0001006028 2016-07-31 0001006028 2016-08-01 2017-07-31 0001006028 PURE:DennisBrovaroneMember 2013-08-12 2013-08-13 0001006028 PURE:DennisBrovaroneMember 2013-08-13 0001006028 PURE:TwoThousandAndSevenEquityIncentivePlanMember 2016-02-01 2016-02-29 0001006028 PURE:TwoThousandFifteenPrivatePlacementFinancingMember PURE:OctoberClosingDateMember PURE:FiveYearsMember 2015-10-23 0001006028 PURE:TwoThousandFifteenPrivatePlacementFinancingMember PURE:OctoberClosingDateMember PURE:SixMonthsMember 2015-10-23 0001006028 PURE:TwoThousandFifteenPrivatePlacementFinancingMember PURE:NovemberClosingDateMember PURE:FiveYearsMember 2015-11-22 2015-11-23 0001006028 PURE:TwoThousandFifteenPrivatePlacementFinancingMember PURE:NovemberClosingDateMember PURE:FiveYearsMember 2015-11-23 0001006028 PURE:TwoThousandFifteenPrivatePlacementFinancingMember PURE:OctoberClosingDateMember PURE:FiveYearsMember 2015-10-22 2015-10-23 0001006028 PURE:TwoThousandFifteenPrivatePlacementFinancingMember PURE:OctoberClosingDateMember PURE:SixMonthsMember 2015-10-22 2015-10-23 0001006028 PURE:TwoThousandFifteenPrivatePlacementFinancingMember PURE:NovemberClosingDateMember PURE:SixMonthsMember 2015-11-22 2015-11-23 0001006028 PURE:PrivatePlacementFinancingMember PURE:FiveYearsMember 2015-08-01 2016-07-31 0001006028 PURE:PrivatePlacementFinancingMember PURE:SixMonthsMember 2015-08-01 2016-07-31 0001006028 us-gaap:WarrantMember 2015-08-01 2016-07-31 0001006028 PURE:TwoThousandFifteenPrivatePlacementFinancingMember PURE:OctoberClosingDateMember 2016-08-01 2017-07-31 0001006028 2015-07-31 0001006028 us-gaap:WarrantMember 2016-07-31 0001006028 PURE:TwoThousandFifteenPrivatePlacementFinancingMember PURE:SixMonthWarrantMember 2016-07-31 0001006028 PURE:TwoThousandFifteenPrivatePlacementFinancingMember PURE:NovemberClosingDateMember PURE:SixMonthWarrantMember 2015-11-23 0001006028 PURE:ServiceAgreementMember 2016-04-12 2016-04-13 0001006028 2015-08-01 2016-07-31 0001006028 PURE:PrivatePlacementFinancingMember PURE:AccreditedInvestorMember 2016-11-28 2016-12-01 0001006028 PURE:PrivatePlacementFinancingMember PURE:AccreditedInvestorMember 2016-12-01 0001006028 PURE:PrivatePlacementFinancingMember 2017-01-22 2017-01-23 0001006028 PURE:PrivatePlacementFinancingMember 2017-01-23 0001006028 PURE:PrivatePlacementFinancingMember 2016-08-01 2017-07-31 0001006028 PURE:TwoThousandFifteenPrivatePlacementFinancingMember PURE:NovemberClosingDateMember 2016-08-01 2017-07-31 0001006028 PURE:RSUCancellationAgreementMember PURE:OfficersAndDirectorsMember 2016-12-12 2016-12-13 0001006028 2017-07-31 0001006028 us-gaap:CommonStockMember 2015-08-01 2016-07-31 0001006028 us-gaap:CommonStockMember 2016-08-01 2017-07-31 0001006028 us-gaap:CommonStockMember 2015-07-31 0001006028 us-gaap:CommonStockMember 2016-07-31 0001006028 us-gaap:CommonStockMember 2017-07-31 0001006028 us-gaap:AdditionalPaidInCapitalMember 2015-08-01 2016-07-31 0001006028 us-gaap:AdditionalPaidInCapitalMember 2016-08-01 2017-07-31 0001006028 us-gaap:AdditionalPaidInCapitalMember 2015-07-31 0001006028 us-gaap:AdditionalPaidInCapitalMember 2016-07-31 0001006028 us-gaap:AdditionalPaidInCapitalMember 2017-07-31 0001006028 us-gaap:RetainedEarningsMember 2015-08-01 2016-07-31 0001006028 us-gaap:RetainedEarningsMember 2016-08-01 2017-07-31 0001006028 us-gaap:RetainedEarningsMember 2015-07-31 0001006028 us-gaap:RetainedEarningsMember 2016-07-31 0001006028 us-gaap:RetainedEarningsMember 2017-07-31 0001006028 PURE:TwoThousandAndFourteenPrivatePlacementMember 2017-07-31 0001006028 PURE:TwoThousandAndFourteenPrivatePlacementMember 2016-08-01 2017-07-31 0001006028 PURE:TwoThousandAndFiveteenPrivatePlacementMember 2017-07-31 0001006028 PURE:TwoThousandAndFiveteenPrivatePlacementMember 2016-08-01 2017-07-31 0001006028 PURE:TwoThousandAndSeventeenPrivatePlacementMember 2017-07-31 0001006028 PURE:TwoThousandAndSeventeenPrivatePlacementMember 2016-08-01 2017-07-31 0001006028 us-gaap:PatentsMember 2017-07-31 0001006028 us-gaap:PatentsMember 2016-08-01 2017-07-31 0001006028 us-gaap:PatentsMember 2015-08-01 2016-07-31 0001006028 PURE:WarrantLiabilityMember 2015-08-01 2016-07-31 0001006028 PURE:WarrantLiabilityMember 2015-07-31 0001006028 PURE:WarrantLiabilityMember 2016-07-31 0001006028 PURE:WarrantLiabilityMember 2016-08-01 2017-07-31 0001006028 PURE:WarrantLiabilityMember 2017-07-31 0001006028 PURE:TwoThousandFifteenPrivatePlacementFinancingMember 2017-07-31 0001006028 PURE:PrivatePlacementFinancingMember PURE:OctoberClosingDateMember 2017-07-31 0001006028 PURE:PrivatePlacementFinancingMember PURE:OctoberClosingDateMember 2016-08-01 2017-07-31 0001006028 PURE:PrivatePlacementFinancingMember PURE:OctoberClosingDateOneMember 2017-07-31 0001006028 PURE:PrivatePlacementFinancingMember PURE:NovemberClosingDateMember 2016-08-01 2017-07-31 0001006028 PURE:NovemberClosingDateMember PURE:TwoThousandFifteenPrivatePlacementFinancingMember 2017-07-31 0001006028 PURE:NovemberClosingDateMember PURE:TwoThousandFifteenPrivatePlacementFinancingMember 2012-07-31 0001006028 PURE:NovemberClosingDateMember PURE:TwoThousandFifteenPrivatePlacementFinancingMember 2016-08-01 2017-07-31 0001006028 us-gaap:BridgeLoanMember 2017-07-31 0001006028 us-gaap:BridgeLoanMember 2016-08-01 2017-07-31 0001006028 PURE:PrivatePlacementFinancingMember PURE:PlacementAgentWarrantMember 2016-08-01 2017-07-31 0001006028 PURE:PrivatePlacementFinancingMember PURE:PlacementAgentWarrantMember 2017-07-31 0001006028 PURE:ServicesAgreementMember 2016-08-01 2017-07-31 0001006028 PURE:ServicesAgreementMember 2015-08-01 2016-07-31 0001006028 PURE:ServicesAgreementOneMember 2015-08-01 2016-07-31 0001006028 us-gaap:WarrantMember 2016-08-01 2017-07-31 0001006028 us-gaap:WarrantMember 2017-07-31 0001006028 us-gaap:RestrictedStockUnitsRSUMember 2016-08-01 2017-07-31 0001006028 us-gaap:RestrictedStockUnitsRSUMember 2015-08-01 2016-07-31 0001006028 PURE:ExpirationDateOneMember 2017-07-31 0001006028 PURE:ExpirationDateTwoMember 2017-07-31 0001006028 PURE:ExpirationDateThreeMember 2017-07-31 0001006028 PURE:ExpirationDateFourMember 2017-07-31 0001006028 PURE:ExpirationDateFiveMember 2017-07-31 0001006028 PURE:ExpirationDateSixMember 2017-07-31 0001006028 PURE:ExpirationDateSevenMember 2017-07-31 0001006028 PURE:ExpirationDateEightMember 2017-07-31 0001006028 us-gaap:RestrictedStockUnitsRSUMember PURE:OfficersAndDirectorsMember 2016-08-01 2017-07-31 0001006028 us-gaap:RestrictedStockUnitsRSUMember 2017-07-31 0001006028 PURE:ICCMember 2016-08-01 2017-07-31 0001006028 PURE:ICCMember 2015-08-01 2016-07-31 0001006028 PURE:SDCTechnologyMember 2017-07-31 0001006028 PURE:SDCTechnologyMember 2016-07-31 0001006028 us-gaap:SalesRevenueNetMember PURE:TwoIndividualCustomerMember 2016-08-01 2017-07-31 0001006028 us-gaap:SalesRevenueNetMember PURE:TwoIndividualCustomerMember 2015-08-01 2016-07-31 0001006028 us-gaap:SalesRevenueNetMember PURE:OtherIndividualCustomerMember 2016-08-01 2017-07-31 0001006028 us-gaap:SalesRevenueNetMember PURE:OtherIndividualCustomerMember 2015-08-01 2016-07-31 0001006028 us-gaap:SalesRevenueNetMember PURE:U.SMember 2016-08-01 2017-07-31 0001006028 us-gaap:SalesRevenueNetMember PURE:U.SMember 2015-08-01 2016-07-31 0001006028 us-gaap:SalesRevenueNetMember PURE:OneCustomerMember 2016-08-01 2017-07-31 0001006028 us-gaap:SubsequentEventMember PURE:TwoThousandFourteenWarrantMember 2017-08-25 0001006028 us-gaap:SubsequentEventMember PURE:TwoThousandFourteenWarrantMember us-gaap:MaximumMember 2017-08-25 0001006028 us-gaap:SubsequentEventMember PURE:TwoThousandFourteenWarrantMember us-gaap:MinimumMember 2017-08-25 0001006028 us-gaap:SubsequentEventMember PURE:TwoThousandFifteenWarrantMember 2017-08-25 0001006028 us-gaap:SubsequentEventMember PURE:TwoThousandFifteenWarrantMember us-gaap:MaximumMember 2017-08-25 0001006028 us-gaap:SubsequentEventMember PURE:TwoThousandFifteenWarrantMember us-gaap:MinimumMember 2017-08-25 0001006028 us-gaap:SubsequentEventMember PURE:TwoThousandSeventeenWarrantMember 2017-08-25 0001006028 us-gaap:SubsequentEventMember PURE:TwoThousandSeventeenWarrantMember us-gaap:MaximumMember 2017-08-25 0001006028 us-gaap:SubsequentEventMember PURE:TwoThousandSeventeenWarrantMember us-gaap:MinimumMember 2017-08-25 0001006028 us-gaap:SubsequentEventMember PURE:TwoThousandFourteenWarrantMember 2017-09-25 0001006028 us-gaap:SubsequentEventMember PURE:TwoThousandFiveteenWarrantMember 2017-09-25 0001006028 us-gaap:SubsequentEventMember PURE:TwoThousandSeventeenWarrantMember 2017-09-25 0001006028 us-gaap:SubsequentEventMember PURE:TwoThousandSeventeenWarrantMember 2017-09-24 2017-09-25 0001006028 us-gaap:SubsequentEventMember PURE:TwoThousandFiveteenWarrantMember 2017-07-31 0001006028 us-gaap:SubsequentEventMember PURE:TwoThousandFiveteenWarrantMember 2016-08-01 2017-07-31 0001006028 us-gaap:SubsequentEventMember PURE:TwoThousandFourteenWarrantMember 2017-07-31 0001006028 us-gaap:SubsequentEventMember PURE:TwoThousandSeventeenWarrantMember 2017-07-31 0001006028 us-gaap:SubsequentEventMember PURE:TwoThousandFiveteenWarrantMember PURE:GardenStateSecuritiesIncMember 2017-07-31 0001006028 us-gaap:SubsequentEventMember PURE:TwoThousandFiveteenWarrantMember PURE:GardenStateSecuritiesIncMember 2016-08-01 2017-07-31 0001006028 us-gaap:RestrictedStockUnitsRSUMember 2015-07-31 0001006028 us-gaap:RestrictedStockUnitsRSUMember 2016-07-31 0001006028 PURE:HenryRLambertMember PURE:DecemberThirtyOneTwoThousandAndEighteenMember 2016-08-01 2017-07-31 0001006028 PURE:PfanzelterMember PURE:DecemberThirtyOneTwoThousandAndEighteenMember 2016-08-01 2017-07-31 0001006028 PURE:MessrsCoheeLeeAndOtisMember PURE:JanuaryFifteenTwoThousandAndNineteenMember 2016-08-01 2017-07-31 0001006028 PURE:MessrsCoheeLeeAndOtisMember PURE:JanuaryFifteenTwoThousandAndEighteenMember 2016-08-01 2017-07-31 0001006028 PURE:RSUCancellationAgreementMember 2016-08-01 2017-07-31 0001006028 PURE:TwoThousandAndSevenEquityIncentivePlanMember 2017-07-31 0001006028 PURE:StockOptionPlansMember PURE:OfficersAndDirectorsMember 2016-08-01 2017-07-31 0001006028 PURE:StockOptionPlansMember PURE:HenryRLambertOptionAwardMember 2016-08-01 2017-07-31 0001006028 PURE:StockOptionPlansMember PURE:HenryRLambertOptionAwardOneMember PURE:DecemberThirtyOneTwoThousandAndEighteenMember 2016-08-01 2017-07-31 0001006028 PURE:StockOptionPlansMember PURE:MarkSElliottMember 2016-08-01 2017-07-31 0001006028 PURE:StockOptionPlansMember PURE:PfanzelterMember 2016-08-01 2017-07-31 0001006028 PURE:StockOptionPlansMember PURE:PfanzelterOneMember PURE:DecemberThirtyOneTwoThousandAndEighteenMember 2016-08-01 2017-07-31 0001006028 PURE:StockOptionPlansMember PURE:MessrsCoheeLeeOtisandDrThenoMember 2016-08-01 2017-07-31 0001006028 PURE:StockOptionPlansMember PURE:MessrsCoheeLeeAndOtisMember PURE:JanuaryFifteenTwoThousandAndEighteenMember 2016-08-01 2017-07-31 0001006028 PURE:StockOptionPlansMember PURE:MessrsCoheeLeeAndOtisMember PURE:JanuaryFifteenTwoThousandAndNineteenMember 2016-08-01 2017-07-31 0001006028 PURE:StockOptionPlansMember PURE:OfficersAndDirectorsMember 2015-08-01 2016-07-31 0001006028 PURE:StockOptionPlansMember PURE:HenryRLambertMember 2015-08-01 2016-07-31 0001006028 PURE:StockOptionPlansMember PURE:MarkSElliottMember 2015-08-01 2016-07-31 0001006028 PURE:StockOptionPlansMember PURE:PfanzelterMember 2015-08-01 2016-07-31 0001006028 PURE:StockOptionPlansMember PURE:MessrsCoheeLeeOtisandDrThenoMember 2015-08-01 2016-07-31 0001006028 PURE:StockOptionPlansMember PURE:HenryRLambertMember 2016-07-30 2016-07-31 0001006028 PURE:StockOptionPlansMember PURE:PfanzelterMember 2016-10-30 2016-10-31 0001006028 PURE:StockOptionPlansMember PURE:MessrsCoheeLeeOtisandDrThenoMember 2017-01-30 2017-01-31 0001006028 PURE:StockOptionPlansMember us-gaap:SellingGeneralAndAdministrativeExpensesMember 2016-08-01 2017-07-31 0001006028 PURE:StockOptionPlansMember PURE:ThirdPartyConsultantsMember 2016-08-01 2017-07-31 0001006028 PURE:StockOptionPlansMember PURE:ScientificAdvisoryBoardMemberMember 2016-08-01 2017-07-31 0001006028 PURE:StockOptionPlansMember us-gaap:SellingGeneralAndAdministrativeExpensesMember 2015-08-01 2016-07-31 0001006028 PURE:StockOptionPlansMember PURE:ThirdPartyConsultantsMember 2015-08-01 2016-07-31 0001006028 PURE:StockOptionPlansMember 2016-08-01 2017-07-31 0001006028 PURE:StockOptionPlansMember 2015-08-01 2016-07-31 0001006028 PURE:PrivatePlacementOfferingMember 2017-02-05 2017-02-06 0001006028 PURE:PrivatePlacementOfferingMember us-gaap:MaximumMember 2017-02-05 2017-02-06 0001006028 PURE:TwoThousandFifteenPrivatePlacementFinancingMember 2017-07-31 0001006028 PURE:NovemberClosingDateMember 2016-08-01 2017-07-31 0001006028 PURE:NovemberClosingDateMember 2017-07-31 0001006028 PURE:StockOptionPlansMember 2017-07-31 0001006028 PURE:TwoThousandFifteenPrivatePlacementFinancingMember PURE:OctoberClosingDateMember PURE:WarrantOneMember 2017-07-31 0001006028 PURE:TwoThousandFifteenPrivatePlacementFinancingMember PURE:OctoberClosingDateMember PURE:WarrantTwoMember 2017-07-31 0001006028 PURE:TwoThousandFifteenPrivatePlacementFinancingMember PURE:OctoberClosingDateMember PURE:WarrantOneMember 2016-08-01 2017-07-31 0001006028 PURE:TwoThousandFifteenPrivatePlacementFinancingMember PURE:OctoberClosingDateMember PURE:WarrantTwoMember 2016-08-01 2017-07-31 0001006028 PURE:TwoThousandFifteenPrivatePlacementFinancingMember PURE:NovemberClosingDateMember PURE:WarrantOneMember 2016-08-01 2017-07-31 0001006028 PURE:TwoThousandFifteenPrivatePlacementFinancingMember PURE:NovemberClosingDateMember PURE:WarrantTwoMember 2016-08-01 2017-07-31 0001006028 PURE:TwoThousandFifteenPrivatePlacementFinancingMember PURE:NovemberClosingDateMember PURE:WarrantOneMember 2017-07-31 0001006028 PURE:TwoThousandFifteenPrivatePlacementFinancingMember PURE:NovemberClosingDateMember PURE:WarrantTwoMember 2017-07-31 iso4217:USD xbrli:shares iso4217:USD xbrli:shares xbrli:pure 1802000 1853000 7008000 2859000 0.01 0.01 5000000 5000000 0.01 0.01 100000000 100000000 64823917 63093153 64823917 63093153 120000 82000 230000 191000 91000 P60M 1600 PURE BIOSCIENCE, INC. POS AM 2017-07-31 false Smaller Reporting Company PURE 6666666 8666666 2222217 2820670 2820670 1176472 396469 4756163 4756163 4756163 151294 342116 4104980 1986101 1572941 1491649 1599135 1396470 268909 2533331 176471 4756163 236116 6666666 8666666 2222217 2820670 0001006028 5481000 277000 144000 225000 4000 1802000 1853000 9867000 -13550000 -226000 250000 250000 290000 290000 3000 287000 144000 43000 182000 185000 1269000 1269000 185000 106000 263000 297000 6000 24000 350000 273000 75000 75000 260000 174000 6142000 2459000 440000 548000 980000 822000 822000 7562000 3829000 479000 426000 39000 19000 216000 230000 2536000 2528000 3000 11000 2539000 2539000 649000 631000 107593000 110141000 -103219000 -109482000 5023000 2383000 1290000 420000 649000 631000 90811000 107593000 110141000 -88848000 -103219000 -109482000 7562000 3829000 1831000 1289000 33000 34000 760000 441000 5230000 5076000 779000 927000 1070000 1902000 7839000 8346000 -6008000 -7057000 1867000 -277000 -5481000 5000 10000 27000 44000 -255000 -7314000 -6263000 -14371000 -14371000 -6263000 63492406 56830533 -0.10 -0.25 41859297 64823917 63093153 17777772 1572941 1049000 177000 16000 -177000 1033000 968000 358000 358000 968000 102000 1544000 1544000 102000 2075000 150000 21000 1000 -21000 -1000 226000 13550000 13550000 226000 2861848 346295 185000 1269000 28000 3000 1241000 182000 -3800000 -38000 38000 48000 276000 219000 -277000 -5481000 34000 74000 -27000 143000 58000 8000 -59000 -131000 8000 -6000 -4562000 -4991000 20000 15000 206000 390000 -226000 -405000 1049000 8000000 1234000 9269000 -3554000 3873000 5194000 1321000 1640000 7000 2000 226000 13550000 38000 290000 9867000 50000 2800000 2800000 2800000 2720000 107000 2830000 48000 34000 46000 46000 34000 98000 40000 178000 179000 P5Y 178000 178000 178000 178000 178000 840000 1045000 21000 21000 861000 1066000 -421000 -518000 3475000 3485000 -2495000 -2663000 116000 99000 94000 106000 45000 245000 P5Y P5Y P6M P6M P5Y P6M P5Y P5Y P5Y P6M P5Y P6M 78000 2820670 20376219 132420 4179 6000000 1000000 337000 1049000 2000000 6000000 2000000 1008000 859000 1853000 8303836 1986101 9709 113520 375000 4104980 1986101 1176472 117647 396469 33647 1.25 0.45 0.7000 0.016 P3Y3M19D 5335 41178 13333333 4444439 4179 250000 150000 2075000 1572941 4374 277000 5481000 290000 1572941 0.85 0.85 1.25 1.25 1.275 1.38 0.83 0.75 0.45 1.25 1.28 1.25 1.28 128600 12000 35000 2820670 5335 236116 106000 150000 2075000 1150000 2035000 1150000 1302000 P3Y3M26D 102000 1544000 968000 358000 3900000 150000 2075000 12500 4000000 P10Y P5Y P10Y P5Y P5Y P10Y P5Y P10Y P5Y P2Y P5Y P5Y P5Y P5Y P5Y P1Y 561000 3735000 1850000 200000 500000 150000 2950000 200000 400000 150000 200000 1000000 100000 200000 950000 200000 150000 200000 100000 600000 85000 100000 850000 50000 0.25 0.25 0.50 0.50 0.25 0.25 0.50 0.50 0.33 0.33 0.34 1.00 P3Y0M18D 0.67 0.47 P5Y7M28D 2277968 434218 5759843 -253125 -6250 1.60 4.07 1.25 1.05 1.07 1.42 2.20 46000 1120000 0.8100 0.8212 0.0170 0.0083 0.000 0.000 P4Y7M28D P2Y1M16D 75000 118000 0.33 0.19 0.10 0.10 1.00 1.00 0.37 1600 1600 95400000 100300000 18600000 79000000 74700000 810000 2423000 3016000 30970000 3250000 3250000 -140000 -140000 33270000 34080000 -33270000 -34080000 0.340 0.340 0.008 0.019 -0.066 -0.015 -0.033 -0.179 -0.130 -0.165 0.000 0.000 0.75 0.60 0.45 0.40 1.25 0.85 0.75 1.25 1150000 1272500 -150000 -2075000 -250000 -1122500 2035000 3210000 1285000 87000 2026-02-04 P3Y2M16D 16098679 10619394 7056426 5035156 8303836 1724235 20376219 -347451 -2898670 -129374 -15456279 <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><b>1. Organization and Business</b></p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">All references to &#8220;PURE,&#8221; &#8220;we&#8221;, &#8220;our,&#8221; and &#8220;us&#8221; refer to PURE Bioscience, Inc. and our wholly owned subsidiary.</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">PURE Bioscience, Inc. is focused on developing and commercializing our proprietary antimicrobial products that provide solutions to the health and environmental challenges of pathogen and hygienic control. Our technology platform is based on patented stabilized ionic silver, and our initial products contain silver dihydrogen citrate, or SDC. SDC is a broad-spectrum, non-toxic antimicrobial agent that is manufactured as a liquid delivered in various concentrations. We currently distribute and contract the manufacture and distribution of our SDC-based disinfecting and sanitizing products. We also contract manufacture and sell SDC-based formulations to manufacturers for use as a raw material ingredient in the production of personal care products. We believe our technology platform has potential application in a number of industries. We intend to focus our current resources on providing food safety solutions to the food industry.</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">We were incorporated in the state of California in August 1992 as Innovative Medical Services. In September 2003, we changed our name to PURE Bioscience. In March 2011, we reincorporated in the state of Delaware. We operate in one business segment.</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><i><u>Liquidity &#38; Going Concern Uncertainty</u></i></p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">These consolidated financial statements have been prepared and presented on a basis assuming we will continue as a going concern. The factors below raise substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern. The financial statements do not include any adjustments that might be necessary from the outcome of this uncertainty.</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">Since our inception, we have financed our operations primarily through public and private offerings of securities, debt financing, and revenue from product sales and license agreements. We have a history of recurring losses, and as of July 31, 2017, we have incurred a cumulative net loss of $109,482,000.</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">We do not have, and may never have, significant cash inflows from product sales or from other sources of revenue to fund our operations. As of July 31, 2017, we had $1,640,000 in cash and cash equivalents, and $426,000 of accounts payable. As of July 31, 2017, we had no long-term debt. In October 2017, we completed a tender offer to amend and exercise outstanding warrants held by the investors participating in our 2014, 2015 and 2017 private placement financings, resulting in our receipt of approximately $2.8 million in cash proceeds from the exercise of 4,756,163 outstanding warrants. We do not currently believe that our existing cash resources are sufficient to meet our anticipated needs over the next twelve months from the date hereof.</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">Our future capital requirements depend on numerous forward-looking factors. These factors may include, but are not limited to, the following: the acceptance of, and demand for, our products; our success and the success of our partners in selling our products; our success and the success of our partners in obtaining regulatory approvals to sell our products; the costs of further developing our existing products and technologies; the extent to which we invest in new product and technology development; and the costs associated with the continued operation, and any future growth, of our business. The outcome of these and other forward-looking factors will substantially affect our liquidity and capital resources.</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">Until we can generate significant cash from operations, we expect to continue to fund our operations with the proceeds of offerings of our equity and debt securities. However, we cannot assure you that additional financing will be available when needed or that, if available, financing will be obtained on terms favorable to us or to our stockholders. If we raise additional funds from the issuance of equity securities, substantial dilution to our existing stockholders would likely result. If we raise additional funds by incurring debt financing, the terms of the debt may involve significant cash payment obligations as well as covenants and specific financial ratios that may restrict our ability to operate our business. Further, any contracts or license arrangements we enter into to raise funds may require us to relinquish our rights to our products or technology, and we cannot assure you that we will be able to enter into any such contracts or license arrangements on acceptable terms, or at all. Having insufficient funds may require us to delay or scale back our marketing, distribution and other commercialization activities or cease our operations altogether.</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">We do not have any unused credit facilities or other sources of capital available to us at this time. We intend to secure additional working capital through sales of additional debt or equity securities. Our intended financing initiatives are subject to risk, and we cannot provide any assurance about the availability or terms of these or any future financings.</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;&#160;</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">If we are unable to obtain sufficient capital, it will have a material adverse effect on our business and operations. It could cause us to fail to execute our business plan, fail to take advantage of future opportunities, or fail to respond to competitive pressures or customer requirements. It also may require us to significantly modify our business model and operations to reduce spending to a sustainable level, which may include delaying, scaling back or eliminating some or all of our ongoing and planned investments in corporate infrastructure, research and development projects, regulatory submissions, business development initiatives, and sales and marketing activities, among other investments. If adequate funds are not available when needed, we may be required to reduce or cease operations altogether.</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">The consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustment relating to recoverability or classification of recorded assets and classification of recorded liabilities.