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Table of Contents

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

Form

10-Q

(Mark One)

☒

QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For Quarterly Period Ended December 31, 2025

☐

TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For Transition Period From

Commission File Number 000-26591

RGC Resources, Inc.
(Exact name of Registrant as Specified in its Charter)

Virginia	54-1909697
(State or Other Jurisdiction of Incorporation or Organization)	(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

519 Kimball Ave., N.E., Roanoke, VA	24016
(Address of Principal Executive Offices)	(Zip Code)

(540) 777-4427

(Registrant’s Telephone Number, Including Area Code)

None

(Former Name, Former Address and Former Fiscal Year, if Changed Since Last Report)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of Each Class			Trading Symbol			Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered
Common Stock, $5 Par Value			RGCO			NASDAQ Global Market

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15 (d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated-filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer

☐

Accelerated filer

☐

Non-accelerated filer

☒

Smaller reporting company

☒

Emerging growth company

☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate the number of shares outstanding of each of the issuer’s classes of common stock, as of the latest practicable date.

Class	Outstanding at January 31, 2026
Common Stock, $5 Par Value	10,394,487

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INDEX

		Page No.

PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1.	Financial Statements
	Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets	1
	CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME	3
	CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME	4
	CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY	5
	CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS	6
	Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements	7
Item 2.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	23
Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	30
Item 4.	Controls and Procedures	30
PART II. OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1.	Legal Proceedings	31
Item 1A.	Risk Factors	31
Item 2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	31
Item 3.	Defaults Upon Senior Securities	31
Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	31
Item 5.	Other Information	31
Item 6.	Exhibits	32
Signatures		33

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GLOSSARY OF TERMS

AFUDC		Allowance for Funds Used During Construction

AOCI/AOCL		Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)

ARO		Asset Retirement Obligation

ARP		Alternative Revenue Program, regulatory or rate recovery mechanisms approved by the SCC that allow for the adjustment of revenues for certain broad, external factors, or for additional billings if the entity achieves certain performance targets

ASC		Accounting Standards Codification

ASU		Accounting Standards Update as issued by the FASB

ATM		At-the-market program whereby a Company can incrementally offer common stock through a broker at prevailing market prices and on an as-needed basis

Boost		Mountain Valley Pipeline, LLC's Boost project, which is a project to add compression on the MVP mainline to enable 600,000 additional DTHs of daily capacity

CODM		Chief Operating Decision Maker

Company		RGC Resources, Inc. or Roanoke Gas Company

CPCN		Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity

DRIP		Dividend Reinvestment and Stock Purchase Plan of RGC Resources, Inc.

DTH		Decatherm (a measure of energy used primarily to measure natural gas)

EPS		Earnings Per Share

ERISA		Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974

FASB		Financial Accounting Standards Board

FDIC		Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation

FERC		Federal Energy Regulatory Commission

GAAP		Generally Accepted Accounting Principles in the United States

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HDD

Heating degree day, a measurement designed to quantify the demand for energy. It is the number of degrees that a day’s average temperature falls below 65 degrees Fahrenheit

ICC		Inventory carrying cost revenue, an SCC approved rate structure that mitigates the impact of financing costs on natural gas inventory

IRS		Internal Revenue Service

KEYSOP		RGC Resources, Inc. Key Employee Stock Option Plan

LDI		Liability Driven Investment approach, a strategy which reduces the volatility in the pension plan's funded status and expense by matching the duration of the fixed income investments with the duration of the corresponding pension liabilities

LLC		Mountain Valley Pipeline, L.L.C., a joint venture established to design, construct and operate the Mountain Valley Pipeline, MVP Southgate and MVP Boost

LNG		Liquefied natural gas, the cryogenic liquid form of natural gas. Roanoke Gas operates and maintains a plant capable of producing and storing up to 200,000 DTH of liquefied natural gas

MGP		Manufactured gas plant

Midstream		RGC Midstream, L.L.C., a wholly-owned subsidiary of Resources created to invest in pipeline projects including the MVP and Southgate

MVP		Mountain Valley Pipeline, a FERC-regulated natural gas pipeline connecting the EQT Corporation's gathering and transmission system in northern West Virginia to the Transco interstate pipeline in south central Virginia with interconnects to Roanoke Gas’ natural gas distribution system

NQDC Plan		RGC Resources, Inc. Non-qualified Deferred Compensation Plan

Normal Weather		The average number of heating degree days over the most recent 30-year period

PBGC		Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation

Pension Plan		Defined benefit plan that provides pension benefits to employees hired prior to January 1, 2017 who meet certain years of service criteria

PGA		Purchased Gas Adjustment, a regulatory mechanism, which adjusts natural gas customer rates to reflect changes in the forecasted cost of gas and actual gas costs

Postretirement Plan		Defined benefit plan that provides postretirement medical and life insurance benefits to eligible employees hired prior to January 1, 2000 who meet years of service and other criteria

R&D Tax Credit		Research and development federal tax credit defined under Internal Revenue Code section 41 and the related regulations

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Resources		RGC Resources, Inc., parent company of Roanoke Gas and Midstream

RGCO		Trading symbol for RGC Resources, Inc. on the NASDAQ Global Stock Market

RNG		Renewable Natural Gas

RNG Rider		Renewable Natural Gas Rider, the rate component as approved by the SCC that is billed monthly to the Company’s customers to recover the costs associated with the investment in RNG facilities and related operating costs

Roanoke Gas		Roanoke Gas Company, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Resources

ROU Asset		Right of Use Asset

RSPD		RGC Resources, Inc. Restricted Stock Plan for Outside Directors

RSPO		RGC Resources, Inc. Restricted Stock Plan for Officers

SAVE		Steps to Advance Virginia's Energy, a regulatory mechanism per Chapter 26 of Title 56 of the Code of Virginia that allows natural gas utilities to recover the investment, including related depreciation and expenses and provide return on rate base, in eligible infrastructure replacement projects without the filing of a formal base rate application

SAVE Plan		Steps to Advance Virginia's Energy Plan, the Company's approved operational replacement plan and related spending under the SAVE regulatory mechanism

SAVE Rider		Steps to Advance Virginia's Energy Plan Rider, the rate component of the SAVE Plan as approved by the SCC that is billed monthly to the Company’s customers to recover the costs associated with eligible infrastructure projects including the related depreciation and expenses and return on rate base of the investment

SCC		Virginia State Corporation Commission, the regulatory body with oversight responsibilities of the utility operations of Roanoke Gas

SEC		U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission

SOFR		Secured Overnight Financing Rate

Southgate		Mountain Valley Pipeline, LLC’s Southgate project, which is constructing a FERC-regulated natural gas pipeline from the MVP in south central Virginia to North Carolina

S&P 500 Index		Standard & Poor’s 500 Stock Index

WNA		Weather Normalization Adjustment, an ARP mechanism which adjusts revenues for the effects of weather temperature variations as compared to the 30-year average

Some of the terms above may not be included in this filing

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RGC RESOURCES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(UNAUDITED)

	December 31,			September 30,
	2025			2025
ASSETS
CURRENT ASSETS:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	2,656,034		$	2,320,369
Accounts receivable (less allowance for credit losses of $369,678 and $142,911, respectively)		16,307,749			4,836,982
Inventories		2,007,181			2,018,316
Gas in storage		7,040,806			8,097,586
Prepaid income taxes		—			1,618,560
Regulatory assets		1,267,338			2,582,838
Interest rate swaps		720,795			828,573
Other		2,189,001			1,015,967
Total current assets		32,188,904			23,319,191
UTILITY PROPERTY:
In service		370,683,891			366,843,353
Accumulated depreciation and amortization		(102,249,010	)		(100,131,084	)
In service, net		268,434,881			266,712,269
Construction work in progress		8,600,102			8,201,314
Utility property, net		277,034,983			274,913,583
OTHER NON-CURRENT ASSETS:
Regulatory assets		3,275,827			3,315,082
Investment in unconsolidated affiliates		21,340,164			20,723,697
Benefit plan assets		5,976,239			5,935,885
Deferred income taxes		305,978			617,390
Interest rate swaps		356,503			421,511
Other		565,135			593,227
Total other non-current assets		31,819,846			31,606,792
TOTAL ASSETS	$	341,043,733		$	329,839,566

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RGC RESOURCES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(UNAUDITED)

	December 31,			September 30,
	2025			2025
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
CURRENT LIABILITIES:
Current maturities of long-term debt	$	17,846,018		$	2,846,018
Dividends payable		2,260,801			2,145,558
Accounts payable		9,352,455			7,085,817
Customer credit balances		1,753,729			1,891,161
Income taxes payable		73,117			—
Customer deposits		1,842,355			1,537,311
Accrued expenses		3,245,819			5,312,204
Interest rate swaps		31,189			57,144
Regulatory liabilities		3,662,784			1,638,911
Other		31,234			25,600
Total current liabilities		40,099,501			22,539,724
LONG-TERM DEBT:
Line-of-credit		19,288,915			11,916,760
Notes payable		119,089,587			134,258,197
Unamortized debt issuance costs		(381,050	)		(405,794	)
Long-term debt, net		137,997,452			145,769,163
DEFERRED CREDITS AND OTHER NON-CURRENT LIABILITIES:
Asset retirement obligations		11,777,382			11,640,435
Regulatory cost of retirement obligations		16,170,833			15,869,691
Benefit plan liabilities		213,478			201,194
Deferred income taxes		3,173,020			2,277,550
Interest rate swaps		208,729			298,016
Regulatory liabilities		14,655,347			17,371,430
Other		316,516			319,573
Total deferred credits and other non-current liabilities		46,515,305			47,977,889
STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY:
Common stock, $5 par; authorized 20,000,000 shares; issued and outstanding 10,357,800 and 10,338,308 shares, respectively		51,789,000			51,691,540
Preferred stock, no par, authorized 5,000,000 shares; no shares issued and outstanding		—			—
Capital in excess of par value		49,597,564			49,311,486
Retained earnings		14,910,096			12,288,032
Accumulated other comprehensive income		134,815			261,732
Total stockholders’ equity		116,431,475			113,552,790
TOTAL LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY	$	341,043,733		$	329,839,566

See notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

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RGC RESOURCES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME

(UNAUDITED)

