UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, DC 20549

FORM 10-K

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2025

OR

For the transition period from _______ to _______

Commission File Number 001-33038

Alaunos Therapeutics, Inc.

(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in Its Charter)

(346) 355-4099

(Registrant’s Telephone Number, Including Area Code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☐ No ☑

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☐ No ☑

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the past 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☑ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☑ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer or a smaller reporting company. See definition of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerate filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☐

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes ☐ No ☑

The aggregate market value of the registrant’s common stock held by non-affiliates was $9,608,631 on June 30, 2025 (the last business day of the registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter), based on a total of 1,981,161 shares of common stock held by non-affiliates and a closing price of $4.85 as reported on the Nasdaq Capital Market on June 30, 2025. For purposes of this computation, all officers, directors, and 10% beneficial owners of the registrant are deemed to be affiliates. Such determination should not be deemed to be an admission that such officers, directors or 10% beneficial owners are, in fact, affiliates of the registrant.

As of March 31, 2026, there were 2,378,253 shares of the registrant’s common stock, $0.001 par value per share, outstanding.

Alaunos Therapeutics, Inc.

ANNUAL REPORT ON FORM 10-K

FOR THE FISCAL YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2025

TABLE OF CONTENTS

SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This Annual Report on Form 10-K, or Annual Report, contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, that are subject to the safe harbor created by the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, as amended. Forward-looking statements are all statements contained in this Annual Report that are not historical fact, and in some cases can be identified by terms such as: "aim", “anticipate,” “believe,” “estimate,” “expect,” “forecast,” “intend,” “may,” “plan,” “project,” “target,” "potential," “will” and other words and terms of similar meaning.

These statements are based on management’s current beliefs and assumptions and on information currently available to management. These statements involve risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause actual results, levels of activity, performance or achievements to be materially different from the information expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements. Although we believe that the expectations reflected in such forward-looking statements are reasonable, we caution you that these statements are based on a combination of facts and factors currently known by us and our projections of the future, about which we cannot be certain. Forward-looking statements are subject to a number of risks, uncertainties and assumptions, many of which are beyond our control, and actual results may differ materially from those anticipated in such statements. Forward-looking statements in this Annual Report include, but are not limited to, statements about:

All forward-looking statements in this Annual Report speak only as of the date of this Annual Report. We undertake no obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statement, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as required by law. Any forward-looking statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K reflect our current views with respect to future events or to our future financial performance and involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause our actual results, level of activity, performance or achievements to be materially different from any future results, level of activity, performance or achievements expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements. Factors that may cause actual results, levels of activity or performance of achievements to differ materially from current expectations include, among other things, those described under Part I, Item 1A, “Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Given these uncertainties, you should not place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements. Except as required by law, we assume no obligation to update or revise these forward-looking statements for any reason, even if new information becomes available in the future.

Unless the context requires otherwise, references in this Annual Report to “Alaunos,” the “Company,” “we,” “us” or “our” refer to Alaunos Therapeutics, Inc.

We own or have rights to trademarks, service marks and trade names that we use in connection with the operation of our business, including our corporate name, logos and website names. We own the trademarks Alaunos Therapeutics®, hunTR®, and Ziopharm® as well as the related graphic trademarks found on our website. Other trademarks, service marks and trade names appearing in this Annual Report on Form 10-K are

the property of their respective owners. Solely for convenience, some of the trademarks, service marks and trade names referred to in this Annual Report on Form 10-K are listed without the ® and ™ symbols, but we will assert, to the fullest extent under applicable law, our rights to our trademarks, service marks and trade names.

SUMMARY OF SELECTED RISKS ASSOCIATED WITH OUR BUSINESS

Our business faces significant risks and uncertainties. If any of the following risks are realized, our business, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows and prospects could be materially and adversely affected. You should carefully review and consider the full discussion of our risk factors in the section titled “Risk Factors” in Part I, Item 1A of this Annual Report, particularly the sections captioned “Risks Related to Our Strategic Reprioritization,” “Risks Related to Our Liquidity and Capital Resources,” and “Risks Related to Our Obesity and Metabolic Program.” Some of the more significant risks include the following:

PART I

Item 1. Business

Overview

We are a preclinical-stage biopharmaceutical company focused on the development of novel, orally administered small-molecule therapeutics for obesity and related metabolic disorders, such as metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD, a type of fatty liver disease). The program aims to develop a differentiated, non-hormonal, non-incretin approach, unlike hormone-based treatments like GLP-1 drugs. On March 2, 2026, we announced positive preclinical proof-of-concept data for ALN1003 from two separate studies using a standard diet-induced obesity (DIO) mouse model in male C57BL/6 mice maintained on a high-fat diet (60% of calories from fat). Highlights from these studies include dose-dependent body weight loss with favorable body composition changes, reductions in liver weight, improvement in liver function biomarkers, and improvement in metabolic biomarkers. Collectively, these findings suggest encouraging metabolic effects of ALN1003 in the DIO model.

We were previously a clinical-stage oncology-focused cell therapy company developing adoptive TCR-T cell therapies.

We have not generated any product revenue and have incurred significant net losses in each year since our inception. For the year ended December 31, 2025, we reported a net loss of $4.2 million and an accumulated deficit of $924.6 million as of that date. We expect to continue incurring substantial operating losses and will require significant additional capital to fund operations and advance our programs.

Small Molecule Oral Obesity and Metabolic Disorders Program

We are advancing our internally developed, preclinical small molecule program for the treatment of obesity and related metabolic disorders through a non-hormonal mechanism. This program focuses on discovering and developing novel, orally administered therapeutics with the potential for a differentiated and complementary profile compared to currently available therapies. While other pipeline therapies for obesity explore alternative hormonal pathways such as amylin or dual GIP/GLP-1 receptor agonism, our approach is focused on a non-hormonal mechanism of action.

Key findings from two separate DIO studies (non-GLP) are summarized below (nominal reported p-values are unadjusted for multiple comparisons):

DIO Study 1

The purpose of the first study was to evaluate the pharmacokinetics (PK) and tolerability of ALN1003 and to assess early proof-of-concept anti-obesity efficacy including changes in weight, metabolic biomarkers, and adipose remodeling. Mice received low, controlled oral doses of ALN1003, split into two doses each day. Measurements included daily body weight, food and water consumption at the cage level, and metabolic markers (blood collection after a 4-6 hour fast at end of study). All animals were observed prior to and after each dose administration. There were 12 mice in each group, with mice housed 3 per cage.

Relative to DIO controls, mean percent change in body weight for ALN1003-treated mice peaked at -12.9% (p<0.0001) on Day 34 and was
-10.3% (p<0.0001) after 48 days of treatment. Peak reductions in absolute weight loss were observed by Day 13 and remained lower than DIO controls through Day 48 (p<0.0001 at selected timepoints).

Food and water consumption: ALN1003 reduced cumulative food consumption versus DIO control (347.5 g/cage vs 425.0 g/cage; nominal p<0.05). ALN1003 reduced water consumption (445.8 mL/cage vs 494.5 mL/cage; not statistically significant).

Liver and Fat Tissue: In this study, ALN1003 reduced liver weight compared to untreated mice by 43% (p<0.0001) and by 39% when expressed as a percentage of body weight (p<0.0001). Long-term administration of ALN1003 was associated with lower ALT (alanine aminotransferase; p<0.0001), AST (aspartate aminotransferase; nominal p<0.0001) and ALP (alkaline phosphatase; p<0.0001), with a trend toward lower total bilirubin (nominal p=0.058) compared to untreated mice.

An unblinded macroscopic visual review of organ morphology was conducted comparing the liver and adipose tissues of the DIO control to the ALN1003 treatment group. Relative to DIO controls, ALN1003-treated animals exhibited smaller, deep reddish-brown livers; reduced epididymal white adipose tissue (eWAT) and inguinal white adipose tissue (iWAT) depots consistent with decreased adiposity; and darker interscapular BAT with appearance consistent with reduced “whitening” of BAT.

Tolerability: ALN1003 was generally well tolerated throughout the study. Mild, short-term, reversible hypolocomotion was observed after dosing in approximately one-half of dose administrations. There were no similar observations in DIO control animals.

DIO Study 2

The second study conducted was a pilot study to evaluate palatability, tolerability, anti-obesity effects, body composition and PK of ALN1003 administered orally in drinking water at three dose levels in DIO mice. The study comprised a treatment period of 14 days and a PK period of 4 days. ALN1003 was administered at three dose levels: low, medium and high. The middle and highest planned doses were 3 and 9 times higher than the low dose, respectively. Measurements included daily body weight, food and water consumption at the cage level, and metabolic parameters (blood collection after a 4-6 hour fast at end of study). All animals were observed each day. There were 6 mice in each group (2 mice per cage).

Food and water consumption: ALN1003 reduced cumulative food intake in a dose-dependent manner over the 14-day treatment period. Cumulative food consumption in grams per cage was 84.5g, 80.8g, 76.7g and 56.7g (nominal p<0.05) for the DIO control, low, medium and high doses, respectively. Cumulative food consumption when normalized to body weight per cage was 87.9g, 85.6g, 86.7g and 73.6g for the DIO control, low, medium and high doses, respectively. ALN1003 reduced water intake significantly over the 14-day treatment period. Cumulative water consumption in milliliters per cage was 112.8 mL, 80.1 mL (nominal p<0.05), 71.1 mL (p<0.0001) and 63.5 mL (p<0.0001) for the DIO control, low, medium and high doses, respectively. Cumulative water consumption when normalized to body weight per cage was 116.9 mL, 84.9 mL, 80.5 mL and 80.3 mL for the DIO control, low, medium and high doses, respectively. Actual dose consumed is dependent on how much water mice drink. Actual doses consumed during the 14-day treatment period were consistent with planned doses, with variances to planned doses of +7.3%, -0.3% and -6.9% in the low, medium and high dose groups, respectively.

Body composition was assessed using a Bruker MinispecTMLF90II Body Composition Analyzer (Bruker BioSpin, Billerica, MA, USA) and demonstrated dose-related changes that were driven primarily by fat loss but also included the loss of lean and fluid mass. The table below summarizes the mean percentage change from baseline through Day 17 in fat, lean and fluid as a % of body weight (BW) and mass in grams:

Significance of comparison to Control group: a: nominal p<0.05; b: nominal p<0.001; c: p<0.0001

Liver and Fat Tissue: At end of study Day 18, including the 14-day treatment period plus the PK period, dose-related reductions in liver weights compared to DIO control were -6.8%, -20.5% and -55.0% (nominal p<0.01) in the low, medium and high dose groups, respectively. Reductions in liver weights expressed as a percentage of body weight relative to DIO control were -2.6%, -12.0% and -32.6% (nominal p<0.05). Liver enzymes showed no statistically significant change after 18 days; gross liver appearance suggested reduced fat accumulation. Histological analyses of liver and adipose tissues are planned.

An unblinded macroscopic visual review of organ morphology was conducted comparing the liver and adipose tissues of the DIO control to the high dose group. This analysis showed reductions in white fat depots (such as epididymal white adipose tissue, or eWAT, and inguinal white adipose tissue, or iWAT) and an interscapular BAT appearance consistent with reduced “whitening” in the ALN1003 tissues vs DIO control. Review of liver images suggested less visible fat accumulation and smaller, deep red-brown livers compared to DIO control.

Metabolic parameters: In this study, the highest-dose group showed lower blood sugar (glucose; 197 mg/dL in high dose vs 320 mg/dL in DIO control; p<0.0001) and lower total cholesterol (162 mg/dL in high dose vs 209 mg/dL in DIO control; nominal p<0.05). HDL-C (high-density lipoprotein cholesterol), the dominant lipoprotein in DIO mice, also decreased to 130 mg/dL in high dose vs 165 mg/dL in DIO control; nominal p<0.05.

Tolerability: ALN1003 was generally well tolerated throughout the study; however, on Day 16 (during the PK portion of the study), two mice in the high-dose group were noted to be slightly dehydrated for the remainder of the study, although they otherwise appeared normal.

Important Context and Model Limitations

Behavior-coupled dosing in unrestricted (ad libitum) drinking-water studies: In this paradigm, ALN1003 caused dose-related loss of appetite and thirst (anorexia/hypodipsia), leading to avoidance of medicated water. Despite actual doses consumed approximating planned doses in this study, reductions in drinking may confound attribution of weight loss solely to drug exposure in this model.

Development Roadmap

The findings from these two studies support the Company’s strategy to focus on additional preclinical studies and CMC activities to optimize formulations while maintaining effective overall drug levels. We are also planning to conduct studies to better understand mechanisms of ALN1003, including measuring liver fat levels and scoring MASLD severity of the liver in a blinded manner. We are planning to further refine manufacturing processes and to run a small-scale production run based on these improvements. Thereafter, a larger scale production run is planned. In parallel, the Company has initiated a computational chemistry program to design, make, and test ALN1003 variations to strengthen the Company’s intellectual property and assess next-generation compounds. These initiatives, including large animal pharmacokinetic studies, will inform plans to conduct IND enabling studies.

The advancement of this program is subject to numerous risks and uncertainties inherent in early-stage drug development. Subject to favorable data from these preclinical studies and our ability to secure additional capital, we plan to advance a selected development candidate into formal investigational new drug (IND)-enabling studies. We intend to actively explore strategic financing and collaboration opportunities to fund the continued development of this program.

Obesity Market

Obesity remains one of the most critical and rapidly escalating global health challenges. Prevalence continues to rise across nearly all regions, with particularly high and still increasing rates in the United States, Europe, the Middle East, and parts of Asia. Importantly, obesity is no longer viewed solely as a lifestyle issue but as a chronic, relapsing, multisystem disease that drives long‑term morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs.

The burden of obesity is amplified by its strong causal links to a wide spectrum of comorbidities, including type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, chronic kidney disease, and liver disorders—most notably Metabolic Dysfunction–Associated Steatotic Liver Disease (MASLD)—as well as several cancers. Increasing evidence also links obesity to neurological and neurodegenerative conditions, including vascular dementia and Alzheimer’s disease, further expanding its societal and economic impact. As a result, obesity sits at the center of converging metabolic, inflammatory, cardiovascular, and oncologic disease pathways, making it a major focus for health systems and biopharma innovation.

The global obesity therapeutics market is undergoing unprecedented expansion. In 2026, analyst revisions now project the market reaching $150 billion by 2030, reflecting one of the fastest growth trajectories in pharmaceutical history. This acceleration is driven by rising prevalence across all age groups, earlier diagnosis, increased recognition of obesity as a treatable disease, and a historic shift in reimbursement policies, including expanded coverage under Medicare for patients with established cardiovascular risk.

Key additional growth drivers include the expansion of obesity treatment beyond simple weight loss into the prevention of downstream cardiometabolic and liver disease. There is also a notable shift toward long‑term, chronic management paradigms and the emergence of "oral revolutions," where highly effective pill-based formulations are broadening adoption among younger and needle-hesitant populations.

The market has been fundamentally reshaped by the rapid adoption of incretin‑based therapies, particularly GLP‑1 receptor agonists and multi-receptor agonists (e.g., Ozempic™, Wegovy™, Zepbound™). These agents have demonstrated unprecedented weight‑loss efficacy and emerging benefits across cardiovascular and renal outcomes.

Despite transforming obesity care, hormone‑based therapies have important limitations, including high cost, gastrointestinal tolerability issues, and uncertainty around lifelong use. Critically, data reveals a clinically meaningful rate of non‑response, affecting approximately 10–30% of patients who fail to achieve ≥5% weight loss despite adequate dosing. This highlights the biological heterogeneity of obesity and underscores the urgent need for complementary or non‑hormonal approaches, particularly for patients who hit metabolic plateaus or cannot tolerate hormonal side effects.