</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><b>2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies</b></p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><i><u>Basis of Presentation</u></i></p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the consolidated accounts of PURE Bioscience, Inc. and its wholly owned subsidiary, ETIH2O Corporation, a Nevada corporation. ETIH2O Corporation has no business and no material assets or liabilities and there have been no significant transactions related to ETIH2O during the periods presented in the consolidated financial statements. All inter-company balances and transactions have been eliminated.</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><i><u>Use of Estimates</u></i></p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America, or GAAP, requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements, and the disclosures made in the accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements. Actual results could differ materially from those estimates.</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><i><u>Cash and Cash Equivalents</u></i></p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">Cash and cash equivalents consist of cash and highly liquid investments with original maturities from the purchase date of three months or less.</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><i><u>Restricted Cash</u></i></p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">The Company is required to maintain $75,000 in a restricted certificate of deposit account in order to fully collateralize four revolving credit card accounts.</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><i><u>Fair Value of Financial Instruments</u></i></p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">Certain of our financial instruments&#8212;including cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, inventories, prepaid expenses, accounts payable, accrued liabilities, and deferred rent are carried at cost, which is considered to be representative of their respective fair values because of the short-term nature of these instruments. Our derivative liabilities are carried at estimated fair value (See Notes 5 and 6).</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><i><u>Derivative Financial Instruments</u></i></p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">We do not use derivative instruments to hedge exposures to cash flow or market or foreign currency risks.</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">We review the terms of the common stock, warrants and convertible debt we issue to determine whether there are derivative instruments, including embedded conversion options that are required to be bifurcated and accounted for separately as derivative financial instruments. In circumstances where the host instrument contains more than one embedded derivative instrument, including a conversion option, that is required to be bifurcated, the bifurcated derivative instruments are accounted for as a single, compound derivative instrument.</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">Derivatives are initially recorded at fair value and are then revalued at each reporting date with changes in the fair value reported as non-operating income or expense. When the equity or convertible debt instruments contain embedded derivative instruments that are to be bifurcated and accounted for as liabilities, the total proceeds received are first allocated to the fair value of all the bifurcated derivative instruments. The remaining proceeds, if any, are then allocated to the host instruments themselves, usually resulting in those instruments being recorded at a discount from their face value.</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;&#160;</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">The discount from the face value of any convertible debt, together with the stated interest on the instrument, is amortized over the life of the instrument through periodic charges to interest expense, using the effective interest method.</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><i><u>Accounts Receivable</u></i></p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">Trade accounts receivable are recorded net of allowances for doubtful accounts. Estimates of allowances for doubtful accounts are determined based on historical payment patterns and individual customer circumstances. The allowance for doubtful accounts was zero at July 31, 2017 and 2016.</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><i><u>Inventories</u></i></p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value, and net of a valuation allowance for potential excess or obsolete material. Cost is determined using the average cost method.</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><i><u>Property, Plant and Equipment</u></i></p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">Property, plant and equipment is stated at cost less accumulated depreciation. Depreciation is computed using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets. The estimated useful lives of our property, plant, and equipment range from three to ten years. Capitalized costs associated with leasehold improvements are depreciated over the lesser of the useful life of the asset or the remaining life of the lease. Depreciation is generally included in selling, general and administrative expense. Depreciation related to manufacturing is systematically allocated to inventory produced, and expensed through cost of goods sold at the time inventory is sold.</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><i><u>Patents</u></i></p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">We have filed a number of patent applications with the United States Patent and Trademark Office and in foreign countries. Certain legal and related costs incurred in connection with pending patent applications have been capitalized. Costs related to successful patent applications are amortized over the lesser of the remaining useful life of the related technology or the remaining patent life, commencing on the date the patent is issued. Capitalized costs related to patent applications are expensed in the period in which a determination is made not to pursue such applications.</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><i><u>Impairment of Long-Lived Assets</u></i></p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">In accordance with GAAP, if indicators of impairment exist, we assess the recoverability of the affected long-lived assets by determining whether the carrying value of such assets can be recovered through undiscounted future operating cash flows. If impairment is indicated, we measure the amount of such impairment by comparing the carrying value of the asset to the fair value of the asset and we record the impairment as a reduction in the carrying value of the related asset and a charge to operating results. Estimating the undiscounted future cash flows associated with long-lived assets requires judgment, and assumptions could differ materially from actual results. There were no patent impairments during the year ended July 31, 2017. During the year ended July 31, 2016 we incurred $48,000 of expense related to the abandonment of a pending patent not associated with our core business.</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><i><u>Revenue Recognition</u></i></p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">We sell our products to distributors and end users. We record net sales when we sell products to our customers, rather than when our customers resell products to third parties. When we sell products to our customers, we reduce the balance of our inventory with a corresponding charge to cost of goods sold. We do not currently have any consignment sales.</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">Terms of our product sales are generally FOB shipping point. Net sales are recognized when delivery of the products has occurred (which is generally at the time of shipment), title has passed to the customer, the selling price is fixed or determinable, collectability is reasonably assured and we have no further obligations. Any amounts received prior to satisfying these revenue recognition criteria are recorded as deferred revenue. We record sales net of discounts at the time of sale and report sales net of such discounts.</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">We also license our products and technology to development and commercialization partners. Upfront product and technology license fees under multiple-element arrangements are deferred and recognized over the period of such services or performance, if such arrangements require on-going services or performance. Non-refundable amounts received for substantive milestones are recognized upon achievement of the milestone. Any amounts received prior to satisfying these revenue recognition criteria are recorded as deferred revenue.</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><i><u>Shipping and Handling Costs</u></i></p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">Shipping and handling costs incurred by us for product shipments are included in cost of goods sold and were minimal for the years ended July 31, 2017 and 2016.</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><i><u>Research and Development Costs</u></i></p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">Research and development costs are expensed as incurred.</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><i><u>Share-Based Compensation</u></i></p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">We grant equity-based awards under share-based compensation plans. We estimate the fair value of share-based payment awards using the Black-Scholes option valuation model. This fair value is then amortized over the requisite service periods of the awards. The Black-Scholes option valuation model requires the input of subjective assumptions, including price volatility of the underlying stock, risk-free interest rate, dividend yield, and expected life of the option. Share-based compensation expense is based on awards ultimately expected to vest, and therefore is reduced by expected forfeitures.</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><i><u>Other Income (Expense)</u></i></p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">We record interest income, interest expense, the change in derivative liabilities, as well as other non-operating transactions, as other income (expense) on our consolidated statements of operations.</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><i><u>Comprehensive Loss</u></i></p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">Comprehensive loss is defined as the change in equity during a period from transactions and other events and circumstances from non-owner sources, including unrealized gains and losses on marketable securities and foreign currency translation adjustments. For the years ended July 31, 2017 and 2016, our comprehensive loss consisted only of net loss.</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><i><u>Income Taxes</u></i></p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">We recognize deferred tax assets and liabilities for temporary differences between the tax basis of assets and liabilities and the amounts at which they are carried in the financial statements based upon the enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to reverse. A valuation allowance is established to reduce deferred tax assets to the amount expected to be realized.</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><i><u>Net Loss Per Share</u></i></p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">Basic net loss per common share is computed as net loss divided by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding for the period. Our diluted net loss per common share is the same as our basic net loss per common share because we incurred a net loss during each period presented, and the potentially dilutive securities from the assumed exercise of all outstanding stock options, restricted stock units, and warrants would have an antidilutive effect. For the years ended July 31, 2017 and 2016, the number of shares issuable upon the exercise of stock options, the vesting of restricted stock units, and the exercise of warrants, none of which are included in the computation of basic net loss per common share, was 16,098,679 and 10,619,394, respectively.</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><i><u>Recent Accounting Pronouncements</u></i></p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">In July 2017, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (&#8220;FASB&#8221;) issued a two-part Accounting Standards Update (&#8220;ASU&#8221;) No. 2017-11, I. Accounting for Certain Financial Instruments With Down Round Features and II. Replacement of the Indefinite Deferral for Mandatorily Redeemable Financial Instruments of Certain Nonpublic Entities and Certain Mandatorily Redeemable Noncontrolling Interests With a Scope Exception (&#8220;ASU 2017-11&#8221;). ASU 2017-11 amends guidance in FASB ASC 260, Earnings Per Share, FASB ASC 480, Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity, and FASB ASC 815, Derivatives and Hedging. The amendments in Part I of ASU 2017-11 change the classification analysis of certain equity-linked financial instruments (or embedded features) with down round features. The amendments in Part II of ASU 2017-11 re-characterize the indefinite deferral of certain provisions of Topic 480 that now are presented as pending content in the Codification, to a scope exception. Those amendments do not have an accounting effect. ASU 2017-11 is effective for public business entities for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2018. We are evaluating the effect that this update will have on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">In August 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued Accounting Standards Update (ASU) No. 2014-15, <i>Presentation of Financial Statements&#8212;Going Concern: Disclosure of Uncertainties about an Entity&#8217;s Ability to Continue as a Going Concern, </i>which requires management to evaluate whether there is substantial doubt about the entity&#8217;s ability to continue as a going concern and, if so, provide certain footnote disclosures. This ASU is effective for annual periods ending after December 15, 2016, and interim periods within annual periods beginning after December 15, 2016. We adopted ASU 2014-15 during the fiscal year ended July 31, 2017. The adoption of this guidance did not have a material impact on the consolidated financial statements.</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU 2014-09, <i>Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606)</i> which amended the existing accounting standards for revenue recognition. ASU 2014-09 establishes principles for recognizing revenue upon the transfer of promised goods or services to customers, in an amount that reflects the expected consideration received in exchange for those goods or services. In July 2015, the FASB deferred the effective date for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017. We expect to adopt ASU 2014-09 in the first fiscal quarter of 2019. We currently do not have any material revenue contracts with customers and will review any new contracts entered into prior to the adoption of the new standard. We are evaluating the effect that this update will have on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-09, <i>Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting</i>, which is designed to simplify several aspects of accounting for share-based payment award transactions, including income tax consequences, classification of awards as either equity or liabilities, classification on the statement of cash flows and forfeiture rate calculations. We adopted ASU No. 2016-09 during the fiscal year ended July 31, 2017. The adoption of this guidance did not have a material impact on the consolidated financial statements.</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><b>3. Balance Sheet Details</b></p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">Inventories consist of the following:</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 11pt Calibri, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse"> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="text-align: justify; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td colspan="6" style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><b>July 31,</b></font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="text-align: justify; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><b>2017</b></font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><b>2016</b></font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #CCEEFF"> <td style="width: 64%; text-align: justify; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Raw materials</font></td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</font></td> <td style="width: 15%; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">82,000</font></td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</font></td> <td style="width: 15%; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">120,000</font></td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: white"> <td style="text-align: justify; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Finished goods</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">191,000</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">230,000</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #CCEEFF"> <td style="text-align: justify; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 2.25pt double; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: black 2.25pt double; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">273,000</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 2.25pt double; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: black 2.25pt double; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">350,000</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td></tr> </table> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">During the year ended July 31, 2017, we wrote-off $50,000 for slow moving finished goods inventory manufactured in prior years. In addition, during the years ended July 31, 2017 and 2016, we received $34,000 and $46,000, respectively, from the sale of inventory which was reserved in prior fiscal years. The $34,000 and $46,000 gain is reflected in the other income (expense) section of the consolidated statements of operations.</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">Property, plant, and equipment consist of the following:</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&#160;</p> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 11pt Calibri, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse"> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="text-align: justify; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td colspan="6" style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><b>July 31,</b></font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="text-align: justify; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><b>2017</b></font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><b>2016</b></font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #CCEEFF"> <td style="width: 64%; text-align: justify; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Computers and equipment</font></td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</font></td> <td style="width: 15%; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">1,045,000</font></td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</font></td> <td style="width: 15%; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">840,000</font></td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: white"> <td style="text-align: justify; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Furniture and fixtures</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">21,000</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">21,000</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #CCEEFF"> <td style="text-align: justify; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">1,066,000</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">861,000</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: white"> <td style="text-align: justify; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Less accumulated depreciation</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(518,000</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">)</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(421,000</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">)</font></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #CCEEFF"> <td style="text-align: justify; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 2.25pt double; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: black 2.25pt double; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">548,000</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 2.25pt double; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: black 2.25pt double; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">440,000</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td></tr> </table> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">Depreciation expense was $98,000 and $40,000 for the years ended July 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively.</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">Patents consist of the following:</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 11pt Calibri, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse"> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="text-align: justify; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td colspan="6" style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><b>July 31,</b></font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="text-align: justify; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><b>2017</b></font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><b>2016</b></font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #CCEEFF"> <td style="width: 64%; text-align: justify; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Patents</font></td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</font></td> <td style="width: 15%; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">3,485,000</font></td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</font></td> <td style="width: 15%; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">3,475,000</font></td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: white"> <td style="text-align: justify; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Less accumulated amortization</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(2,663,000</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">)</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(2,495,000</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">)</font></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #CCEEFF"> <td style="text-align: justify; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 2.25pt double; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: black 2.25pt double; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">822,000</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 2.25pt double; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: black 2.25pt double; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">980,000</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td></tr> </table> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">Patent amortization expense for the years ended July 31, 2017 and 2016 was $178,000 and $179,000, respectively. At July 31, 2017, the weighted average remaining amortization period for all patents was approximately five years. The annual patent amortization expense for the next five years is expected to be approximately $178,000 per year. There were no patent impairments during the year ended July 31, 2017. During the year ended July 31, 2016 we incurred $48,000 of expense related to the abandonment of a pending patent not associated with our core business.