clvt-20251231

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

☒ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2025

☐TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from _________ to _______

Commission File No. 001-38911

CLARIVATE PLC

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)


Jersey, Channel Islands	Not applicable
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)	(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)
70 St. Mary Axe London EC3A 8BE United Kingdom (Address of principal executive offices)	Not applicable (Zip Code)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: +44 207 4334000

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:


Title of each class	Trading Symbol(s)	Name of each exchange on which registered
Ordinary Shares, no par value	CLVT	New York Stock Exchange

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☒No ☐

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities

Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports),

and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted

pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the

registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller

reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller

reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.


Large accelerated filer	☒	Accelerated filer	☐
Non-accelerated filer	☐	Smaller reporting company	☐
		Emerging growth company	☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for

complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness

of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered

public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report.☒

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the

registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements.☐

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based

compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

The aggregate market value of ordinary shares held by non-affiliates of the registrant, based on the closing price of the ordinary shares

as reported on the New York Stock Exchange as of June 30, 2025, the last business day of the registrant’s most recently completed

second fiscal quarter, was approximately $1.3 billion. Solely for purposes of this calculation, all executive officers, directors, and

holders of five percent or more of the issued and outstanding ordinary shares of the registrant are deemed “affiliates.”

The number of ordinary shares of the Company outstanding as of January 31, 2026, was 640,698,582.

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

The information required by Part III of this Form 10-K, to the extent not set forth herein, is incorporated herein by reference to the

registrant’s definitive proxy statement on Schedule 14A for the 2026 Annual General Meeting of Shareholders, to be filed with the

Securities and Exchange Commission pursuant to Regulation 14A not later than 120 days after the close of the registrant’s fiscal year.

Table of Contents

Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements

This annual report includes statements that express our opinions, expectations, beliefs, plans, objectives, assumptions, or

projections regarding future events or future results and therefore are, or may be deemed to be, “forward-looking statements”

within the meaning of the “safe harbor provisions” of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. These forward-

looking statements can generally be identified by the use of forward-looking terminology, including the terms “believes,”

“estimates,” “anticipates,” “expects,” “seeks,” “projects,” “intends,” “plans,” “may,” “will,” or “should” or, in each case,

their negative or other variations or comparable terminology. These forward-looking statements include all matters that are

not historical facts. They appear in a number of places throughout this annual report and include statements regarding our

intentions, beliefs, or current expectations concerning, among other things, anticipated cost savings, results of operations,

financial condition, liquidity, prospects, growth, strategies, and the markets in which we operate. Such forward-looking

statements are based on available current market material and management’s expectations, beliefs, and forecasts concerning

future events impacting us. Factors that may impact such forward-looking statements include:

•our dependence on third parties, including public sources, for data, information, and other services, and our

relationships with such third parties;

•increased access to free or relatively inexpensive information sources;

•our ability to compete in the highly competitive industry in which we operate, and potential adverse effects of this

competition;

•our ability to maintain high annual renewal rates;

•our ability to maintain revenues if our products and services do not achieve and maintain broad market acceptance,

or if we are unable to keep pace with or adapt to rapidly changing technology, evolving industry standards, and

changing regulatory requirements;

•reductions in customers’ research budgets or government funding;

•the success of our Value Creation Plan;

•our loss of, or inability to attract and retain, key personnel;

•the effectiveness of our business continuity plans;

•our ability to derive fully the anticipated benefits from organic growth, existing or future acquisitions, joint ventures,

investments, or dispositions;

•our exposure to risk from the international scope of our operations, including potentially adverse tax consequences

from the international scope of our operations and our corporate and financing structure;

•our exposure to risk from having operations and employees in Israel;

•the strength of our brand and reputation;

•our level of indebtedness;

•our ability to obtain, protect, defend, or enforce our intellectual property and other proprietary rights;

•our ability to leverage artificial intelligence technologies (“AI”) in our products and services;

•our exposure to risk from the regulation of AI and other evolving technologies;

•any significant disruption in or unauthorized access to or breaches of our computer systems or those of third parties

that we utilize in our operations, including those relating to cybersecurity or arising from cyberattacks;

•our ability to comply with applicable data privacy and cybersecurity laws, rules, and regulations;

•our use of “open source” software in our products and services; and

•other factors beyond our control.