As obesity increasingly affects younger populations and becomes a true lifelong condition, there is growing recognition that additional therapeutic modalities will be required to complement or substitute hormone‑based approaches. Within this evolving landscape, there is strong interest in non‑hormonal alternatives that offer differentiated safety profiles and easier chronic use. Programs positioned in this space are essential for expanding the treatable population and supporting the next phase of sustainable, long-term disease management.

Legacy Cell Therapy Programs

We were historically involved in developing adoptive T-cell receptor (TCR) engineered T-cell therapies (TCR-T) targeting solid tumors using our proprietary non-viral Sleeping Beauty gene transfer platform and hunTR TCR discovery engine. These programs were being developed in collaboration with The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center in a Phase 1/2 TCR-T Library Trial. In August 2023, due to substantial development costs and the challenging financing environment, we announced a strategic reprioritization and discontinued further clinical development of our TCR-T programs. Efforts to consummate a sale or out-license transaction of this intellectual property portfolio have been unsuccessful to date.

Preclinical and Clinical Development

Manufacturing

We have no internal manufacturing capability and outsource the production of active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) and drug product for our preclinical small-molecule obesity program to third-party contract development and manufacturing organizations (CDMOs) with experience in small-molecule synthesis and production. We currently rely on a limited number of CDMOs for API supply, and we may depend on single or limited sources for certain raw materials or specialized services. We are engaged in chemistry, manufacturing, and controls (CMC) activities to support formulation optimization, small-scale production, and future IND-enabling studies. Reliance on third-party manufacturers involves risks, including potential delays in supply, quality or purity issues, regulatory compliance challenges, and increased costs.

Intellectual Property

Our goal is to obtain, maintain and enforce patent and trade secret protection for our product candidates, formulations, processes, methods and other proprietary technologies. We strive to preserve our trade secrets and other confidential information and to operate without infringing the proprietary rights of other parties. Our policy is to actively seek the strongest possible intellectual property protection for our technology and product candidates through a combination of license agreements and owned patents, both in the United States and abroad.

Obesity and Metabolic Disorders Program

For our small-molecule obesity program (including lead candidate ALN1003), we are pursuing intellectual property protection through pending and planned patent applications directed to compositions of matter, methods of use, formulations, and related technologies. We have initiated a computational chemistry effort to conceive, manufacture and evaluate analogs of our product candidates to expand and strengthen our patent portfolio. As with our legacy assets, we currently have no issued patents protecting the obesity and metabolic disorders program, and protection is limited to pending applications and trade secret safeguards.

Legacy TCR-T Programs

As of December 31, 2025, we have six families of pending patent applications covering aspects of our historical TCR-T library, products, and processes (including Sleeping Beauty gene transfer and hunTR TCR discovery technologies). We currently hold no issued patents in this area.

General IP Strategy & Risks

Patent terms vary by jurisdiction and depend on filing or grant dates, claim scope, and legal remedies available. Under the Hatch-Waxman Act, certain patents may qualify for up to five years of term extension (not exceeding 14 years from approval) to offset development and regulatory delays, subject to USPTO/FDA review. We intend to pursue such extensions where applicable, but there is no assurance of success.

We also rely on trade secrets and confidentiality agreements to protect unpatentable know-how, proprietary methods, and other confidential information. Employees, consultants, and contractors are generally required to assign inventions to us and enter into confidentiality obligations.

Our IP position is subject to significant risks, including challenges to patentability, enforceability, or validity; third-party infringement claims; and dependence on licensed rights (see License Agreements below). Please refer to Item 1A, “Risk Factors — Risks Related to Our Intellectual Property” for a detailed discussion of these and other risks that could materially impair our ability to protect or commercialize our technologies and candidates.

License Agreements

We have historically relied on license and research agreements to access key technologies for our former TCR-T cell therapy programs. The most material of these agreements are summarized below. We no longer have active clinical development under these arrangements following our August 2023 strategic reprioritization and wind-down of the TCR-T Library Phase 1/2 Trial.

MD Anderson License and Research Agreements

In January 2015, we entered into an exclusive worldwide license agreement (the “MD Anderson License”) with The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center (“MD Anderson”) for certain technologies related to non-viral gene transfer, genetic modification of immune cells, TCRs, and other cellular therapy approaches. In August 2015, we, together with Precigen (formerly Intrexon), entered into a research and development agreement (the “2015 R&D Agreement”) to facilitate the transfer and development of these technologies. Precigen’s rights were later assigned to us.

The MD Anderson License and related agreements were amended several times to extend terms and adjust funding obligations. In October 2019, we entered into a separate 2019 R&D Agreement focused on TCR library expansion and clinical development. Under these arrangements, we funded specified research and development activities and agreed to pay royalties on net sales of resulting TCR products (if any), as well as

potential milestone payments tied to clinical and regulatory progress (aggregate potential milestones up to $36.5 million, with only $3.0 million due prior to first marketing approval).

The MD Anderson License term continues until the later of the expiration of all licensed patents or 20 years from the agreement date, after which we retain a perpetual, royalty-free license. MD Anderson retains certain rights to terminate or convert licenses to non-exclusive under specified conditions (e.g., failure to meet diligence requirements or commercial efforts). Either party may terminate for uncured material breach or certain insolvency events.

Current Status

Following our August 2023 strategic reprioritization and wind-down of the TCR-T Library Phase 1/2 Trial, we are no longer conducting clinical development under these agreements. Efforts to consummate a sale or out-license transaction of this intellectual property portfolio have been unsuccessful to date.

In December 2025, we entered into a Settlement and Release Agreement with MD Anderson to fully resolve outstanding invoices and payment disputes arising from historical activities under the 2015 and 2019 R&D Agreements. Under the terms of the settlement, we agreed to make payments totaling $285,000 in six installments through May 30, 2026, in full satisfaction of all amounts due. The agreement includes mutual general releases (subject to customary exceptions) and does not affect our retained intellectual property rights under the MD Anderson License.

Risks

Our ability to realize value from these legacy agreements and related IP is subject to significant risks, including termination rights, diligence requirements, and third-party claims. For a full discussion, see Item 1A, “Risk Factors — Risks Related to Our Intellectual Property” and “Risks Related to Our Strategic Reprioritization.”

Governmental Regulation and Product Approval

Government authorities in the United States (at the federal, state and local level) and in other countries and jurisdictions extensively regulate, among other things, the research, development, preclinical and clinical testing, manufacturing, quality control, labeling, packaging, storage, record-keeping, promotion, advertising, sale, distribution, post-approval monitoring and reporting, marketing and export and import of pharmaceutical products such as those we are developing. Our product candidates must be approved by the FDA before they may be legally marketed in the United States and by the appropriate foreign regulatory agency before they may be legally marketed in foreign countries. Generally, our activities in other countries will be subject to regulation that is similar in nature and scope as that imposed in the United States, although there can be important differences. The process for obtaining regulatory marketing approvals and the subsequent compliance with applicable federal, state, local and foreign statutes and regulations require the expenditure of substantial time and financial resources.

U.S. Regulatory Process

In the United States, the FDA regulates small-molecule drugs under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act and implementing regulations. Before human testing can begin, we must submit an Investigational New Drug application (IND) to the FDA containing preclinical data, manufacturing information, and a proposed clinical protocol. The IND becomes effective 30 days after submission unless the FDA places a clinical hold. We have not yet filed an IND for any product candidate and are currently in the preclinical stage.

Clinical development typically occurs in three phases: Phase 1 (safety in healthy volunteers or patients), Phase 2 (preliminary efficacy and dosing), and Phase 3 (confirmatory efficacy and safety in larger populations). Clinical trials must comply with Good Clinical Practices (GCP) and be overseen by institutional review boards (IRBs). Before marketing approval, we would submit a New Drug Application (NDA) demonstrating safety and efficacy, followed by FDA review, potential advisory committee input, and facility inspections for compliance with current Good Manufacturing Practices (cGMP). Approval may be subject to restrictions, post-marketing studies (Phase 4), or Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategies (REMS).

Even if approved, marketed products remain subject to ongoing FDA regulation, including adverse event reporting, labeling changes, and manufacturing inspections. Failure to comply with regulatory requirements can result in warning letters, product recalls, clinical holds, approval withdrawal, or civil/criminal penalties.

Coverage, Pricing, and Reimbursement

Significant uncertainty exists regarding third-party payor coverage and reimbursement for any product candidates that may receive marketing approval. In the United States, third-party payors (government programs, private insurers) increasingly challenge pricing, medical necessity, and cost-effectiveness. Inadequate reimbursement could limit market acceptance and our ability to generate revenue.

Other Laws

We are subject to federal and state healthcare fraud and abuse laws (e.g., Anti-Kickback Statute, False Claims Act), as well as foreign equivalents, which restrict certain business practices and relationships with healthcare providers and payors. Compliance with these laws involves significant costs and risks.

The regulatory process is subject to change, including through new legislation or FDA policies, which could delay or prevent approval of our product candidates. For a more detailed discussion of these and other regulatory risks, see Item 1A, “Risk Factors — Risks Related to Our Ability to Commercialize Our Product Candidates.”

Competition

The obesity treatment market is highly competitive and rapidly evolving. We are developing an oral, small-molecule candidate (ALN1003) with a differentiated, non-hormonal, non-incretin approach. However, numerous pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies are actively developing or marketing competing obesity treatments, including GLP-1 receptor agonists, dual/triple agonists, and other mechanisms. Many of these competitors have significantly greater financial resources, clinical development experience, manufacturing capabilities, regulatory expertise, and commercial infrastructure than we do. Key competitors in the obesity space include (but are not limited to) companies such as Novo Nordisk, Eli Lilly, Amgen, Pfizer, Viking Therapeutics, Structure Therapeutics, and others.

If competitors develop and commercialize products that are more effective, safer, better tolerated, easier to administer, or less expensive than our candidates, or if they obtain regulatory approval more quickly, our potential market opportunity could be significantly reduced. Competitive factors that may affect any future product include efficacy, safety, tolerability, ease of administration, price, reimbursement, and market access.

Employees and Human Capital Resources

As of March 31, 2026, we had one full-time employee and no part-time employees. Our employee is not subject to a collective bargaining agreement.

Given our current size and strategic focus, we rely heavily on consultants and external advisors to perform key functions, including finance, legal, regulatory, and preclinical development activities. Several material consulting agreements remain in place to support business continuity and execution of our obesity program and strategic alternatives review.

Our human capital strategy emphasizes retaining and incentivizing our limited internal team while effectively managing consultant relationships to advance our objectives with constrained resources. We maintain equity incentive plans (including the 2020 Equity Incentive Plan) to attract, retain, and motivate employees, consultants, and directors through stock-based compensation awards and, where applicable, cash-based performance bonuses.

The small size of our workforce and dependence on consultants increase execution risk for our remaining programs and strategic initiatives.

Departure of Dale Curtis Hogue, Jr. as Chief Executive Officer and Director

On July 1, 2025, Dale Curtis Hogue, Jr. notified the Company of his resignation from the board of directors (the “Board”) of Alaunos Company and his position as Chief Executive Officer, effective immediately. His departure was not due to any disagreement with the Company.

On the same day, Mr. Hogue entered into a Consulting Agreement with the Company, effective July 1, 2025 (the “Consulting Agreement”), pursuant to which Mr. Hogue will continue providing strategic and advisory services to the Company. The Consulting Agreement will continue until terminated by either party. The Consulting Agreement provides for compensation at a fixed rate of $250 per hour and reimbursement by the Company for any usual and customary expenses incurred by Mr. Hogue in connection with performing services pursuant to the Consulting Agreement.

Mr. Weis Engagement

Effective July 2, 2025, the Company entered into an employment agreement with Mr. Weis in connection with his appointment as Chief Executive Officer.

Pursuant to the employment agreement, Mr. Weis is entitled to an annual base salary of $275,000. In addition, Mr. Weis was granted an option to purchase 130,000 shares of the Company’s common stock at an exercise price of $5.06 per share. One-fourth of the option vested and became exercisable on the grant date, and the remaining three-fourths vest in equal installments over three years on each quarterly anniversary of the grant date, beginning October 2, 2025, subject to Mr. Weis’s continued employment with the Company through each applicable vesting date. Any unvested portion of the option will be forfeited upon the termination of Mr. Weis’s employment with the Company. The option grant is

governed by the Company’s 2020 Equity Incentive Plan and the applicable stock option agreement thereunder.

Appointment of Michael A. Jerman

On July 15, 2025, the board of directors of the Company appointed Mr. Michael A. Jerman, as a director of the Company. Mr. Jerman filled the vacancy created by Mr. Dale Curtis Hogue’s resignation. Mr. Jerman was also appointed to the Audit Committee and the Compensation Committee of the Board, replacing Mr. Holger Weis, who was appointed Chief Executive Officer of the Company. Mr. Jerman serves as the chair of the Audit Committee. The Board has determined that Mr. Jerman meets the requirements for independence under the applicable listing standards of the Nasdaq Stock Market LLC and the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.

Departure of Melinda Lackey as Legal & Administration, Corporate Secretary

On July 16, 2025, Melinda Lackey notified the Company that, pursuant to Section 1 of the November 11, 2023 Consulting Agreement (the “Agreement”) between the parties, she was terminating the agreement, effective 30 days from the date of the notice, or August 15, 2025 (the “Effective Date”). Concurrent with this notice, Ms. Lackey resigned as Legal and Administrative Officer and as the Company’s corporate secretary as of the Effective Date. Ms. Lackey's departure is not the result of any disagreement with the Company on any matter related to the Company's operations, policies or procedures.

Appointment of Ferdinand Groenewald as Corporate Secretary

On August 14, 2025, the Board of Directors of the Company appointed Mr. Ferdinand Groenewald as Corporate Secretary effective upon the resignation of Ms. Lackey.

Corporate Information

We originally incorporated in Colorado in September 1998 (under the name Net Escapes, Inc.) and later changed our name to “EasyWeb, Inc.” in February 1999. We re-incorporated in Delaware on May 16, 2005 under the same name. On September 13, 2005, we completed a “reverse” acquisition of privately held Ziopharm, Inc., a Delaware corporation. To effect this transaction, we caused ZIO Acquisition Corp., our wholly-owned subsidiary, to merge with and into Ziopharm, Inc., with Ziopharm, Inc. surviving as our wholly owned subsidiary. Following the merger, we caused Ziopharm, Inc. to merge with and into us and we changed our name to “Ziopharm Oncology, Inc.” As a result, Ziopharm, Inc. became the registrant with the Securities and Exchange Commission, or the SEC, and the historical financial statements of Ziopharm, Inc. became our historical financial statements. On January 25, 2022, we filed a Certificate of Amendment to our Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation with the Delaware Secretary of State to change our name to Alaunos Therapeutics, Inc.

Our principal executive offices are located at 501 E. Las Olas Blvd., Suite 300, Fort Lauderdale, Florida 33301, and our telephone number is (346) 355-4099.

Available Information

Our website address is www.alaunos.com. Our website and information included in or linked to our website are not part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. We file reports with the SEC, which we make available on our website free of charge. These reports include annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K and amendments to such reports, each of which is provided on our website as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file such materials with or furnish them to the SEC. In addition, the SEC maintains a website (www.sec.gov) that contains reports, proxy and information statements and other information regarding issuers, like us, that file electronically with the SEC.