</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><b>4. Commitments and Contingencies</b></p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><i><u>Severance Agreement</u></i></p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">On August 13, 2013, the Company entered into a Severance and Release Agreement with Dennis Brovarone, a former Board member. Mr. Brovarone will receive $91,000, payable in 60 monthly installments of approximately $1,600, commencing December 11, 2013 for amounts previously accrued as of July 31, 2013. For the years ended July 31, 2017 and 2016, $19,000 and $39,000 remained payable under the agreement and is included in the accrued restructuring liability section of the consolidated balance sheets as of July 31, 2017 and 2016.</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><i><u>Operating Leases</u></i></p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">During August 2016, we amended the lease of our primary facility in El Cajon, California under a noncancelable operating lease that now expires in December 2019. This facility includes our corporate offices, research and development laboratory, and warehouse. Rent expense, including common area maintenance, was $116,000 and $99,000 for the years ended July 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively.</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">Future minimum annual lease payments for our primary facility as of July 31, 2017 are as follows:</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&#160;</p> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 11pt Calibri, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse"> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #CCEEFF"> <td style="width: 77%; text-align: justify; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">2018</font></td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</font></td> <td style="width: 20%; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">94,000</font></td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: white"> <td style="text-align: justify; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">2019</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</font></td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">106,000</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #CCEEFF"> <td style="text-align: justify; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">2020</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">45,000</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: white"> <td style="text-align: justify; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 2.25pt double; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: black 2.25pt double; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">245,000</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td></tr> </table> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><b>5</b>. <b>Fair Value of Financial Instruments</b></p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">Fair value is defined as an exit price, representing the amount that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants. As such, fair value is a market-based measurement that should be determined based on assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability. As a basis for considering such assumptions, the authoritative guidance establishes a three-tier value hierarchy, which prioritizes the inputs used in measuring fair value as follows:</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 11pt Calibri, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse"> <tr style="vertical-align: top"> <td style="width: 48px; text-align: justify; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 29px; text-align: justify; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</font></td> <td style="text-align: justify; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Level 1 &#8211; Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.</font></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top"> <td style="text-align: justify; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="text-align: justify; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="text-align: justify; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top"> <td style="text-align: justify; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="text-align: justify; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</font></td> <td style="text-align: justify; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Level 2 &#8211; Inputs other than Level 1 that are observable, either directly or indirectly, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities; quoted prices in markets that are not active; or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities.</font></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top"> <td style="text-align: justify; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="text-align: justify; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="text-align: justify; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top"> <td style="text-align: justify; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="text-align: justify; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</font></td> <td style="text-align: justify; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Level 3 &#8211; Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the fair value of the assets or liabilities.</font></td></tr> </table> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">In connection with the October and November 2015 Private Placements and a prior Bridge Loan, we issued warrants with derivative features. These instruments are accounted for as derivative liabilities (See Note 6).</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">We used Level 3 inputs for the valuation methodology of the derivative liabilities. The estimated fair values were computed using a Monte Carlo option pricing model based on various assumptions. Our derivative liabilities are adjusted to reflect estimated fair value at each period end, with any decrease or increase in the estimated fair value being recorded in other income or expense accordingly, as adjustments to the fair value of the derivative liabilities. Various factors are considered in the pricing models we use to value the warrants, including the Company&#8217;s current stock price, the remaining life of the warrants, the volatility of the Company&#8217;s stock price, and the risk free interest rate. Future changes in these factors will have a significant impact on the computed fair value of the warrant liability. As such, we expect future changes in the fair value of the warrants to vary significantly from quarter to quarter.</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">The following table provides a reconciliation of the beginning and ending balances of the derivative liabilities for the years ended July 31, 2017 and 2016:</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><b>Fair Value of Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)</b></p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center">&#160;</p> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 11pt Calibri, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse"> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="text-align: justify; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><b>Warrant</b></font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="text-align: justify; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><b>Liability</b></font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #CCEEFF"> <td style="width: 77%; text-align: justify; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Balance at July 31, 2015</font></td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</font></td> <td style="width: 20%; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">4,000</font></td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: white"> <td style="text-align: justify; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Issuances</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">9,867,000</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #CCEEFF"> <td style="text-align: justify; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Settlement of warrant liability</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(13,550,000</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">)</font></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: white"> <td style="text-align: justify; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Adjustments to estimated fair value</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">5,481,000</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #CCEEFF"> <td style="text-align: justify; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Balance at July 31, 2016</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</font></td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">1,802,000</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: white"> <td style="text-align: justify; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Issuances</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#8212;</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #CCEEFF"> <td style="text-align: justify; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Settlement of warrant liability</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(226,000</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">)</font></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: white"> <td style="text-align: justify; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Adjustments to estimated fair value</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">277,000</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #CCEEFF"> <td style="text-align: justify; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Balance at July 31, 2017</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 2.25pt double; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: black 2.25pt double; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">1,853,000</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td></tr> </table> <p style="margin: 0pt"></p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><b>6. Derivative Liability</b></p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">On October 23, 2015 (the &#8220;October Closing Date&#8221;), we completed a first closing of a private placement financing (the &#8220;2015 Private Placement Financing&#8221;), where we issued, among other securities, a warrant to purchase up to an aggregate of 6,666,666 shares of common stock with a term of five years and a warrant to purchase up to an aggregate of 8,666,666 shares of common stock with a term of six months (See Note 7).</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">On November 23, 2015 (the &#8220;November Closing Date&#8217;), we completed a second and final closing of the 2015 Private Placement Financing, where we issued, among other securities, a warrant to purchase up to an aggregate of 2,222,217 shares of common stock with a term of five years and a warrant to purchase up to an aggregate of 2,820,670 shares of common stock with a term of six months (See Note 7).</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">We accounted for the combined 20,376,219 warrants issued in connection with the 2015 Private Placement Financing in accordance with the accounting guidance for derivatives. The applicable accounting guidance sets forth a two-step model to be applied in determining whether a financial instrument is indexed to an entity&#8217;s own stock, which would qualify such financial instruments for a scope exception. This scope exception specifies that a contract that would otherwise meet the definition of a derivative financial instrument would not be considered as such if the contract is both (i) indexed to the entity&#8217;s own stock and (ii) classified in the stockholders&#8217; equity section of the entity&#8217;s balance sheet. We determined the warrants were ineligible for equity classification due to anti-dilution provisions set forth therein.</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">During the fiscal year ended July 31, 2017, we received approximately $106,000 from the exercise of warrants to purchase 236,116 shares of common stock issued at the November Closing Date. The fair value on the exercise date was returned to additional paid in capital and is reflected in the settlement of warrant liability section on the table above.</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">During the fiscal year ended July 31, 2016, (i) all 2,820,670 of the six-month warrants issued in the second and final closing were exercised, (ii) the six-month warrants issued in the first closing expired and (iii) the five-year warrants issued in the first closing were cancelled. The fair value on the exercise date and the date of expiration and cancelation was returned to additional paid in capital and is reflected in the settlement of warrant liability section on the table above.</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">On the October Closing Date, the derivative liabilities were recorded at an estimated fair value of $7,008,000. Given that the fair value of the derivative liabilities exceeded the total proceeds of the private placement of $6,000,000, no net amounts were allocated to the common stock. The $1,008,000 amount by which the recorded liabilities exceeded the proceeds was charged to other expense at the October Closing Date. On the November Closing Date, the derivative liabilities were recorded at an estimated fair value of $2,859,000. Given that the fair value of the derivative liabilities issued on the November Closing Date exceeded the total proceeds of the private placement of $2,000,000, as of the November Closing Date, no net amounts were allocated to the common stock. The $859,000 amount by which the recorded liabilities exceeded the proceeds was charged to other expense at the November Closing Date.</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">As of July 31, 2017, we had a warrant liability of $1,853,000 related to the 1,986,101 warrants outstanding issued in connection with the November Closing Date of the 2015 Private Placement Financing. The following assumptions were used as inputs to the model at July 31, 2017: stock price of $1.25 per share and a warrant exercise price of $0.45 per share; our historical stock price volatility of 70.00%; risk free interest rate on U.S. treasury notes of 1.6%; warrant expiration of 3.3 years. In addition, as of the valuation date, management assessed the probabilities of future financings assumptions in the valuation model.</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">During the fourth quarter of 2012 we issued 132,420 warrants with derivative features pursuant to a Bridge Loan financing. During the year ended July 31, 2017, of the 9,709 warrants outstanding, there was a net exercise on 5,335 warrants which resulted in the issuance of 4,179 shares of our common stock. As these warrants were net exercised, as permitted under the respective warrant agreement, we did not receive any cash proceeds. The remaining 4,374 warrants issued in connection with the Bridge Loan expired during the year ended July 31, 2017. The fair value on the exercise date and the date of expiration was returned to additional paid in capital and is reflected in the settlement of warrant liability section on the table above.</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">As of July 31, 2017 and 2016, the total value of the derivative liabilities was $1,853,000 and $1,802,000, respectively. The change in fair value of the warrant liability for the year ended July 31, 2017 and 2016, was an increase of $277,000 and $5,481,000, respectively, which was recorded as a change in derivative liability in the consolidated statements of operations. We have revalued the derivative liabilities as of July 31, 2017, and will continue to do so on each subsequent balance sheet date until the securities to which the derivative liabilities relate are exercised or expire, with any changes in the fair value between reporting periods recorded as other income or expense.</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">Please see Note 12. Subsequent Events for a discussion of our tender offer to amend and exercise the outstanding warrants held by the investors participating in our 2014, 2015 and 2017 private placement financings.</p> <p style="margin: 0pt"></p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><b>7. Stockholders&#8217; Equity</b></p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><i><u>Preferred Stock</u></i></p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><i>&#160;</i></p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">As of July 31, 2017, the Company&#8217;s Board of Directors is authorized to issue 5,000,000 shares of preferred stock with a par value of $0.01 per share, in one or more series. As of July 31, 2017 and 2016, there were no shares of preferred stock issued and outstanding.</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><i><u>Common Stock</u></i></p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">As of July 31, 2017, 100,000,000 shares of common stock with a par value of $0.01 per share are authorized for issuance.</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><i><u>Private Placements</u></i></p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><i>&#160;</i></p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">On December 1, 2016, we completed an initial closing (the &#8220;Initial Closing&#8221;) of a private placement financing (the &#8220;Private Placement Offering&#8221;) to accredited investors. We raised aggregate gross proceeds of $1,000,000 from the sale of (i) an aggregate of 1,176,472 shares of the Company&#8217;s common stock at a purchase price of $0.85 per share and (ii) warrants to purchase up to an aggregate of 1,176,472 shares of common stock with a term of five years at an exercise price of $1.25 per share. We determined the warrants issued in connection with the Initial Closing were equity instruments and did not represent derivative instruments.</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">On January 23, 2017, we closed on a second and final closing (the &#8220;Final Closing&#8221;) of the Private Placement Offering. In the Final Closing we raised aggregate gross proceeds of approximately $337,000 from the sale of (i) an aggregate of 396,469 shares of the Company&#8217;s common stock at a purchase price of $0.85 per share and (ii) warrants to purchase up to an aggregate of 396,469 shares of common stock with a term of five years at an exercise price of $1.25 per share. The securities issued in the Private Placement Offering were issued pursuant to a securities purchase agreement entered into with the accredited investors. We determined the warrants issued in connection with the Final Closing were equity instruments and did not represent derivative instruments.</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">We utilized the services of a placement agent for the Private Placement Offering. In connection with the Private Placement Offering, we paid such placement agent an aggregate cash fee of $128,600 and issued to such placement agent or its designees warrants to purchase 151,294 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $1.275 per share. The terms of the placement agent warrants are substantially identical to the investor warrants, other than the exercise price and the holders&#8217; ability to exercise the placement agent warrants on a cashless basis at its discretion. Additionally, we agreed to pay the placement agent a $12,000 due diligence fee and to reimburse the placement agent for fees of counsel up to $35,000.</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">The net proceeds from the Private Placement Offering were approximately $1,049,000 and we are using the net proceeds for general corporate purposes, including our research and development efforts, and for general administrative expenses and working capital.</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">We also entered into a registration rights agreement with the Investors (the &#8220;Registration Rights Agreement&#8221;), pursuant to which we were obligated to file with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the &#8220;SEC&#8221;) as soon as practicable, but in any event, by February 6, 2017, on Form S-1 to register 1,572,941 shares of common stock issued to the selling security holders in the Private Placement Offering and up to 1,572,941 shares of our common stock issuable upon the exercise of warrants issued to the selling security holders in the Private Placement Offering. We were obligated to use our commercially reasonable best efforts to cause the registration statement to be declared effective by the SEC within 45 days after the filing of the registration statement (or within 75 days if this registration statement is subject to a full review by the SEC). Additionally, the Registration Rights Agreement provides for certain monetary penalties if the registration statement is not filed or declared effective prior to certain dates, or it is not maintained effective, as set forth in the Registration <font style="background-color: white">Rights Agreement.</font></p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><font style="background-color: white">The Private Placement Offering described above was made pursuant to the exemption provided by Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act, and Regulation D promulgated thereunder.</font></p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><font style="background-color: white">On February 6, 2017, we filed a resale registration statement on Form S-1 with the SEC, which was declared effective on February 15, 2017, registering the </font>1,572,941 shares of common stock issued to the selling security holders in the Private Placement Offering and up to 1,572,941 shares of our common stock issuable upon the exercise of warrants issued to the selling security holders in the Private Placement Offering.</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">In the October closing of the 2015 Private Placement Financing we issued 13,333,333 shares of common stock for aggregate gross proceeds to us of $6.0 million. In addition, we issued a warrant to purchase up to an aggregate of 6,666,666 shares of common stock with a term of five years and a warrant to purchase up to an aggregate of 8,666,666 shares of common stock with a term of six months. We did not engage a placement agent or investment banker to facilitate the Private Placement Financing (See Note 6).</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">In the November closing of the 2015 Private Placement Financing we issued 4,444,439 shares of common stock for aggregate gross proceeds to us of $2.0 million. In addition, we issued a warrant to purchase up to an aggregate of 2,222,217 shares of common stock with a term of five years and a warrant to purchase up to an aggregate of 2,820,670 shares of common stock with a term of six months. We did not engage a placement agent or investment banker to facilitate the Private Placement Financing (See Note 6).</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">We offered the securities in the 2015 Private Placement Financing to the Company&#8217;s existing investors who previously purchased securities in our private placement financings in August and September of 2014 (the &#8220;Prior Financings&#8221;). Tom Lee, a member of our board of directors and a participant in the Prior Financings, together with certain of his affiliates, invested approximately $472,000 in the final closing of the 2015 Private Placement Financing on the same terms offered to the other Investors.</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">During the fiscal year ended July 31, 2016, (i) all 2,820,670 of the six-month warrants issued in the second and final closing of the 2015 Private Placement were exercised, (ii) the six-month warrants issued in the first closing of the 2015 Private Placement expired and (iii) the five-year warrants issued in the first closing of the 2015 Private Placement were cancelled.