The forward-looking statements contained in this annual report are based on our current expectations and beliefs concerning

future developments and their potential effects on us. There can be no assurance that future developments affecting us will be

those that we have anticipated. These forward-looking statements involve a number of risks and uncertainties (some of which

are beyond our control) or other assumptions that may cause actual results or performance to be materially different from

those expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements. These risks and uncertainties include, but are not limited to,

those factors described in Item 1A. Risk Factors of this annual report. Should one or more of these risks or uncertainties

materialize, or should any of the assumptions prove incorrect, actual results may vary in material respects from those

projected in these forward-looking statements. We do not undertake any obligation to update or revise any forward-looking

statements, whether as a result of new information, future events, or otherwise, except as may be required under applicable

securities laws.

Table of Contents

Defined Terms and Presentation

We employ a number of defined terms in this annual report for clarity and ease of reference, which we have capitalized so

that you may recognize them as such. As used throughout this annual report, unless otherwise indicated or the context

otherwise requires, the terms “Clarivate,” the “Company,” “our,” “us,” and “we” refer to Clarivate Plc and its consolidated

subsidiaries.

Unless otherwise indicated, throughout this annual report, dollar and euro amounts are presented in millions, except for per

share amounts.

Website and Social Media Disclosure

We use our website (www.clarivate.com) and corporate social media accounts on Facebook, X, and LinkedIn (@Clarivate) as

routine channels of distribution of company information, including news releases, analyst presentations, and supplemental

financial information, as a means of disclosing material non-public information and for complying with our disclosure

obligations under Regulation FD promulgated by the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) under the Securities

Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”) and the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”).

Accordingly, investors should monitor our website and our corporate Facebook, X, and LinkedIn accounts in addition to

following press releases, SEC filings, and public conference calls and webcasts. Additionally, we provide notifications of

news or announcements as part of our investor relations website. Investors and others can receive notifications of new

information posted on our investor relations website in real time by signing up for email alerts.

None of the information provided on our website, in our press releases, public conference calls, and webcasts, or through

social media channels is incorporated into, or deemed to be a part of, this annual report or in any other report or document we

file with or furnish to the SEC, and any references to our website or our social media channels are intended to be inactive

textual references only.

Industry and Market Data

The market data and other statistical information used throughout this annual report are based on industry publications and

surveys, public filings, and various government sources. Industry publications and surveys generally state that the

information contained therein has been obtained from sources believed to be reliable, but there can be no assurance as to the

accuracy or completeness of the included information. Statements as to our ranking, market position, and market estimates

(including estimates of the sizes and future growth rates of our markets) are based on independent industry publications,

government publications, third-party forecasts, management’s good faith estimates and assumptions about our markets, and

our internal research. We have not independently verified such third-party information, nor have we ascertained the

underlying economic assumptions relied upon in those sources, and we are unable to assure you of the accuracy or

completeness of such information contained in this annual report. While we are not aware of any misstatements regarding our

market, industry, or similar data presented herein, such data involve risks and uncertainties and are subject to change based

on various factors. See Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements and Item 1A. Risk Factors of this annual

report.

Trademarks and Copyrights

We own or have rights to use the trademarks, service marks, and trade names that we use in connection with the operation of

our business. Other trademarks, service marks, and trade names referred to in this annual report are, to our knowledge, the

property of their respective owners. We also own or have the rights to copyrights that protect aspects of our products and

services. Solely for convenience, the trademarks, service marks, trade names, and copyrights referred to in this annual report

are listed without the ®, ™, and © symbols, but we will assert, to the fullest extent under applicable law, our rights or the

rights of the applicable licensors to these trademarks, service marks, trade names, and copyrights.

Table of Contents

PART I

Item 1. Business.

Clarivate Plc is a public limited company incorporated on January 7, 2019 under the laws of Jersey, Channel Islands. Our

principal business offices are located at 70 St. Mary Axe, London EC3A 8BE, United Kingdom, and our main telephone

number is +44 207 433 4000. We maintain a registered office at 4th Floor, St Paul’s Gate, 22-24 New Street, St. Helier,

Jersey JE14TR. We became a public company in May 2019, and our ordinary shares are traded on the New York Stock

Exchange under the symbol “CLVT.”

Overview

We are a leading global provider of transformative intelligence. We support the entire innovation lifecycle, from cultivating

curiosity to protecting the world’s critical intellectual property assets. Our aim is to fuel the world’s greatest breakthroughs

by harnessing the power of human ingenuity. From research and learning to commercialization, we offer intelligence

solutions, workflow solutions, and tech-enabled services to customers in the Academia & Government, Intellectual Property,

and Life Sciences & Healthcare end markets.

•Intelligence solutions. Continuously enriched, up-to-date knowledge assets, combining expert-curated data,

structured taxonomies, and analytical models that transform complex information into actionable insights powered

by a unique combination of AI-enabled software and human expertise.