	Three Months Ended December 31,
	2025		2024
OPERATING REVENUES:
Gas utility	$	30,235,141	$	27,263,204
Non utility		25,327		26,282
Total operating revenues		30,260,468		27,289,486
OPERATING EXPENSES:
Cost of gas - utility		14,581,615		11,702,709
Cost of sales - non utility		4,872		4,349
Operations and maintenance		5,222,481		4,688,671
Taxes other than income taxes		830,058		722,376
Depreciation and amortization		3,071,105		2,843,360
Total operating expenses		23,710,131		19,961,465
OPERATING INCOME		6,550,337		7,328,021
Equity in earnings of unconsolidated affiliates		827,070		854,213
Other income, net		504,989		473,336
Interest expense		1,671,150		1,779,930
INCOME BEFORE INCOME TAXES		6,211,246		6,875,640
INCOME TAX EXPENSE		1,328,381		1,605,951
NET INCOME	$	4,882,865	$	5,269,689
BASIC EARNINGS PER COMMON SHARE	$	0.48	$	0.51
DILUTED EARNINGS PER COMMON SHARE	$	0.47	$	0.51

See notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

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RGC RESOURCES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME

(UNAUDITED)

	Three Months Ended December 31,
	2025			2024
NET INCOME	$	4,882,865		$	5,269,689
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax:
Interest rate swaps		(121,103	)		230,135
Defined benefit plans		(5,814	)		(7,707	)
OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS), NET OF TAX		(126,917	)		222,428
COMPREHENSIVE INCOME	$	4,755,948		$	5,492,117

See notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

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RGC RESOURCES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY

(UNAUDITED)

	Three Months Ended December 31, 2025
	Common Stock		Capital in Excess of Par Value		Retained Earnings			Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)			Total Stockholders' Equity
Balance - September 30, 2025	$	51,691,540	$	49,311,486	$	12,288,032		$	261,732		$	113,552,790
Net income		—		—		4,882,865			—			4,882,865
Other comprehensive loss		—		—		—			(126,917	)		(126,917	)
Cash dividends declared ($0.2175 per share)		—		—		(2,260,801	)		—			(2,260,801	)
Net issuance of common stock (19,492 shares)		97,460		286,078		—			—			383,538
Balance - December 31, 2025	$	51,789,000	$	49,597,564	$	14,910,096		$	134,815		$	116,431,475

	Three Months Ended December 31, 2024
	Common Stock		Capital in Excess of Par Value		Retained Earnings			Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)		Total Stockholders' Equity
Balance - September 30, 2024	$	51,249,495	$	47,988,270	$	7,572,439		$	1,326,571	$	108,136,775
Net income		—		—		5,269,689			—		5,269,689
Other comprehensive income		—		—		—			222,428		222,428
Cash dividends declared ($0.2075 per share)		—		—		(2,136,620	)		—		(2,136,620	)
Net issuance of common stock (14,792 shares)		73,960		194,857		—			—		268,817
Balance - December 31, 2024	$	51,323,455	$	48,183,127	$	10,705,508		$	1,548,999	$	111,761,089

See notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

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RGC RESOURCES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(UNAUDITED)

	Three Months Ended December 31,
	2025			2024
CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES:
Net income	$	4,882,865		$	5,269,689
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization		3,071,105			2,843,360
Cost of retirement of utility property		(198,684	)		(109,895	)
Stock-based compensation		112,734			116,613
Equity in earnings of unconsolidated affiliates		(827,070	)		(854,213	)
Distribution from unconsolidated affiliate		753,496			801,816
Changes in assets and liabilities which used cash, exclusive of changes and noncash transactions shown separately		(6,714,586	)		(7,240,180	)
Net cash provided by operating activities		1,079,860			827,190
CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES:
Additions to utility property		(5,643,552	)		(5,748,177	)
Investment in unconsolidated affiliates		(542,893	)		(17,738	)
Proceeds from disposal of utility property		725			14,452
Net cash used in investing activities		(6,185,720	)		(5,751,463	)
CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES:
Proceeds from issuance of unsecured notes		542,894			420,000
Repayments of notes payable		(711,504	)		(380,000	)
Borrowings under line-of-credit		16,154,794			14,486,406
Repayments under line-of-credit		(8,782,639	)		(6,616,486	)
Proceeds from issuance of stock		383,538			268,817
Cash dividends paid		(2,145,558	)		(2,050,286	)
Net cash provided by financing activities		5,441,525			6,128,451
NET INCREASE IN CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS		335,665			1,204,178
BEGINNING CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS		2,320,369			894,185
ENDING CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS	$	2,656,034		$	2,098,363

SUPPLEMENTAL DISCLOSURE OF CASH FLOW INFORMATION:
Cash paid during the period for:
Interest	$	1,898,636		$	2,024,144

See notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

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RGC RESOURCES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(UNAUDITED)

1.	Basis of Presentation

Resources is an energy services company primarily engaged in the sale and distribution of natural gas. The condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Resources and its wholly owned subsidiaries: Roanoke Gas and Midstream.

In the opinion of management, the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements contain all adjustments (consisting of only normal recurring accruals) necessary to fairly present Resources' financial position as of December 31, 2025, cash flows for the three months ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, and the results of its operations, comprehensive income, and changes in stockholders' equity for the three months ended December 31, 2025 and 2024. The results of operations for the three months ended December 31, 2025 are not indicative of the results to be expected for the fiscal year ending September 30, 2026 as quarterly earnings are affected by the highly seasonal nature of the business and weather conditions generally result in greater earnings during the winter months.

The unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and related notes are presented under the rules and regulations of the SEC. Pursuant to those rules, certain information and note disclosures normally included in the annual financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP have been condensed or omitted. Although the Company believes that the disclosures are adequate, the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements and the related notes should be read in conjunction with the financial statements and notes contained in the Company’s Form 10-K for the year ended September 30, 2025. The September 30, 2025 consolidated balance sheet was included in the Company’s audited financial statements included in Form 10-K.

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

The Company’s significant accounting policies are described in Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements contained in the Company's Form 10-K for the year ended September 30, 2025.

Certain amounts previously disclosed have been reclassified to conform to current year presentations.

Recently Issued or Adopted Accounting Standards

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures. The new guidance requires that on an annual basis public business entities disclose specific categories in the rate reconciliation table and provide additional information for reconciling items that meet a quantitative threshold (items equal to or greater than 5 percent of the amount computed by multiplying pretax income or loss by the applicable statutory rate). The required disclosures will provide more granularity regarding the payment of income taxes to federal, state and foreign entities. The Company does not expect certain requirements of this ASU to have a significant impact to its current disclosures as all of its operations are domestic and reside in two states. Changes to the rate reconciliation table will result in additional disclosure. The new guidance is effective for the Company for annual periods beginning October 1, 2025. The new guidance is effective for the Company this fiscal year end.

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03, Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive Income (Topic 220): Expense Disaggregation Disclosures. The new guidance requires public business entities to disclose certain additional detail about expenses including, among other items, purchases of inventory, employee compensation, depreciation and intangible asset amortization included within each income statement expense line items within continuing operations. The guidance also requires disclosure of the total amount of selling expenses and the Company’s definition of selling expenses. Such disclosures must be made on an annual and interim basis and integrated with existing disclosure requirements in a tabular format in the footnotes to the financial statements. Further, in January 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2025-01, Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive Income (Topic 220): Expense Disaggregation Disclosures: Clarifying the Effective Date, which clarified the effective date of ASU 2024-03. The new guidance is effective for the Company for fiscal year beginning October 1, 2027 and interim periods within fiscal year beginning October 1, 2028. The Company is currently assessing the impacts of the new guidance on its financial statement disclosures.

RGC RESOURCES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

In November 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2025-09, Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815): Hedge Accounting Improvements. The new guidance clarifies certain aspects of hedge accounting and addresses several incremental issues arising from the global reference rate reform initiative. The amendments expand the hedged risks permitted to be aggregated in a group of individual forecasted transactions in a cash flow hedge by changing the requirement to designate a group of individual forecasted transactions. The new guidance is effective for the Company for annual periods beginning October 1, 2027. The Company is currently assessing the impacts of the new guidance on its financial statements.

In December 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2025-11, Interim Reporting (Topic 270): Narrow-Scope Improvements. The new guidance makes targeted improvements to interim reporting disclosures, clarifying when guidance is applicable. A new principle was added to require entities to disclose material events that have occurred since the end of the last annual reporting period. The new guidance is effective for the Company for interim periods within fiscal year beginning October 1, 2028. The Company is currently assessing the impacts of the new guidance on its interim disclosures.

Other accounting standards that have been issued by the FASB, SEC or other standard-setting bodies are not currently applicable to the Company or are not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

2.	Revenue

The Company assesses new contracts and identifies related performance obligations for promises to transfer distinct goods or services to the customer. Revenue is recognized when performance obligations have been satisfied. In the case of Roanoke Gas, the Company contracts with its customers for the sale and/or delivery of natural gas.

The following tables summarize revenue by customer, product and income statement classification:

	Three Months Ended December 31, 2025								Three Months Ended December 31, 2024
	Gas utility			Non utility		Total operating revenues			Gas utility		Non utility		Total operating revenues
Natural Gas (Billed and Unbilled):
Residential	$	18,228,002		$	—	$	18,228,002		$	15,821,884	$	—	$	15,821,884
Commercial		10,543,429			—		10,543,429			9,244,995		—		9,244,995
Transportation and interruptible		1,515,581			—		1,515,581			1,505,703		—		1,505,703
Other		267,281			25,327		292,608			245,811		26,282		272,093
Total contracts with customers		30,554,293			25,327		30,579,620			26,818,393		26,282		26,844,675
Alternative revenue programs		(319,152	)		—		(319,152	)		444,811		—		444,811
Total operating revenues	$	30,235,141		$	25,327	$	30,260,468		$	27,263,204	$	26,282	$	27,289,486

Gas utility revenues

Substantially all of Roanoke Gas' revenues are derived from rates authorized by the SCC through its tariffs. Based on its evaluation, the Company has concluded that these tariff-based revenues fall within the scope of ASC 606. Tariff rates represent the transaction price. Performance obligations include the procurement and transportation of natural gas through the Company's distribution system to customers. The delivery of natural gas to customers results in the satisfaction of the Company’s respective performance obligations over time.

All customers are billed monthly based on consumption as measured by metered usage with payments due 20 days from the rendering of the bill. Revenue is recognized as bills are issued for natural gas that has been delivered or transported. In addition, the Company utilizes the practical expedient that allows an entity to recognize the invoiced amount as revenue, if that amount corresponds to the value received by the customer. Since customers are billed tariff rates, there is no variable consideration in the transaction price.

Unbilled revenue is included in residential and commercial revenues in the preceding table. Natural gas consumption is estimated for the period subsequent to the last billed date and up through the last day of the month. Estimated volumes and approved tariff rates are utilized to calculate unbilled revenue. The following month, the unbilled estimate is reversed, the actual usage is billed and a new unbilled estimate is calculated. The Company obtains metered usage for transportation and interruptible customers at the end of each month, thereby eliminating any unbilled consideration for these rate classes.