Item 1A. Risk Factors

An investment in our common stock is risky. In addition to the other information in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, you should carefully consider the following risk factors in evaluating us and our business. If any of the events described in the following risk factors were to occur, our business, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows and prospects would likely be materially and adversely affected. In that event, the trading price of our common stock could decline, and you could lose all or a part of your investment in our common stock. Therefore, we urge you to carefully review this entire Annual Report on Form 10-K and consider the risk factors discussed below. Moreover, the risks described below are not the only ones that we face. Additional risks not presently known to us or that we currently deem immaterial may also affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows and prospects. Additional risks that we currently do not know about, or that we currently believe to be immaterial, may also impair our business, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows and prospects. Certain statements below are forward-looking statements. See “Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” in this Annual Report.

RISKS RELATED TO OUR REPRIORITIZATION, FINANCIAL POSITION AND CAPITAL REQUIREMENTS

*Our strategic reprioritization to progress our Obesity and Metabolic Program may not be successful, may not yield the desired results and we may be unsuccessful in identifying and implementing any alternate strategic transaction.

On August 14, 2023, we announced a strategic reprioritization of our business and wind-down of our TCR-T Library Phase 1/2 Trial. In connection with the reprioritization, we reduced our workforce by approximately 95% and continue to reduce costs to extend our cash runway. We had previously engaged Cantor Fitzgerald & Co. to act as strategic advisor for this process; the engagement was terminated effective January 8, 2026. Efforts to consummate a sale or out-license transaction of this legacy intellectual property portfolio have been unsuccessful to date.

We are not actively pursuing broad strategic alternatives such as acquisitions, mergers, or sales of the Company. Our primary focus is advancing our internally developed small-molecule Obesity and Metabolic Disorders Program.

We devote substantial time and resources to the advancement of our Obesity and Metabolic Disorders Program. There can be no assurance that this program will succeed, that we will be able to advance it through IND-enabling studies, or that we will secure the additional capital required to do so.

The process of advancing our Obesity and Metabolic Disorders Program is costly and resource-intensive. We have incurred, and will continue to incur, significant costs related to preclinical studies, formulation development, manufacturing, and regulatory activities.

Any strategic transaction or financing would likely depend primarily on the perceived value and progress of our Obesity and Metabolic Disorders Program. In addition, any strategic business combination or other transactions that we may consummate in the future could have a variety of negative consequences and we may implement a course of action or consummate a transaction that yields unexpected results that adversely affect our business and decreases the remaining cash available for use in our business or the execution of our strategic plan. Any potential transaction would be dependent on a number of factors that may be beyond our control, including, among other things, market conditions, industry trends, the interest of third parties in a potential transaction with us, obtaining stockholder approval and the availability of financing to third parties in a potential transaction with us on reasonable terms. Any failure of such potential transaction to achieve the anticipated results could significantly impair our ability to enter into any future strategic transactions and may significantly diminish or delay any future distributions to our stockholders.

We believe that the potential value of our Obesity and Metabolic Disorders Program for patients and our stockholders is high, but that expectation may not be recognized by potential partners, investors, or the market. We may be forced to accept terms in any future financing or transaction that undervalue or limit the Obesity and Metabolic Disorders Program if such transaction is determined to be in the best interest of the stockholders.

If we are not successful in advancing our Obesity and Metabolic Disorders Program, or if our plans are not executed in a timely fashion, this may cause reputational harm with our stockholders and the value of our securities may be adversely impacted. In addition, speculation regarding any developments related to the review of strategic alternatives and perceived uncertainties related to the future of the Company could cause our stock price to fluctuate significantly.

*We will require substantial additional financial resources to continue as a going concern and to advance our Obesity and Metabolic Program, and if we raise additional funds, this may materially and negatively affect the value of your investment in our common stock.

We have not generated significant revenue and have incurred significant net losses in each year since our inception. For the year ended December 31, 2025, we had a net loss of $4.2 million, and, as of December 31, 2025, our accumulated deficit since inception in 2003 was $924.6 million. Following the closure and wind down of our TCR-T Library Phase 1/2 Trial and a reduction in force to reduce operating expenditures and net losses, we also internally developed an Obesity and Metabolic Disorders Program whereby we are now performing preclinical studies.

As of December 31, 2025, we have approximately $1.4 million of cash and cash equivalents. Following implementation of the Plan, we anticipate our cash resources will be sufficient to fund our operations into the second quarter of 2026. We have terminated our engagement with Cantor Fitzgerald & Co. as strategic advisor effective January 8, 2026. Efforts to consummate a sale or out-license transaction of this legacy intellectual

property portfolio have been unsuccessful to date. We are not actively pursuing broad strategic alternatives. Our primary focus is advancing our Obesity and Metabolic Disorders Program.

We have no committed sources of additional capital at this time. Accordingly, we could exhaust our current cash resources before we are able to meaningfully advance our Obesity and Metabolic Disorders Program, requiring the Company to raise additional capital on uncertain terms or at all.

We anticipate that advancing our Obesity and Metabolic Disorders Program will make it more difficult to raise additional capital on favorable terms. To the extent that we raise additional capital by issuing equity securities, our existing stockholders’ ownership will be diluted, and the terms of these securities may include liquidation or other preferences that adversely affect the rights of our common stockholders. Debt financing and preferred equity financing, if available, may involve agreements that include covenants limiting or restricting our ability to take specific actions, such as incurring additional debt, creating liens, making capital expenditures or declaring dividends.

We follow the guidance of Accounting Standards Codification, or ASC, Topic 205-40, Presentation of Financial Statements - Going Concern, in order to determine whether there is substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern for one year after the date our financial statements are issued. Based on the current cash forecast, management has determined that our present capital resources will not be sufficient to fund our planned operations for at least one year from the issuance date of the financial statements, which raises substantial doubt as to our ability to continue as a going concern.

The forecast of cash resources is forward-looking information that involves risks and uncertainties, and our actual cash requirements may vary materially from our current expectations for a number of other factors that may include, but are not limited to, the progress of our Obesity and Metabolic Disorders Program. Global political and economic events, including the wars in Ukraine and Iran, may increase inflation and result in a significant disruption of global financial markets. If the disruption persists and deepens, we could experience an inability to access additional capital or make the terms of any available financing less attractive, which could in the future negatively affect our operations.

We have incurred significant operating losses since our inception and expect to incur significant losses for the foreseeable future.

We expect our operating losses and negative operating cash flows to continue for the foreseeable future as we continue to advance our Obesity and Metabolic Disorders Program through the preclinical stage of development, maintain the infrastructure necessary to support these activities and continue to incur costs associated with operating as a public company. We do not expect to generate any revenue from the sale of products for a number of years, if at all, and any such revenue will not be realized unless and until we obtain marketing approval for and successfully launch and commercialize a product candidate. If we obtain marketing approval for any current or future product candidates that we develop, we expect to incur significant commercialization expenses related to product sales, marketing, distribution and manufacturing. Some of these expenses may be incurred in advance of marketing approval and could be substantial.

Our operating expenses and net losses may fluctuate significantly from quarter to quarter and year to year, and we expect to continue to incur significant expenses and operating losses for the foreseeable future, particularly to the extent we:

Even if we successfully complete clinical trials and obtain regulatory approval for one or more of our product candidates, our ability to generate product revenue sufficient to achieve profitability will depend heavily on the successful commercialization of those product candidates. Because of the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with product development, we are unable to predict the timing or amount of increased expenses or when or if we will be able to achieve profitability. In addition, even if we are able to generate revenue from product sales, we may not become profitable.

Raising additional capital in the future may cause dilution to our stockholders, restrict our operations or require us to relinquish rights to product candidates or our technology. In addition, the issuance of shares of common stock upon the exercise of our outstanding prefunded warrants or common stock warrants will result in immediate and substantial dilution to our existing stockholders.

Unless and until we can generate a substantial amount of product revenue, we expect to seek additional capital through a combination of public or private equity offerings, debt, collaborations, licensing arrangements or other sources. Our issuance of additional securities, whether equity or debt, or the possibility of such issuance, may cause the market price of our common stock to decline, and our stockholders may not agree with our plans for additional capital or the terms of such capital. To the extent that we raise additional capital through the sale of equity or convertible debt securities, our stockholders’ ownership interest will be diluted, and the terms of these securities may include liquidation or other preferences that adversely affect the rights of our existing stockholders. In addition, the issuance of shares of common stock upon the exercise of our outstanding prefunded warrants or common stock warrants will result in immediate and substantial dilution to our existing stockholders. Similarly, if we issue additional shares of our common stock in one or more public or private offerings in the future, our existing stockholders will suffer further dilution. In addition, the incurrence of any indebtedness would result in additional payment obligations and is likely to involve restrictive covenants limiting our flexibility in conducting future business activities, and, in the event of insolvency, would be repaid before holders of our equity securities received any distribution of our corporate assets. Further, in raising funds through our collaborations and licensing arrangements with third parties, we have had to, and may in the future need to, relinquish valuable rights, partially or fully, to our technologies, future revenue streams, research programs or product candidates and grant licenses on terms unfavorable to us. In addition, securing additional capital would require a substantial amount of time and attention from our management and may divert a disproportionate amount of their attention away from day-to-day activities, which may adversely affect our management’s ability to oversee the development of our product candidates.

If we are unable to successfully advance our obesity and metabolic disorders program or raise sufficient additional capital, our Board of Directors may ultimately decide to pursue a dissolution and liquidation.

There can be no assurance that we will successfully advance our Obesity and Metabolic Disorders Program or raise sufficient additional capital. If we are unable to do so, our Board of Directors may decide to pursue a dissolution and liquidation. In such an event, the amount of cash available for distribution to our stockholders will depend heavily on the timing of such decision and, with the passage of time, the amount of cash available for distribution will be reduced as we continue to fund our operations and advance our Obesity and Metabolic Disorders Program. In addition, if our Board of Directors were to approve and recommend, and our stockholders were to approve, a dissolution and liquidation, we would be required under Delaware corporate law to pay our outstanding obligations, as well as to make reasonable provision for contingent and unknown obligations, prior to making any distributions in liquidation to our stockholders. As a result of this requirement, a portion of our assets may need to be reserved pending the resolution of such obligations and the timing of any such resolution is uncertain. In addition, we may be subject to litigation or other claims related to a dissolution and liquidation. If a dissolution and liquidation were pursued, our Board of Directors, in consultation with our advisors, would need to evaluate these matters and make a determination about a reasonable amount to reserve. Accordingly, holders of our common stock could lose all or a significant portion of their investment in the event of a liquidation, dissolution or winding up.

RISKS RELATED TO OUR BUSINESS

* We are currently deficient under Nasdaq’s stockholders’ equity continued listing requirement and remain at risk of delisting, which could materially harm our liquidity, stock price, and ability to consummate strategic transactions.

On April 7, 2025, we received a notice from Nasdaq that our stockholders’ equity, as reported in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024 ($2,063,000), did not satisfy Nasdaq Listing Rule 5550(b)(1), which requires minimum stockholders’ equity of $2,500,000 for continued listing on the Nasdaq Capital Market. On August 19, 2025, Nasdaq notified the Company that it had regained compliance with the continued listing requirements of the Nasdaq Capital Market. Based on the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended June 30, 2025, evidencing stockholders’ equity of $3.66 million, the Listing Qualifications staff determined that the Company now complies with the Nasdaq Listing Rules and confirmed that the matter is closed. Our stockholders’ equity as of December 31, 2025 was $2.2 million, which remains below the $2,500,000 threshold. We are likely to receive a notice from Nasdaq and may have 45 calendar days from the date of the notice to submit a compliance plan, and if accepted, we may be granted up to 180 calendar days from the date of the notice to evidence compliance. There can be no assurance that our compliance plan will be accepted or that we will regain compliance within any granted period. Given our current trading price of approximately $3.15 per share, the immediate risk of a Minimum Bid Price deficiency is lower at this time; however, our stock price remains volatile and a future decline could still trigger a separate delisting notice.

Previously, we addressed and resolved a Minimum Bid Price deficiency under Nasdaq Listing Rule 5450(a)(1). We regained compliance on February 16, 2024, and successfully completed the mandatory one-year Panel Monitor period on February 16, 2025. Given our current trading price, the immediate risk of a new Minimum Bid Price deficiency is lower at this time; however, our stock price remains volatile and a future decline below $1.00 could still trigger a separate delisting notice. In the past, we effected a reverse stock split to address a bid price deficiency, and shareholders may not approve another reverse stock split if required in the future. Even if approved and effected, there can be no assurance that a reverse stock split would increase or sustain the trading price above $1.00 or maintain compliance.

If our common stock is delisted by Nasdaq (whether due to stockholders’ equity, minimum bid price, or any other rule), it could lead to a number of negative implications, including an adverse effect on the price of our common stock, deterring broker-dealers from making a market in or

otherwise seeking or generating interest in our common stock, increased volatility in our common stock, reduced liquidity in our common stock, the loss of federal preemption of state securities laws and greater difficulty in obtaining financing. Delisting could also cause a loss of confidence of our collaborators, vendors, suppliers and employees, which could harm our business and future prospects.

If our common stock is delisted by Nasdaq, the price of our common stock may decline, and although our common stock may be eligible to trade on the OTC Bulletin Board, another over-the-counter quotation system, or on the pink sheets, an investor may find it more difficult to dispose of their common stock or obtain accurate quotations as to the market value of our common stock. If our common stock is delisted from Nasdaq, trading in our securities may be subject to the SEC’s “penny stock” rules. These “penny stock” rules will require brokers trading in our common stock to adhere to more stringent rules and possibly result in a reduced level of trading activity in the secondary trading market for our common stock. The additional burdens imposed upon broker-dealers by these requirements may discourage broker-dealers from recommending transactions in our securities, which could severely limit the liquidity of our securities and consequently adversely affect the market price for our securities. Furthermore, if our common stock is delisted, we would expect it to have an adverse impact on our ability to raise capital or advance our obesity program.

Further, if our common stock is delisted, we would incur additional costs under state blue sky laws in connection with any sales of our securities. These requirements could severely limit the market liquidity of our common stock and the ability of our stockholders to sell our common stock in the secondary market.

*We have identified a material weakness and may identify more in the future or otherwise fail to maintain an effective system of internal controls, which may result in material misstatements of our financial statements or could have a material adverse effect on our business and trading price of our securities.

We are subject to the reporting requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, or the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, and the rules and regulations of the Nasdaq Capital Market. Pursuant to Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, we are required to perform system and process evaluation and testing of our internal control over financial reporting to allow our management to report on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. Based on that evaluation, our principal executive officer and principal financial officer have concluded that as of December 31, 2025, our disclosure controls and procedures were not effective due to a material weakness in internal control over financial reporting related to the lack of sufficient personnel to allow for the required segregation of duties. We may also be required to have our independent registered public accounting firm issue an opinion on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting on an annual basis.

We have identified material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting in the past. A material weakness is a deficiency, or combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of our financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis.

Because we currently have only one full-time employee—our Chief Executive Officer—who performs or oversees multiple functions, and we rely on outside consultants (including for accounting and financial reporting functions).

Although the material weaknesses identified in the past have been remediated, we cannot assure you that any measures we have taken or may take in the future will be sufficient to avoid potential future material weaknesses. If we are unable to successfully remediate any future material weakness and maintain effective internal controls, we may not have adequate, accurate or timely financial information, and we may be unable to meet our reporting obligations as a public company, including the requirements of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, we may be unable to accurately report our financial results in future periods, or report them within the timeframe required by the requirements of the SEC, Nasdaq or the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. Failure to comply with the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, when and as applicable, could also potentially subject us to sanctions or investigations by the SEC or other regulatory authorities. Any failure to maintain or implement required new or improved controls, or any difficulties we encounter in their implementation, could result in the identification of additional material weaknesses or significant deficiencies, cause us to fail to meet our reporting obligations or result in material misstatements in our financial statements. Furthermore, if we cannot provide reliable financial reports or prevent fraud, our business, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows and prospects could be materially harmed and investors could lose confidence in our reported financial information.