•Workflow solutions. Automated, flexible software complemented by our enriched data sets and expert analysis

tailored to meet specific needs.

•Tech-enabled services. We are home to industry specialists, consultants, and data scientists with deep subject-

matter expertise and global experience.

Our highly curated, proprietary suite of branded information and insights solutions – developed through our sourcing,

aggregation, verification, translation, classification, and standardization processes – combined with AI and other advanced

technologies, positions us to deliver amplified intelligence in the age of AI. We have developed and continue to develop AI

research assistants and agents to enhance customer adoption and retention, unlock new revenue streams, and extend platform

reach. Our AI research assistants enable customers to find, synthesize, and validate trusted insights more efficiently through

query-specific, source-backed outputs, while our AI agents automate complex workflows, such as literature reviews, by

executing and validating multi-step tasks across our proprietary solutions.

We serve more than 45,000 customers worldwide, including academic institutions and libraries, research organizations,

corporations, law firms, government entities, and companies across the pharmaceutical, biotechnology, and medical device

industries, providing a trusted foundation and quality user experience resulting in our strong and consistent annual customer

renewal rates exceeding 90 percent.

We provide solutions to our customers primarily through subscription arrangements and re-occurring contracts, which

provide us with stable revenues and predictable cash flows. We also provide transactional offerings that are typically quoted

on a product, data set, or project basis.

•Subscription-based revenues. Recurring revenues that we typically earn under annual contracts, pursuant to which

we license the right to use our products to our customers or provide maintenance services over a contract term.

•Re-occurring revenues. Derived from our patent and trademark renewal services. Our services help customers

maintain and protect their patents and trademarks in multiple jurisdictions around the world. Because of the re-

occurring nature of the patent and trademark lifecycle, our customers engage us on a regular basis to ensure their

intellectual property rights remain protected.

•Transactional revenues. Earned for specific deliverables that are typically quoted on a product, data set, or project

basis. Transactional revenues include content sales (including single-document and aggregated collection sales),

consulting engagements, and other professional services such as software implementation services.

Table of Contents

The following charts present our revenues for the year ended December 31, 2025, by segment, type, and geography:

We are not dependent on any single customer or group of customers, and no significant portion of our business is subject to

renegotiation of profits or termination of contracts or subcontracts at the election of the government.

In all of our endeavors, we aim to provide a best-in-class experience for our customers and deliver exceptional outcomes for

our colleagues, communities, and shareholders. To drive focus, growth, and innovation, we plan to continue executing our

Value Creation Plan with the following key focus areas in 2026:

•Accelerate AI innovation at scale. Continue the deployment of generative and agentic AI, build on existing

momentum to release new AI-native solutions in existing and adjacent markets, and extend AI-powered capabilities

across our flagship product portfolio.

•Strengthen commercial execution. Accelerate organic annualized contract value (“ACV”) and recurring revenue

growth through focused sales execution, deepen customer engagement to drive sustainable account growth, and

enhance sales productivity through AI-powered insights and enablement.

•Drive efficiency and margin expansion. Utilize agentic AI to drive operational efficiency and margin expansion

and continue organization-wide AI adoption to drive operational excellence and cost efficiencies.

•Streamline business model and market focus. Complete product group wind-downs started in 2025 within the

A&G and LS&H segments, further transitioning from transactional sales to subscriptions. As part of our efforts, in

2024 we divested our ScholarOne and Valipat businesses.

Our Business Segments

We have organized our business into the following three segments: Academia & Government (“A&G”), Intellectual Property

(“IP”), and Life Sciences & Healthcare (“LS&H”), based on the different products and services we offer and the markets we

serve.

Academia & Government

Our A&G segment connects trusted content, responsible technology, and editorial expertise to fuel academic success and

advance national outcomes for thousands of institutions and millions of users around the world:

•99% of the top 400 universities use our solutions to accelerate research and education

•More than 26,000 academic libraries benefit from our content and solutions

•60+ years of service to government institutions

•75% of national and regional research assessments are powered by our data

Building on this foundation, Clarivate Academic AI provides a centralized, secure infrastructure that powers our suite of AI-

enabled research and learning assistants integrated across our portfolio of solutions. By combining large language model

(“LLM”) technology with our trusted collection of curated, scholarly content, the platform provides retrieval-augmented

generation, multilingual support, and emerging purpose-built agentic AI, enabling users to achieve more with greater

efficiency and precision while ensuring academic values remain central.

