regular Mail

PO BOX 505000

Louisville, KY 40233-5000

UNITED STATES

Overnight Delivery

462 South 4th Street

Suite 1600 Louisville, KY 40202

UNITED STATES

Toll Free: 1-800-368-5948 or 1-781-575-4223

Trustco Bank^® is a registered service mark with the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office.

Page 110 of 111

Performance Graph

The following graph shows changes over a five-year period in the value of $100 invested in: (1) TrustCo’s common stock; (2) Russell 2000 and (3) the S&P U.S BMI Banks Index. The S&P U.S. BMI Banks Index is an industry group compiled by S&P Global Market Intelligence, that includes all major exchange (NYSE, NYSE MKT, NASDAQ) banks and thrifts in S&P’s coverage universe. The index included 253 companies as of December 31, 2024. A list of the component companies can be obtained by contacting TrustCo. This presentation assumes that the value of the investment in TrustCo’s common stock and in each index was $100 and that all dividends were reinvested. In accordance with the rules of the SEC, this section, captioned “Common Stock Performance Graph,” is not incorporated by reference into any of our future filings made under the Exchange Act or the Securities Act of 1933 (“Securities Act”). The Common Stock Performance Graph, including its accompanying table and footnotes, is not deemed to be soliciting material or to be filed under the Exchange Act or the Securities Act.

Page 111 of 111