We have no products approved for commercial sale and have not generated any revenue from product sales. We may never generate any revenue from product sales or become profitable and, if we achieve profitability, we may not be able to sustain it.

To date, we have not generated any revenue from product sales. We do not expect to generate any revenue from the sale of products for a number of years, and we may never generate revenue from the sale of products. Our ability to generate revenue from product sales depends on a number of factors, including our ability to:

Because of the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with biopharmaceutical product development, we are unable to accurately predict the timing or amount of expenses we may incur in connection with these activities prior to generating revenue from product sales. In addition, we may never succeed in these activities, and, even if we do, we may never generate revenues that are significant enough to achieve profitability. Even if we do achieve profitability, we may not be able to sustain or increase profitability on a quarterly or annual basis. Our failure to become and remain profitable would depress the value of our company and could impair our ability to raise capital, expand our business, maintain our research and development efforts, diversify our product candidates or even continue our operations. A decline in the value of our company could also cause our stockholders to lose all or part of their investment.

Our obesity program is in an early preclinical stage and faces significant risks as we progress through additional animal studies and pursue a pathway to conducting IND enabling studies. We may never be able to advance the program to an IND filing, commercialize any product candidate, generate significant revenues, or attain profitability.

Our obesity assets are small molecules that have undergone limited testing in two non-GLP diet-induced obesity (DIO) mouse studies. These early studies showed dose-related body weight loss, favorable body composition changes, reductions in liver weight, and improvements in select biomarkers associated with liver injury compared to untreated controls. However, these results are from non-GLP studies in a single animal model and are subject to the inherent risks and limitations of preclinical development. The data from these studies are based on analyses to date and remain subject to further review as additional animal studies are completed. As we progress through additional animal studies, optimized formulation development, refined manufacturing processes, and IND-enabling toxicology and other studies, it is possible that the small molecules will demonstrate unanticipated safety or tolerability issues, or lack of consistent efficacy across models or species.

Preclinical data in animal models are not necessarily predictive of results in later studies or in humans, and many product candidates that appear promising in early animal testing fail to advance. Manufacturing small molecules for ongoing preclinical work and potential future IND-enabling or clinical use involves complex synthesis, scale-up, purity, and stability challenges that may cause delays, increased costs, or failure to produce material of suitable quality. We will require substantial additional capital to complete additional animal studies, conduct full IND-enabling work (including GLP toxicology, CMC, and other regulatory requirements), file an IND, and conduct any future clinical trials. There can be no assurance that we will be able to raise sufficient capital on acceptable terms, or at all, or that the data from additional studies will support progression to IND filing. These factors, combined with intense competition from multiple approved GLP-1-based and other obesity therapies, make it highly uncertain whether we will ever successfully advance our obesity program to IND status or commercialize any product candidate.

Our business is highly dependent on the success of our Obesity and Metabolic Disorders Program, which is in the early stages of development and will require significant additional preclinical and clinical development before we can seek regulatory approval for and commercially launch a product.

Commencing clinical trials in the U.S. is subject to acceptance by the FDA of an IND and finalizing the trial design based on discussions with the FDA and other regulatory authorities. In the event that the FDA requires us to complete additional preclinical studies, or we are required to satisfy other FDA requests prior to commencing clinical trials, the start of our clinical trials may be delayed. Even after we receive and incorporate guidance from these regulatory authorities, the FDA or other regulatory authorities could disagree that we have satisfied their requirements to commence any clinical trial or change their position on the acceptability of our trial design or the clinical endpoints selected, which may require us to complete additional preclinical studies or clinical trials or impose stricter approval conditions than we currently expect. There are equivalent processes and risks applicable to clinical trial applications in other countries, including countries in the European Union, or EU.

To date, we have had no interactions with the FDA regarding our Obesity and Metabolic Disorders Program. We may experience issues surrounding preliminary trial execution, such as delays in FDA acceptance of any future INDs, revisions in trial design and finalization of trial protocols, difficulties with patient recruitment and enrollment, quality and provision of clinical supplies, or early safety signals.

We are not permitted to market any pharmaceutical product in the U.S. until we receive approval of a New Drug Application, or NDA, from the FDA. We have not previously submitted an NDA to the FDA, or similar marketing application to comparable foreign regulatory authorities. An NDA must include extensive preclinical and clinical data and supporting information to establish that the product candidate is safe, pure and

potent for each desired indication. An NDA must also include significant information regarding the chemistry, manufacturing and controls for the product.

FDA approval of an NDA is not guaranteed, and the review and approval process is expensive, uncertain and may take several years. The FDA also has substantial discretion in the approval process. The number and types of preclinical studies and clinical trials that will be required for an NDA approval varies depending on the product candidate, the disease or the condition that the product candidate is designed to treat and the regulations applicable to any particular product candidate. Despite the time and expense associated with preclinical studies and clinical trials, failure can occur at any stage.

The FDA may also require a panel of experts, referred to as an Advisory Committee, to deliberate on the adequacy of the safety and efficacy data to support approval. The opinion of the Advisory Committee, although not binding, may have a significant impact on our ability to obtain approval of any product candidate that we develop based on the completed clinical trials.

Generally, public concern regarding the safety of biopharmaceutical products could delay or limit our ability to obtain regulatory approval, result in the inclusion of unfavorable information in our labeling or require us to undertake other activities that may entail additional costs. We have not obtained FDA approval for any product. This lack of experience may impede our ability to obtain FDA approval in a timely manner, if at all, for any current or future product candidates.

The success of our business, including our ability to finance our company and generate any revenue in the future, will primarily depend on the successful development, regulatory approval and commercialization of our current and any future product candidates, which may never occur. However, given our early stage of development, it will be years before we are able to demonstrate the safety and efficacy of a treatment sufficient to warrant approval for commercialization, and we may never be able to do so. If we are unable to develop, or obtain regulatory approval for, or, if approved, successfully commercialize our current or any future product candidates, we may not be able to generate sufficient revenue to continue our business.

Preclinical development is uncertain. Our preclinical programs may experience delays or may never advance to clinical trials, which would adversely affect our ability to obtain regulatory approvals or commercialize these programs on a timely basis or at all, which would have an adverse effect on our business.

We are in the preclinical stage of development, and the risk of failure is high. Before we can commence clinical trials for a product candidate, we must complete extensive preclinical testing and studies that support an IND in the U.S., or similar applications in other jurisdictions. We cannot be certain of the timely completion or outcome of our preclinical testing and studies, and we cannot predict if the FDA or other regulatory authorities will accept our proposed clinical programs or if the outcome of our preclinical testing and studies will ultimately support the further development of our programs. As a result, we cannot be sure that we will be able to submit an IND or similar applications for our current or future preclinical programs, including without limitation, on the timelines we expect, if at all, and we cannot be sure that submission of an IND or similar applications will result in the FDA or other regulatory authorities allowing clinical trials to begin.

*Our reliance on third parties to formulate, manufacture and perform preclinical assays on our product candidates exposes us to a number of risks that may delay the development, regulatory approval and commercialization of our products or result in higher product costs.

We have limited experience in biopharmaceutical manufacturing. We currently lack the internal resources and expertise to formulate or manufacture our own small molecule product candidates and, therefore, contract the manufacture of these with third parties for use in preclinical studies. We also intend to contract with one or more manufacturers to manufacture, supply, store, and distribute material for additional animal studies and IND-enabling work. In addition, we plan to use CDMOs, under our supervision, to perform our in vitro and in vivo preclinical studies of the small molecules. Our anticipated future reliance on a limited number of third-party manufacturers exposes us to risks including inability to identify or retain suitable manufacturers on acceptable terms, failure of manufacturers to perform as agreed, noncompliance with cGMP or other regulations, and loss of control over manufacturing processes and quality. Each of these risks could delay advancement of our obesityand metabolic disorders program or result in higher costs.

We face competition from entities that have developed or may develop programs for the medical needs we plan to address with our Obesity and Metabolic Disorders Program.

The development and commercialization of pharmaceutical products is highly competitive. If approved, ALN1003 or any other drug candidates we may develop will face significant competition and our failure to effectively compete may prevent us from achieving significant market penetration. We compete with a variety of multinational biopharmaceutical companies, specialized biotechnology companies and emerging biotechnology companies, as well as academic institutions, governmental agencies, and public and private research institutions, among others. Many of the companies with which we are currently competing or will compete against in the future have significantly greater financial resources and expertise in research and development, manufacturing, preclinical testing, conducting clinical trials, obtaining regulatory approvals, and marketing approved products than we do. Mergers and acquisitions in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industry may result in even more resources being concentrated among a smaller number of our competitors. Smaller or early-stage companies may also prove to be significant competitors, particularly through collaborative arrangements with large and established companies. These competitors also compete with us in recruiting and retaining qualified scientific and management personnel, establishing clinical trial sites and patient registration for clinical trials, as well as in acquiring technologies complementary to, or necessary for, ALN1003 and any other drug candidates we may develop.

Our operating history makes it difficult to evaluate our business and prospects.

We have not previously completed any pivotal clinical trials, submitted a BLA or demonstrated an ability to perform the functions necessary for the successful commercialization of any product candidates. If our preclinical Obesity and Metabolic Disorders Program is successful, successful commercialization of any product candidates will require us to perform a variety of functions, including:

Our operations have been limited to organizing and staffing our company, acquiring, developing and securing our proprietary product candidates, and undertaking pre-clinical animal studies of our product candidates. These operations provide a limited basis for you to assess our ability to commercialize our product candidates and the advisability of investing in our securities.

Our business subjects us to the risk of liability claims associated with the use of hazardous materials and chemicals.

Our contract research and development activities have involved and may in the future involve the controlled use of hazardous materials and chemicals. Although we believe that their safety procedures for using, storing, handling and disposing of these materials complied with federal, state and local laws and regulations, we cannot completely eliminate the risk of accidental injury or contamination from these materials. In the event of such an accident, we could be held liable for any resulting damages, and any liability could have a materially adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows and prospects. In addition, the federal, state and local laws and regulations governing the use, manufacture, storage, handling and disposal of hazardous or radioactive materials and waste products may require our contractors to incur substantial compliance costs that could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows and prospects.

We may incur substantial liabilities and may be required to limit commercialization of our products in response to product liability lawsuits.

The testing and marketing of medical products entail an inherent risk of product liability, and we will face an even greater risk if we commercially sell any medicines that we may develop. If we cannot successfully defend ourselves against product liability claims, we may incur substantial liabilities or be required to limit commercialization of our products, if approved. Even a successful defense would require significant financial and management resources. Regardless of the merit or eventual outcome, liability claims may result in:

Although we currently carry clinical trial insurance and product liability insurance which we believe to be reasonable, it may not be adequate to cover all liability that we may incur. An inability to renew our policies or to obtain sufficient insurance at an acceptable cost could prevent or inhibit the commercialization of pharmaceutical products that we develop, alone or with collaborators.

Our legacy TCR-T cell therapy programs and related intellectual property are no longer in active development and may not generate any meaningful value.

We have historically relied on license and research agreements, including the MD Anderson License and related R&D agreements, to access key technologies for our former TCR-T cell therapy programs. Following our August 2023 strategic reprioritization and wind-down of the TCR-T Library Phase 1/2 Trial, we are no longer conducting clinical development under these arrangements. In December 2025, we entered into a Settlement and Release Agreement with MD Anderson to resolve certain outstanding invoices and payment disputes related to historical research

and development activities, pursuant to which we agreed to pay $285,000 in six installments through May 30, 2026. Residual obligations, including trial close-out and long-term follow-up, may result in limited ongoing payments or interactions.

We have terminated our engagement with Cantor Fitzgerald & Co. as strategic advisor effective January 8, 2026. We are not actively pursuing broad strategic alternatives. Our primary focus is advancing our Obesity and Metabolic Disorders Program. Efforts to consummate a sale or out-license transaction of this legacy intellectual property portfolio have been unsuccessful to date. We may never realize any meaningful value from our legacy assets.

*Business disruptions could seriously harm our future revenue and financial condition and increase our costs and expenses.

Our operations, and those of our clinical investigators, contractors and consultants, are based throughout the US and other countries. These operations could be subject to power shortages, telecommunications failures, water shortages, hurricanes, floods, earthquakes, fires, extreme weather conditions, medical epidemics and other natural or man-made disasters or business interruptions, for which we maintain customary insurance policies that we believe are appropriate. The occurrence of any of these business disruptions could seriously harm our operations and financial condition and increase our costs and expenses.

Our ability to advance our Obesity and Metabolic Disorders Program depends on our ability to retain our remaining employee and consultants.

Our ability to advance our Obesity and Metabolic Disorders Program depends upon our ability to retain our remaining employee and consultants, the loss of whose services may adversely impact our progress. We are highly dependent on our sole full-time employee, who serves as our Chief Executive Officer and performs multiple executive, operational, and oversight roles. The loss of this individual’s services for any reason (including death, disability, resignation, or distraction) could severely disrupt our operations, delay advancement of our obesity program, impair our ability to meet regulatory and public-company obligations, and have a material adverse effect on our business, as there is no immediate successor or internal bench strength. We do not currently maintain key-person life insurance on this individual. Our heavy reliance on consultants for key functions such as finance (including accounting and financial reporting), legal, and other expertise further increases operational fragility, continuity risk, knowledge gaps, divided attention across clients, and the potential for coordination failures or inconsistent application of policies.

If we are unable to successfully retain our personnel, we are at risk of a disruption to our business operations.

Any future growth would impose significant added responsibilities on members of management, including the need to identify, recruit, maintain and integrate additional employees.

Due to our limited resources, we may not be able to effectively manage our operations or recruit and retain qualified personnel, which may result in weaknesses in our infrastructure and operations, risks that we may not be able to comply with legal and regulatory requirements, and loss of our employee and reduced productivity among the remaining employee and certain consultants of the Company. For example, further workforce constraints could negatively impact our ability to advance our Obesity and Metabolic Disorders Program. Our future financial performance and our ability to develop our product candidates will depend, in part, on our ability to effectively manage any future growth or restructuring, as the case may be.

We may become involved in litigation, including securities class action litigation, that could divert management’s attention and harm the Company’s business, and insurance coverage may not be sufficient to cover all costs and damages.

In the past, litigation, including securities class action litigation, has often followed certain significant business transactions, such as the sale of a company or announcement of any other strategic transaction, or the announcement of negative events, such as negative results from clinical trials. These events may also result in investigations by the SEC or other governmental agencies. We may be exposed to such litigation even if no wrongdoing occurred. Litigation is usually expensive and diverts management’s attention and resources, which could adversely affect our business and cash resources and our ability to consummate a potential strategic transaction or the ultimate value our stockholders receive in any such transaction.

* Artificial intelligence and other advanced technologies used by us, our employees, consultants, or business partners may expose us to significant risks, including the loss or unauthorized disclosure of confidential information, intellectual property, or clinical and preclinical data, while the rapidly evolving regulatory and legal landscape surrounding artificial intelligence could materially and adversely affect our business.

We and our employees, consultants, contract research organizations, contract development and manufacturing organizations, and other business partners may use commercially available artificial intelligence tools and platforms, including generative AI models, machine learning algorithms, and other advanced computational technologies, in connection with our preclinical research, data analysis, formulation development, computational chemistry efforts, and other business activities. These tools often require the input of large datasets, including potentially sensitive, proprietary, or confidential information such as research results, preclinical study data, clinical trial protocols, trade secrets, pending patent applications, and other intellectual property.

