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EXHIBIT I JOINT FILING AGREEMENT ---------------------- Each of the undersigned hereby agrees that the Schedule 13G filed herewith is filed jointly, pursuant to Rule 13d-1(f)(1) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended on behalf of each of them. Dated: February 12, 1997 The Equitable Companies Incorporated BY: /s/ Alvin H. Fenichel ------------------------- Alvin H. Fenichel Senior Vice President AXA Assurances I.A.R.D. Mutuelle; AXA Assurances Vie Mutuelle; Alpha Assurances Vie Mutuelle; Alpha Assurances I.A.R.D. Mutuelle, AXA Courtage Assurance Mutuelle, as a group, and AXA Signed on behalf of each of the above entities BY: /s/ Alvin H. Fenichel ----------------------------------------- Alvin H. Fenichel Attorney-in-Fact (Executed pursuant to Powers of Attorney)