Within the A&G segment, we offer solutions in the following areas:

•Scientific and academic research. We connect trusted, expertly curated data, solutions, and expertise to support

research institutions across the full research lifecycle. Universities, funders, and organizations rely on our Web of

Science product family to uncover, evaluate, and make evidence-based decisions using our citation network that

underpins the research ecosystem. Building on this foundation, our Academic AI capabilities are designed to

Table of Contents

simplify complex research tasks without compromising academic integrity, enabling users to work more efficiently

while remaining grounded in trusted sources. Web of Science Research Intelligence, an AI-native solution,

accelerates insight generation and supports institutions in measuring and demonstrating impact, informing strategy,

and strengthening funding and investment decisions.

•Content solutions. Our ProQuest solutions provide access to multidisciplinary curated content across a variety of

formats including databases, dissertations, news, primary sources, books, and video. This wealth of trusted, curated

content, integrated into scholarly workflows, provides a strong foundation for Academic AI, supporting research

excellence and student success while maintaining academic standards.

•Library software. We help libraries advance their mission to support research and learning excellence and serve as

stewards of institutional knowledge. We provide library software and services that help users of academic,

government, public, and specialty libraries discover, evaluate, and use trusted information effectively in accordance

with academic standards. Academic AI capabilities are embedded across core operations to help libraries improve

productivity and support institutional goals. For academic libraries, Alma provides a proven, flexible, and unified

library services platform to manage resources and unique materials. Vega and Polaris provide similar benefits for

public libraries.

Intellectual Property

Our IP segment provides intellectual property data, software, and expertise to help companies drive innovation, law firms

achieve practice excellence, and organizations worldwide effectively manage and protect critical intellectual property assets.

We empower customers to meet their unique goals with industry-leading data and human expertise trusted by the world’s

most innovative companies:

•More than 40 patent offices use the Derwent World Patent Index for their prior art examination

•Nine out of 10 of the most valuable brands trust us with their trademark needs

•More than 1,600 corporations and law firms use our intellectual property management software

•We employ more than 2,000 IP service professionals, the largest pool of intellectual property experts in the industry

Within the IP segment, we offer solutions in the following areas:

•Patent services. We provide patent maintenance and administrative services that deliver expertise and flexibility at

scale to increase operational efficiency, decrease operational risks, and reduce the pressure on administrative

support.

•Patent intelligence. Our patent intelligence offerings assist customers in creating, protecting, and commercializing

innovation. With the addition of AI-powered search in Derwent Innovation, leveraging our Derwent World

Patents Index, users can apply advanced language models to identify related concepts in patent publications and

navigate new or unfamiliar technology categories with greater speed and precision – transforming patent research

from uncertain guesswork into strategic competitive intelligence.

•Brand IP solutions. Our innovative brand IP solutions cover the entire brand lifecycle, featuring CompuMark

trademark search and watch solutions, a suite of other managed services like IP Recordals, and RiskMark – an AI-

powered tool that sets a new standard for evaluating trademark risk and argument drafting support.

•IP management software. Our IP management software elevates operational performance and simplifies the

process of managing valuable patent and brand asset portfolios. Our IPfolio management platform allows companies

to efficiently and effectively secure, manage, and protect their intellectual property assets through advanced

workflow automation technology, superior data and analytics, and unparalleled industry expertise and support. Our

FoundationIP solution provides similar benefits to law firms seeking to provide renewal and validation of

intellectual property rights on behalf of their customers.

Life Sciences & Healthcare

Our LS&H segment empowers life sciences and healthcare organizations with the contextual intelligence needed to deliver

safe, effective, and commercially successful treatments and solutions to patients faster. Our customers can make smart,

patient-centric decisions and navigate roadblocks with the help of our AI-powered intelligence platforms that are fueled by

extensive and specialized therapeutic area data and contextualized insights. We work with more than 3,000 customers

worldwide across the life sciences and healthcare value chain, including many of the top pharmaceutical, medical device, and

biotech companies.

Table of Contents

Within the LS&H segment, we offer solutions in the following areas:

•Research and development. Our Cortellis suite of products equip our customers with the intelligence needed to

make decisions spanning the entire drug development lifecycle, including decisions related to assessing the market,

analyzing competitors, regulatory compliance, and drug safety. Within Cortellis, our AI-powered Regulatory

Intelligence platform is designed to help regulatory professionals navigate complex and evolving global

requirements with greater ease, speed, and confidence.

•Commercial. Our products and services provide our clients with access to comprehensive, diverse data and

advanced analytics, including insights on global disease landscape and patient journeys, to inform access strategies,

support successful product launches, and maximize market uptake.

•Medtech. We provide clients with insights to boost portfolio value and growth, accelerate path to market, maximize

commercial success, and improve patient outcomes.