</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">We also entered into a registration rights agreement with the Investors in the 2015 Private Placement Financing (the &#8220;Registration Rights Agreement&#8221;), pursuant to which we are obligated, upon request of the Investor in the October closing of the 2015 Private Placement Financing and subject to certain conditions, to file with the SEC as soon as practicable, but in any event within 60 days after receiving such applicable request, a registration statement on Form S-1 (the &#8220;2015 Resale Registration Statement&#8221;) to register the Purchase Shares and the Warrant Shares for resale under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the &#8220;Securities Act&#8221;) and other securities issued or issuable with respect to or in exchange for the Purchase Shares or Warrant Shares. We are obligated to use our commercially reasonable efforts to cause the 2015 Resale Registration Statement to be declared effective by the SEC as promptly as reasonably practicable after the filing of the Resale Registration Statement, but no monetary penalty or liquidated damages will be imposed upon the Company if the Registration Statement is not declared effective by the SEC.</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><i><u>Other Activity</u></i></p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">During the fiscal year ended July 31, 2016, we entered into a two-year service agreement for general financial advisory services. In accordance with the agreement we issued 250,000 shares of common stock, with a value of $290,000. The value was capitalized to prepaid expense and is being amortized over the term of the agreement. For the years ended July 31, 2017 and 2016, we recognized $144,000 and $43,000, respectively, of expense related to these services. In addition, during the year ended July 31, 2016, we recognized $182,000 of expense for services rendered associated with stock issued in prior years.</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><i><u>Warrants</u></i></p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><i>&#160;</i></p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">During the fiscal year ended July 31, 2017, we received approximately $185,000 from the exercise of warrants to purchase 342,116 shares of common stock. 236,116 of the warrants exercised contained derivative features, while 106,000 of the warrants exercised were considered equity instruments. In addition, there was a net exercise on 5,335 warrants which resulted in the issuance of 4,179 shares of our common stock (See Note 6).</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">During the fiscal year ended July 31, 2016, we received $1,269,000 from the exercise of warrants issued in November 2015 to purchase 2,820,670 shares of our common stock. In addition, there was a net exercise on 78,000 warrants which resulted in the issuance of 41,178 shares of our common stock. As these warrants were net exercised, as permitted under the respective warrant agreement, we did not receive any cash proceeds. The warrants were issued in connection with a prior year private placement and were considered equity instruments.</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">A summary of our warrant activity and related data is as follows:</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 11pt Calibri, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse"> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><b>Shares</b></font></td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #CCEEFF"> <td style="width: 76%; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Outstanding at July 31, 2015</font></td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 20%; text-align: right; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">5,035,156</font></td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 115%">&#160;</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: white"> <td style="padding-left: 10pt; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Issued</font></td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">20,376,219</font></td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #CCEEFF"> <td style="padding-left: 10pt; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Exercised</font></td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(2,898,670</font></td> <td style="line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">)</font></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: white"> <td style="padding-left: 10pt; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Expired</font></td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(15,456,279</font></td> <td style="line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">)</font></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #CCEEFF"> <td style="line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Outstanding at July 31, 2016</font></td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">7,056,426</font></td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: white"> <td style="padding-left: 10pt; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Issued</font></td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">1,724,235</font></td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #CCEEFF"> <td style="padding-left: 10pt; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Exercised</font></td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(347,451</font></td> <td style="line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">)</font></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: white"> <td style="padding-left: 10pt; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Expired/Cancelled</font></td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(129,374</font></td> <td style="line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">)</font></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #CCEEFF"> <td style="line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Outstanding at July 31, 2017</font></td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">8,303,836</font></td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td></tr> </table> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">The following table summarizes information related to warrants outstanding at July 31, 2017:</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 11pt Calibri, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse"> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="text-align: center; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><b>Expiration</b></font></td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><b>Exercise</b></font></td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td colspan="2" style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><b>Date</b></font></td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><b>Price</b></font></td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><b>Shares</b></font></td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #CCEEFF"> <td style="width: 37%; text-align: center; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">09/17/17</font></td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</font></td> <td style="width: 21%; text-align: right; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">1.38</font></td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 35%; text-align: right; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">113,520</font></td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 115%">&#160;</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: white"> <td style="text-align: center; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">01/24/18</font></td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</font></td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">0.83</font></td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">375,000</font></td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #CCEEFF"> <td style="text-align: center; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">08/29/19</font></td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</font></td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">0.75</font></td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">4,104,980</font></td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: white"> <td style="text-align: center; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">11/23/20</font></td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</font></td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">0.45</font></td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">1,986,101</font></td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #CCEEFF"> <td style="text-align: center; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">12/01/21</font></td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</font></td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">1.25</font></td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">1,176,472</font></td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: white"> <td style="text-align: center; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">12/01/21</font></td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</font></td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">1.28</font></td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">117,647</font></td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #CCEEFF"> <td style="text-align: center; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">01/23/22</font></td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</font></td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">1.25</font></td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">396,469</font></td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: white"> <td style="text-align: center; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">01/23/22</font></td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">1.28</font></td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">33,647</font></td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #CCEEFF"> <td style="text-align: center; line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 2.25pt double; line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 2.25pt double; text-align: right; line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 2.25pt double; line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 2.25pt double; text-align: right; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">8,303,836</font></td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td></tr> </table> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><i>&#160;</i></p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><i><u>Restricted Stock Units</u></i></p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><i>&#160;</i></p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">During the fiscal years ended July 31, 2017 and 2016, we issued 150,000 and 2,075,000 shares of common stock to employees and directors for restricted stock units that vested, based on service conditions, respectively (See Note 8).</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><b>8. Share-Based Compensation</b></p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><i><u>Restricted Stock Units</u></i></p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><font style="background-color: white">During the fiscal year ended July 31, 2017, the Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors authorized the issuance of 1,150,000 Restricted Stock Units (&#8220;RSUs&#8221;) to our officers and directors. </font>Each RSU represents the right to receive one share of common stock, issuable at the time the RSU subsequently settles, as set forth in the Restricted Stock Unit Agreement. <font style="background-color: white">The breakdown is as follows:</font></p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 11pt Calibri, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse"> <tr style="vertical-align: top"> <td style="width: 24px; text-align: justify; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 24px; text-align: justify; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</font></td> <td style="text-align: justify; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Henry R. Lambert RSU Award: We granted Mr. Lambert an award consisting of two hundred thousand (200,000) RSUs. 25% of the RSUs vest on December 31, 2018 with the remaining shares vesting in three equal annual installments thereafter. </font></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top"> <td style="text-align: justify; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="text-align: justify; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="text-align: justify; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top"> <td style="text-align: justify; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="text-align: justify; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</font></td> <td style="text-align: justify; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Chairman RSU Award: We granted Mr. Pfanzelter an award consisting of five hundred thousand (500,000) RSUs. 25% of the RSUs vest on December 31, 2018 with the remaining shares vesting in three equal annual installments thereafter. </font></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top"> <td style="text-align: justify; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="text-align: justify; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="text-align: justify; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top"> <td style="text-align: justify; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="text-align: justify; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</font></td> <td style="text-align: justify; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Director RSU Awards: We granted Messrs. Cohee, Lee, and Otis, awards consisting of one hundred fifty thousand (150,000) RSUs, respectively. 50% of the RSUs will vest on the earlier of the date of our annual meeting of stockholders held in 2018 or January 15, 2018 and 50% of the RSUs will vest on the earlier of the date of our annual meeting of stockholders held in 2019 or January 15, 2019.</font></td></tr> </table> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;&#160;</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">A summary of our restricted stock unit activity and related data is as follows:</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 11pt Calibri, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse"> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><b>Shares</b></font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #CCEEFF"> <td style="width: 77%; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Outstanding at July 31, 2015</font></td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 20%; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">3,210,000</font></td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: white"> <td style="padding-left: 10pt; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Granted</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">1,272,500</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #CCEEFF"> <td style="padding-left: 10pt; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Vested</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(2,075,000</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">)</font></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: white"> <td style="padding-left: 10pt; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Forfeited</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(1,122,500</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">)</font></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #CCEEFF"> <td style="line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Outstanding at July 31, 2016</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">1,285,000</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: white"> <td style="padding-left: 10pt; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Granted</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">1,150,000</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #CCEEFF"> <td style="padding-left: 10pt; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Vested</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(150,000</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">)</font></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: white"> <td style="padding-left: 10pt; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Forfeited</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(250,000</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">)</font></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #CCEEFF"> <td style="line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Outstanding at July 31, 2017</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">2,035,000</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td></tr> </table> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">During the fiscal year ended July 31, 2017, 150,000 RSUs vested based on service conditions that were satisfied during the period, resulting in the issuance of 150,000 shares of common stock. Of the 2,035,000 RSUs outstanding, we currently expect 1,150,000 to vest. As of July 31, 2017, there was $1,302,000 of unrecognized non-cash compensation cost related to RSUs we expect to vest, which will be recognized over a weighted average period of 3.32 years.</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">During the fiscal year ended July 31, 2016, 2,075,000 RSUs vested based on service conditions that were satisfied during the period, resulting in the issuance of 2,075,000 shares of common stock. In addition, we granted 1,272,500 RSUs that vest based on service and performance conditions. During the year ended July 31, 2017 and 2016, no RSUs granted in prior years vested based on performance conditions.</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">For the years ended July 31, 2017 and 2016, share-based compensation expense for RSUs was $102,000 and $1,544,000, respectively.</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><i><u>RSU Termination</u></i></p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><i>&#160;</i></p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">On December 13, 2016, we entered into an RSU Cancellation Agreement with our officers and directors who received RSUs in October 2013 as compensation for their continued services to us over a required vesting period. Under this Agreement, our officers and directors agreed to cancel RSUs representing the right to receive an aggregate of 3.9 million vested shares of our common stock. Pursuant to the terms of the cancelled RSUs, we would have been required to settle and deliver these vested shares to the individual officers and directors prior to January 1, 2017, which would have triggered a taxable event. Our officers and directors, in their individual capacities, voluntarily agreed to cancel their respective RSUs based on their determination that cancelling the RSUs would be in the best interests of the Company and our stockholders. The individual officers and directors reached this conclusion for the following reasons:</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 11pt Calibri, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse"> <tr style="vertical-align: top"> <td style="width: 10%; text-align: justify; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 1%; text-align: justify; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">1.</font></td> <td style="width: 89%; line-height: 107%; text-align: justify"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><u>Conserves our Available Cash Resources</u>. The RSUs held by our officers provide these individuals with the right to require us to pay the applicable state and federal taxes due upon the settlement and delivery of their vested RSU shares in exchange for the individual cancelling and returning to us that number of shares of common stock equal in value to the contractual tax payment obligation. By agreeing to cancel the RSUs, we will not be required to utilize our available cash resources to pay the tax payments on behalf of our officers, and as a result, we can conserve our available cash resources to support the continued implementation of our business plan.</font></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top"> <td style="text-align: justify; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="text-align: justify; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="text-align: justify; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top"> <td style="text-align: justify; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="text-align: justify; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">2.</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%; text-align: justify"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><u>Reduces Pressure on Our Stock Price</u>. The RSUs held by our non-employee directors provide these individuals with the right to immediately sell into the public market that number of shares of common stock sufficient to cover the applicable state and federal taxes payable as a result of the settlement and delivery of their vested RSU shares. Our common stock currently has a limited daily trading volume, and the sale or the potential sale of a substantial number of shares of common stock by our officers and directors to cover their federal and state tax obligations would adversely affect the market price of our common stock, which in turn, could harm our ability to raise funds to support our operations or require us to raise funds at terms and valuations that would be more dilutive to our existing stockholders.</font></td></tr> </table> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;&#160;</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">Each of our officers and directors who are parties to the RSU Cancellation Agreement agreed to cancel their RSUs and the shares of common stock underlying the RSUs in their individual capacities as stockholders and equity award holders, and without any agreement or promise from us or our officers or directors to issue them equity, equity-based awards or cash compensation in the future in exchange for entering into the Agreement.</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">During the fiscal year ended July 31, 2017, $87,000 of pre-vest expense was reversed as a result of the RSU cancelation.</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><i><u>Stock Option Plans</u></i></p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">In February 2016, we amended and restated our 2007 Equity Incentive Plan, or the Plan, to, among other changes, <font style="background-color: white">increase the number of shares of common stock issuable under the Plan by 4,000,000 shares and extend the term of the Plan until February 4, 2026. The Plan</font> provides for the grant of incentive and non-qualified stock options, as well as other share-based payment awards, to our employees, directors, consultants and advisors. These awards have up to a 10-year contractual life and are subject to various vesting periods, as determined by the Compensation Committee or the Board of Directors. Our 2007 Equity Incentive Plan is the only active plan pursuant to which options to acquire common stock or restricted stock awards can be granted and are currently outstanding. As of July 31, 2017, there were approximately 561,000 shares available for issuance under the Plan.</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><font style="background-color: white">During the fiscal year ended July 31, 2017, the Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors authorized the issuance of 2,950,000 stock options to our officers and directors. Each option represents the right to receive one share of common stock, issuable at the time the option vests, as set forth in the option agreement. The breakdown is as follows:</font></p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 11pt Calibri, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse"> <tr style="vertical-align: top"> <td style="width: 24px; text-align: justify; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 24px; text-align: justify; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</font></td> <td style="text-align: justify; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Henry R. Lambert Option Awards: We granted Mr. Lambert an award consisting of an option to purchase two hundred thousand (200,000) shares of common stock. The option has a five-year term and vests in four quarterly installments. In addition, we granted Mr. Lambert an award consisting of an option to purchase four hundred thousand (400,000) shares of common stock. The option has a ten-year term and vests 25% on December 31, 2018 with the remaining shares vesting in three equal annual installments thereafter.