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RGC RESOURCES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Other revenues

Other revenues primarily consist of miscellaneous fees and charges, utility-related revenues not directly billed to utility customers and billings for non-utility activities. Customers are invoiced monthly based on services provided for these activities. The Company utilizes the practical expedient allowing revenue to be recognized based on invoiced amounts. The transaction price is based on a contractually predetermined rate schedule; therefore, the transaction price represents total value to the customer and no variable price consideration exists.

Alternative revenue program revenues

ARPs, which fall outside the scope of ASC 606, are SCC-approved mechanisms that allow for the adjustment of revenues for certain broad, external factors, or for additional billings if the entity achieves certain performance targets. The Company's ARPs include its WNA, which adjusts revenues for the effects of weather temperature variations as compared to the 30-year average; the SAVE Plan over/under collection mechanism, which adjusts revenues for the differences between SAVE Plan revenues billed to customers and the revenues earned, as calculated based on the timing and extent of infrastructure replacement completed during the period; and the RNG over/under collection mechanism, which adjusts revenues similar to the SAVE Plan, but is calculated based on the timing and costs associated with owning, operating and maintaining the RNG facility. These amounts are ultimately collected from, or returned to, customers through future rate changes as approved by the SCC.

Customer accounts receivable and liabilities

Accounts receivable, as reflected in the condensed consolidated balance sheets, includes both billed and unbilled customer revenues, as well as amounts that are not related to customers. The asset and liability balances associated with customers are provided below:

	Current Assets				Current Liabilities
	Trade accounts receivable⁽¹⁾		Unbilled revenue⁽¹⁾		Customer credit balances			Customer deposits
Balance at September 30, 2025	$	3,354,154	$	1,373,512	$	1,891,161		$	1,537,311
Balance at December 31, 2025		8,829,688		7,420,721		1,753,729			1,842,355
Increase (decrease)	$	5,475,534	$	6,047,209	$	(137,432	)	$	305,044

⁽¹⁾ Included in accounts receivable in the condensed consolidated balance sheet. Amounts shown net of reserve for credit losses.

The Company did not incur any significant costs to obtain contracts during the period. Certain customers elect to pay even amounts monthly, giving rise to assets and liabilities presented in the table above. All amounts clear annually.

3.	Segment Information

Operating segments are defined as components of an enterprise for which separate financial information is available and evaluated regularly by the Company's executive management in deciding how to allocate resources and assess performance. The Company has two reportable segments based on the nature of their activities and are defined as follows:

Gas Utility - The natural gas segment of the Company generates revenue from its tariff rates and other regulatory mechanisms through which it provides the sale and distribution of natural gas to its residential, commercial and industrial customers.

Investment in Affiliates - The investment in affiliates segment reflects the income generated through the activities of the Company's investment in the LLC.

In order to reconcile to net income as disclosed in the consolidated statements of income, "Corporate and other" rows are included below associated with certain unallocated expenses that represent corporate reporting adjustments.

RGC RESOURCES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

The accounting policies of the reported segments are the same as those described in Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements contained in the Company's Form 10-K for the year ended September 30, 2025. Information is routinely presented to the CODM, the Company's President and Chief Executive Officer, in a manner that makes significant elements of profitability and cash flows of each segment easily discernible. The CODM evaluates the performance of the reportable segments based on the Gas Utility's operating income (loss) and the Investment in Affiliates' equity in earnings, as well as cash flows, and uses these measures to evaluate segment performance and allocate resources, primarily during the annual budget and forecasting processes. The CODM regularly reviews variances between budgeted and actual results in assessing earnings, operational performance, and allocating resources including personnel and capital allocations that affect each reportable segment. When the CODM reviews balance sheet information, it is at the consolidated level. Intersegment transactions are recorded at cost.

Information related to the Company's segments are provided below:

	Gas Utility		Investment in Affiliates			Consolidated Total
Three Months Ended December 31, 2025
Operating revenues	$	30,235,141	$	—		$	30,235,141
Corporate and other		—		—			25,327
Total revenues		30,235,141		—			30,260,468
Cost of gas - utility		14,581,615		—			14,581,615
Operations and maintenance		5,183,624		38,857			5,222,481
Taxes other than income taxes		829,440		618			830,058
Depreciation and amortization		3,071,105		—			3,071,105
Corporate and other		—		—			4,872
Total operating income (loss)		6,569,357		(39,475	)		6,550,337
Equity in earnings		—		827,070			827,070
Interest expense		1,044,907		626,243			1,671,150
Income before income taxes		6,010,484		180,307			6,190,791
Corporate and other		—		—			20,455
Total income before income taxes	$	6,010,484	$	180,307		$	6,211,246

	Gas Utility		Investment in Affiliates			Consolidated Total
Three Months Ended December 31, 2024
Operating revenues	$	27,263,204	$	—		$	27,263,204
Corporate and other		—		—			26,282
Total revenues		27,263,204		—			27,289,486
Cost of gas - utility		11,702,709		—			11,702,709
Operations and maintenance		4,653,956		34,715			4,688,671
Taxes other than income taxes		721,903		473			722,376
Depreciation and amortization		2,843,360		—			2,843,360
Corporate and other		—		—			4,349
Total operating income (loss)		7,341,276		(35,188	)		7,328,021
Equity in earnings		—		854,213			854,213
Interest expense		1,032,409		747,521			1,779,930
Income before income taxes		6,781,658		72,049			6,853,707
Corporate and other		—		—			21,933
Total income before income taxes	$	6,781,658	$	72,049		$	6,875,640

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RGC RESOURCES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

	*Gas Utility*		*Investment in Affiliates*		*Consolidated Total*
As of December 31, 2025:
Assets	$	305,806,756	$	22,319,815	$	328,126,571
Corporate and other		—		—		12,917,162
Total assets		305,806,756		22,319,815		341,043,733
Gross additions to utility property		5,643,552		—		5,643,552
Gross investment in affiliates	$	—	$	542,893	$	542,893

	*Gas Utility*		*Investment in Affiliates*		*Consolidated Total*
As of September 30, 2025:
Assets	$	291,571,159	$	21,679,154	$	313,250,313
Corporate and other		—		—		16,589,253
Total assets		291,571,159		21,679,154		329,839,566
Gross additions to utility property		20,730,140		—		20,730,140
Gross investment in affiliates	$	—	$	76,385	$	76,385

4.	Rates and Regulatory Matters

The SCC exercises regulatory authority over the natural gas operations of Roanoke Gas. Such regulation encompasses terms, conditions and rates to be charged to customers for natural gas service, safety standards, service extension and depreciation.

In response to continued inflationary pressures, Roanoke Gas filed a general rate application on February 2, 2024 with the SCC seeking to increase its non-gas base rates by $4.33 million and its permitted return on equity from 9.44% to 10.35% reflecting its higher cost of capital, including higher interest expense. The SCC permitted the Company to implement its new rates on an interim basis for customer billings on or after July 1, 2024, subject to refund. On October 16, 2024, the Company reached a settlement with the SCC staff on all outstanding issues in the case. Under the terms of the settlement, the Company agreed to an annual incremental revenue requirement increase of $4.08 million based on a return on equity of 9.90%. On April 10, 2025, the SCC issued a final order approving the settlement agreement in its entirety. Refunds for the difference in amounts that were billed based on interim and settlement rates, which had previously been accrued, were made to customers in May 2025.

On December 2, 2025, the Company filed for an expedited rate application with the SCC to increase non-gas base rates by $4.3 million annually. Pursuant to the Commission’s December 29, 2025 Order for Notice and Comment, the new base rates went into effect for services rendered on or after January 1, 2026, subject to refund. The SCC's review of Roanoke Gas' filing is underway and a hearing has been set for July 15, 2026. Based on the procedural schedule established in the Commission’s Order, the Company expects final resolution of the case in the first quarter of fiscal 2027.

On May 30, 2025, Roanoke Gas filed for approval of an updated RNG Rider to become effective October 1, 2025. The RNG Rider recovers costs associated with the RNG facility to produce renewable natural gas that was approved by the SCC in 2022. The revenue requirement associated with the RNG Rider is $1.66 million. The impact to customers is affected by the under-recovered costs during the prior fiscal year, the sale of environmental credits and the over crediting of customers for RIN sales, resulting in a net impact to customers of approximately $699,000. The Company received a final order from the SCC approving the Company's updated RNG Rider on September 26, 2025.

On June 30, 2025, Roanoke Gas filed for approval of an updated annual SAVE Rider to become effective October 1, 2025. The proposed SAVE Rider revenue requirement of $2.64 million is designed to recover the costs associated with an estimated $10.33 million of SAVE eligible investment during fiscal 2026. The revenue requirement also included an adjustment for under-recovered costs incurred during the prior year. The Commission approved the Company’s updated SAVE Rider on September 26, 2025, which contained a slightly lower revenue requirement of $2.61 million.

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RGC RESOURCES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

5.	Other Investments

Midstream has invested less than 1% in the equity interests of the LLC that owns and operates the MVP, Southgate and Boost. The Company accounts for its interest in the LLC under the equity method of accounting given the LLC maintains specific ownership accounts for each investor, and also considering the Company's rights under the LLC management agreement and the Company's involvement as a stakeholder of the MVP. The Company has been using the equity method since the inception of its investment in fiscal 2016.

The Company participates in the earnings of the LLC proportionate to its level of investment, favorably adjusted for a basis difference between the Company's capital account and its carrying value that arose when the Company recorded an other-than-temporary impairment of its investment in 2022. This basis difference amortization is a favorable non-cash adjustment to income over the book life of the MVP, which is 40 years. The Company's share of earnings from the LLC and the basis difference amortization are presented under equity in earnings of unconsolidated affiliates on the condensed consolidated statements of income. The Company received a quarterly cash distribution of approximately $753,000 and $800,000 from the LLC during the first quarter of fiscal 2026 and 2025, respectively, and expects future quarterly distributions to be of a similar magnitude to those received to date.

Midstream assesses the value of its investment in the LLC on at least a quarterly basis, and no impairment indicators were identified in fiscal 2026 or 2025.