Our Competition

We believe the principal competitive factors in our business include the depth, breadth, timeliness, and accuracy of database

content and analysis, the ease of use related to content delivery platforms and management software, and value for price. We

believe we compete favorably with respect to each of these factors. Although we face competition in specific markets and

with respect to specific offerings, including related to developing and implementing AI, we do not believe that we have a

direct competitor across all of the markets we serve due to the depth and breadth of our offerings.

Our AI Governance Framework

We have developed general AI principles that serve as a benchmark for responsible AI development and deployment across

Clarivate and guide our business as we incorporate generative AI into product offerings, seeking to enhance value and

innovation. We have incorporated generative AI governance into our contract terms and conditions, helping to ensure

appropriate usage for customers and vendors.

Our Intellectual Property

We own and generate a significant amount of intellectual property, including registered trademarks, trademark applications,

domain names, patents (both granted and pending), copyrights, and expertly curated, interconnected data assets. We also own

certain proprietary software, including AI-powered products and services. In addition, we are licensed to use certain third-

party software and we obtain significant content and data through third-party licensing arrangements with content providers.

We consider our trademarks, service marks, data assets, software, and other intellectual property to be proprietary, and we

rely on a combination of statutory (e.g., copyright, trademark, trade secret, and patent), contractual, and technical safeguards

to protect our intellectual property rights. We believe that the intellectual property we own and license is sufficient to permit

us to carry on our business as presently conducted.

Our agreements with our customers and business partners place certain restrictions on the use of our intellectual property. As

a general practice, employees, contractors, and other parties with access to our proprietary information sign agreements that

prohibit the unauthorized use or disclosure of our intellectual property and confidential information.

Our People

At Clarivate, we have prioritized enhancing our colleague experience and creating a work environment that attracts and

retains top talent from around the world. Our overarching goal is to create a strong foundation on which we can build for the

future to ensure we have career pathways and development opportunities for our talented workforce. We continue to promote

a work environment where we can be our authentic selves – respecting and celebrating our differences.

We foster a values-led culture that begins with our vision to fuel the world’s greatest breakthroughs by harnessing the power

of human ingenuity. Our mission is to advance the success of people and organizations through transformative intelligence

and trusted partnership. Our values help us achieve our goals with ambition (“We aim for greatness”), integrity (“We own our

actions”), and respect for the people around us (“We value every voice”). We provide a variety of colleague-oriented

programs and benefits to attract, retain, and develop a productive and engaged workforce.

Table of Contents

As of December 31, 2025, we had more than 12,000 employees located in over 40 countries around the world. The following

charts present our employees by segment and by geography:

Colleague Engagement

Treating one another with fairness, dignity, and respect are fundamental to our purpose and mission. We believe that people

coming together from different cultures and backgrounds, with different life experiences, is essential to sparking new ideas

and accelerating our progress. We know that colleagues who feel engaged will be the most proactive and productive. Our

goal is to weave these principles into the fabric of our culture to become a recognized global employer of choice.

Some of our corporate initiatives include promoting colleague resource group activities and participation and supporting our

communities. We host seven unique and active colleague resource groups designed for ongoing promotion of social

responsibility and belonging.

Attraction, Development, and Retention

We have a dedicated talent acquisition team whose priority is to attract the best, most suitable candidates using such channels

as proactive sourcing, connecting through universities, ad campaigns, and referrals. Their goal is to identify a diverse,

qualified candidate pool and to provide a positive candidate experience throughout the interview and hiring process. Current

colleagues also are a key source of talent, and we have a number of opportunities enabling colleagues to thrive and advance

their careers. We approach our internal mobility process with the goal of making it easier for our colleagues to grow their

career internally rather than seeking an opportunity with another employer.

Our learning and development philosophy is about bringing our values, culture, and opportunities to life. It’s about

empowering each colleague to bring their best self to work every day and providing a range of opportunities to help them

develop the knowledge and skills they need to be successful. We encourage colleagues to take advantage of the more than

30,000 self-paced eLearning resources available on our Learning Management System platform as well as the many live and

virtual training sessions we offer regularly throughout the year. We align our training offerings to our competency model,

building a foundation for career development and advancement. We provide targeted leadership programming relevant to

increasing levels of responsibility for the organization.

We conduct a colleague engagement survey twice a year to assess overall satisfaction and gather feedback on what colleagues

feel is working well and where there are opportunities for improvement. We are committed to listening, learning, and acting

on the feedback we receive to make Clarivate an even better place for colleagues to work and succeed. Our latest 2025 survey

reflected continued engagement and stability, consistent with the past two years, with colleagues providing more than 20,000

comments sharing their experiences and perspectives. We believe these steady results reflect our ongoing commitment to

actively address colleague feedback to strengthen our workforce and improve our workplace.