</font></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top"> <td style="text-align: justify; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="text-align: justify; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="text-align: justify; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top"> <td style="text-align: justify; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="text-align: justify; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</font></td> <td style="text-align: justify; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Mark S. Elliott Option Award: We granted Mr. Elliott an award consisting of an option to purchase one hundred fifty thousand (150,000) shares of common stock. The option has a five-year term and vests in four quarterly installments.</font></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top"> <td style="text-align: justify; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="text-align: justify; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="text-align: justify; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top"> <td style="text-align: justify; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="text-align: justify; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</font></td> <td style="text-align: justify; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Chairman Option Awards: We granted Mr. Pfanzelter an award consisting of an option to purchase two hundred thousand (200,000) shares of common stock. The option has a five-year term and vests in four quarterly installments. In addition, we granted Mr. Pfanzelter an award consisting of an option to purchase one million (1,000,000) shares of common stock. The option has a ten-year term and vests 25% on December 31, 2018 with the remaining shares vesting in three equal annual installments thereafter.</font></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top"> <td style="text-align: justify; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="text-align: justify; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="text-align: justify; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top"> <td style="text-align: justify; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="text-align: justify; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</font></td> <td style="text-align: justify; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Director Option Awards: We granted Messrs. Cohee, Lee, Otis and Dr. Theno, awards consisting of an option to purchase one hundred thousand (100,000) shares of common stock, respectively. The option has a five-year term and vests quarterly in four installments. In addition, we granted Messrs. Cohee, Lee and Otis awards consisting of an option to purchase two hundred thousand (200,000) shares of common stock, respectively. The option has a ten-year term with 50% vesting on the earlier of the date of our annual meeting of stockholders held in 2018 or January 15, 2018 and 50% vesting on the earlier of the date of our annual meeting of stockholders held in 2019 or January 15, 2019.</font></td></tr> </table> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;&#160;</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><font style="background-color: white">During the fiscal year ended July 31, 2016, the Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors authorized the issuance of 950,000 stock options to our officers and directors. Each option represents the right to receive one share of common stock, issuable at the time the option vests, as set forth in the option agreement. The breakdown is as follows:</font></p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 11pt Calibri, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse"> <tr style="vertical-align: top"> <td style="width: 24px; text-align: justify; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 24px; text-align: justify; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</font></td> <td style="text-align: justify; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">We granted Mr. Lambert a five year award consisting of an option to purchase two hundred thousand (200,000) shares of common stock.</font></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top"> <td style="text-align: justify; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="text-align: justify; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="text-align: justify; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top"> <td style="text-align: justify; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="text-align: justify; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</font></td> <td style="text-align: justify; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Mark S. Elliott Option Award: We granted Mr. Elliott a two year award consisting of an option to purchase one hundred fifty thousand (150,000) shares of common stock. The option shares vest quarterly over a one year period.</font></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top"> <td style="text-align: justify; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="text-align: justify; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="text-align: justify; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top"> <td style="text-align: justify; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="text-align: justify; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</font></td> <td style="text-align: justify; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Chairman Option Award: We granted Mr. Pfanzelter a five year award consisting of an option to purchase two hundred thousand (200,000) shares of common stock. </font></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top"> <td style="text-align: justify; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="text-align: justify; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="text-align: justify; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top"> <td style="text-align: justify; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="text-align: justify; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</font></td> <td style="text-align: justify; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Director Option Awards: We granted Messrs. Cohee, Lee, Otis and Dr. Theno, five year awards consisting of an option to purchase one hundred thousand (100,000) shares of common stock, respectively. </font></td></tr> </table> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><font style="background-color: white">The option awards granted to Messrs. Lambert, Pfanzelter, Cohee, Lee, Otis and Dr. Theno vested in three installments: 33% on </font>July 31, 2016; 33% on October 31, 2016; and 34% on January 31, 2017.</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">During the years ended July 31, 2017 and 2016, none <font style="background-color: white">of the options granted to our officers and directors were granted pursuant to any compensatory, bonus, or similar plan maintained or otherwise sponsored by the Company.</font></p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><font style="background-color: white">During the year ended July 31, 2017, we issued 600,000 options to purchase common stock to employees supporting our selling, general and administrative, and research and development functions and 85,000 options to purchase common stock to third-party consultants for business development and investor relations services. In addition, </font>we issued 100,000 options to purchase common stock to a member of our scientific advisory board. All options granted to employees, consultants and advisory board members have a <font style="background-color: white">five-year term and vest in four quarterly installments.</font></p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">During the year ended July 31, 2016, we issued 850,000 options to purchase common stock to employees supporting our selling, general and administrative, and research and development functions. The vesting terms of the options varied from 100% on grant date to quarterly over a one year period. In addition, during the year ended July 31, 2016, we issued 50,000 options to purchase common stock to third-party consultants for business development services. 12,500 option shares vested during the year ended July 31, 2016. The remaining options vest only if sales milestones are achieved. We currently do not expect the remaining options issued under the agreements to vest.</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">A summary of our stock option activity for the fiscal years ended July 31, 2017 and 2016 is as follows:</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 11pt Calibri, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse"> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><b>Shares</b></font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><b>Weighted-</b></font><br /> <font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><b>Average</b></font><br /> <font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><b>Exercise Price</b></font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><b>Aggregate</b></font><br /> <font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><b>Intrinsic</b></font><br /> <font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><b>Value</b></font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #CCEEFF"> <td style="width: 42%; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Outstanding at July 31, 2015</font></td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 16%; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">434,218</font></td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</font></td> <td style="width: 16%; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">4.07</font></td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</font></td> <td style="width: 16%; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#8212;</font></td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: white"> <td style="padding-left: 10pt; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Granted</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">1,850,000</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</font></td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">1.07</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #CCEEFF"> <td style="padding-left: 10pt; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Exercised</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#8212;</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</font></td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#8212;</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: white"> <td style="padding-left: 10pt; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Cancelled</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(6,250</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">)</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">2.20</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #CCEEFF"> <td style="line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Outstanding at July 31, 2016</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 2.25pt double; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 2.25pt double; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">2,277,968</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 2.25pt double; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: black 2.25pt double; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">1.60</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 2.25pt double; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: black 2.25pt double; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">46,000</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: white"> <td style="padding-left: 10pt; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Granted</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">3,735,000</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</font></td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">1.05</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #CCEEFF"> <td style="padding-left: 10pt; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Exercised</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#8212;</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</font></td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#8212;</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: white"> <td style="padding-left: 10pt; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Cancelled</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(253,125</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">)</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">1.42</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #CCEEFF"> <td style="line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Outstanding at July 31, 2017</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 2.25pt double; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 2.25pt double; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">5,759,843</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 2.25pt double; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: black 2.25pt double; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">1.25</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 2.25pt double; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: black 2.25pt double; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">1,120,000</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td></tr> </table> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">The weighted-average remaining contractual term of options outstanding at July 31, 2017 was 5.66 years.</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in">&#160;</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">At July 31, 2017, options to purchase 2,729,843 shares of common stock were exercisable. These options had a weighted-average exercise price of $1.43, an aggregate intrinsic value of $654,000, and a weighted average remaining contractual term of 3.21 years. The weighted average grant date fair value for options granted during the years ended July 31, 2017 and 2016, was $0.67 and $0.47, respectively. The total unrecognized compensation cost related to unvested stock option grants as of July 31, 2017 was approximately $1,892,000 and the weighted average period over which these grants are expected to vest is 3.05 years.</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">For the fiscal year ended July 31, 2017 and 2016, share-based compensation expense for stock options was $968,000 and $358,000 respectively.</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">We use the Black-Scholes valuation model to calculate the fair value of stock options. Share-based compensation expense is recognized over the vesting period using the straight-line method. The fair value of stock options was estimated at the grant date using the following weighted average assumptions:</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 11pt Calibri, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse"> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td colspan="6" style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid"> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><b>For the years ended</b></p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><b>July 31,</b></p></td> <td style="text-align: center; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><b>2017</b></font></td> <td style="text-align: center; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><b>2016</b></font></td> <td style="text-align: center; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #CCEEFF"> <td style="width: 62%; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Volatility</font></td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 16%; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">81.00</font></td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">%</font></td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 16%; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">82.12</font></td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">%</font></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: white"> <td style="line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Risk-free interest rate</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">1.70</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">%</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">0.83</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">%</font></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #CCEEFF"> <td style="line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Dividend yield</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">0.0</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">%</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">0.0</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">%</font></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: white"> <td style="line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Expected life</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">4.66</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">years</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">2.13</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">years</font></td></tr> </table> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">Volatility is the measure by which our stock price is expected to fluctuate during the expected term of an option. Volatility is derived from the historical daily change in the market price of our common stock, as we believe that historical volatility is the best indicator of future volatility.</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">The risk-free interest rates used in the Black-Scholes calculations are based on the prevailing U.S. Treasury yield as determined by the U.S. Federal Reserve.</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">We have never paid dividends on our common stock and do not anticipate paying dividends on our common stock in the foreseeable future. Accordingly, we have assumed no dividend yield for purposes of estimating the fair value of our share-based compensation.</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">The weighted average expected life of options was estimated using the average of the contractual term and the weighted average vesting term of the options. Certain options granted to consultants are subject to variable accounting treatment and are required to be revalued until vested.</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">Share-based compensation expense is based on awards ultimately expected to vest, and therefore is reduced by expected forfeitures. We have not had significant forfeitures of stock options granted to employees and directors as a significant number of our historical stock option grants were fully vested at issuance or were issued with short vesting provisions. Therefore, we have estimated the forfeiture rate of our outstanding stock options as zero.</p> <p style="margin: 0pt"></p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><b>9. Related Party Transactions</b></p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><b>&#160;</b></p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">On December 11, 2013, the Company entered into a five-year strategic collaboration agreement with St. Louis-based Intercon Chemical Company (ICC). The agreement consists of a multi-prong approach to accelerate the commercialization of PURE&#8217;s unique and proprietary SDC-based products. The strategic collaboration agreement provides:</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 11pt Calibri, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse"> <tr style="vertical-align: top"> <td style="text-align: justify; line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="text-align: justify; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</font></td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">ICC licenses from PURE its patents and technology know-how for the exclusive manufacture of our SDC-based products. </font></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top"> <td style="text-align: justify; line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="text-align: justify; line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 115%">&#160;</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top"> <td style="width: 48px; text-align: justify; line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 24px; text-align: justify; line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 24px; text-align: justify; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</font></td> <td style="text-align: justify; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">ICC will invest in plant improvements to allow for expanded SDC production. </font></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top"> <td style="text-align: justify; line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="text-align: justify; line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 115%">&#160;</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top"> <td style="text-align: justify; line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="text-align: justify; line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="text-align: justify; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</font></td> <td style="text-align: justify; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">ICC&#8217;s R&#38;D team will collaborate on SDC product line development. </font></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top"> <td style="text-align: justify; line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="text-align: justify; line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 115%">&#160;</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top"> <td style="text-align: justify; line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="text-align: justify; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</font></td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">ICC licenses the distribution rights for SDC-based products into its core businesses of institutional cleaning and sanitation products. </font></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top"> <td style="text-align: justify; line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="text-align: justify; line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 115%">&#160;</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top"> <td style="text-align: justify; line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="text-align: justify; line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="text-align: justify; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</font></td> <td style="text-align: justify; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">ICC will also develop a new initiative focused on US hospital, healthcare and medical facilities. </font></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top"> <td style="text-align: justify; line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="text-align: justify; line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: justify; line-height: 115%">&#160;</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top"> <td style="text-align: justify; line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="text-align: justify; line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="text-align: justify; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#9679;</font></td> <td style="text-align: justify; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">PURE earns royalty income on SDC-products sold by ICC and its affiliates. </font></td></tr> </table> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">During the years ended July 31, 2017 and 2016, our net product sales to ICC was $33,000 and $34,000, respectively. As of July 31, 2017, $75,000 was payable to ICC for the production of SDC based products and $6,000 of accounts receivable was due to the Company. As of July 31, 2016, $118,000 was payable to ICC for the production of SDC based products and $24,000 of accounts receivable was due to the Company.