If our personnel or third-party service providers inadvertently or intentionally input confidential or proprietary information into external AI systems that are not fully controlled by us, such information may be stored, processed, or incorporated into the AI model’s training data and could be exposed to third parties, reproduced in AI-generated outputs, or otherwise compromised. This risk is heightened because many publicly available or third-party AI platforms do not guarantee confidentiality and may use submitted data to improve their own models. Any such exposure could result in the loss of our competitive advantage, impairment of our intellectual property rights (including the ability to obtain or enforce patents), breaches of confidentiality obligations to third parties (such as licensors or collaborators), or the inability to protect our Obesity and Metabolic Disorders Program, including ALN1003 and related analogs.

In addition, the legal and regulatory framework governing artificial intelligence is uncertain and evolving rapidly at the federal, state, and international levels. Issues such as ownership of AI-generated outputs, potential infringement of third-party intellectual property rights embedded in AI training data, data privacy and security obligations, algorithmic bias, and liability for inaccuracies or harmful outputs remain unclear and subject to change. New laws, regulations, or enforcement actions could impose significant compliance burdens, restrict our ability to use certain AI tools, or expose us to litigation, regulatory investigations, fines, or other penalties.

We have not yet adopted a formal artificial intelligence use policy or implemented comprehensive controls and procedures governing the use of AI tools by our personnel and third parties. As a result, we may be unable to adequately prevent or mitigate the risks associated with AI usage. Any failure to manage these risks appropriately could lead to the loss or unauthorized disclosure of valuable proprietary information, regulatory scrutiny, legal claims, reputational harm, delays in our development programs, or other adverse consequences that could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects.

*Cybersecurity incidents or IT failures could compromise sensitive information, disrupt operations, or reduce the value of our assets and impair our strategic alternatives.

In the ordinary course of our business, we, our CROs, consultants, and other third parties collect and store sensitive data, including intellectual property, proprietary business information, financial data, and personally identifiable information. We rely on cloud-based systems to manage and maintain this information. The secure processing, storage, and transmission of this data is critical to our operations and our ability to pursue strategic alternatives. Despite security measures, our systems and those of third parties are vulnerable to cyber-attacks, breaches, viruses, unauthorized access, employee error, malfeasance, or disruptions from natural disasters, terrorism, war, or telecommunications failures. Any such event could result in unauthorized access, public disclosure, theft, or loss of sensitive data. This could lead to legal claims, liability under privacy laws, government enforcement actions, regulatory penalties, reputational harm, and substantial remediation costs. A breach involving proprietary data (e.g., obesity program results) could materially decrease the value of our assets and make it more difficult to consummate a strategic transaction. While we are not aware of any material system failure or security breach to date, any disruption or breach could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and ability to pursue strategic opportunities.

RISKS RELATED TO OUR INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY

If we or our licensors fail to adequately protect or enforce our intellectual property rights or secure rights to patents of others, the value of our intellectual property rights would diminish and our ability to successfully develop our product candidates may be materially impaired.

Our success, competitive position and future revenues will depend in part on our ability and the abilities of our licensors to obtain and maintain patent protection for our products, methods, processes and other technologies, to preserve confidential information, including trade secrets, to prevent third parties from infringing our proprietary rights, and to operate without infringing the proprietary rights of third parties. Our ability to consummate certain strategic transactions, including strategic partnerships or out-licensing opportunities, among others, may also be impaired if we are unable to adequately protect our intellectual property or if we infringe on the proprietary rights of others.

To date, we have maintained our legacy TCR-T related patent portfolio including those exclusive rights in the field of cancer treatment to certain U.S. and foreign intellectual property with respect to certain cell therapy and related technologies licensed from MD Anderson. We anticipate that we will file additional patent applications both in the United States and in other jurisdictions for our Obesity and Metabolic Disorders Program and related technologies. However, we cannot predict or guarantee for either our in-licensed patent portfolios or for Alaunos’ proprietary patent portfolio:

The patent prosecution process is expensive and time-consuming, and we may not be able to file and prosecute all necessary or desirable patent applications at a reasonable cost, in a timely manner or at all. It is also possible that we will fail to identify patentable aspects of our research and development output before it is too late to obtain patent protection. Moreover, in some circumstances, we do not have the right to control the preparation, filing and prosecution of patent applications, or to maintain the patents, covering technology that we license from third parties. We may also require the cooperation of our licensors in order to enforce the licensed patent rights, and such cooperation may not be provided. Therefore, these patents and applications may not be prosecuted and enforced in a manner consistent with the best interests of our business.

The patent position of biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies generally is highly uncertain, involves complex legal and factual questions and has in recent years been the subject of much litigation. In addition, the laws of other jurisdictions may not protect our rights to the same extent as the laws of the United States. For example, methods of therapeutic treatment, which are patent-eligible in the United States, may not be claimed in many other jurisdictions; some patent offices (such as the European Patent Office) may permit the redrafting of method of treatment claims into a "medical use" format that is patent-eligible, while other patent offices (such as the Indian Patent Office) may not accept any redrafted claiming format for such claims.

Changes in patent laws or in interpretations of patent laws in the United States and other jurisdictions may diminish the value of our intellectual property or narrow the scope of our patent protection. In September 2011, the Leahy-Smith America Invents Act, or the Leahy-Smith Act, was signed into law, resulting in a number of significant changes to United States patent law. These changes include provisions that affect the way patent applications are prosecuted and may also affect patent litigation. In addition, the United States Supreme Court has ruled on several patent cases in recent years, narrowing the scope of patent protection available in certain circumstances or weakening the rights of patent owners in certain situations. This combination of events has created uncertainty with respect to the value of patents, once obtained, and with regard to our ability to obtain patents in the future. As the USPTO continues to implement the Leahy-Smith Act, and as the federal courts have the opportunity to interpret the Leahy-Smith Act, the laws and regulations governing patents, and the rules regarding patent procurement could change in unpredictable ways that would weaken our ability to obtain new patents or to enforce our existing patents and patents that we might obtain in the future.

Certain technologies utilized in our research and development programs are already in the public domain. Moreover, a number of our competitors have developed technologies, or filed patent applications or obtained patents on technologies, compositions and methods of use that are relevant to our business and may cover or conflict with our owned or licensed patent applications, technologies or product candidates. Such conflicts could limit the scope of the patents, if any, that we may be able to obtain. Because patent applications in the United States and many foreign jurisdictions are typically not published until 18 months after filing, or in some cases at all, and because publications of discoveries in the scientific literature lag behind actual discoveries per se, neither we nor our licensors can be certain that others have not filed patent applications for technology used by us or covered by our pending patent applications. We cannot know with certainty whether we were the first to make and file for the inventions claimed in our owned patent portfolio, or whether our licensors were the first to make and file for the inventions claimed in our in-licensed patent portfolio. As a result, the issuance, scope, validity, enforceability and commercial value of our patent rights are highly uncertain. Our pending and future patent applications may not result in the issuance of patents that protect our technology or products, in whole or in part, or that effectively prevent others from commercializing competitive technologies and products. If third parties file or have filed patent applications or obtained patents on technologies, compositions and methods of use that are relevant to our business and that cover or conflict with our owned or licensed patent applications, technologies or product candidates, we may be required to challenge such protection, terminate or modify our programs impacted by such protection, or obtain licenses from such third parties, which might not be available on acceptable terms, or at all.

Even if our owned and licensed patent applications were to be issued as patents, they may not issue in a form that would provide us with any meaningful protection, prevent competitors from competing with us or otherwise provide us with any competitive advantage. Our competitors may be able to circumvent our owned or licensed patents by developing similar or alternative technologies or products in a non-infringing manner.

The issuance of a patent is not conclusive as to its inventorship, scope, validity or enforceability, and our owned and licensed patents may be challenged in the courts or patent offices in the United States and abroad. Such challenges may result in loss of exclusivity due to our patents being narrowed, invalidated or held unenforceable, which could limit our ability to stop others from using or commercializing similar or identical technology and products, or limit the duration of the patent protection of our technology and products. Given the amount of time required for the development, testing and regulatory review of new product candidates, patents protecting such candidates might expire before or even after such candidates are commercialized. As a result, our owned and licensed patent portfolio may not provide us with sufficient rights to exclude others from commercializing products similar or identical to ours.

If we are unable to protect the confidentiality of our confidential information, our business and competitive position would be significantly harmed.

Our success also depends upon the skills, knowledge and experience of our scientific and technical personnel, our consultants and advisors, as well as our licensors and contractors. To help protect our proprietary know-how and our inventions for which patents may be unobtainable or difficult to obtain, and to maintain our competitive position, we rely on trade secret protection and confidentiality agreements. To this end, it is our general policy to require our sole employee, consultants, advisors and contractors to enter into agreements that prohibit the disclosure of confidential information and, where applicable, require disclosure and assignment to us of the ideas, developments, discoveries and inventions important to our business. These agreements may not provide adequate protection for our trade secrets, know-how, confidential information or

other proprietary information in the event of any unauthorized use or disclosure or the lawful development by others of such information. Moreover, we may not be able to obtain adequate remedies for any breaches of these agreements. Our trade secrets or other confidential information may also be obtained by third parties by other means, such as breaches of our physical or computer security systems. Enforcing a claim that a party illegally disclosed or misappropriated a trade secret or other confidential information is difficult, expensive and time-consuming, and the outcome is unpredictable. In addition, some courts inside and outside the United States are less willing or unwilling to protect trade secrets. If any of our trade secrets or other confidential information were to be lawfully obtained or independently developed by competitors, we would have no right to prevent them, or those to whom they communicate, from using that technology or information to compete with us. If any of our trade secrets, know-how or other proprietary information is disclosed, the value of our trade secrets, know-how and other proprietary rights would be significantly impaired and our business and competitive position would suffer.

Third-party claims of intellectual property infringement would require us to spend significant time and money and could prevent us from developing or commercializing our products.

In order to protect or enforce patent rights, we may initiate patent infringement litigation against third parties. Similarly, we may be sued by others for patent infringement. We also may become subject to pre- and post-grant proceedings conducted in the USPTO, including interferences, derivations, post-grant review, inter partes review, or reexamination. In other jurisdictions, our patent estate may be subject to pre- and post-grant opposition, nullity, revocation proceedings and the like. Asserting and defending against intellectual property actions are costly and divert technical and management personnel away from their normal responsibilities.

Our commercial success depends upon our ability, and the ability of our collaborators, to develop, manufacture, market and sell our product candidates without infringing the proprietary rights of third parties. There is considerable intellectual property litigation in the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries. While no such litigation has been brought against us and we have not been held by any court to have infringed a third party’s intellectual property rights, we cannot guarantee that our products or use of our products do not infringe or will not be asserted to infringe third-party patents. It is also possible that we have failed to identify relevant third-party patents or applications, or that as-yet unpublished third-party patent applications will later result in the grant of patents relevant to our business. Another possibility is for a third-party patent or patent application to first contain claims not relevant to our business but then to be reissued or amended in such a way that it does become relevant.

Our research, development and commercialization activities, as well as any product candidates or products resulting from these activities, may infringe or be asserted to infringe patents or patent applications under which we do not hold licenses or other rights. Owning a patent does not confer on the patentee the right to practice the claimed invention and does not protect the patentee from being sued for infringement of another owner’s patent. Our patent position cannot and does not provide any assurance that we are not infringing or will not be asserted to infringe the patent rights of another.

The patent landscape in the fields of obesity and legacy immuno-oncology is particularly complex. We are aware of numerous United States and foreign patents and pending patent applications of third parties directed to compositions, methods of use and methods of manufacture relevant to our programs. In addition, there may be patents and patent applications in the field of which we are not aware. The Obesity and Metabolic Disorders Program we have developed is early-stage technology and we are pursuing patent protection for this program. Although we seek to avoid pursuing the development of products that may infringe any third-party patent claims that we believe to be valid and enforceable, we may fail to do so. Moreover, given the breadth and number of claims in patents and pending patent applications in the field of immuno-oncology and the complexities and uncertainties associated with them, third parties may allege that we are infringing patent claims even if we do not believe such claims have merit.

If a claim for patent infringement is asserted, there can be no assurance that the resolution of the claim would permit us to continue developing or monetizing relevant product on commercially reasonable terms, if at all. We may not have sufficient resources to bring these actions to a successful conclusion. If we do not successfully defend any infringement actions to which we become a party or if we are unable to have any asserted third-party patents declared invalid or unenforceable, we may have to pay substantial monetary damages, which can be tripled if the infringement is deemed willful, and/or we may be required to discontinue or significantly delay development or monetization of the affected products.

Any legal action against us or our collaborators claiming damages and seeking to enjoin developmental or marketing activities relating to affected products could, in addition to subjecting us to potential liability for damages, require us or our collaborators to obtain licenses to continue to develop, manufacture or market the affected products. Such licenses may not be available to us on commercially reasonable terms, or at all.

An adverse determination in a proceeding involving our owned or licensed intellectual property may allow entry in the market of substitutes, including biosimilar or generic substitutes, for our products.

Obtaining and maintaining our patent protection depends on compliance with various procedural, document submission, fee payment and other requirements imposed by governmental patent agencies, and our patent protection could be reduced or eliminated for noncompliance with these requirements.

Annuities and other similar fees must be paid to the respective patent authority to maintain patents (or patents and patent applications) in most jurisdictions worldwide. Further, patent authorities in jurisdictions worldwide require compliance with a number of procedural, documentary, fee payment and other similar provisions during the patent application process. While an inadvertent lapse can in many cases be cured by payment

of a late fee or by other means in accordance with the applicable rules, there are situations in which noncompliance can result in abandonment or lapse of the patent or patent application, resulting in partial or complete loss of patent rights in the relevant jurisdiction. Noncompliance events that could result in abandonment or lapse of a patent or patent application include, but are not limited to, failure to respond to official actions within prescribed time limits, non-payment of fees and failure to submit documents with the necessary formal requirements, such as notarization and legalization. In such an event, our competitors might be able to enter the market, which would have a material adverse effect on our business.

We license rights to products and technology that are important to our business, and we expect to enter into additional licenses in the future.

Any failure by us to obtain a needed license, comply with any of these obligations or any other breach by us of our license agreements could give the licensor the right to terminate the license in whole, terminate the exclusive nature of the license or bring a claim against us for damages. Any such termination or claim could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows and prospects. Even if we contest any such termination or claim and are ultimately successful, such dispute could lead to delays in the development or commercialization of potential products and result in time-consuming and expensive litigation or arbitration. On termination we may be required to license to the licensor any related intellectual property that we developed.

In addition, in certain cases, the rights licensed to us are rights of a third party licensed to our licensor. In such instances, if our licensors do not comply with their obligations under such licenses, our rights under our license agreements with our licensor may be adversely affected.

In addition, the licensing or acquisition of third-party intellectual property rights is a highly competitive area, and a number of more established companies are also pursuing strategies to license or acquire third-party intellectual property rights that we may consider attractive or necessary. These established companies may have a competitive advantage over us due to their size, capital resources and greater clinical development and commercialization capabilities. In addition, companies that perceive us to be a competitor may be unwilling to assign or license rights to us. We also may be unable to license or acquire third-party intellectual property rights on terms that would allow us to make an appropriate return on our investment or at all. If we are unable to successfully obtain rights to required third-party intellectual property rights or maintain the existing intellectual property rights we have, we may have to abandon development of the relevant program or product candidate, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows and prospects.

We may be subject to claims by third parties asserting that our employee or we have misappropriated their intellectual property or claiming ownership of what we regard as our own intellectual property.