Investment balances of combined MVP, including Southgate and Boost, as of December 31, 2025 and September 30, 2025, are reflected in the table below:

Balance Sheet location:	December 31, 2025		September 30, 2025
Other Assets:
MVP	$	20,601,416	$	20,538,437
Southgate		219,625		185,260
Boost		519,123		—
Investment in unconsolidated affiliates	$	21,340,164	$	20,723,697

The change in the investment in unconsolidated affiliates is provided below:

	Three Months Ended December 31,
	2025			2024
Cash investment	$	542,893		$	17,738
Change in accrued capital calls		—			6,629
Equity in earnings of unconsolidated affiliates		827,070			854,213
Distribution from unconsolidated affiliate		(753,496	)		(801,816	)
Change in investment in unconsolidated affiliates	$	616,467		$	76,764

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RGC RESOURCES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Summary combined unaudited financial statements of MVP, Southgate and Boost are presented below.

	Income Statements
	Three Months Ended December 31,
	2025			2024
Revenue	$	141,834,527		$	140,057,960
Operating expenses		(74,369,073	)		(69,977,209	)
AFUDC		3,259,126			26,478
Other income, net		954,533			1,851,060
Net income	$	71,679,113		$	71,958,289

	Balance Sheets
	December 31, 2025		September 30, 2025
Assets:
Current assets	$	131,508,636	$	173,283,635
Construction work in progress		130,245,187		—
Property, plant and equipment, net		9,411,694,375		9,418,928,665
Other assets		40,715,805		1,789,092
Total assets	$	9,714,164,003	$	9,594,001,392

Liabilities and Equity:
Current liabilities	$	27,514,903	$	40,148,017
Noncurrent liabilities		4,629,199		1,084,072
Capital		9,682,019,901		9,552,769,303
Total liabilities and equity	$	9,714,164,003	$	9,594,001,392

6.	Line of Credit

The Company had been operating with a line-of-credit in the principal amount of $25 million that it renewed annually each March. On March 31, 2025, Roanoke Gas amended its line-of-credit to increase the principal amount to $30 million and extend the maturity date to March 31, 2027. The line-of-credit's variable interest rate is based upon Term SOFR plus 1.25% and provides for multiple tier borrowing limits to accommodate seasonal borrowing demands. The Company's total available borrowing limits during the term of the line-of-credit range from $20 million to $30 million. As of December 31, 2025, the Company had an outstanding balance of $19,288,915 under the line-of-credit.

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7.	Long-Term Debt

Long-term debt consists of the following:

	December 31, 2025					September 30, 2025
	Principal			Unamortized Debt Issuance Costs		Principal			Unamortized Debt Issuance Costs
Roanoke Gas:
Unsecured senior note payable at 4.26%, due September 18, 2034	$	30,500,000		$	84,473	$	30,500,000		$	86,887
Unsecured term note payable at 3.58%, due October 2, 2027		8,000,000			8,428		8,000,000			9,632
Unsecured term note payable at 4.41%, due March 28, 2031		10,000,000			16,446		10,000,000			17,229
Unsecured term note payable at 3.60%, due December 6, 2029		10,000,000			14,091		10,000,000			14,971
Unsecured term note payable at 30-day SOFR plus 1.20%, due August 20, 2026 (swap rate at 2.00%)		15,000,000			—		15,000,000			—
Unsecured term note payable at Term SOFR plus 1.00%, due October 1, 2028 (swap rate at 2.49%)		10,000,000			20,526		10,000,000			22,612
Midstream:
Unsecured term note payable at Term SOFR plus 1.55%, due September 5, 2032 ($14M swap rate at 3.24%, $3.6M swap rate at 2.443%, and $20.5M swap rate at 5.061%)		38,087,611			159,453		38,600,000			171,362
Unsecured term note payable at Term SOFR plus 1.55%, due September 5, 2032 (swap rate at 5.061%)		14,800,885			61,963		15,000,000			66,592
Revolving credit facility at Term SOFR plus 1.75%, due September 5, 2030 ("Southgate")		27,985			5,271		4,215			5,553
Revolving credit facility at Term SOFR plus 1.75%, due September 5, 2030 ("Boost")		519,124			10,399		—			10,956
Total long-term debt		136,935,605			381,050		137,104,215			405,794
Less: current maturities of long-term debt		(17,846,018	)		—		(2,846,018	)		—
Total long-term debt, net current maturities	$	119,089,587		$	381,050	$	134,258,197		$	405,794

On September 5, 2025, Midstream established new amortizing Term Notes with two banks in the initial amounts of $38.6 million and $15 million, which refinanced and replaced all of Midstream's outstanding debt. The interest rate on the new Term Notes is one month Term SOFR plus 1.55% with interest payable monthly. The Term Notes also included a 0.3% origination fee and 0.1% annual fee. Quarterly principal payments will be due each October, January, April and July, and repayment terms are based on a schedule aligned with the terms of the MVP shipper agreements, which expire June 2044. The Term Notes mature on September 5, 2032. Also, on September 5, 2025, Midstream executed two interest rate swap agreements initially totaling $35.6 million, which corresponds to the term and draw provisions of the Term Note agreement and effectively converts that portion of the variable rate note to a fixed rate instrument with an effective annual interest rate of 5.061%. The two existing interest rate swaps will remain in place, have been redesignated, and when combined with the new interest rate swap agreements, hedged Midstream's unsecured notes.

Additionally, on September 5, 2025, Midstream entered into a Loan Agreement for the MVP Southgate extension and MVP Boost expansion that can be drawn to principal amounts of $1.85 million and $3.65 million, respectively, (the "Notes"). The Notes bear an interest rate of Term SOFR plus 1.75% subject to adjustment to Term SOFR plus 1.55% upon meeting certain milestones. The Notes mature on September 5, 2030, at which time the outstanding principal balance on each note is due. The Loan Agreement included a 0.25% origination fee.

Debt issuance costs are amortized over the life of the related debt. As of December 31, 2025 and September 30, 2025, the Company also had an unamortized loss on the early retirement of debt of $999,138 and $1,027,684, respectively, which has been deferred as a regulatory asset and is being amortized over a 20-year period.

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All debt agreements set forth certain representations, warranties and covenants to which the Company is subject, including financial covenants that limit consolidated long-term indebtedness to not more than 65% of total capitalization. All of the debt agreements provide for Priority Indebtedness (defined in the debt agreements) to not exceed 15% of consolidated total assets. The $15 million, $10 million, $53.6 million, $1.85 million and $3.65 million notes have an interest coverage ratio requirement of not less than 1.5 to 1, which excludes the effect of the non-cash impairments on the LLC investments up to the total investment as of December 31, 2021. The Company was in compliance with all debt covenants as of December 31, 2025 and September 30, 2025.

8.	Derivatives and Hedging

The Company’s hedging and derivative policy allows management to enter into derivatives for the purpose of managing the commodity and financial market risks of its business operations, including the price of natural gas and the cost of borrowed funds. This policy specifically prohibits the use of derivatives for speculative purposes.

The Company has six interest rate swaps associated with certain of its variable rate debt as of December 31, 2025. Roanoke Gas has two variable-rate term notes in the amounts of $15 million and $10 million, with corresponding swap agreements to effectively convert the variable interest rates into fixed rates of 2.00% and 2.49%, respectively. Midstream has four swap agreements in the amounts of $14 million, $3.6 million, $20.5 million, and $14.8 million, corresponding to the $38.1 million and $14.8 million variable rate term notes. The swap agreements convert the notes into fixed rate instruments with effective interest rates of 3.24%, 2.443%, 5.061% and 5.061%, respectively. The swaps qualify as cash flow hedges with changes in fair value reported in other comprehensive income. No portion of the swaps were deemed ineffective during the periods presented.

The fair value of the current and non-current portions of the interest rate swaps are reflected in the condensed consolidated balance sheets under the caption interest rate swaps. The table in Note 11 reflects the effect on income and other comprehensive income of the Company's cash flow hedges.

9.	Fair Value Measurements

ASC 820, Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures, established a fair value hierarchy that prioritizes each input to the valuation method used to measure fair value of financial and nonfinancial assets and liabilities that are measured and reported on a fair value basis into one of the following three levels:

Level 1 – Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the Company has the ability to access at the measurement date.

Level 2 – Inputs other than quoted prices in Level 1 that are either for similar assets or liabilities in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active, inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the asset or liability, or inputs that are derived principally from or corroborated by observable market data by correlation or other means.

Level 3 – Unobservable inputs for the asset or liability where there is little, if any, market activity for the asset or liability at the measurement date, which require the Company to develop its own assumptions.

The fair value hierarchy gives the highest priority to unadjusted quoted prices in active markets (Level 1) and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs (Level 3). All fair value disclosures are categorized within one of the three categories in the hierarchy based on the lowest level that is significant to the valuation.

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The following table summarizes the Company’s financial assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis as required by existing guidance and the fair value measurements by level within the fair value hierarchy:

	Fair Value Measurements - December 31, 2025
			Quoted		Significant
			Prices		Other		Significant
			in Active		Observable		Unobservable
	Fair		Markets		Inputs		Inputs
	Value		(Level 1)		(Level 2)		(Level 3)
Assets:
Interest rate swaps - current	$	720,795	$	—	$	720,795	$	—
Interest rate swaps - noncurrent		356,503		—		356,503		—
Total	$	1,077,298	$	—	$	1,077,298	$	—

Liabilities:
Natural gas purchases	$	1,372,487	$	—	$	1,372,487	$	—
Interest rate swaps - current		31,189		—		31,189		—
Interest rate swaps - noncurrent		208,729		—		208,729		—
Total	$	1,612,405	$	—	$	1,612,405	$	—

	Fair Value Measurements - September 30, 2025
			Quoted		Significant
			Prices		Other		Significant
			in Active		Observable		Unobservable
	Fair		Markets		Inputs		Inputs
	Value		(Level 1)		(Level 2)		(Level 3)
Assets:
Interest rate swaps - current	$	828,573	$	—	$	828,573	$	—
Interest rate swaps - noncurrent		421,511		—		421,511		—
Total	$	1,250,084	$	—	$	1,250,084	$	—

Liabilities:
Natural gas purchases	$	135,863	$	—	$	135,863	$	—
Interest rate swaps - current		57,144		—		57,144		—
Interest rate swaps - noncurrent		298,016		—		298,016		—
Total	$	491,023	$	—	$	491,023	$	—

The fair value of the interest rate swaps are determined by using the counterparty's proprietary models that can include observable quoted market interest rates and interest rate futures as well as certain assumptions regarding past, present and future market conditions.

Under the asset management contract, a timing difference can exist between the payment for natural gas purchases and the actual receipt of such purchases. Payments are made based on a predetermined monthly volume with the price based on weighted average first of the month index prices corresponding to the month of the scheduled payment. At December 31, 2025 and September 30, 2025, the Company had recorded in accounts payable the estimated fair value of the liability valued at the corresponding first of month index prices for which the liability is expected to be settled.