</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">The president of ICC is a shareholder of the Company.</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><b>10. Sales Concentration</b></p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">Net product sales were $1,831,000 and $1,289,000 for the years ended July 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively. For the year ended July 31, 2017, two individual customers accounted for 33% and 19%, of our net product sales, respectively. No other individual customer accounted for 10% or more of our net product sales. The geographic breakdown of net product sales for the year ended July 31, 2017 was as follows: 100% U.S. For the year ended July 31, 2016, one customer accounted for 37% of our net product sales. No other individual customer accounted for 10% or more of our net product sales. The geographic breakdown of net product sales for the year ended July 31, 2016 was as follows: 100% U.S.</p> <p style="margin: 0pt"></p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><b>11. Income Taxes</b></p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">We file federal and state consolidated tax returns with our subsidiaries. Our income tax provision for the year ended July 31, 2017 and 2016 was $1,600; the minimum state franchise taxes we pay regardless of income or loss.</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">At July 31, 2017, we had federal and state tax net operating loss carry-forwards of approximately $100.3 million and $74.7 million, respectively. Included in these net operating loss carry-forwards is $18.6 million related to a deduction for income tax purposes for which the Company has not realized a tax benefit. In future periods an adjustment would be recorded to Additional Paid in Capital at the time that these net operating losses may be utilized and reduce income tax. At July 31, 2016, we had federal and state tax net operating loss carry-forwards of approximately $95.4 million and $79.0 million, respectively. Utilization of the net operating loss carry-forwards may be subject to a substantial annual limitation due to ownership change limitations that may have occurred or that could occur in the future, as required by Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code as well as similar state provisions. These ownership changes may limit the amount of net operating loss carry-forwards that can be utilized annually to offset future taxable income and tax, respectively. In general, an ownership change, as defined by Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code results from a transaction or series of transactions over a three-year period resulting in an ownership change of more than 50 percentage points of the outstanding stock of a company by certain stockholders or public groups. Since our formation, we have raised capital through the issuance of capital stock on several occasions (both before and after our initial public offering in 1996) which, combined with the purchasing stockholders&#8217; subsequent disposition of those shares, may have resulted in such an ownership change, or could result in an ownership change in the future upon subsequent disposition. While we do not believe that we have experienced an ownership change, the pertinent tax rules related thereto are complex and subject to varying interpretations, and thus complete assurance cannot be provided that the taxing authorities would not take an alternative position.</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">Our current federal tax loss carry-forwards begin expiring in the year ended July 31, 2019 and, unless previously utilized, will completely expire in the year ending July 31, 2037. Our state tax loss carry-forwards begin to expire in the year ending July 31, 2018, and will completely expire in the year ending July 31, 2037.</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">Significant components of our deferred tax assets are as follows:</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center">&#160;</p> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 11pt Calibri, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse"> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td colspan="6" style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><b>July 31,</b></font></td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: white"> <td style="text-align: center; line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><b>2017</b></font></td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><b>2016</b></font></td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #CCEEFF"> <td style="width: 68%; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Net operating loss carry-forward</font></td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</font></td> <td style="width: 13%; text-align: right; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">30,970,000</font></td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</font></td> <td style="width: 13%; text-align: right; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">30,160,000</font></td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 115%">&#160;</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: white"> <td style="line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Stock options and warrants</font></td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">3,250,000</font></td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">3,250,000</font></td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #CCEEFF"> <td style="line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Other temporary differences</font></td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(140,000</font></td> <td style="line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">)</font></td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(140,000</font></td> <td style="line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">)</font></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: white"> <td style="line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Total deferred tax assets</font></td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">34,080,000</font></td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">33,270,000</font></td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #CCEEFF"> <td style="line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Valuation allowance for deferred tax assets</font></td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(34,080,000</font></td> <td style="line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">)</font></td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(33,270,000</font></td> <td style="line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">)</font></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: white"> <td style="padding-left: 10pt; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Net deferred tax assets</font></td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 2.25pt double; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: black 2.25pt double; text-align: right; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#8212;</font></td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 2.25pt double; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: black 2.25pt double; text-align: right; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#8212;</font></td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td></tr> </table> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&#160;</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">Realization of our deferred tax assets, which relate to operating loss carry-forwards and timing differences, is dependent on future earnings, among other factors. The timing and amount of future earnings are uncertain and therefore a valuation allowance has been established. The increase in the valuation allowance on the deferred tax asset during the years ended July 31, 2017 and 2016 was $810,000 and $2,423,000, respectively.</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">A reconciliation of income taxes computed using the statutory income tax rate, compared to the effective tax rate, is as follows:</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center">&#160;</p> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 11pt Calibri, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse"> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: white"> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><b>2017</b></font></td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><b>2016</b></font></td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #CCEEFF"> <td style="width: 68%; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Federal tax benefit at the expected statutory rate</font></td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 13%; text-align: right; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">34.0</font></td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">%</font></td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 13%; text-align: right; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">34.0</font></td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">%</font></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: white"> <td style="line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">State income tax, net of federal tax benefit</font></td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">0.8</font></td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">1.9</font></td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #CCEEFF"> <td style="line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Expired net operating loss carryforwards</font></td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(6.6</font></td> <td style="line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">)</font></td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(1.5</font></td> <td style="line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">)</font></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: white"> <td style="line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Other</font></td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(7.7</font></td> <td style="line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">)</font></td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#8212;</font></td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #CCEEFF"> <td style="line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Change in state tax rates</font></td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(4.2</font></td> <td style="line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">)</font></td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#8212;</font></td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: white"> <td style="line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Permanent items</font></td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(3.3</font></td> <td style="line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">)</font></td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(17.9</font></td> <td style="line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">)</font></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #CCEEFF"> <td style="line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Valuation allowance</font></td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(13.0</font></td> <td style="line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">)</font></td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(16.5</font></td> <td style="line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">)</font></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: white"> <td style="line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Income tax benefit - effective rate</font></td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">0.0</font></td> <td style="line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">%</font></td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">0.0</font></td> <td style="line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">%</font></td></tr> </table> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&#160;</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">Following authoritative guidance, we recognize the tax benefit from a tax position if it is more likely than not that the tax position will be sustained on examination by the taxing authorities, based on the technical merits of the position.</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">Our practice is to recognize interest and/or penalties related to income tax matters in income tax expense; however we have had no accrued interest or penalties at either July 31, 2017 or July 31, 2016. We are subject to income taxes in the United States and in various states, and our historical tax years remain subject to future examination by the U.S. and state tax authorities. During the years ended July 31, 2017 and 2016, we did not record any activity related to our unrecognized tax benefits.</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">The Company and its subsidiaries are subject to federal income tax as well as income tax of multiple state jurisdictions. With few exceptions, the Company is no longer subject to income tax examination by tax authorities in major jurisdictions for tax years prior to 2012. However, to the extent allowed by law, the taxing authorities may have the right to examine prior periods where net operating losses were generated and carried forward, and make adjustments up to the amount of the carryforwards. The Company is not currently under examination by the IRS or state taxing authorities.</p> <p style="margin: 0pt"></p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><b>12. Subsequent Events</b></p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><b>&#160;</b></p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white">On October 10, 2017, we closed a tender offer to amend and exercise outstanding warrants to purchase shares of our Common Stock. Specially, we filed a Schedule TO with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the &#8220;SEC&#8221;) on August 25, 2017 offering to (i) reduce the exercise price of the warrants to purchase 4,104,980 shares of Common Stock issued to investors participating in our private placement financing completed on August 29, 2014, as amended (the &#8220;2014 Warrants&#8221;) from $0.75 per share to $0.60 per share of Common Stock in cash, (ii) reduce the exercise price of outstanding warrants to purchase 1,986,101 shares of Common Stock issued to investors participating in our private placement financing completed on November 23, 2015 (the &#8220;2015 Warrants&#8221;) from $0.45 per share to $0.40 per share of Common Stock in cash, (iii) reduce the exercise price of the outstanding warrants to purchase 1,572,941 shares of Common Stock issued to investors participating in our private placement financing completed on January 23, 2017 (the &#8220;2017 Warrants&#8221;, together with the 2014 Warrants and 2015 Warrants, the &#8220;Original Warrants&#8221;) from $1.25 per share to $0.85 per share of Common Stock in cash, (iv) shorten the exercise period of the Original Warrants so that they expired concurrently with the expiration of the Offer to Amend and Exercise at 5:00 p.m. (Pacific Time) on September 25, 2017 (&#8220;Expiration Date&#8221;) unless extended until the Subsequent Expiration Date (as defined below), (v) delete the cashless exercise provisions in the Original Warrants and (vi) delete the price-based anti-dilution provisions contained in the 2015 Warrants.</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white">&#160;</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white">Additionally, we requested the holders of a majority of the shares issuable upon exercise of the 2014 Warrants (the &#8220;2014 Requisite Majority&#8221;), 2015 Warrants (the &#8220;2015 Requisite Majority&#8221;) and 2017 Warrants (the &#8220;2017 Requisite Majority&#8221;) to approve an amendment of all of the outstanding 2014 Warrants, 2015 Warrants and 2017 Warrants, respectively, to amend such Original Warrants in the same manner as set forth above (the &#8220;Aggregate Warrant Amendment&#8221;), except the Expiration Date would be extended until October 10, 2017 (the &#8220;Subsequent Expiration Date&#8221;) if such Aggregate Warrant Amendment was approved with respect to such class of Original Warrants. The 2015 Requisite Majority approved an amendment of all of the outstanding 2015 Warrants and holders of 2015 Warrants had until the Subsequent Expiration Date to exercise their 2015 Warrants (the &#8220;Subsequent Offer Period&#8221;).</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify; background-color: white">&#160;</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">The Offer to Amend and Exercise with respect to the 2014 Warrants and 2017 Warrants expired on the Expiration Date of September 25, 2017. As of September 25, 2017, 1,491,649 shares of Common Stock were issued upon exercise of 2014 Warrants, 1,599,135 shares of Common Stock were issued upon exercise of 2015 Warrants and 1,396,470 shares of Common Stock were issued upon exercise of 2017 Warrants, for aggregate gross proceeds to us of approximately $2.72 million. During the Subsequent Offer Period, 2015 Warrants to purchase 268,909 shares of Common Stock were exercised for aggregate gross proceeds to us of approximately $107,000. 2014 Warrants to purchase 2,533,331 shares of Common Stock and 2017 Warrants to purchase 176,471 shares of Common Stock at exercise prices of $0.75 per share and $1.25 per share, respectively, continue to remain outstanding. 2015 Warrants that were not exercised by the Subsequent Expiration Date expired unexercised on such date.</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">Original Warrants (including 2015 Warrants exercised during the Subsequent Offer Period) to purchase an aggregate of 4,756,163 shares of Common Stock were tendered and exercised in the Offer to Amend and Exercise for aggregate gross proceeds to us of approximately $2.83 million. Garden State Securities Inc. assisted the Company as warrant solicitation agents with respect to the 2017 Warrants.</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">Additionally, we previously recorded a warrant liability on our financial statements with respect to the 2015 Warrants due to certain anti-dilution provisions contained in such warrants. Upon the exercise and expiration of the 2015 Warrants, the warrant liability existing on the Company&#8217;s consolidated financial statements has been terminated.</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><i><u>Basis of Presentation</u></i></p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the consolidated accounts of PURE Bioscience, Inc. and its wholly owned subsidiary, ETIH2O Corporation, a Nevada corporation. ETIH2O Corporation has no business and no material assets or liabilities and there have been no significant transactions related to ETIH2O during the periods presented in the consolidated financial statements. All inter-company balances and transactions have been eliminated.</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><i><u>Use of Estimates</u></i></p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America, or GAAP, requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements, and the disclosures made in the accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements. Actual results could differ materially from those estimates.</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><i><u>Cash and Cash Equivalents</u></i></p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">Cash and cash equivalents consist of cash and highly liquid investments with original maturities from the purchase date of three months or less.</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><i><u>Restricted Cash</u></i></p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">The Company is required to maintain $75,000 in a restricted certificate of deposit account in order to fully collateralize four revolving credit card accounts.</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><i><u>Fair Value of Financial Instruments</u></i></p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">Certain of our financial instruments&#8212;including cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, inventories, prepaid expenses, accounts payable, accrued liabilities, and deferred rent are carried at cost, which is considered to be representative of their respective fair values because of the short-term nature of these instruments. Our derivative liabilities are carried at estimated fair value (See Notes 5 and 6).</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><i><u>Derivative Financial Instruments</u></i></p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">We do not use derivative instruments to hedge exposures to cash flow or market or foreign currency risks.</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">We review the terms of the common stock, warrants and convertible debt we issue to determine whether there are derivative instruments, including embedded conversion options that are required to be bifurcated and accounted for separately as derivative financial instruments. In circumstances where the host instrument contains more than one embedded derivative instrument, including a conversion option, that is required to be bifurcated, the bifurcated derivative instruments are accounted for as a single, compound derivative instrument.</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">Derivatives are initially recorded at fair value and are then revalued at each reporting date with changes in the fair value reported as non-operating income or expense. When the equity or convertible debt instruments contain embedded derivative instruments that are to be bifurcated and accounted for as liabilities, the total proceeds received are first allocated to the fair value of all the bifurcated derivative instruments. The remaining proceeds, if any, are then allocated to the host instruments themselves, usually resulting in those instruments being recorded at a discount from their face value.</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;&#160;</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">The discount from the face value of any convertible debt, together with the stated interest on the instrument, is amortized over the life of the instrument through periodic charges to interest expense, using the effective interest method.</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><i><u>Accounts Receivable</u></i></p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">Trade accounts receivable are recorded net of allowances for doubtful accounts. Estimates of allowances for doubtful accounts are determined based on historical payment patterns and individual customer circumstances. The allowance for doubtful accounts was zero at July 31, 2017 and 2016.</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><i><u>Inventories</u></i></p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value, and net of a valuation allowance for potential excess or obsolete material. Cost is determined using the average cost method.</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><i><u>Property, Plant and Equipment</u></i></p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">Property, plant and equipment is stated at cost less accumulated depreciation. Depreciation is computed using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets. The estimated useful lives of our property, plant, and equipment range from three to ten years. Capitalized costs associated with leasehold improvements are depreciated over the lesser of the useful life of the asset or the remaining life of the lease. Depreciation is generally included in selling, general and administrative expense. Depreciation related to manufacturing is systematically allocated to inventory produced, and expensed through cost of goods sold at the time inventory is sold.