Many of our current and former employees and consultants were previously employed at universities or at other biotechnology or pharmaceutical companies, including our competitors or potential competitors. Although we try to ensure that our former employees and our current employee does not use the proprietary information or know-how of others in their work for us, we may be subject to claims that these employees or we have used or disclosed intellectual property, including trade secrets or other proprietary information, of any such employee’s former employer. Litigation may be necessary to defend against these claims.

In addition, while it is our policy to require our sole employee and contractors who may be involved in the development of intellectual property to execute agreements assigning such intellectual property to us, we may be unsuccessful in executing such an agreement with each party who in fact develops intellectual property that we regard as our own. Our and their assignment agreements may not be self-executing or may be breached, and we may be forced to bring claims against third parties, or defend claims they may bring against us, to determine the ownership of what we regard as our intellectual property.

If we fail in prosecuting or defending any such claims, in addition to paying monetary damages, we may lose valuable intellectual property rights or personnel. Even if we are successful in prosecuting or defending against such claims, litigation could result in substantial costs and be a distraction to management.

RISKS RELATED TO STOCK OWNERSHIP IN OUR COMPANY AND OTHER RISKS

Our stock price has been, and may continue to be, volatile.

The market price for our common stock is volatile and may fluctuate significantly in response to a number of factors, most of which we cannot control, including:

In addition, the stock market in general and our stock in particular from time to time experiences significant price and volume fluctuations unrelated to the operating performance of particular companies, which has resulted in decreased stock prices for many companies notwithstanding the lack of a fundamental change in their underlying business models or prospects. Public debt and equity markets, and in particular the Nasdaq Capital Market, have experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations that have affected and continue to affect the market prices of equity securities of many biopharmaceutical companies.

Stock prices of many biopharmaceutical companies have fluctuated in a manner unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of those companies. In the past, stockholders have instituted securities class action litigation following periods of market volatility. If we were involved in securities litigation, we could incur substantial costs and our resources, and the attention of management could be diverted from our business.

Public statements made by third parties such as trial participants and clinical investigators about clinical trials without our consent may adversely impact our stock price. We may not be aware of these third-party statements when made, may not be able to respond to these third-party statements and may not be able to defend our business or the public’s legitimate interests due to restrictions on what we may say about our product candidates, which may cause the price of our stock to fluctuate. If any of these events were to occur or we otherwise fail to comply with applicable regulations, we could incur liability, face regulatory actions or incur other significant harm to our business.

Anti-takeover provisions in our charter documents and under Delaware law may make an acquisition of us, which may be beneficial to our stockholders, more difficult.

Provisions of our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and bylaws, as well as provisions of Delaware law, could make it more difficult for a third party to acquire us, even if doing so would benefit our stockholders. These provisions authorize the issuance of “blank check” preferred stock that could be issued by our Board of Directors to increase the number of outstanding shares and hinder a takeover attempt, and

limit who may call a special meeting of stockholders. In addition, Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law, or Section 203, generally prohibits a publicly held Delaware corporation from engaging in a business combination with a party that owns at least 15% of its common stock unless the business combination is approved by our Board of Directors before the person acquires the 15% ownership stake or later by its Board of Directors and two-thirds of its stockholders. Section 203 could have the effect of delaying, deferring or preventing a change in control that our stockholders might consider to be in their best interests.

If we are approached by a third-party in connection with an acquisition, merger or reverse merger, and our Board of Directors does not believe that a transaction with such party is in the best interest of our stockholders, we may rely on the provisions described above to prevent an acquisition by such party in order to maximize stockholder value. There is no guarantee that we will be able to find a transaction that delivers superior value to our stockholders.

Our amended and restated bylaws provide that the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware will be the exclusive forum for substantially all disputes between us and our stockholders, which could limit our stockholders’ ability to obtain a favorable judicial forum for disputes with us or our directors, officers or employees.

Our amended and restated bylaws provide that, unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware is the exclusive forum for (i) any derivative action or proceeding brought on our behalf; (ii) any action asserting a claim of breach of a fiduciary duty owed by any of our directors, officers or other employees to us or our stockholders; (iii) any action asserting a claim against us or any of our directors, officers or other employees arising pursuant to any provision of the Delaware General Corporation Law, our amended and restated certificate of incorporation or our amended and restated bylaws; (iv) any claim or cause of action seeking to interpret, apply, enforce or determine the validity of the amended and restated certificate of incorporation or our bylaws; (v) any claim or cause of action as to which the Delaware General Corporation Law confers jurisdiction on the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware; or (vi) any action asserting a claim against us or any of our directors, officers or other employees governed by the internal affairs doctrine.

These provisions would not apply to suits brought to enforce a duty or liability created by the Exchange Act. Furthermore, Section 22 of the Securities Act creates concurrent jurisdiction for federal and state courts over all Securities Act actions. Accordingly, both state and federal courts have jurisdiction to entertain such claims.

These exclusive forum provisions may limit a stockholder’s ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that it finds favorable for disputes with us or our directors, officers or other employees, which may discourage lawsuits against us and our directors, officers and other employees. If a court were to find either exclusive-forum provision to be inapplicable or unenforceable in an action, we may incur further significant additional costs associated with resolving the dispute in other jurisdictions, all of which could seriously harm our business.

Because we do not expect to pay dividends, you will not realize any income from an investment in our common stock unless and until you sell your shares at a profit.

We have never paid dividends on our common stock, and we do not anticipate that we will pay any dividends for the foreseeable future. Accordingly, any return on an investment in us will be realized, if at all, only when you sell shares of our common stock.

Our ability to use net operating loss carryforwards and research tax credits to reduce future tax payments may be limited or restricted.

We have generated significant net operating loss carryforwards, or NOLs, and research and development tax credits, or R&D credits, as a result of our incurrence of losses and our conduct of research activities since inception. We generally are able to carry NOLs and R&D credits forward to reduce our tax liability in future years. However, our ability to utilize the NOLs and R&D credits is subject to the rules of Sections 382 and 383 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, or the Code, respectively. Those sections generally restrict the use of NOLs and R&D credits after an “ownership change.” An ownership change occurs if, among other things, the stockholders (or specified groups of stockholders) who own or have owned, directly or indirectly, 5% or more of a corporation’s common stock or are otherwise treated as 5% stockholders under Section 382 of the Code and the U.S. Treasury Department regulations promulgated thereunder increase their aggregate percentage ownership of that corporation’s stock by more than 50 percentage points over the lowest percentage of the stock owned by these stockholders over the applicable testing period. In the event of an ownership change, Section 382 of the Code imposes an annual limitation on the amount of taxable income a corporation may offset with NOL carry forwards and Section 383 of the Code imposes an annual limitation on the amount of tax a corporation may offset with business credit (including R&D credits) carryforwards.

We may have experienced an “ownership change” within the meaning of Section 382 of the Code in the past and there can be no assurance that we will not experience additional ownership changes in the future. As a result, our NOLs and business credits (including R&D credits) may be subject to limitations, and we may be required to pay taxes earlier and in larger amounts than would be the case if our NOLs or R&D credits were freely usable.

If securities' and/or industry analysts' recommendations change adversely or if our business, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows or prospects do not meet their expectations, our stock price and trading volume could significantly decline.

The trading market for our common stock will be influenced by the research and reports that industry or securities analysts publish about us or our business. If one or more of these analysts cease coverage of our Company or fail to publish reports on us regularly, we could lose visibility

in the financial markets, which in turn could cause our stock price or trading volume to decline. In addition, it is likely that in some future period our operating results will be below the expectations of securities analysts or investors. If one or more of the analysts who cover us downgrade our stock, or if our business, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows or prospects do not meet their expectations, our stock price could significantly decline. If our common stock is delisted by Nasdaq, the impact of analysts ceasing to cover our securities may negatively impact the price of our common stock more dramatically.

Our business could be materially and negatively affected as a result of the actions of activist stockholders.

In 2021, we were engaged in a consent solicitation led by WaterMill Asset Management Corp., or WaterMill, where three new directors were added to our Board of Directors. We could experience other stockholder activism in the future, including another consent solicitation or a proxy contest. Activist stockholders may advocate for certain governance and strategic changes at our company. In the event of stockholder activism, particularly with respect to matters which our Board of Directors, in exercising their fiduciary duties, disagree with or have determined not to pursue, our business could be adversely affected because responding to actions by activist stockholders can be costly and time-consuming, disrupting our operations and diverting the attention of management, and perceived uncertainties as to our future direction may result in the loss of potential business opportunities and may make it more difficult to attract and retain qualified personnel, business partners, and customers.

In addition, if faced with a consent solicitation or proxy contest, we may not be able to respond successfully to the contest or dispute, which would be disruptive to our business. If individuals are elected to our Board of Directors with a differing agenda, our ability to effectively and timely implement our strategic plan and create additional value for our stockholders may be adversely affected.

If our Board of Directors elects to pursue a strategic alternative requiring a stockholder vote, activists may pursue a campaign against the transaction and as a result may make consummating the transaction more difficult, or impossible, despite the Board of Directors' conclusions that such transaction is in the best interest of our stockholders.

In addition, on October 30, 2025, a group of stockholders led by Adrian Price filed a Schedule 13D reporting beneficial ownership of approximately 8.6% of our outstanding common stock (as amended through Amendment No. 4 filed March 5, 2026). The group consists of Adrian Price and numerous individual and entity co-filers (including HexagonONE Ltd, Alimenta Holding Limited, Krakatau Holding Limited, and others), with aggregate reported beneficial ownership of 189,061 shares. In a letter dated February 20, 2026 (attached as Exhibit 21 to Amendment No. 4), the group proposed a $7 million private placement financing (potentially resulting in a change of control) through affiliated entities, reiterated the nomination of Gerald W. Bruce for the Board, and requested a meeting with the Board within five business days to discuss terms and begin due diligence. The letter stated that if the Board did not engage meaningfully within five business days, the group may seek to purchase additional shares in the market, undertake a tender offer to shareholders, or pursue other activist actions (including a deliberate investor relations campaign). The Company held a meeting with representatives of the group following the letter, and requested follow-up information regarding the three foreign entities (HexagonONE Ltd, Alimenta Holding Limited, and Krakatau Holding Limited) that were proposed to participate in the financing. As of the date of this Annual Report, the Company has not received the requested follow-up information, and there can be no assurance that further discussions or a transaction will occur on terms acceptable to the Company or at all. Any escalation by this group into a proxy contest, tender offer, or other adversarial actions could increase costs, divert management attention, create uncertainty, and materially harm our business, stock price, and ability to consummate value-maximizing transactions.

Our principal stockholders, executive officers and directors have substantial control over the Company, which may prevent you and other stockholders from influencing significant corporate decisions and may significantly harm the market price of our common stock.

Our executive officers and directors beneficially owned, in the aggregate, approximately 25.71% of our outstanding common stock (including options exercisable within 60 days). This includes significant holdings by certain directors and former executives, such as Robert W. Postma (approximately 17.47% beneficial ownership, including shares issuable upon conversion of preferred stock and options). These stockholders may have interests that conflict with our other stockholders and, if acting together, have the ability to influence the outcome of matters submitted to our stockholders for approval, including the election and removal of directors and any merger, consolidation or sale of all or substantially all of our assets.

In addition, we have issued Series A-1 Convertible Preferred Stock and Series A-2 Convertible Preferred Stock (collectively, the “Series A Preferred Stock”), each with a liquidation preference of $1,000 per share, cumulative dividends at 10% per annum (payable in additional shares of Series A Preferred Stock), and rights to convert into Common Stock at initial conversion prices of $2.76 (Series A-1) and $4.49 (Series A-2), subject to adjustments. Holders of Series A Preferred Stock are entitled to vote on an as-converted basis (1:1 with Common Stock) on all matters submitted to stockholders (voting together as a single class), except as otherwise required by law or the Certificate of Designation. Upon a Change of Control (as defined in the Certificates of Designation), the Series A Preferred Stock automatically converts into Common Stock. The Series A Preferred Stock ranks senior to Common Stock with respect to dividends and liquidation distributions, and the issuance of additional preferred stock or conversion of existing shares could further concentrate voting control, dilute common stockholders, or affect our ability to consummate certain transactions. These rights, preferences, and privileges senior to common stock could adversely affect the voting power, economic interests, and market price of our common stock.

Accordingly, this concentration of ownership and the rights associated with our Series A Preferred Stock may harm the market price of our common stock by:

In addition, this significant concentration of stock ownership and preferred stock rights may adversely affect the trading price of our common stock should investors perceive disadvantages in owning shares of common stock in a company that has such concentrated ownership.

We are a “smaller reporting company,” and the reduced disclosure requirements applicable to smaller reporting companies may make our common stock less attractive to investors.

We are considered a “smaller reporting company” under Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. We are therefore entitled to rely on certain reduced disclosure requirements, such as an exemption from providing selected financial data and executive compensation information. These exemptions and reduced disclosures in our SEC filings due to our status as a smaller reporting company also mean our auditors are not required to review our internal control over financial reporting and may make it harder for investors to analyze our business, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows and prospects. We cannot predict if investors will find our common stock less attractive because we may rely on these exemptions. If some investors find our common stock less attractive as a result, there may be a less active trading market for our common stock and our common stock prices may be more volatile. We will remain a smaller reporting company until our public float exceeds $250 million as of the last business day of our most recently completed second quarter if our annual revenues are $100 million or more as of our most recently completed fiscal year, or until our public float exceeds $700 million as of the last business day of our most recently completed second quarter if our annual revenues are less than $100 million as of our most recently completed fiscal year.

*We have issued preferred stock, and future issuances of preferred stock could adversely affect the rights of holders of our common stock.

Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation authorizes our Board of Directors to issue up to 30,000,000 shares of preferred stock in one or more series and to fix the rights, preferences, privileges and restrictions of those shares, including dividend rights, conversion rights, voting rights, terms of redemption, liquidation preferences and the number of shares constituting any series or the designation of such series, without any further vote or action by our stockholders. The issuance of preferred stock could have the effect of delaying, deferring or preventing a change in control of the Company and may adversely affect the market price of, and the voting and other rights of the holders of, our common stock. We currently have outstanding shares of Series A Preferred Stock, which have certain rights, preferences and privileges senior to our common stock. Future issuances of preferred stock could further dilute the voting power and economic interests of common stockholders and may adversely affect the market price of our common stock.

*Ineffective investor relations and public relations efforts could harm our reputation, stock price, and ability to attract capital or strategic partners.

As a small company with limited resources and a single full-time employee, our ability to effectively communicate with investors, analysts, media, and the public is constrained. Inadequate investor relations (IR) and public relations (PR) efforts could result in:

These factors could materially and adversely affect our stock price, liquidity, and ability to raise capital or consummate strategic transactions.

Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments

None.

Item 2. Properties

Our corporate office is located at 501 E. Las Olas Blvd., Suite 300 Fort Lauderdale, FL 33301. We believe that our existing facilities are adequate to meet our current needs.

Item 3. Legal Proceedings

In the ordinary course of business, we may periodically become subject to legal proceedings and claims arising in connection with ongoing business activities. The results of litigation and claims cannot be predicted with certainty, and unfavorable resolutions are possible and could materially affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows and prospects. In addition, regardless of the outcome, litigation could have a material and adverse impact on us because of defense costs, diversion of management resources and other factors.

We do not have any pending litigation that, separately or in the aggregate, would, in the opinion of management, be reasonably likely to have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows or prospects.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

Not applicable.

PART II

Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholders Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

Market for Common Stock

Our common stock trades on the Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbol “TCRT.”

Record Holders

As of March 31, 2026, we had approximately 131 holders of record of our common stock, one of which was Cede & Co., a nominee for Depository Trust Company, or DTC. Shares of common stock that are held by financial institutions as nominees for beneficial owners or in “street name” are deposited into participant accounts at DTC and are considered to be held of record by Cede & Co. as one stockholder.