We have invested in a robust health and well-being strategy to encourage healthier and happier colleagues. Our global

Employee Assistance Program provides confidential emotional support, legal guidance, financial resources, and online

support. In addition, our well-being platform offers a personalized experience to help colleagues build healthy habits, such as

reducing stress, eating healthier, tracking sleep, and exercising regularly with personal and team challenge incentives.

We strive to offer equitable pay and competitive salaries and wages, and we offer a comprehensive benefits and rewards

package, including healthcare, insurance benefits, retirement savings plans, and more. We also provide paid volunteer time

off to each of our colleagues in support of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals.

Table of Contents

Available Information

Our internet address is clarivate.com and our investor relations website is ir.clarivate.com. On or through our investor

relations website, we make available, free of charge, printable copies of our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports

on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or

15(d) of the Exchange Act as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file such material with, or furnish it to,

the SEC. On our website, we also make available printable copies of our Code of Conduct, Amended and Restated

Memorandum of Association, Corporate Governance Guidelines, Audit Committee Charter, Nominating and Governance

Committee Charter, Human Resources and Compensation Committee Charter, Finance Committee Charter, and other

corporate policies.

Item 1A. Risk Factors.

The following risks could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, and cash

flows and, as a result, the trading price of our ordinary shares could decline. These risk factors do not identify all risks that we

face; our operations could also be affected by factors that are not presently known to us or that we currently consider to be

immaterial to our operations. Due to risks and uncertainties, known and unknown, our past financial results may not be a

reliable indicator of future performance, and historical trends should not be used to anticipate results or trends in future

periods. Investors should carefully consider all risks, including those disclosed here, before making an investment decision.

Strategy and Market Risks

We are dependent on third parties, including public sources, for data, information, and other services, and our

relationships with such third parties may not be successful or may change, which could adversely affect our results of

operations.

Substantially all our products and services are developed using data, information, or services obtained from third-party

providers and public sources or are made available to our customers or are integrated for our customers’ use through

information and technology solutions provided by third-party service providers. We have commercial relationships with

third-party providers whose capabilities complement our own and, in some cases, these providers are also our competitors.

The priorities and objectives of these providers, particularly those that are our competitors, may differ from ours, which may

make us vulnerable to unpredicted price increases and unfavorable licensing terms. Agreements with such third-party

providers periodically come up for renewal or renegotiation, and there is a risk that such negotiations may result in different

rights and restrictions which could adversely impact our customers’ use of the content, particularly in certain cases where we

are reliant on a sole source for data feeds that are not diversified. We may also receive notices from third parties claiming

infringement, misappropriation, or other violations by our products and services of third-party patent and other intellectual

property rights and, as the number of products and services in our markets increases and the functionality of these products

and services further overlaps with third-party products and services, we may become increasingly subject to claims by a third

party that our products and services infringe on, misappropriate, or otherwise violate such party’s intellectual property rights.

Moreover, providers that are not currently our competitors may become competitors or may be acquired by or merge with a

competitor in the future, any of which could reduce our access to the information and technology solutions provided by those

companies. Any of the foregoing risks may be exacerbated by the use of AI by us or by our competitors or third-party service

providers. If we do not maintain or obtain the expected benefits from our relationships with third-party providers, or if a

substantial number of our third-party providers or any key service providers were to withdraw their services, we may be less

competitive, our ability to offer products and services to our customers may be negatively affected, and our results of

operations could be adversely impacted.

Increased access to free or relatively inexpensive information sources may reduce demand for our products and services.

In recent years, more public sources of free or relatively inexpensive information have become available, and we expect this

trend to continue, especially with the deployment of free, general purpose AI models and other AI tools. Public sources of

free or relatively inexpensive information may reduce demand for our products and services. Competition from such free or

lower cost sources may also require us to reduce the price of some of our products and services or make additional capital

investments, which may impact our financial performance. Demand could also be reduced as a result of cost-cutting, reduced

spending, or reduced activity by customers. Our results of operations could be adversely affected if our customers choose to

use these public sources as a substitute for our products or services.

Table of Contents

We operate in a highly competitive industry, and we may be adversely affected by competition and other changes in our

markets.