The Company’s nonfinancial assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis consist of its AROs. The AROs are measured at fair value at initial recognition based on expected future cash flows required to settle the obligation.

The carrying value of cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, borrowings under line-of-credit, accounts payable, customer credit balances and customer deposits is a reasonable estimate of fair value due to the short-term nature of these financial instruments. In addition, the carrying amount of the variable rate line-of-credit is a reasonable approximation of its fair value.

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The following table summarizes the fair value of the Company’s financial assets and liabilities that are not adjusted to fair value in the financial statements:

	Fair Value Measurements - December 31, 2025
			Quoted		Significant
			Prices		Other		Significant
			in Active		Observable		Unobservable
	Carrying		Markets		Inputs		Inputs
	Value		(Level 1)		(Level 2)		(Level 3)
Liabilities:
Current maturities of long-term debt	$	17,846,018	$	—	$	—	$	17,846,018
Notes payable		119,089,588		—		—		116,140,744
Total	$	136,935,606	$	—	$	—	$	133,986,762

	Fair Value Measurements - September 30, 2025
			Quoted		Significant
			Prices		Other		Significant
			in Active		Observable		Unobservable
	Carrying		Markets		Inputs		Inputs
	Value		(Level 1)		(Level 2)		(Level 3)
Liabilities:
Current maturities of long-term debt	$	2,846,018	$	—	$	—	$	2,846,018
Notes payable		134,258,197		—		—		131,605,756
Total	$	137,104,215	$	—	$	—	$	134,451,774

The fair value of long-term debt is estimated by discounting the future cash flows of the fixed rate debt based on the underlying treasury rate or other treasury instruments with a corresponding maturity period and estimated credit spread extrapolated based on market conditions since the issuance of the debt.

ASC 825, Financial Instruments, requires disclosures regarding concentrations of credit risk from financial instruments. Cash equivalents are investments in high-grade, short-term securities (original maturity less than three months), placed with financially sound institutions. Accounts receivable are from a diverse group of customers including individuals and small and large companies in various industries. No individual customer amounted to more than 5% of total accounts receivable at December 31, 2025 and September 30, 2025. The Company maintains certain credit standards with its customers and requires a customer deposit, if warranted.

10.

Earnings Per Share

Basic EPS for the three months ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 was calculated by dividing net income by the weighted-average common shares outstanding during the period less unvested nonemployee restricted stock issued to outside directors under the RSPD. Diluted EPS was calculated by dividing net income by the weighted-average common shares outstanding during the period plus potential dilutive common shares. Potential dilutive common shares are calculated in accordance with the treasury stock method, which assumes that proceeds from the exercise of all options are used to repurchase common stock at market value. The number of shares remaining after the proceeds are exhausted represents the potentially dilutive effect of the securities. The computation of diluted EPS for the three months ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 excludes potentially dilutive shares of 1,670 and 2,117, respectively, because to include them would be antidilutive for the periods. However, these shares could potentially dilute EPS in the future.

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A reconciliation of basic and diluted earnings per share is presented below:

	Three Months Ended December 31,
	2025		2024
Net income	$	4,882,865	$	5,269,689
Weighted-average common shares		10,219,791		10,259,717
Effect of potentially dilutive securities		134,075		4,280
Diluted average common shares		10,353,866		10,263,997
Earnings per share of common stock:
Basic	$	0.48	$	0.51
Diluted	$	0.47	$	0.51

11.

Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)

A summary of other comprehensive income and loss is provided below:

				Tax
	Before-Tax			(Expense)			Net-of-Tax
	Amount			or Benefit			Amount
Three Months Ended December 31, 2025
Interest rate swaps:
Unrealized gains	$	177,538		$	(45,699	)	$	131,839
Transfer of realized gains to interest expense		(340,616	)		87,674			(252,942	)
Net interest rate swaps		(163,078	)		41,975			(121,103	)
Defined benefit plans:
Amortization of net actuarial gains		(7,829	)		2,015			(5,814	)
Other comprehensive loss	$	(170,907	)	$	43,990		$	(126,917	)
Three Months Ended December 31, 2024
Interest rate swaps:
Unrealized gains	$	694,177		$	(178,681	)	$	515,496
Transfer of realized gains to interest expense		(384,273	)		98,912			(285,361	)
Net interest rate swaps		309,904			(79,769	)		230,135
Defined benefit plans:
Amortization of net actuarial gains		(10,378	)		2,671			(7,707	)
Other comprehensive income	$	299,526		$	(77,098	)	$	222,428

The amortization of actuarial gains and losses, reflected in the preceding table, relate to the unregulated operations of the Company. Actuarial gains and losses attributable to the regulated operations are included as a regulatory asset. See Note 13 for a schedule of regulatory assets. The amortization of actual gains and losses is recognized as a component of net periodic pension and postretirement benefit costs under other income, net in the condensed consolidated statements of income.

Reconciliation of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income

							Accumulated
							Other
	Interest Rate			Defined Benefit			Comprehensive
	Swaps			Plans			Income (Loss)
Balance at September 30, 2025	$	664,568		$	(402,836	)	$	261,732
Other comprehensive loss		(121,103	)		(5,814	)		(126,917	)
Balance at December 31, 2025	$	543,465		$	(408,650	)	$	134,815

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12.

Income Taxes

The effective tax rates for the three-month periods ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 reflected in the table below are less than the combined federal and state statutory rate of 25.74%. The reduction to the effective tax rates is due to additional tax deductions from the amortization of excess deferred taxes and amortization of RNG tax credits deferred as a regulatory liability. Additionally, recognition of amortization of R&D tax credits deferred as a regulatory liability contributed to a further reduced effective tax rate during the three-month period ended December 31, 2025.

	Three Months Ended December 31,
	2025			2024
Effective tax rate		21.4	%		23.4	%

During September 2025, the Company participated in the IRS Fast Track Settlement (FTS), which is a process that provides the IRS and taxpayers an opportunity to resolve disputes with an appeals official using mediation skills and settlement authority. The IRS and Company agreed on a settlement equal to 40% of the R&D tax credits claimed for fiscal 2018 and 2019, the two years under examination. The Company has received approval from the SCC to refund the settled R&D tax credits, net of related fees, to customers over a 4-month period from January 2026 to April 2026.

ASC 740 provides for the determination of whether tax benefits claimed or expected to be claimed on a tax return should be recognized in the financial statements. As a result of the FTS, the Company reduced the reserve for unrecognized tax benefits of $273,936 to $0 as of September 30, 2025. The Company evaluated its tax positions for the three months ended December 31, 2025 and has not identified any significant uncertain tax positions.

The Company’s policy is to classify interest associated with uncertain tax positions as interest expense in the financial statements. Tax penalties, if any, are netted against other income.

The Company files a consolidated federal income tax return and state income tax returns in Virginia and West Virginia, and thus subject to examinations by federal and state tax authorities. The Company adjusted its income tax assets and liabilities to reflect the outcome of the FTS as of September 30, 2025. The Company has not received final notice from the IRS officially closing the Company's federal returns for fiscal 2018 and 2019. Once final notice is received, the federal returns and the state returns for Virginia and West Virginia for the tax years ended through September 30, 2022 are closed to examination.

13.

Regulatory Assets and Liabilities

The Company’s regulated operations follow the accounting and reporting requirements of ASC 980, Regulated Operations. A regulated company may defer costs that have been or are expected to be recovered from customers in a period different from the period in which the costs would ordinarily be charged to expense by an unregulated enterprise. When this situation occurs, costs are deferred as assets in the condensed consolidated balance sheet (regulatory assets) and amortized into expense over periods when such amounts are reflected in customer rates. Additionally, regulators can impose liabilities upon a regulated company for amounts previously collected from customers and for current collection in customer rates of costs that are expected to be incurred in the future (regulatory liabilities). In the event the provisions of ASC 980 no longer apply to any or all regulatory assets or liabilities, the Company would write off such amounts and include the effects in the condensed consolidated statements of income and comprehensive income in the period which ASC 980 no longer applied.

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RGC RESOURCES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Regulatory assets included in the Company’s accompanying balance sheets are as follows:

	December 31, 2025		September 30, 2025
Assets:
Current Assets:
Regulatory assets:
Accrued WNA revenues	$	184,555	$	504,003
Under-recovery of gas costs		—		750,295
Under-recovery of RNG revenues		871,568		1,019,821
Under-recovery of SAVE Plan revenues		175,473		265,317
Accrued pension		22,980		30,640
Other deferred expenses		12,762		12,762
Total current		1,267,338		2,582,838
Other Non-Current Assets:
Regulatory assets:
Premium on early retirement of debt		999,138		1,027,684
Accrued pension		2,168,902		2,168,902
Other deferred expenses		107,787		118,496
Total non-current		3,275,827		3,315,082

Total regulatory assets	$	4,543,165	$	5,897,920

Regulatory liabilities included in the Company’s accompanying balance sheets are as follows:

	December 31, 2025		September 30, 2025
Liabilities and Stockholders' Equity:
Current Liabilities:
Regulatory liabilities:
Over-recovery of gas costs	$	89,322	$	—
Deferred income taxes		1,693,680		591,764
Supplier refunds		1,761,596		889,564
Other deferred liabilities		118,186		157,583
Total current		3,662,784		1,638,911
Deferred Credits and Other Non-Current Liabilities:
Regulatory cost of retirement obligations		16,170,833		15,869,691
Regulatory liabilities:
Deferred income taxes		10,933,636		13,649,719
Deferred postretirement medical		3,721,711		3,721,711
Total non-current		30,826,180		33,241,121

Total regulatory liabilities	$	34,488,964	$	34,880,032

As of December 31, 2025 and September 30, 2025, the Company had regulatory assets in the amount of $4,543,165 and $5,897,920, respectively, on which the Company did not earn a return during the recovery period.

14.

Commitments and Contingencies

Roanoke Gas currently holds the only franchises and/or CPCNs to distribute natural gas in its service area. These franchises generally extend for multi-year periods and are renewable by the municipalities, including exclusive franchises in the cities of Roanoke and Salem and the Town of Vinton, Virginia. All three franchises are set to expire December 31, 2035.

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RGC RESOURCES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Due to the nature of the natural gas distribution business, the Company has entered into agreements with both suppliers and pipelines for natural gas commodity purchases, storage capacity and pipeline delivery capacity. The Company utilizes an asset manager to assist in optimizing the use of its transportation, storage rights and gas supply in order to provide a secure and reliable source of natural gas to its customers. The Company also has storage and pipeline capacity contracts to store and deliver natural gas to the Company’s distribution system. Roanoke Gas is currently served directly by three primary pipelines that deliver the natural gas supplied to the Company’s distribution system. Depending on weather conditions and the level of customer demand, failure of one of these transmission pipelines could have a major adverse impact on the Company's ability to deliver natural gas to its customers and its results of operations.