Dividends

We have never declared or paid a cash dividend on our common stock and do not anticipate paying any cash dividends in the foreseeable future.

Unregistered Sales of Securities

We did not sell or issue any equity securities during the three months ended December 31, 2025 that were not registered under the Securities Act.

Repurchases

There were no repurchases of our common stock by the Company during the fiscal quarter ended December 31, 2025.

Item 6. [Reserved]

Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our financial statements and related notes appearing elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. In addition to historical financial information, the following discussion contains forward-looking statements that reflect our plans, estimates and beliefs. Our actual results, levels of activity, performance or achievements could differ materially from those contained in or implied by any forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause or contribute to these differences include those under “Risk Factors” included in Part I, Item 1A and under “Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” or in other parts of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. All share amounts presented in this Item 7 give effect to the 1-for-15 reverse stock split and the 1-for-10 second reverse stock split of our outstanding shares of common stock that occurred on January 31, 2024 and July 17, 2024, respectively.

Overview

We have not generated any product revenue and have incurred significant net losses in each year since our inception. For the year ended December 31, 2025, we had a net loss of $4.1 million, and as of December 31, 2025, we have incurred approximately $924.6 million of accumulated deficit since our inception in 2003. We expect to continue to incur significant operating expenditures and net losses for the foreseeable future as we advance our internally developed preclinical small-molecule oral Obesity and Metabolic Disorders Program.

On October 10, 2024, we announced continued progress on this program, which is focused on developing an oral small-molecule therapeutic with a differentiated, non-hormonal profile relative to currently marketed and in-development GLP-1-based and other hormonal treatments. Our primary focus is advancing this preclinical program through additional animal studies, formulation optimization, manufacturing scale-up, and IND-enabling work, subject to favorable data and the availability of additional capital.

Historically, we operated as a clinical-stage oncology-focused cell therapy company developing adoptive TCR-T cell therapy. On August 14, 2023, we announced a strategic reprioritization that included the wind-down of our TCR-T Library Phase 1/2 Trial. In connection with the reprioritization, we reduced our workforce during the third and fourth quarters of 2023 (approximately 95% overall) and continued to implement cost-saving measures to extend our cash runway. We terminated our engagement with Cantor Fitzgerald & Co. as strategic advisor effective January 8, 2026. Efforts to consummate a sale or out-license transaction of this intellectual property portfolio have been unsuccessful to date. We are no longer actively pursuing broad strategic alternatives such as acquisitions, mergers, reverse mergers, or sales of the Company.

2025 Developments

Small Molecule Oral Obesity and Metabolic Disorders Program

The Company is advancing an internally developed, preclinical small molecule program for the treatment of obesity and related metabolic disorders. This program is focused on the discovery and development of novel, orally administered therapeutics with the potential to provide a differentiated and complementary profile relative to currently available therapies. While other pipeline therapies for obesity are exploring alternative hormonal pathways, including amylin and dual GIP/GLP-1 receptor agonism, the Company’s approach is focused on a non-hormonal mechanism of action. The program is intended to identify an oral therapeutic candidate that may address certain limitations associated with existing hormonal therapies, including improved tolerability.

In the second half of 2025, the Company conducted two separate non-GLP (Good Laboratory Practice) pharmacology studies using a standard diet-induced obesity (DIO) mouse model in male C57BL/6 mice maintained on a high-fat diet (60% of calories from fat). On January 8, 2026, the Company announced it had identified a lead compound for continued preclinical evaluation and had established proof-of-concept in the diet induced obesity (DIO) mouse model from these two studies, noting observations from the studies conducted were encouraging and consistent with statistically significant dose-related reductions in body weight, statistically significant improvements in body composition, specifically percentage fat and relative preservation of percentage lean, alongside favorable changes in metabolic parameters.

On March 2, 2026, we announced additional details regarding this positive preclinical proof-of-concept data for ALN1003 from the two separate DIO studies conducted. Highlights from these studies include dose-dependent body weight loss with favorable body composition changes, reductions in liver weight, improvement in liver function biomarkers, and improvement in metabolic biomarkers. Collectively, these findings suggest encouraging metabolic effects of ALN1003 in the DIO model.

Key findings from two separate DIO studies (non-GLP) are summarized below (nominal reported p-values are unadjusted for multiple comparisons):

DIO Study 1

The purpose of the first study was to evaluate the pharmacokinetics (PK) and tolerability of ALN1003 and to assess early proof-of-concept anti-obesity efficacy including changes in weight, metabolic biomarkers, and adipose remodeling. Mice received low, controlled oral doses of ALN1003, split into two doses each day. Measurements included daily body weight, food and water consumption at the cage level, and metabolic

markers (blood collection after a 4-6 hour fast at end of study). All animals were observed prior to and after each dose administration. There were 12 mice in each group, with mice housed 3 per cage.

Relative to DIO controls, mean percent change in body weight for ALN1003-treated mice peaked at -12.9% (p<0.0001) on Day 34 and was
-10.3% (p<0.0001) after 48 days of treatment. Peak reductions in absolute weight loss were observed by Day 13 and remained lower than DIO controls through Day 48 (p<0.0001 at selected timepoints).

Food and water consumption: ALN1003 reduced cumulative food consumption versus DIO control (347.5 g/cage vs 425.0 g/cage; nominal p<0.05). ALN1003 reduced water consumption (445.8 mL/cage vs 494.5 mL/cage; not statistically significant).

Liver and Fat Tissue:In this study, ALN1003 reduced liver weight compared to untreated mice by 43% (p<0.0001) and by 39% when expressed as a percentage of body weight (p<0.0001). Long-term administration of ALN1003 was associated with lower ALT (alanine aminotransferase; p<0.0001), AST (aspartate aminotransferase; nominal p<0.0001) and ALP (alkaline phosphatase; p<0.0001), with a trend toward lower total bilirubin (nominal p=0.058) compared to untreated mice.

An unblinded macroscopic visual review of organ morphology was conducted comparing the liver and adipose tissues of the DIO control to the ALN1003 treatment group. Relative to DIO controls, ALN1003-treated animals exhibited smaller, deep reddish-brown livers; reduced epididymal white adipose tissue (eWAT) and inguinal white adipose tissue (iWAT) depots consistent with decreased adiposity; and darker interscapular BAT with appearance consistent with reduced “whitening” of BAT.

Tolerability: ALN1003 was generally well tolerated throughout the study. Mild, short-term, reversible hypolocomotion was observed after dosing in approximately one-half of dose administrations. There were no similar observations in DIO control animals.

DIO Study 2

The second study conducted was a pilot study to evaluate palatability, tolerability, anti-obesity effects, body composition and PK of ALN1003 administered orally in drinking water at three dose levels in DIO mice. The study comprised a treatment period of 14 days and a PK period of 4 days. ALN1003 was administered at three dose levels: low, medium and high. The middle and highest planned doses were 3 and 9 times higher than the low dose, respectively. Measurements included daily body weight, food and water consumption at the cage level, and metabolic parameters (blood collection after a 4-6 hour fast at end of study). All animals were observed each day. There were 6 mice in each group (2 mice per cage).

Food and water consumption: ALN1003 reduced cumulative food intake in a dose-dependent manner over the 14-day treatment period. Cumulative food consumption in grams per cage was 84.5g, 80.8g, 76.7g and 56.7g (nominal p<0.05) for the DIO control, low, medium and high doses, respectively. Cumulative food consumption when normalized to body weight per cage was 87.9g, 85.6g, 86.7g and 73.6g for the DIO control, low, medium and high doses, respectively. ALN1003 reduced water intake significantly over the 14-day treatment period. Cumulative water consumption in milliliters per cage was 112.8 mL, 80.1 mL (nominal p<0.05), 71.1 mL (p<0.0001) and 63.5 mL (p<0.0001) for the DIO control, low, medium and high doses, respectively. Cumulative water consumption when normalized to body weight per cage was 116.9 mL, 84.9 mL, 80.5 mL and 80.3 mL for the DIO control, low, medium and high doses, respectively. Actual dose consumed is dependent on how much water mice drink. Actual doses consumed during the 14-day treatment period were consistent with planned doses, with variances to planned doses of +7.3%, -0.3% and -6.9% in the low, medium and high dose groups, respectively.

Body composition was assessed using a Bruker MinispecTMLF90II Body Composition Analyzer (Bruker BioSpin, Billerica, MA, USA) and demonstrated dose-related changes that were driven primarily by fat loss but also included the loss of lean and fluid mass. The table below summarizes the mean percentage change from baseline through Day 17 in fat, lean and fluid as a % of body weight (BW) and mass in grams:

Significance of comparison to Control group: a: nominal p<0.05; b: nominal p<0.001; c: p<0.0001

Liver and Fat Tissue: At end of study Day 18, including the 14-day treatment period plus the PK period, dose-related reductions in liver weights compared to DIO control were -6.8%, -20.5% and -55.0% (nominal p<0.01) in the low, medium and high dose groups, respectively. Reductions in liver weights expressed as a percentage of body weight relative to DIO control were -2.6%, -12.0% and -32.6% (nominal p<0.05). Liver

enzymes showed no statistically significant change after 18 days; gross liver appearance suggested reduced fat accumulation. Histological analyses of liver and adipose tissues are planned.

An unblinded macroscopic visual review of organ morphology was conducted comparing the liver and adipose tissues of the DIO control to the high dose group. This analysis showed reductions in white fat depots (such as epididymal white adipose tissue, or eWAT, and inguinal white adipose tissue, or iWAT) and an interscapular BAT appearance consistent with reduced “whitening” in the ALN1003 tissues vs DIO control. Review of liver images suggested less visible fat accumulation and smaller, deep red-brown livers compared to DIO control.

Metabolic parameters: In this study, the highest-dose group showed lower blood sugar (glucose; 197 mg/dL in high dose vs 320 mg/dL in DIO control; p<0.0001) and lower total cholesterol (162 mg/dL in high dose vs 209 mg/dL in DIO control; nominal p<0.05). HDL-C (high-density lipoprotein cholesterol), the dominant lipoprotein in DIO mice, also decreased to 130 mg/dL in high dose vs 165 mg/dL in DIO control; nominal p<0.05.

Tolerability: ALN1003 was generally well tolerated throughout the study; however, on Day 16 (during the PK portion of the study), two mice in the high-dose group were noted to be slightly dehydrated for the remainder of the study, although they otherwise appeared normal.

Important Context and Model Limitations

Behavior-coupled dosing in unrestricted (ad libitum) drinking-water studies: In this paradigm, ALN1003 caused dose-related loss of appetite and thirst (anorexia/hypodipsia), leading to avoidance of medicated water. Despite actual doses consumed approximating planned doses in this study, reductions in drinking may confound attribution of weight loss solely to drug exposure in this model.

Development Roadmap

The findings from these two studies support the Company’s strategy to focus on additional preclinical studies and CMC activities to optimize formulations while maintaining effective overall drug levels. We are also planning to conduct studies to better understand mechanisms of ALN1003, including measuring liver fat levels and scoring MASLD severity of the liver in a blinded manner. We are planning to further refine manufacturing processes and to run a small-scale production run based on these improvements. Thereafter, a larger scale production run is planned. In parallel, the Company has initiated a computational chemistry program to design, make, and test ALN1003 variations to strengthen the Company’s intellectual property and assess next-generation compounds. These initiatives, including large animal pharmacokinetic studies, will inform plans to conduct IND enabling studies.

The advancement of this program is subject to numerous risks and uncertainties inherent in early-stage drug development. Subject to favorable data from these preclinical studies and our ability to secure additional capital, we plan to advance a selected development candidate into formal investigational new drug (IND)-enabling studies. We intend to actively explore strategic financing and collaboration opportunities to fund the continued development of this program.

Nasdaq Shareholders Equity Deficiency Notice

On August 19, 2025, Nasdaq notified the Company that it had regained compliance with the continued listing requirements of the Nasdaq Capital Market. Based on the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended June 30, 2025, evidencing stockholders’ equity of $3.66 million, the Listing Qualifications staff determined that the Company now complies with the Nasdaq Listing Rules and confirmed that the matter is closed. As of September 30, 2025, we had $2.82 million in stockholder’ equity resulting in compliance with the Nasdaq rule. As of December 31, 2025, our stockholders’ equity was $2.2 million, which remains below the $2.5 million threshold. We are likely to receive a notice from Nasdaq and may have 45 calendar days from the date of the notice to submit a compliance plan, and if accepted, we may be granted up to 180 calendar days from the date of the notice to evidence compliance. There can be no assurance that our compliance plan will be accepted or that we will regain compliance within any granted period. Given our current trading price of approximately $3.15 per share, the immediate risk of a Minimum Bid Price deficiency is lower at this time; however, our stock price remains volatile and a future decline could still trigger a separate delisting notice

Due to the Company’s limited cash runway and ongoing operating losses, there can be no assurance that the Company will maintain compliance with Nasdaq’s continued listing requirements in the future.

Results of Operations for the Fiscal Years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024

Revenue

We have not generated any product revenue to date. Collaboration and research and development funding revenue is recognized over the estimated period of performance; such revenue has been de minimis in recent periods, $5,000 and $10,000 as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. Unless and until we receive regulatory approval for any product candidate, we cannot sell our products and will not generate product revenue.

Revenue during the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 were as follows:

Research and Development Expenses

Research and development expenses have historically consisted primarily of salaries and related personnel costs, contract manufacturing and research organization fees, costs of facilities, reagents and equipment, consulting and license fees, and impairment charges. Following our August 2023 reprioritization, these expenses have shifted materially away from clinical trial and TCR-T-related activities toward preclinical studies, formulation development, and manufacturing scale-up for our small-molecule obesity and metabolic disorders program. We expect research and development spending to remain variable and dependent on the pace of additional animal studies, CMC activities and IND-enabling work for our obesity assets, subject to available capital.

Research and development expenses during the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 were as follows:

Research and development expenses for the year ended December 31, 2025 increased by $1.0 million when compared to the year ended December 31, 2024 due to the expansion of the obesity and metabolic disorders program.

General and Administrative Expenses

General and administrative expenses consist primarily of salaries, benefits and stock-based compensation, consulting and professional fees (including patent-related costs), general corporate costs, and facility costs not otherwise included in research and development. These expenses have decreased following our workforce reductions and cost-saving initiatives, though they continue to include ongoing costs related to public company compliance, legacy contract wind-down, and support for our obesity program.

General and administrative expenses during the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 were as follows:

General and administrative expenses for the year ended December 31, 2025 decreased by $1.6 million as compared to the year ended December 31, 2024.

Other Income (Expense)

Other income (expense), net consists primarily of interest income on cash reserves and changes in the fair value of the warrant liability. In recent periods, other income, net was lower primarily due to decreased interest income resulting from lower cash reserve balances period over period, partially offset by a gain recognized from the change in fair value of the warrant liability.

Other income (expense) during the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 was as follows:

Total other income (expense), net for the year ended December 31, 2025 decreased $53 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2024.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Sources of Liquidity

We have not generated any revenue from product sales. Since inception, we have incurred net losses and negative cash flows from our operations. We have operated at a loss since inception in 2003 and have no significant recurring revenue from operations. We anticipate that losses will continue for the foreseeable future. As of December 31, 2025, our accumulated deficit was approximately $924.6 million. Our working capital as of December 31, 2025 was $1.2 million, consisting of $2 million in current assets and $0.8 million in current liabilities. Our actual cash requirements may vary materially from those planned because of a number of factors, including changes in the focus, direction and pace of our development programs.