</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><i><u>Patents</u></i></p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">We have filed a number of patent applications with the United States Patent and Trademark Office and in foreign countries. Certain legal and related costs incurred in connection with pending patent applications have been capitalized. Costs related to successful patent applications are amortized over the lesser of the remaining useful life of the related technology or the remaining patent life, commencing on the date the patent is issued. Capitalized costs related to patent applications are expensed in the period in which a determination is made not to pursue such applications.</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><i><u>Impairment of Long-Lived Assets</u></i></p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">In accordance with GAAP, if indicators of impairment exist, we assess the recoverability of the affected long-lived assets by determining whether the carrying value of such assets can be recovered through undiscounted future operating cash flows. If impairment is indicated, we measure the amount of such impairment by comparing the carrying value of the asset to the fair value of the asset and we record the impairment as a reduction in the carrying value of the related asset and a charge to operating results. Estimating the undiscounted future cash flows associated with long-lived assets requires judgment, and assumptions could differ materially from actual results. There were no patent impairments during the year ended July 31, 2017. During the year ended July 31, 2016 we incurred $48,000 of expense related to the abandonment of a pending patent not associated with our core business.</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><i><u>Revenue Recognition</u></i></p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">We sell our products to distributors and end users. We record net sales when we sell products to our customers, rather than when our customers resell products to third parties. When we sell products to our customers, we reduce the balance of our inventory with a corresponding charge to cost of goods sold. We do not currently have any consignment sales.</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">Terms of our product sales are generally FOB shipping point. Net sales are recognized when delivery of the products has occurred (which is generally at the time of shipment), title has passed to the customer, the selling price is fixed or determinable, collectability is reasonably assured and we have no further obligations. Any amounts received prior to satisfying these revenue recognition criteria are recorded as deferred revenue. We record sales net of discounts at the time of sale and report sales net of such discounts.</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">We also license our products and technology to development and commercialization partners. Upfront product and technology license fees under multiple-element arrangements are deferred and recognized over the period of such services or performance, if such arrangements require on-going services or performance. Non-refundable amounts received for substantive milestones are recognized upon achievement of the milestone. Any amounts received prior to satisfying these revenue recognition criteria are recorded as deferred revenue.</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><i><u>Shipping and Handling Costs</u></i></p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">Shipping and handling costs incurred by us for product shipments are included in cost of goods sold and were minimal for the years ended July 31, 2017 and 2016.</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><i><u>Research and Development Costs</u></i></p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">Research and development costs are expensed as incurred.</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><i><u>Share-Based Compensation</u></i></p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">We grant equity-based awards under share-based compensation plans. We estimate the fair value of share-based payment awards using the Black-Scholes option valuation model. This fair value is then amortized over the requisite service periods of the awards. The Black-Scholes option valuation model requires the input of subjective assumptions, including price volatility of the underlying stock, risk-free interest rate, dividend yield, and expected life of the option. Share-based compensation expense is based on awards ultimately expected to vest, and therefore is reduced by expected forfeitures.</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><i><u>Other Income (Expense)</u></i></p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">We record interest income, interest expense, the change in derivative liabilities, as well as other non-operating transactions, as other income (expense) on our consolidated statements of operations.</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><i><u>Comprehensive Loss</u></i></p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">Comprehensive loss is defined as the change in equity during a period from transactions and other events and circumstances from non-owner sources, including unrealized gains and losses on marketable securities and foreign currency translation adjustments. For the years ended July 31, 2017 and 2016, our comprehensive loss consisted only of net loss.</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><i><u>Income Taxes</u></i></p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">We recognize deferred tax assets and liabilities for temporary differences between the tax basis of assets and liabilities and the amounts at which they are carried in the financial statements based upon the enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to reverse. A valuation allowance is established to reduce deferred tax assets to the amount expected to be realized.</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><i><u>Net Loss Per Share</u></i></p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">Basic net loss per common share is computed as net loss divided by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding for the period. Our diluted net loss per common share is the same as our basic net loss per common share because we incurred a net loss during each period presented, and the potentially dilutive securities from the assumed exercise of all outstanding stock options, restricted stock units, and warrants would have an antidilutive effect. For the years ended July 31, 2017 and 2016, the number of shares issuable upon the exercise of stock options, the vesting of restricted stock units, and the exercise of warrants, none of which are included in the computation of basic net loss per common share, was 16,098,679 and 10,619,394, respectively.</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify"><i><u>Recent Accounting Pronouncements</u></i></p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">In July 2017, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (&#8220;FASB&#8221;) issued a two-part Accounting Standards Update (&#8220;ASU&#8221;) No. 2017-11, I. Accounting for Certain Financial Instruments With Down Round Features and II. Replacement of the Indefinite Deferral for Mandatorily Redeemable Financial Instruments of Certain Nonpublic Entities and Certain Mandatorily Redeemable Noncontrolling Interests With a Scope Exception (&#8220;ASU 2017-11&#8221;). ASU 2017-11 amends guidance in FASB ASC 260, Earnings Per Share, FASB ASC 480, Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity, and FASB ASC 815, Derivatives and Hedging. The amendments in Part I of ASU 2017-11 change the classification analysis of certain equity-linked financial instruments (or embedded features) with down round features. The amendments in Part II of ASU 2017-11 re-characterize the indefinite deferral of certain provisions of Topic 480 that now are presented as pending content in the Codification, to a scope exception. Those amendments do not have an accounting effect. ASU 2017-11 is effective for public business entities for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2018. We are evaluating the effect that this update will have on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">In August 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued Accounting Standards Update (ASU) No. 2014-15, <i>Presentation of Financial Statements&#8212;Going Concern: Disclosure of Uncertainties about an Entity&#8217;s Ability to Continue as a Going Concern, </i>which requires management to evaluate whether there is substantial doubt about the entity&#8217;s ability to continue as a going concern and, if so, provide certain footnote disclosures. This ASU is effective for annual periods ending after December 15, 2016, and interim periods within annual periods beginning after December 15, 2016. We adopted ASU 2014-15 during the fiscal year ended July 31, 2017. The adoption of this guidance did not have a material impact on the consolidated financial statements.</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU 2014-09, <i>Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606)</i> which amended the existing accounting standards for revenue recognition. ASU 2014-09 establishes principles for recognizing revenue upon the transfer of promised goods or services to customers, in an amount that reflects the expected consideration received in exchange for those goods or services. In July 2015, the FASB deferred the effective date for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017. We expect to adopt ASU 2014-09 in the first fiscal quarter of 2019. We currently do not have any material revenue contracts with customers and will review any new contracts entered into prior to the adoption of the new standard. We are evaluating the effect that this update will have on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-09, <i>Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting</i>, which is designed to simplify several aspects of accounting for share-based payment award transactions, including income tax consequences, classification of awards as either equity or liabilities, classification on the statement of cash flows and forfeiture rate calculations. We adopted ASU No. 2016-09 during the fiscal year ended July 31, 2017. The adoption of this guidance did not have a material impact on the consolidated financial statements.</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">Inventories consist of the following:</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 11pt Calibri, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse"> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="text-align: justify; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td colspan="6" style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><b>July 31,</b></font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="text-align: justify; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><b>2017</b></font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><b>2016</b></font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #CCEEFF"> <td style="width: 64%; text-align: justify; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Raw materials</font></td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</font></td> <td style="width: 15%; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">82,000</font></td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</font></td> <td style="width: 15%; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">120,000</font></td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: white"> <td style="text-align: justify; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Finished goods</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">191,000</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">230,000</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #CCEEFF"> <td style="text-align: justify; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 2.25pt double; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: black 2.25pt double; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">273,000</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 2.25pt double; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: black 2.25pt double; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">350,000</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td></tr> </table> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">Property, plant, and equipment consist of the following:</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&#160;</p> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 11pt Calibri, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse"> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="text-align: justify; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td colspan="6" style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><b>July 31,</b></font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="text-align: justify; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><b>2017</b></font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><b>2016</b></font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #CCEEFF"> <td style="width: 64%; text-align: justify; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Computers and equipment</font></td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</font></td> <td style="width: 15%; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">1,045,000</font></td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</font></td> <td style="width: 15%; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">840,000</font></td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: white"> <td style="text-align: justify; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Furniture and fixtures</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">21,000</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">21,000</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #CCEEFF"> <td style="text-align: justify; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">1,066,000</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">861,000</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: white"> <td style="text-align: justify; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Less accumulated depreciation</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(518,000</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">)</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(421,000</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">)</font></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #CCEEFF"> <td style="text-align: justify; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 2.25pt double; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: black 2.25pt double; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">548,000</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 2.25pt double; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: black 2.25pt double; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">440,000</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td></tr> </table> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">Patents consist of the following:</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 11pt Calibri, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse"> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="text-align: justify; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td colspan="6" style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><b>July 31,</b></font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="text-align: justify; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><b>2017</b></font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><b>2016</b></font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #CCEEFF"> <td style="width: 64%; text-align: justify; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Patents</font></td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</font></td> <td style="width: 15%; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">3,485,000</font></td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</font></td> <td style="width: 15%; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">3,475,000</font></td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: white"> <td style="text-align: justify; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Less accumulated amortization</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(2,663,000</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">)</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(2,495,000</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">)</font></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #CCEEFF"> <td style="text-align: justify; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 2.25pt double; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: black 2.25pt double; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">822,000</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 2.25pt double; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: black 2.25pt double; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">980,000</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td></tr> </table> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">Future minimum annual lease payments for our primary facility as of July 31, 2017 are as follows:</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0">&#160;</p> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 11pt Calibri, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse"> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #CCEEFF"> <td style="width: 77%; text-align: justify; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">2018</font></td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</font></td> <td style="width: 20%; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">94,000</font></td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: white"> <td style="text-align: justify; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">2019</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</font></td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">106,000</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #CCEEFF"> <td style="text-align: justify; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">2020</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">45,000</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: white"> <td style="text-align: justify; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 2.25pt double; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: black 2.25pt double; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">245,000</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td></tr> </table> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">The following table provides a reconciliation of the beginning and ending balances of the derivative liabilities for the years ended July 31, 2017 and 2016:</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><b>Fair Value of Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)</b></p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center">&#160;</p> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 11pt Calibri, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse"> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="text-align: justify; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><b>Warrant</b></font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="text-align: justify; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><b>Liability</b></font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #CCEEFF"> <td style="width: 77%; text-align: justify; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Balance at July 31, 2015</font></td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</font></td> <td style="width: 20%; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">4,000</font></td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: white"> <td style="text-align: justify; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Issuances</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">9,867,000</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #CCEEFF"> <td style="text-align: justify; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Settlement of warrant liability</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(13,550,000</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">)</font></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: white"> <td style="text-align: justify; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Adjustments to estimated fair value</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">5,481,000</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #CCEEFF"> <td style="text-align: justify; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Balance at July 31, 2016</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</font></td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">1,802,000</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: white"> <td style="text-align: justify; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Issuances</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#8212;</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #CCEEFF"> <td style="text-align: justify; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Settlement of warrant liability</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(226,000</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">)</font></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: white"> <td style="text-align: justify; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Adjustments to estimated fair value</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">277,000</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #CCEEFF"> <td style="text-align: justify; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Balance at July 31, 2017</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 2.25pt double; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: black 2.25pt double; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">1,853,000</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td></tr> </table> <p style="margin: 0pt"></p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">A summary of our warrant activity and related data is as follows:</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 11pt Calibri, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse"> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><b>Shares</b></font></td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #CCEEFF"> <td style="width: 76%; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Outstanding at July 31, 2015</font></td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 20%; text-align: right; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">5,035,156</font></td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 115%">&#160;</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: white"> <td style="padding-left: 10pt; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Issued</font></td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">20,376,219</font></td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #CCEEFF"> <td style="padding-left: 10pt; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Exercised</font></td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(2,898,670</font></td> <td style="line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">)</font></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: white"> <td style="padding-left: 10pt; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Expired</font></td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(15,456,279</font></td> <td style="line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">)</font></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #CCEEFF"> <td style="line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Outstanding at July 31, 2016</font></td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">7,056,426</font></td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: white"> <td style="padding-left: 10pt; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Issued</font></td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">1,724,235</font></td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #CCEEFF"> <td style="padding-left: 