15.

Employee Benefit Plans

The Company has both a pension plan and a postretirement plan. The pension plan covers the Company’s employees hired before January 1, 2017 and provides a retirement benefit based on years of service and employee compensation. The postretirement plan, covering employees hired before January 1, 2000, provides certain health care and supplemental life insurance benefits to retired employees who meet specific age and service requirements. Net pension plan and postretirement plan expense is detailed as follows:

	Three Months Ended December 31,
	2025			2024
Components of net periodic pension cost:
Service cost	$	92,967		$	96,858
Interest cost		380,324			352,602
Expected return on plan assets		(427,888	)		(375,976	)
Recognized loss		10,943			14,857
Net periodic pension cost	$	56,346		$	88,341

	Three Months Ended December 31,
	2025			2024
Components of postretirement benefit cost:
Service cost	$	—		$	1,095
Interest cost		130,327			126,856
Expected return on plan assets		(216,083	)		(182,430	)
Recognized gain		(50,507	)		(58,153	)
Net postretirement benefit cost (income)	$	(136,263	)	$	(112,632	)

The components of net periodic benefit cost, excluding the service cost component, are included in other income, net in the condensed consolidated statements of income. Service cost is included in operations and maintenance expense in the condensed consolidated statements of income.

No funding contributions were made to the pension plan or postretirement plan for the periods presented in the tables above. The Company is not currently planning to make any funding contributions to either plan for the remainder of fiscal 2026.

16.

Leases

The Company has four leases for certain assets including office space and land classified as operating leases with original terms ranging from 3 to 20 years. The Company entered into a new lease during the period, which is a continuation of a prior lease. The Company determines if an arrangement is a lease at inception of the agreement based on the terms and conditions in the contract. The operating lease ROU assets and operating lease liabilities are recognized at the present value of the future minimum lease payments over the lease term at commencement date. As most of the leases do not provide an implicit rate, the Company uses an estimate of its secured incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at commencement date in determining the present value of future payments. The incremental borrowing rate is determined by management aided by inquiries of a third party.

Lease expense for minimum lease payments is recognized on a straight-line basis over the term of the agreement. The Company made an accounting policy election that payments under agreements with an initial term of 12 months or less will not be included on the condensed consolidated balance sheet but will be recognized when paid in the consolidated statements of operations.

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RGC RESOURCES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

The operating lease ROU assets are reflected in other non-current assets in the condensed consolidated balance sheets. The current operating lease liabilities and non-current lease liabilities are included in other current liabilities and deferred credits and other non-current liabilities, respectively, in the condensed consolidated balance sheets. The expense components of the Company’s operating leases are included under operations and maintenance expense in the condensed consolidated statements of income and were less than $50,000 for each period presented.

Other information related to leases were as follows:

	Three Months Ended December 31,
	2025			2024
Supplemental Cash Flow Information:
Cash paid on operating leases	$	19,200		$	5,500
Right of use obtained in exchange for operating lease obligations		17,039			N/A
Weighted-average remaining term (in years)		15.0			17.3
Weighted-average discount rate		5.65	%		5.65	%

On December 31, 2025, the future minimum rental payments under non-cancelable operating leases by fiscal year were as follows:

2026	$	38,068
2027		49,238
2028		45,600
2029		26,400
2030		26,400
Thereafter		316,800
Total minimum lease payments		502,506
Less imputed interest		(154,756	)
Total	$	347,750

17.

Subsequent Events

The Company has evaluated subsequent events through the date the financial statements were issued. Due to the extended and extreme cold weather experienced across the eastern half of the United States, natural gas prices spiked from less than $4 per DTH to well over $30 per DTH at the end of January, resulting in an $8 million to $10 million under collection. These amounts are anticipated to be collected from customers over the ensuing 12 to 18 months through the PGA. There were no other items not otherwise disclosed which would have materially impacted the Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements.

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RGC RESOURCES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

ITEM 2 – MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

Forward-Looking Statements

This report contains forward-looking statements that relate to future transactions, events or expectations. In addition, Resources may announce or publish forward-looking statements relating to such matters as anticipated financial performance, business prospects and closures, investments, inflation, ratemaking, debt refinancing, technological developments, new products, research and development activities, operational impacts and similar matters. These statements are based on management’s current expectations and information available at the time of such statements and are believed to be reasonable and are made in good faith. The Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 provides a safe harbor for forward-looking statements. In order to comply with the terms of the safe harbor, the Company notes that a variety of factors could cause the Company’s actual results and experience to differ materially from the anticipated results or other expectations expressed in the Company’s forward-looking statements. The risks and uncertainties that may affect the operations, performance, development and results of the Company’s business include, but are not limited to, those set forth in the following discussion and within Item 1A “Risk Factors” in the Company’s 2025 Annual Report on Form 10-K. These factors are difficult to predict and many are beyond the Company’s control. Accordingly, while the Company believes its forward-looking statements to be reasonable, there can be no assurance that they will approximate actual experience or that the expectations derived from them will be realized. When used in the Company’s documents or news releases, the words “anticipate,” “believe,” “intend,” “plan,” “estimate,” “predict,” “target,” “expect,” “objective,” “projection,” “potential,” “forecast,” “budget,” “assume,” “indicate” or similar words or future or conditional verbs such as “will,” “would,” “should,” “can,” “could,” “may,” or “might” are intended to identify forward-looking statements.

Forward-looking statements reflect the Company’s current expectations only as of the date they are made. The Company assumes no duty to update these statements should expectations change or actual results differ from current expectations except as required by applicable laws and regulations.

The three-month earnings presented herein should not be considered as reflective of the Company’s consolidated financial results for the fiscal year ending September 30, 2026. The total revenues and margins realized during the first three months reflect higher billings due to the weather-sensitive nature of the natural gas business.

Overview

Resources is an energy services company primarily engaged in the regulated sale and distribution of natural gas to approximately 63,700 residential, commercial and industrial customers in Roanoke, Virginia and surrounding localities through its Roanoke Gas subsidiary. Midstream, a wholly owned subsidiary of Resources, is a less than 1% investor in the MVP, Southgate and Boost. The utility operations of Roanoke Gas are regulated by the SCC, which oversees the terms, conditions and rates charged to customers for natural gas service, safety standards, extension of service and depreciation. The Company is also subject to regulation from the United States Department of Transportation in regard to the construction, operation, maintenance, safety and integrity of its transmission and distribution pipelines. FERC regulates the prices for the transportation and delivery of natural gas to the Company’s distribution system and underground storage services. In addition, the Company is subject to other regulations which are not necessarily industry specific.

Nearly all of the Company’s revenues are derived from the sale and delivery of natural gas to Roanoke Gas customers based on rates and fees authorized by the SCC. These rates are designed to provide the Company with the opportunity to recover its gas and non-gas expenses and to earn a reasonable rate of return for shareholders based on normal weather. These rates are determined based on various rate applications filed with the SCC. Generally, investments related to extending service to new customers are recovered through the additional revenues generated by the non-gas base rates in place at that time. The investment in replacing and upgrading existing non-SAVE infrastructure, as well as recovering increases in non-gas expenses due to inflationary pressures, regulatory requirements or operational needs, are generally not recoverable until a formal rate application is filed to include the additional investment and higher costs, and new non-gas base rates are approved.

On December 2, 2025, the Company filed for an expedited rate application with the SCC to increase non-gas base rates by $4.3 million annually. Pursuant to the Commission’s December 29, 2025 Order for Notice and Comment, the new base rates went into effect for services rendered on or after January 1, 2026, subject to refund. The SCC's review of Roanoke Gas' filing is underway and a hearing has been set for July 15, 2026. Based on the procedural schedule established in the Commission’s Order, the Company anticipates final resolution of the case in the first quarter of fiscal 2027.

RGC RESOURCES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

As the Company’s business is seasonal in nature, volatility in winter weather and the commodity price of natural gas can impact the effectiveness of the Company’s rates in recovering its costs and providing a reasonable return for its shareholders. In order to mitigate the effect of weather variations and other factors not provided for in the Company's base rates, Roanoke Gas has certain approved rate mechanisms in place that help provide stability in earnings, adjust for volatility in the price of natural gas and provide a return on qualified infrastructure investment. These mechanisms include the SAVE Rider, WNA, ICC, RNG Rider and PGA.

The SAVE Plan and Rider provides the Company with a mechanism through which it recovers costs related to qualified SAVE infrastructure investments on a prospective basis, until a rate application is filed incorporating these investments in non-gas base rates. Roanoke Gas filed and received approval from the SCC for an updated annual SAVE Rider rate which became effective October 1, 2025. As a result of the updated SAVE Rider, SAVE Plan revenues increased by approximately $271,000 for the three-month period ended December 31, 2025 compared to the same period last year. The updated SAVE Rider is expected to result in approximately $2.61 million of annualized SAVE-related revenues during fiscal 2026. Additional information regarding the SAVE Plan and Rider is provided in Note 4 of the condensed consolidated financial statements.

The WNA mechanism reduces the volatility in earnings due to the variability in temperatures during the heating season. The WNA is based on the most recent 30-year temperature average and provides the Company with a level of earnings protection when weather is warmer than normal and provides its customers with price protection when weather is colder than normal. The WNA allows the Company to recover from its customers the lost margin (excluding gas costs) from warmer-than-normal weather and correspondingly requires the Company to refund the excess margin earned for colder-than-normal weather. The WNA mechanism used by the Company is based on a linear regression model that determines the value of a single heating degree day and thereby estimates the revenue adjustment based on weather variance from normal. Any billings or refunds related to the WNA are completed following each WNA year, which extends for the 12-month period from April to March. For the three months ended December 31, 2025, the Company reduced revenues by approximately $319,000 under the WNA model for weather that was 4% colder than normal, compared to approximately $500,000 in additional revenues for weather that was 6% warmer than normal for the corresponding period last year.

The Company has an approved rate structure to mitigate the impact of the financing costs of its natural gas inventory. Under this rate structure, Roanoke Gas recognizes revenue by applying the ICC factor, based on the Company’s weighted-average cost of capital, including interest rates on short-term and long-term debt, and the Company’s authorized return on equity, to the average cost of natural gas inventory during the period. Total ICC revenues increased nominally for the three-month period ended December 31, 2025 compared to the corresponding period last year. The average price of gas in storage during the first quarter of fiscal 2026 increased by 3% compared to the same period in fiscal 2025. If natural gas prices remain at or higher than the prior year, the average dollar balance of gas in storage may continue to increase based on current storage levels and due to an increased ICC factor from the prior year may lead to higher ICC revenues in fiscal 2026.