To date, we have financed our operations primarily through public offerings and private placements of equity securities (including common stock, pre-funded warrants, and Series A-1 and Series A-2 Convertible Preferred Stock), as well as limited historical collaborations.

As of December 31, 2025, we had approximately $1.4 million of cash and cash equivalents. Our current monthly cash burn rate is approximately $0.28 million. At this rate we anticipate that our existing cash resources will be sufficient to fund operations into the second quarter of 2026. This estimate excludes any potential costs related to strategic transactions, unexpected legacy wind-down activities, unforeseen liabilities, or acceleration of our obesity and metabolic disorders program.

We have no committed sources of additional capital. To continue operations beyond our current forecasted runway and to advance our preclinical Obesity and Metabolic Disorders Program through additional animal studies, formulation optimization, manufacturing scale-up, and IND-enabling work, we will need to raise substantial additional capital through equity or debt financings, collaborations, or other strategic transactions. There can be no assurance that additional funding will be available on favorable terms, or at all.

Our actual cash requirements may vary materially from those currently planned due to a number of factors, including the pace and results of our preclinical studies for the obesity program, any changes in the focus or direction of our development efforts, costs associated with legacy obligations (including the remaining payments under the December 2025 MD Anderson Settlement and Release Agreement), and the outcome of any potential strategic opportunities. We have based our runway estimates on assumptions that may prove to be wrong, and our expenses could prove to be significantly higher than we currently anticipate.

Based on our current cash forecast, management has determined that our present capital resources will not be sufficient to fund our planned operations for at least one year after the date these financial statements are issued. This raises substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern. If we are unable to raise additional capital when required, we may be forced to further delay, reduce, or eliminate our development activities, which could ultimately lead to dissolution or liquidation. See “Risk Factors — We may require substantial additional financial resources to continue as a going concern and to advance our obesity and metabolic program” for additional discussion.

Series A-1 Preferred Stock

In April 2025, we entered into a Subscription Agreement, with an accredited investor, pursuant to which we sold 500 shares of Series A-1 Convertible Preferred Stock, par value of $0.001 per share (the “Series A-1 Preferred Stock”), at a price per share of $1,000 (the “Preferred Offering”) for an aggregate purchase price of $0.5 million. The Preferred Offering also relates to the offering of the shares of our common stock (the "Common Stock") issuable upon the conversion of or otherwise pursuant to the terms of the Series A-1 Preferred Stock).

In connection therewith, we filed with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware the Certificate of Designation of Series A-1 Convertible Preferred Stock, designating 1,000 shares of preferred stock as our Series A-1 Preferred Stock.

Series A-1 Preferred Stock together with the aggregate accrued or accumulated and unpaid dividends thereon, is convertible, at any time at option of the holder, into shares of Common Stock at initial fixed “Conversion Price” of $2.76 per share, subject to customary anti-dilution provisions. Prior thereto, the holders of Series A-1 Preferred Stock are entitled to receive dividends at a rate of 10% per annum, payable in shares of Series A-1 Preferred Stock, if and when declared by the Board of Directors. In addition, to the extent any other dividends or distributions are declared for holders of the common stock, the holders of Series A-1 Preferred Stock have participation rights on an as-converted basis. The holders of Series A-1 Preferred Stock are entitled to vote, together as a single class, on any and all matters presented to our stockholders for their action on an as-converted basis, a number of votes equal to the number of shares of common stock into which the shares of Series A-1 Preferred Stock are convertible under the terms of the Certificate of Designation.

Securities Purchase Agreement for Registered Direct Offering

In June 2025, we entered into a Securities Purchase Agreement with certain institutional investors, pursuant to which we agreed to sell (i) 338,725 shares of common stock at a purchase price of $3.36 per share and (ii) 271,674 pre-funded warrants to purchase common stock at a purchase price of $3.359 per warrant share, in a registered direct offering. In connection therewith, we received net proceeds totaling $1,911,000 after deduction of transaction related expenses. Subsequent thereto and through June 30, 2025, a total of 96,500 the prefunded warrants were exercised at $0.001 per share, resulting in the issuance of 96,500 shares of common stock. Subsequent to June 30, 2025, an aggregate of 112,875 prefunded warrants were exercised resulting in the issuance of an additional 112,875 shares of common stock.

Series A-2 Preferred Stock

In June 2025, we entered into a subscription agreement with certain accredited investors, pursuant to which we sold, in a private placement, 850 shares of Series A-2 Convertible Preferred Stock, par value $0.001 per share, at a price of $1,000 per share, for aggregate gross proceeds of $0.85 million.

In connection therewith, we filed with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware the Certificate of Designation of Series A-2 Convertible Preferred Stock, designating 1,000 shares of preferred stock as our Series A-2 Preferred Stock.

Series A-2 Preferred Stock, together with the aggregate accrued or accumulated and unpaid dividends thereon, is convertible, at any time at the option of the holder, into shares of Common Stock at an initial fixed “Conversion Price” of $4.49 per share, subject to customary anti-dilution provisions. Prior thereto, the holders of Series A-2 Preferred Stock are entitled to receive dividends at a rate of 10% per annum, payable in shares of Series A-2 Preferred Stock, if and when declared by the Board of Directors. In addition, to the extent any other dividends or distributions are declared for holders of the Common Stock, the holders of Series A-2 Preferred Stock have participation rights on an as-converted basis. The holders of Series A-2 Preferred Stock are entitled to vote, together as a single class, on any and all matters presented to our stockholders for their action on an as-converted basis, a number of votes equal to the number of shares of Common Stock into which the shares of Series A-2 Preferred Stock are convertible under the terms of the Certificate of Designation.

Series A-1 and A-2 Preferred Stock Cumulative Dividends

Cumulative dividends on the Company’s Series A-1 and Series A-2 Convertible Preferred Stock accrue at 10% per annum and compound quarterly by increasing the liquidation preference. Undeclared cumulative dividends are not recorded as a liability. Because the Company reported a net loss for the periods presented, cumulative preferred dividends increased the net loss attributable to common stockholders in the earnings-per-share calculation. As of December 31, 2025, undeclared cumulative dividends totaled $60 for Series A-1 and $45 for Series A-2.

Cash Flows

The following table summarizes our net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024:

Cash flows from operating activities represent the cash receipts and disbursements related to all of our activities other than investing and financing activities. Operating cash flow is derived by adjusting our net loss for:

Net cash flows used in operating activities for the year December 31, 2025 was $2.87 million, as compared to net cash used in operating activities of $4.97 million for the year ended December 31, 2024. The decrease in net cash used in operating activities was primarily related to reductions in our net loss, offset by an increase in timing of accounts payable and accrued expenses.

The net cash flows used in investing activities for the year December 31, 2025 was $98 as compared to $0 for the year ended December 31, 2024. The increase in net cash used in investing activities was directly attributed to an equipment purchase made during the period to be used in our obesity and metabolic disorders program.

The net cash flows from financing activities for the year December 31, 2025 was $3.26 million as compared to $0 for the year ended December 31, 2024. The financing activity was directly attributable to proceeds from the issuance of common stock and prefunded warrants, the sale of Series A-1 Preferred Stock, and the sale of Series A-2 Preferred Stock.

Operating Leases

As of December 31, 2025, we have no lease commitments, other than a short-term lease.

Royalty and License Fees

In June 2022, Solasia Pharma K. K., or Solasia, announced that darinaparsin had been approved for relapsed or refractory Peripheral T-Cell Lymphoma by the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare in Japan. During the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, the Company earned $5 and $10, respectively, in royalty revenues on net sales under the Solasia License and Collaboration Agreement.

Critical Accounting Policies and Significant Estimates

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations is based upon our financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles or GAAP. The preparation of these financial statements requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements as well as the reported expenses during the reporting periods. We evaluate our estimates and judgments on an ongoing basis. Actual results may differ materially from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.

We believe the following are our more significant estimates and judgments used in the preparation of our financial statements:

Accounting for Stock-Based Compensation

Stock-based compensation cost is measured at the grant date, based on the estimated fair value of the award, and is recognized as expense over the employee’s requisite service period. Stock-based compensation expense is based on the number of awards ultimately expected to vest and is reduced for forfeitures as they occur. Consistent with prior years, the Company uses the Black-Scholes option pricing model, which requires estimates of the expected term option holders will retain their options before exercising them and the estimated volatility of the Company’s common stock price over the expected term.

We review our valuation assumptions periodically and, as a result, we may change our valuation assumptions used to value share-based awards granted in future periods. Such changes may lead to a significant change in the expense we recognize in connection with share-based payments.

Income Taxes

In preparing our financial statements, we estimate our income tax liability in each of the jurisdictions in which we operate by estimating our actual current tax expense together with assessing temporary differences resulting from differing treatment of items for tax and financial reporting purposes. These differences result in deferred tax assets and liabilities, which, prior to the consideration for the need for a valuation allowance, are included on our balance sheet. Significant management judgment is required in assessing the realizability of our deferred tax assets. In performing this assessment, we consider whether it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. The ultimate realization of deferred tax assets is dependent upon the generation of future taxable income during the periods in which those temporary differences become deductible. In making this determination, under the applicable financial accounting standards, we are allowed to consider the scheduled reversal of deferred tax liabilities, projected future taxable income and the effects of tax planning strategies. Our estimates of future taxable income include, among other items, our estimates of future income tax deductions related to the exercise of stock options. In the event that actual results differ from our estimates, we adjust our estimates in future periods and we may need to establish a valuation allowance, which could materially impact our business, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows and prospects.

We account for uncertain tax positions using a “more-likely-than-not” threshold for recognizing and resolving uncertain tax positions. The evaluation of uncertain tax positions is based on factors that include, but are not limited to, changes in tax law, the measurement of tax positions taken or expected to be taken in tax returns, the effective settlement of matters subject to audit, new audit activity and changes in facts or circumstances related to a tax position. We evaluate uncertain tax positions on an annual basis and adjust the level of the liability to reflect any subsequent changes in the relevant facts surrounding the uncertain positions. Our liabilities for uncertain tax positions can be relieved only if the contingency becomes legally extinguished through either payment to the taxing authority or the expiration of the statute of limitations, the recognition of the benefits associated with the position meet the “more-likely-than-not” threshold or the liability becomes effectively settled through the examination process. We consider matters to be effectively settled once the taxing authority has completed all of its required or expected examination procedures, including all appeals and administrative reviews; we have no plans to appeal or litigate any aspect of the tax position; and we believe that it is highly unlikely that the taxing authority would examine or re-examine the related tax position. We also accrue for potential interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits in income tax expense.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

For a discussion of new accounting standards, please read Note 3 to the accompanying financial statements, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies included in this report.

Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

As a smaller reporting company, as defined by Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act, we are not required to provide the information under this Item 7A.

Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

None.

Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosures

None.

Item 9A. Controls and Procedures

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures.

Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer and our principal accounting officer, we have evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures, as such term is defined under Rule 13a-15(e) or 15d-15(e) promulgated under the Exchange Act, as of December 31, 2025. Based on that evaluation, our principal executive officer and principal financial officer has concluded that as of December 31, 2025, our disclosure controls and procedures were not effective due to a material weakness in internal control over financial reporting related to the lack of sufficient personnel to allow for the required segregation of duties.

We note that the design of any system of controls is based in part upon certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events, and there can be no assurance that any design will succeed in achieving the stated goals under all potential future conditions.

Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting

Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. Internal control over financial reporting is defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) promulgated under the Exchange Act as a process designed by, or under the supervision of, our principal executive officer and principal financial officer and our principal accounting officer and effected by our board of directors, management and other personnel, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles and includes those policies and procedures that:

Under the supervision and with the participation of management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer and our principal accounting officer, we assessed our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2025, based on criteria for effective internal control over financial reporting established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013), issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). Because we are a smaller reporting company, our independent registered public accounting firm is not required to, and has not, issued an attestation report on our internal control over financial reporting. Our management’s assessment of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting included testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of our internal controls. In management’s opinion, we have determined that our internal controls over our financial reporting was not effective due to the lack of sufficient number of personal to allow for the required segregation of duties as of December 31, 2025, based on the criteria discussed above.

Inherent Limitations on Internal Controls

Our management does not expect that our disclosure controls and procedures or our internal controls over financial reporting will prevent all errors and all fraud. A control system, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, within our company have been detected. These inherent limitations include the realities that judgments in decision-making can be faulty, and that breakdowns can occur because of a simple error or mistake. Additionally, controls can be circumvented by individual acts of some persons, by collusion of two or more people, or by management override of the control. The design of any system of controls also is based in part upon certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events, and there can be no assurance that any design will succeed in achieving its stated goals under all potential future conditions. Over time, controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. Projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. Because of the inherent limitations in a cost-effective control system, misstatements due to error or fraud may occur and not be detected.

Changes in Internal Controls over Financial Reporting

There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) and Rule 15d-15(f) of the Exchange Act) that occurred during the year ended December 31, 2025 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

Item 9B. Other Information

Trading Plans

During the year ended December 31, 2025, no director or Section 16 officer of the Company adopted or terminated a "Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement" or "non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement" as each term is defined in Item 408(a) of Regulation S-K.

Item 9C. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections

None.

PART III

Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance

The information required by this Item 10 will be included in our definitive proxy statement to be filed with the SEC with respect to our 2026 Annual Meeting of Stockholders and is incorporated herein by reference.

Policy Prohibiting Insider Trading and Related Procedures.

Our insider trading policy has been reasonably designed to promote compliance with applicable insider trading laws, rules and regulations, and Nasdaq listing standards. Our Insider Trading Policy is filed hereto as Exhibit 19.1 to our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2025.

Item 11. Executive Compensation

The information required by this Item 11 will be included in our definitive proxy statement to be filed with the SEC with respect to our 2026 Annual Meeting of Stockholders and is incorporated herein by reference.

Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters

The information required by this Item 12 will be included in our definitive proxy statement to be filed with the SEC with respect to our 2026 Annual Meeting of Stockholders and is incorporated herein by reference.

Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence

The information required by this Item 13 will be included in our definitive proxy statement to be filed with the SEC with respect to our 2026 Annual Meeting of Stockholders and is incorporated herein by reference.

Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services

The information required by this Item 14 will be included in our definitive proxy statement to be filed with the SEC with respect to our 2026 Annual Meeting of Stockholders and is incorporated herein by reference.

PART IV

Item 15. Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules

(1) Financial Statements:

The Financial Statements required to be filed by Item 8 of this Annual Report, and filed in this Item 15, are as follows:

(2) Financial Statement Schedules:

Schedules are omitted because they are not applicable, or are not required, or because the information is included in the financial statements and notes thereto.

(3) Exhibits:

Item 16. Form 10-K Summary

None.

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.

Alaunos Therapeutics, Inc.

INDEX TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

To the Board of Directors and Stockholders

Alaunos Therapeutics, Inc.

Fort Lauderdale, Florida

Substantial Doubt about the Company’s Ability to Continue as a Going Concern

The accompanying financial statements have been prepared assuming the Company will continue as a going concern. As discussed in Note 1 to the financial statements, the Company has recurring losses and negative cash flows from operations that raise substantial doubt about its ability to continue as a going concern. Management’s evaluations of the events and conditions and management’s plans regarding those matters are also described in Note 1. The financial statements do not include any adjustments that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty.

Basis for Opinion

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audit, we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.

Our audit included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audit also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Critical Audit Matters

Critical audit matters are matters arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. We determined that there were no critical audit matters.

/s/ Cherry Bekaert LLP

We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2024.

Tampa, Florida

March 31, 2026

Alaunos Therapeutics, Inc.

BALANCE SHEETS

(in thousands, except share and per share data)