The markets for our products and services are highly competitive and are subject to rapid technological changes and evolving

customer demands and needs. We compete on the basis of various factors, including the quality of content embedded in our

databases, customers’ perception of our products relative to the value that they deliver, user experience, and the quality of our

overall offerings. Many of our principal competitors are established companies that have substantial financial resources,

recognized brands, technological expertise, and market experience, and these competitors sometimes have more established

positions in certain product lines and geographies than we do. We also compete with smaller and sometimes newer

companies, some of which have a narrower focus than our company, and with other information services companies and

search providers. New and emerging technologies, including AI, may present opportunities for our existing competitors to

adopt additional or complementary services more effectively than us, and may also allow start-up companies to enter the

market more quickly than they would have been able to in the past. In addition, some of our competitors combine competing

products with complementary products as packaged solutions, which could pre-empt use of our products or solutions.

Alternatively, some of our customers may decide to independently develop certain products and services. If we fail to

compete effectively, our financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected.

We generate a significant percentage of our revenues from recurring subscription-based arrangements and highly

predictable re-occurring arrangements. If we are unable to maintain a high annual renewal rate for our subscription-

based and re-occurring arrangements, our results of operations could be adversely affected.

For the year ended December 31, 2025, approximately 83% of our revenues were subscription-based and re-occurring

arrangements. Because most of the revenues we report each quarter are the result of subscription and re-occurring agreements

entered into or renewed in previous quarters, a decline in subscription activity in any one quarter may not affect our results

that quarter, but could result in lower revenues in future quarters. Our operating results depend on our ability to achieve and

sustain high renewal rates with acceptable pricing on our existing subscription and re-occurring arrangements. Uncertain

global economic conditions, including inflation and changing trade policies, have had and may continue to have an adverse

impact on our ability to increase our revenue results. Failure to meet one or more of our revenue objectives could have a

material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and operating results.

If our products and services do not achieve and maintain broad market acceptance, or if we are unable to keep pace with

or adapt to rapidly changing technology, evolving industry standards, and changing regulatory requirements, our

revenues could be adversely affected.

Our business is characterized by rapidly changing technology, evolving industry standards, and changing regulatory

requirements. Our growth and success depend upon our ability to keep pace with such changes and developments and to meet

changing customer needs and preferences. Our ability to keep pace with technology, industry, and regulatory changes is

subject to a number of risks, including those that we may find it difficult or costly to:

•leverage AI in our existing or newly developed products and services;

•make some features of our products work effectively and securely or with new or changed operating systems; and

•update our products and services to keep pace with business, evolving industry standards, regulatory requirements,

our customers’ needs, and other developments in the markets in which our customers operate.

Any failure to achieve successful customer acceptance of new products and services could adversely affect our business and

results of operations. Additionally, significant delays in new product or service releases or significant problems in creating

new products or services could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and operating results.

Reductions in customers’ research budgets or government funding may adversely affect our business.

The principal customers for certain of our products and services are academic institutions, government agencies, and life

sciences and pharmaceutical companies, which fund purchases of these products and services from limited budgets that are

sensitive to changes in private and governmental sources of funding. The level of government funding of research and

development may be increased or reduced annually, and we have seen a reduction in government funding in 2025. The

availability of government research funding has been, and may continue to be, adversely affected by policy changes,

economic conditions, and government spending reductions, including the downsizing or reduced funding of certain

government agencies. Recession, economic uncertainty, changing trade policies, or austerity have also contributed, and may

continue to contribute, to reductions in spending by such sources. Accordingly, any further decreases in budgets of academic

institutions, government agencies, or life sciences and pharmaceutical companies, or changes in the spending patterns of

private or government sources that fund academic institutions, could adversely affect our business and results of operations.

Further, an extended federal government shutdown resulting from a failure to pass budget appropriations, adopt continuing

funding resolutions, or raise the debt ceiling, together with any other budgetary decisions limiting or delaying government

Table of Contents

spending, could negatively impact U.S. or global economic conditions and could have a material adverse effect on our

business, financial condition, and operating results.

Business and Operational Risks

Our Value Creation Plan may not be successful and may not lead to increased shareholder value.

In 2025, we adopted a Value Creation Plan that is intended to increase subscription and re-occurring revenue mix, increase

organic growth, optimize return on investment, and improve financial performance. As part of this plan, we are focusing our

efforts on accelerating AI innovation at scale, strengthening commercial execution, driving efficiency and margin expansion,

and evaluating our products and services to identify opportunities to streamline our business model and market focus and

optimize capital allocation. Our Value Creation Plan is subject to market conditions, customer adoption, successful

operational implementation, and other uncertainties. Our efforts to continue implementing this plan may not be successful on

our anticipated timeline or at all, or they may not significantly improve or enhance our business, financial condition, or

results of operations. Further, completing the plan could be time consuming and costly, divert management’s attention, result

in the loss of potential business opportunities, and negatively impact our ability to attract, retain, and motivate key

employees.