In March 2023, Roanoke Gas began operating the RNG facility, through a cooperative agreement with the Western Virginia Water Authority, to produce commercial quality RNG for delivery into its distribution system. Roanoke Gas is allowed to recover the costs associated with the investment in RNG facilities and the related operating costs through an RNG Rider added to customer bills. Customers receive the benefit of environmental credits generated through the production of RNG. Roanoke Gas recognized approximately $484,000 in RNG revenue for the three months ended December 31, 2025 compared to approximately $388,000 for the corresponding period in the prior year.

The cost of natural gas, which is a pass-through cost, is independent of the Company's non-gas rates. Accordingly, the Company's approved billing rates include a component designed to allow for the recovery of the cost of natural gas used by its customers. This rate component, referred to as the PGA, allows the Company to pass along to its customers increases and decreases in natural gas costs through a quarterly filing, or more frequent if necessary, once SCC staff approval is received. As actual costs will differ from the projections used in establishing the PGA rate, the Company will either over-recover or under-recover its actual gas costs during the period. The difference between actual costs incurred and costs recovered through the application of the PGA is recorded as a regulatory asset or liability. At the end of the annual deferral period, the balance is amortized over a succeeding 12-month period through the ensuing non-gas rate component. Due to the extended and extreme cold weather experienced across the eastern half of the United States, natural gas prices spiked from less than $4 per DTH to well over $30 per DTH at the end of January, resulting in an $8 million to $10 million under collection. These amounts are anticipated to be collected from customers over the ensuing 12 to 18 months through the PGA.

RGC RESOURCES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Results of Operations

The analysis on the results of operations is based on the consolidated operations of the Company, which is primarily associated with the utility segment. Additional segment analysis is provided when Midstream's investment in affiliates represents a significant component of the comparison.

The Company's operating revenues are affected by the cost of natural gas, as reflected in the condensed consolidated statements of income under cost of gas - utility. The cost of natural gas, which includes commodity price, transportation, storage, injection and withdrawal fees, with any increase or decrease offset by a correlating change in revenue through the PGA, is passed through to customers at cost. Accordingly, management believes that gross utility margin, a non-GAAP financial measure defined as utility revenues less cost of gas, is a useful and relevant measure to analyze financial performance. The term gross utility margin is not intended to represent or replace gross margin, the most comparable GAAP financial measure, as an indicator of operating performance and is not necessarily comparable to similarly titled measures reported by other companies. A reconciliation between gross utility margin and gross margin is presented under the Gross Utility Margin section below. The following results of operations analyses will reference gross utility margin.

Three Months Ended December 31, 2025:

Net income decreased by $386,824 for the three months ended December 31, 2025, compared to the same period last year, primarily due to continued inflationary pressures on operating costs slightly offset by lower interest expense and income taxes.

The tables below reflect operating revenues, volume activity and heating degree days.

	Three Months Ended December 31,					Increase / (Decrease)
		2025		2024		Increase / (Decrease)			Percentage
Operating Revenues
Gas utility		$	30,235,141	$	27,263,204	$	2,971,937			11	%
Non utility			25,327		26,282		(955	)		(4	)%
Total operating revenues		$	30,260,468	$	27,289,486	$	2,970,982			11	%
Delivered Volumes
Regulated natural gas (DTH)
Residential and commercial			2,306,247		2,174,553		131,694			6	%
Transportation and interruptible			1,187,981		1,320,849		(132,868	)		(10	)%
Total delivered volumes			3,494,228		3,495,402		(1,174	)		(0	)%
HDD			1,514		1,366		148			11	%

Total operating revenues for the three months ended December 31, 2025, compared to the same period last year, increased by approximately 11% primarily due to higher gas costs resulting from interstate pipeline providers increasing their rates over $1,000,000. Increased residential and commercial delivered volumes and SAVE revenues, slightly offset by a decrease in WNA revenue, also contributed to the increase in operating revenues over the prior period. Total heating degree days increased by 11% from the same period in the prior year, resulting in a 6% increase in the weather-sensitive residential and commercial volumes, while transportation and interruptible volumes, which has a lower margin contribution, decreased 10%, primarily driven by reduced business activity from a single, multi-fuel customer during the current period. The increased residential and commercial volumes contributed to an approximate $510,000 increase in non-gas volumetric revenues. In addition, SAVE Plan revenues increased as Roanoke Gas continues to invest in qualified SAVE infrastructure projects, resulting in an increase in revenue of approximately $271,000 compared to the same period in the prior year. WNA revenues declined approximately $819,000 from the corresponding period last year as previously discussed.

	Three Months Ended December 31,					Increase
		2025		2024		Increase		Percentage
Gross Utility Margin
Gas utility revenues		$	30,235,141	$	27,263,204	$	2,971,937		11	%
Cost of gas - utility			14,581,615		11,702,709		2,878,906		25	%
Gross utility margin		$	15,653,526	$	15,560,495	$	93,031		1	%

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Gross utility margin increased slightly over the same period last year primarily as a result of the aforementioned increases in SAVE revenues, as well as increased RNG revenues, which contributed $271,000 and $96,000, respectively, to margin. As discussed in the Overview section, the WNA model adjusts for the impact of variability of temperatures during the heating season. The WNA model calculates what the corresponding volumes would be if temperatures were equivalent to the 30-year normal during each period and adjusts for the difference in margin from normal. In applying the WNA model to both the current and prior years, the volumetric margin, net of the WNA, decreased by approximately $310,000 due a decrease of 3% in WNA adjusted residential and commercial delivered volumes.

The changes in the components of gas utility margin are summarized below:

		Three Months Ended December 31,					Increase/
	2025			2024		(Decrease)
Customer base charge	$	4,078,928		$	4,065,148	$	13,780
ICC		192,758			189,907		2,851
SAVE Plan		565,176			293,999		271,177
Volumetric		10,577,337			10,067,087		510,250
WNA		(319,447	)		500,446		(819,893	)
RNG		484,251			388,003		96,248
Other revenues		74,523			55,905		18,618
Total	$	15,653,526		$	15,560,495	$	93,031

The tables below provide a reconciliation between gross utility margin and gross margin:

	Gas Utility			Investment in Affiliates			Consolidated Total
Three Months Ended December 31, 2025
Operating revenues
Gas utility	$	30,235,141		$	—		$	30,235,141
Non utility		25,327			—			25,327
Total operating revenues		30,260,468			—			30,260,468
Cost of sales
Cost of gas - utility		(14,581,615	)		—			(14,581,615	)
Cost of sales - non utility		(4,872	)		—			(4,872	)
Depreciation and amortization		(3,071,105	)		—			(3,071,105	)
Operations and maintenance		(5,183,624	)		(38,857	)		(5,222,481	)
Total cost of sales		(22,841,216	)		(38,857	)		(22,880,073	)
Gross margin (GAAP)		7,419,252			(38,857	)		7,380,395
Corporate and other, net		(20,455	)		—			(20,455	)
Depreciation and amortization		3,071,105			—			3,071,105
Operations and maintenance		5,183,624			38,857			5,222,481
Gross utility margin (Non-GAAP)	$	15,653,526		$	—		$	15,653,526

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RGC RESOURCES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

	Gas Utility			Investment in Affiliates			Consolidated Total
Three Months Ended December 31, 2024
Operating revenues
Gas utility	$	27,263,204		$	—		$	27,263,204
Non utility		26,282			—			26,282
Total operating revenues		27,289,486			—			27,289,486
Cost of sales
Cost of gas - utility		(11,702,709	)		—			(11,702,709	)
Cost of sales - non utility		(4,349	)		—			(4,349	)
Depreciation and amortization		(2,843,360	)		—			(2,843,360	)
Operations and maintenance		(4,653,956	)		(34,715	)		(4,688,671	)
Total cost of sales		(19,204,374	)		(34,715	)		(19,239,089	)
Gross margin (GAAP)		8,085,112			(34,715	)		8,050,397
Corporate and other, net		(21,933	)		—			(21,933	)
Depreciation and amortization		2,843,360			—			2,843,360
Operations and maintenance		4,653,956			34,715			4,688,671
Gross utility margin (Non-GAAP)	$	15,560,495		$	—		$	15,560,495

Operations and maintenance expenses increased $533,810, or 11%, from the same period last year. The Company continues to experience inflation over the 2% level targeted by the Federal Reserve. Inflation levels in health care benefits, certain types of insurance, contracted services and IT service costs, as well as other items, continue to put upward pressure on the Company's expenses. Personnel costs increased by approximately $92,000 due to increased staffing and the inflationary impact on salaries and benefits. Contracted services increased by approximately $188,000 also due to inflationary pressures as well as increased customer turn-ons. Total capitalized construction overheads declined by approximately $188,000 due to a reduction in direct construction expenditures related to Roanoke Gas capital projects as a result of colder weather. Increased corporate insurance premiums accounted for much of the remaining cost increase, which were slightly offset by a decrease in professional services expenses.

Taxes other than income taxes increased by $107,682, or 15%, due to higher property taxes associated with growth in utility property and increased tax rates, as well as increases in payroll taxes.

Depreciation expense increased by $227,745, or 8%, corresponding to a similar increase in investments in depreciable utility property. Increases in fixed assets with shorter useful lives over the last year resulted in depreciation expense increasing slightly more than the 7% increase in the average utility property balance.

Equity in earnings of unconsolidated affiliate decreased by $27,143, or 3%. See Note 5 of the consolidated financial statements for additional information related to the MVP.

Interest expense decreased by $108,780, or 6%, as the weighted-average interest rate on total debt decreased from 4.45% during the first quarter of fiscal 2025 to 4.14% in the current quarter. Midstream's interest expense decreased by $121,278, or 16%, as the total average debt outstanding decreased by approximately $1,336,000 as a result of principal payments made on term notes, along with the weighted-average interest rate decreasing from 5.38% during the first quarter of fiscal 2025 to 4.62% in the current quarter. Roanoke Gas' interest expense increased by $12,498, or 1%, as total average debt outstanding increased by approximately $1,608,000 associated with net borrowings under the Company's line-of-credit. Roanoke Gas' weighted-average interest rate remained relatively flat from the first quarter of fiscal 2025 to the current quarter. See Notes 6 and 7 of the consolidated financial statements for more information on the Company's debt.

Income tax expense decreased by $277,570, or 17%, primarily corresponding to the decrease in pre-tax income. The effective tax rate was 21.4% and 23.4% for the three-month periods ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The effective tax rate is below the combined statutory state and federal rate due to the amortization of excess deferred taxes and tax credits. Additionally, a one-time item related to R&D tax credits contributed to a further reduction to the effective tax rate during the current period.