10pt; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Exercised</font></td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(347,451</font></td> <td style="line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">)</font></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: white"> <td style="padding-left: 10pt; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Expired/Cancelled</font></td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(129,374</font></td> <td style="line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">)</font></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #CCEEFF"> <td style="line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Outstanding at July 31, 2017</font></td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">8,303,836</font></td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td></tr> </table> <p style="margin: 0pt"></p> <p style="margin: 0pt"></p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">The following table summarizes information related to warrants outstanding at July 31, 2017:</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 11pt Calibri, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse"> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="text-align: center; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><b>Expiration</b></font></td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><b>Exercise</b></font></td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td colspan="2" style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><b>Date</b></font></td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><b>Price</b></font></td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><b>Shares</b></font></td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #CCEEFF"> <td style="width: 37%; text-align: center; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">09/17/17</font></td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</font></td> <td style="width: 21%; text-align: right; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">1.38</font></td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 35%; text-align: right; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">113,520</font></td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 115%">&#160;</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: white"> <td style="text-align: center; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">01/24/18</font></td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</font></td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">0.83</font></td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">375,000</font></td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #CCEEFF"> <td style="text-align: center; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">08/29/19</font></td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</font></td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">0.75</font></td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">4,104,980</font></td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: white"> <td style="text-align: center; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">11/23/20</font></td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</font></td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">0.45</font></td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">1,986,101</font></td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #CCEEFF"> <td style="text-align: center; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">12/01/21</font></td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</font></td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">1.25</font></td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">1,176,472</font></td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: white"> <td style="text-align: center; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">12/01/21</font></td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</font></td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">1.28</font></td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">117,647</font></td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #CCEEFF"> <td style="text-align: center; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">01/23/22</font></td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</font></td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">1.25</font></td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">396,469</font></td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: white"> <td style="text-align: center; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">01/23/22</font></td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">1.28</font></td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">33,647</font></td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #CCEEFF"> <td style="text-align: center; line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 2.25pt double; line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 2.25pt double; text-align: right; line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 2.25pt double; line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 2.25pt double; text-align: right; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">8,303,836</font></td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td></tr> </table> <p style="margin: 0pt"></p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">A summary of our restricted stock unit activity and related data is as follows:</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 11pt Calibri, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse"> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><b>Shares</b></font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #CCEEFF"> <td style="width: 77%; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Outstanding at July 31, 2015</font></td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 20%; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">3,210,000</font></td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: white"> <td style="padding-left: 10pt; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Granted</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">1,272,500</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #CCEEFF"> <td style="padding-left: 10pt; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Vested</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(2,075,000</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">)</font></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: white"> <td style="padding-left: 10pt; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Forfeited</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(1,122,500</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">)</font></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #CCEEFF"> <td style="line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Outstanding at July 31, 2016</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">1,285,000</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: white"> <td style="padding-left: 10pt; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Granted</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">1,150,000</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #CCEEFF"> <td style="padding-left: 10pt; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Vested</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(150,000</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">)</font></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: white"> <td style="padding-left: 10pt; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Forfeited</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(250,000</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">)</font></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #CCEEFF"> <td style="line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Outstanding at July 31, 2017</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">2,035,000</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td></tr> </table> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">A summary of our stock option activity for the fiscal years ended July 31, 2017 and 2016 is as follows:</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 11pt Calibri, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse"> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><b>Shares</b></font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><b>Weighted-</b></font><br /> <font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><b>Average</b></font><br /> <font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><b>Exercise Price</b></font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><b>Aggregate</b></font><br /> <font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><b>Intrinsic</b></font><br /> <font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><b>Value</b></font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #CCEEFF"> <td style="width: 42%; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Outstanding at July 31, 2015</font></td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 16%; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">434,218</font></td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</font></td> <td style="width: 16%; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">4.07</font></td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</font></td> <td style="width: 16%; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#8212;</font></td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: white"> <td style="padding-left: 10pt; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Granted</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">1,850,000</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</font></td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">1.07</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #CCEEFF"> <td style="padding-left: 10pt; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Exercised</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#8212;</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</font></td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#8212;</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: white"> <td style="padding-left: 10pt; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Cancelled</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(6,250</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">)</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">2.20</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #CCEEFF"> <td style="line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Outstanding at July 31, 2016</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 2.25pt double; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 2.25pt double; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">2,277,968</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 2.25pt double; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: black 2.25pt double; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">1.60</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 2.25pt double; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: black 2.25pt double; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">46,000</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: white"> <td style="padding-left: 10pt; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Granted</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">3,735,000</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</font></td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">1.05</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #CCEEFF"> <td style="padding-left: 10pt; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Exercised</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#8212;</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</font></td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#8212;</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: white"> <td style="padding-left: 10pt; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Cancelled</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(253,125</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">)</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">1.42</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #CCEEFF"> <td style="line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Outstanding at July 31, 2017</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 2.25pt double; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 2.25pt double; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">5,759,843</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 2.25pt double; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: black 2.25pt double; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">1.25</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 2.25pt double; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: black 2.25pt double; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">1,120,000</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td></tr> </table> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">The fair value of stock options was estimated at the grant date using the following weighted average assumptions:</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">&#160;</p> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 11pt Calibri, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse"> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td colspan="6" style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid"> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><b>For the years ended</b></p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center"><b>July 31,</b></p></td> <td style="text-align: center; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><b>2017</b></font></td> <td style="text-align: center; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><b>2016</b></font></td> <td style="text-align: center; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #CCEEFF"> <td style="width: 62%; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Volatility</font></td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 16%; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">81.00</font></td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">%</font></td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 16%; text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">82.12</font></td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">%</font></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: white"> <td style="line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Risk-free interest rate</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">1.70</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">%</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">0.83</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">%</font></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #CCEEFF"> <td style="line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Dividend yield</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">0.0</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">%</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">0.0</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">%</font></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: white"> <td style="line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Expected life</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">4.66</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">years</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 107%">&#160;</td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">2.13</font></td> <td style="line-height: 107%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">years</font></td></tr> </table> <p style="margin: 0pt"></p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">Significant components of our deferred tax assets are as follows:</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center">&#160;</p> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 11pt Calibri, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse"> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom"> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td colspan="6" style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><b>July 31,</b></font></td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: white"> <td style="text-align: center; line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><b>2017</b></font></td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><b>2016</b></font></td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #CCEEFF"> <td style="width: 68%; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Net operating loss carry-forward</font></td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</font></td> <td style="width: 13%; text-align: right; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">30,970,000</font></td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</font></td> <td style="width: 13%; text-align: right; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">30,160,000</font></td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 115%">&#160;</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: white"> <td style="line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Stock options and warrants</font></td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">3,250,000</font></td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">3,250,000</font></td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #CCEEFF"> <td style="line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Other temporary differences</font></td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(140,000</font></td> <td style="line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">)</font></td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(140,000</font></td> <td style="line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">)</font></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: white"> <td style="line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Total deferred tax assets</font></td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">34,080,000</font></td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">33,270,000</font></td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #CCEEFF"> <td style="line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Valuation allowance for deferred tax assets</font></td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(34,080,000</font></td> <td style="line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">)</font></td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(33,270,000</font></td> <td style="line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">)</font></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: white"> <td style="padding-left: 10pt; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Net deferred tax assets</font></td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 2.25pt double; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: black 2.25pt double; text-align: right; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#8212;</font></td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 2.25pt double; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">$</font></td> <td style="border-bottom: black 2.25pt double; text-align: right; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#8212;</font></td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td></tr> </table> <p style="margin: 0pt"></p> <p style="margin: 0pt"></p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: justify">A reconciliation of income taxes computed using the statutory income tax rate, compared to the effective tax rate, is as follows:</p> <p style="font: 10pt/normal Times New Roman, Times, Serif; margin: 0; text-align: center">&#160;</p> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font: 11pt Calibri, Helvetica, Sans-Serif; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse"> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: white"> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><b>2017</b></font></td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: center; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif"><b>2016</b></font></td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #CCEEFF"> <td style="width: 68%; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Federal tax benefit at the expected statutory rate</font></td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 13%; text-align: right; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">34.0</font></td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">%</font></td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="width: 13%; text-align: right; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">34.0</font></td> <td style="width: 1%; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">%</font></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: white"> <td style="line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">State income tax, net of federal tax benefit</font></td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">0.8</font></td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">1.9</font></td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #CCEEFF"> <td style="line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Expired net operating loss carryforwards</font></td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(6.6</font></td> <td style="line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">)</font></td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(1.5</font></td> <td style="line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">)</font></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: white"> <td style="line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Other</font></td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(7.7</font></td> <td style="line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">)</font></td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#8212;</font></td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #CCEEFF"> <td style="line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Change in state tax rates</font></td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(4.2</font></td> <td style="line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">)</font></td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="text-align: right; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">&#8212;</font></td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: white"> <td style="line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Permanent items</font></td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(3.3</font></td> <td style="line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">)</font></td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(17.9</font></td> <td style="line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">)</font></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: #CCEEFF"> <td style="line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Valuation allowance</font></td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(13.0</font></td> <td style="line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">)</font></td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">(16.5</font></td> <td style="line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">)</font></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: bottom; background-color: white"> <td style="line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">Income tax benefit - effective rate</font></td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">0.0</font></td> <td style="line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">%</font></td> <td style="line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; line-height: 115%">&#160;</td> <td style="border-bottom: black 1.5pt solid; text-align: right; line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">0.0</font></td> <td style="line-height: 115%"><font style="font: 10pt Times New Roman, Times, Serif">%</font></td></tr> </table> <p style="margin: 0pt"></p> 1176472 396469 472000 0 0 2729843 1.43 654000 1892000 0.50 2037-07-31 -0.077 -0.042 2037-07-31