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RGC RESOURCES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

The consolidated financial statements of Resources are prepared in accordance with GAAP. The amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses reported in the Company’s consolidated financial statements are affected by accounting policies, estimates and assumptions that are necessary to comply with generally accepted accounting principles. Estimates used in the financial statements are derived from prior experience, statistical analysis and management judgments. Actual results may differ significantly from these estimates and assumptions.

There have been no significant changes to the critical accounting policies as reflected in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended September 30, 2025.

Asset Management

Roanoke Gas uses a third-party asset manager to oversee its pipeline transportation, storage rights and gas supply inventories and deliveries in order to provide a secure and reliable source of natural gas to its customers. In return for utilizing the excess capacities of the transportation and storage rights, the asset manager pays Roanoke Gas a monthly utilization fee. In accordance with an SCC order issued in 2018, a portion of the utilization fee is retained by the Company with the balance passed through to customers through reduced gas costs. The current asset management contract was signed for a three year period which will expire in March 2028.

Equity Investment in Mountain Valley Pipeline

The Company owns a less than 1% interest in the LLC that owns and operates the MVP, Southgate and Boost, as defined in the respective operating agreements. The Company accounts for its interest in the LLC under the equity method of accounting given the LLC maintains specific ownership accounts for each investor, and also considering the Company's rights under the LLC management agreement and the Company's involvement as a stakeholder of the MVP. The Company has been using the equity method since the inception of its investment in fiscal 2016.

With the MVP in operation, the Company recognizes its share of earnings from the LLC, favorably adjusted for a basis difference between the Company's proportional share of assets and its carrying value that arose when the Company recorded an other-than-temporary impairment of its investment in 2022. This basis difference amortization is a favorable non-cash adjustment over the operational life of the MVP, or 40 years. For the first quarter of fiscal 2026 and 2025, the Company recorded equity in earnings of consolidated affiliates of approximately $827,000 and $854,000, respectively. The Company received a quarterly cash distribution of its share from the LLC totaling approximately $753,000 and $802,000 during the first quarter of fiscal 2026 and 2025, respectively, which was a return on its invested capital, and expects future quarterly distributions to be of a similar magnitude. The Company is using this cash to pay interest and other expenditures related to Midstream. The Company refinanced all of the debt supporting its investment in the MVP in September 2025, as described in the liquidity section.

Regulatory

See Note 4 of the condensed consolidated financial statements for discussion on Regulatory matters.

Capital Resources and Liquidity

Due to the capital-intensive nature of the utility business, as well as the impact of weather variability, the Company’s primary capital needs are the funding of its capital projects, the seasonal funding of its natural gas inventories and accounts receivables, debt service and payments of dividends to shareholders. The Company anticipates funding these items through its operating cash flows, credit availability under short-term and long-term debt agreements and proceeds from the sale of its common stock.

Cash and cash equivalents increased by $335,665 for the three-month period ended December 31, 2025 compared to an increase of $1,204,178 for the three-month period ended December 31, 2024. The following table summarizes the sources and uses of cash:

	Three Months Ended December 31,
Cash Flow Summary	2025			2024
Net cash provided by operating activities	$	1,079,860		$	827,190
Net cash used in investing activities		(6,185,720	)		(5,751,463	)
Net cash provided by financing activities		5,441,525			6,128,451
Increase in cash and cash equivalents	$	335,665		$	1,204,178

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RGC RESOURCES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Cash Flows Provided by Operating Activities:

The seasonal nature of the natural gas business causes operating cash flows to fluctuate significantly during the year as well as from year-to-year. Factors, including weather, energy prices, natural gas storage levels and customer collections, contribute to working capital levels and related cash flows. Generally, operating cash flows are positive during the second and third fiscal quarters as a combination of earnings, declining storage gas levels and collections on customer accounts contribute to higher cash inflows. During the first and fourth fiscal quarters, operating cash flows are generally moderate and decrease due to increases in natural gas storage levels and rising customer receivable balances.

Cash flows from operating activities for the three months ended December 31, 2025 increased by $252,670 compared to the same period last year. Colder weather and increased gas costs compared to the same period last year resulted in higher accounts receivable and accounts payable balances increasing operating cash flows. Pipeline and storage capacity charges during the first three months of fiscal 2026 increased over $1,100,000 from the same period in the prior year. Additionally, total commodity costs increased from $3.44 per DTH during the first quarter of fiscal 2025 to $3.93 per DTH during the first quarter of fiscal 2026. WNA revenues for the first three months of fiscal 2026 declined by approximately $819,000 from the same period last year as previously discussed, increasing operating cash.

Cash Flows Used in Investing Activities:

Investing activities primarily consist of expenditures related to Roanoke Gas' utility property, which includes replacing aging natural gas pipe with new plastic or coated steel pipe, improvements to the LNG plant and gas distribution system facilities and expansion of its natural gas system to meet new customer demand. The Company is continuing its focus on SAVE infrastructure replacement projects, including the replacement of pre-1973 first generation plastic pipe. New customer demand for natural gas continues to be steady and therefore extending the natural gas distribution system within its service territory is also a priority. Roanoke Gas' total capital expenditures for the three-month period ended December 31, 2025 were approximately $5.6 million compared to $5.7 million during the same period last year. Total fiscal 2026 capital expenditures are expected to be approximately $22 million. With MVP in service, Midstream will incur periodic, future capital investment related to ongoing MVP operations requirements and system improvements. Midstream has and will continue to make capital investments in Southgate and Boost.

Cash Flows Provided by Financing Activities:

Financing activities generally consist of borrowings and repayments under credit agreements, issuance of common stock and the payment of dividends. Net cash flows provided by financing activities were approximately $5.4 million for the three months ended December 31, 2025, compared to approximately $6.1 million for the same period last year. The $700,000 decrease in financing cash flows is primarily attributable to net borrowings of $7.4 million under Roanoke Gas' line-of-credit during the first three months of fiscal 2026 compared to net borrowings of $7.9 million in the same period last year. Additionally, during the first quarter of fiscal 2026, Midstream repaid a net $169,000 compared to borrowing a net $40,000 during the same period in the prior year. Notes 6 and 7 provide details on the Company's line-of-credit and borrowing activity.

In addition, Resources issued a total of 19,492 shares of common stock resulting in net proceeds of approximately $384,000 during the first three months of fiscal 2026, compared to issuing 14,792 shares of common stock resulting in net proceeds of approximately $269,000 during the first three months of fiscal 2025. No shares were issued through the ATM program during the first quarter of fiscal 2026 or 2025.

Management regularly evaluates the Company’s liquidity through a review of its available financing resources and its cash flows. Roanoke Gas has a term note in the principal amount of $15 million coming due in August 2026. Management believes Roanoke Gas has access to sufficient financing resources to meet its cash requirements for the next year, including cash from operations and the line of credit. Roanoke Gas may also adjust capital spending as necessary, if such a need would arise.

RGC RESOURCES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Midstream's future cash requirements will relate to regular monthly operating expenses, debt service and capital contributions. The Company has received a quarterly cash distribution from MVP in fiscal 2026 of approximately $753,000, and should receive similar quarterly distributions going forward. On September 5, 2025, Midstream established new amortizing term notes with two banks in the initial amounts of $38.6 million and $15 million, which refinanced and replaced all of Midstream's outstanding debt. This term notes mature on September 5, 2032. Also on September 5, 2025, Midstream entered into a new Loan Agreement for the MVP Southgate extension and MVP Boost expansion that can be drawn to principal amounts of $1.85 million and $3.65 million, respectively. These loans mature on September 5, 2030, at which time the outstanding principal balance on each note is due. With the establishment of the new term notes, Midstream's total debt principal payments over the succeeding 12 months is $2,846,018. Management believes that it will be able to meet Midstream's cash requirements over the ensuing 12-month period with availability on the Southgate and Boost Loan Agreements and its quarterly cash distributions from MVP.

As of December 31, 2025, Resources' long-term capitalization ratio was 43% equity and 57% debt.

ITEM 3 – QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

Not applicable.

ITEM 4 – CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

Disclosure Controls and Procedures

The Company maintains disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”)) that are designed to be effective in providing reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed in reports under the Exchange Act are identified, recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the rules and forms of the SEC, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to management to allow for timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

Through December 31, 2025, the Company has evaluated, under the supervision and with the participation of management, including the chief executive officer and the chief financial officer, the effectiveness of the design and operation of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures. Based upon that evaluation, the chief executive officer and chief financial officer concluded that the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures were effective at the reasonable assurance level as of December 31, 2025.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

Management routinely reviews the Company’s internal control over financial reporting and makes changes, as necessary, to enhance the effectiveness of the internal controls. There were no changes in internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the three months ended December 31, 2025, that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

Limitations on the Effectiveness of Controls

Because of the inherent limitations in an effective internal control system, any control system, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that it will prevent or detect all misstatements, due to error or fraud, from occurring in the consolidated financial statements. Additionally, management is required to use judgment in evaluating controls and procedures.

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RGC RESOURCES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Part II – Other Information

ITEM 1 – LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

None.

ITEM 1A – RISK FACTORS

There have been no material changes to the risk factors previously disclosed in Resources' Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended September 30, 2025.

ITEM 2 – UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS

None.

ITEM 3 – DEFAULTS UPON SENIOR SECURITIES

None.

ITEM 4 – MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES

Not applicable.

ITEM 5 – OTHER INFORMATION

None.

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RGC RESOURCES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

ITEM 6 – EXHIBITS

Number						Description
31.1						Rule 13a–14(a)/15d–14(a) Certification of Principal Executive Officer
31.2						Rule 13a–14(a)/15d–14(a) Certification of Principal Financial Officer
32.1*						Section 1350 Certification of Principal Executive Officer
32.2*						Section 1350 Certification of Principal Financial Officer
101.INS						Inline XBRL Instance Document (the instance document does not appear in the Interactive Data File because its XBRL tags are embedded within the Inline XBRL document)
101.SCH						Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
101.CAL						Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
101.DEF						Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document
101.LAB						Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document
101.PRE						Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document
104						Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101)

These certifications are being furnished solely to accompany this quarterly report pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, and are not being filed for purposes of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and are not to be incorporated by reference into any filing of the Registrant, whether made before or after the date hereof, regardless of any general incorporation language in such filing.

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RGC RESOURCES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

		RGC Resources, Inc.

Date: February 9, 2026	By:	/s/ Timothy J. Mulvaney
		Timothy J. Mulvaney
		Vice President, Treasurer and Chief Financial Officer
		(Principal Financial Officer)