The loss of, or the inability to attract and retain, key personnel could impair our ability to execute our business strategy

and achieve future success.

Our ability to execute our business strategy and achieve future success depends on the continued service and efforts of our

employees, including our experts in research and analysis, as well as colleagues in sales, marketing, product development,

critical operational roles, and management, including our executive officers. We rely on our key personnel to execute our

existing business operations and identify and pursue new growth opportunities. Changes in senior management or other key

personnel could be disruptive to our management and operations and impede our ability to fully implement our business plan

and growth strategy. Our failure to develop an adequate succession plan for one or more of our executive officers or other key

personnel could deplete our institutional knowledge base and erode our competitive advantage during a transition. We must

also maintain our ability to attract, motivate, and retain highly qualified employees in our respective segments in order to

support our customers and achieve business results. The loss of the services of key personnel, leadership transition, or an

inability to recruit effective replacements or to otherwise attract, motivate, or retain highly qualified personnel could have a

material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and operating results.

Our business continuity and recovery plans may not be effective against events that may adversely impact our business.

We have established operational policies and procedures that manage the risks associated with business continuity and

recovery from potential disruptions to our business. These policies and procedures are designed to increase the likelihood that

we are prepared to continue operations during times of unexpected disruption, and we have taken steps to minimize risks that

could lead to disruptions in our operations and to avoid harm to our customers in the event of a significant disruption to our

operations. Our goal is to ensure organizational resilience across product sets; however, there is no guarantee that our plans

and procedures will be effective in minimizing disruption from unexpected events that could result from a variety of causes,

including human error, military actions, terrorist or cyberterrorist activities, weather conditions (including climate change),

natural disasters (such as hurricanes and floods), and infrastructure or network failures (including failures at third-party data

centers or by third-party cloud-computing providers). Any of these or other unforeseen disruptions that we are not able to

effectively manage could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and operating results.

We may be unable to derive fully the anticipated benefits from organic growth, existing or future acquisitions, joint

ventures, investments, or dispositions, including anticipated revenue and cost synergies, and costs associated with

achieving synergies or integrating such acquisitions may exceed our expectations.

We seek to achieve our growth objectives by optimizing our offerings to meet the needs of our customers through organic

development, including by delivering integrated workflow platforms, acquiring new customers, and implementing

operational efficiency initiatives, and through acquisitions, joint ventures, investments, and dispositions. We may not be able

to achieve the expected benefits of our acquisitions, including anticipated revenue, cost synergies, or growth opportunities,

and we may not be able to integrate the assets acquired or achieve our expected cost synergies without increases in costs or

other difficulties. Furthermore, we may ultimately divest unsuccessful acquisitions, investments, or businesses. If we fail to

successfully complete an intended disposition, our operations and financial results may be negatively affected. Any

acquisitions, investments, and dispositions may be affected by the risks commonly encountered in such transactions,

including assuming potential liabilities of an acquired company, managing the potential disruption to our ongoing business,

incurring expenses associated with an impairment of all or a portion of goodwill and other intangible assets, and failure to

implement or maintain proper controls, procedures, and policies associated with acquisition, investment, or disposition. If we

are unable to successfully execute on our growth strategies through organic and inorganic means, our business, financial

condition, and results of operations could be adversely affected.

Table of Contents

The international scope of our operations may expose us to increased risk, and our international operations and corporate

and financing structure may expose us to potentially adverse tax consequences.

We have significant international operations and, accordingly, our business is subject to risks resulting from differing legal

and regulatory requirements, political, social, and economic conditions and unforeseeable developments in a variety of

jurisdictions. Our international operations are subject to the following risks, among others:

•changes in regulatory requirements or other U.S. executive branch actions, such as executive orders;

•changes in the global trade environment, including potential deterioration in geopolitical or trade relations between

countries;

•political instability;

•international hostilities (including the ongoing war between Russia and Ukraine and related sanctions, the ongoing

conflicts in the Middle East, tensions between Serbia and Kosovo, geopolitical tensions in Latin America, and

related negative economic impacts), military actions, terrorist or cyberterrorist activities, weather conditions

(including climate change), natural disasters, pandemics, and infrastructure disruptions;

•China’s domestic policy, increasing cybersecurity requirements, and increased preference for nationalized content;

•differing economic cycles and adverse economic conditions;

•unexpected changes in regulatory environments and government interference in the economy and the possibility that

the U.S. could default on its debt obligations;

•inflationary and interest rate pressures;

•differing labor regulations in locations where we have a significant number of employees;

•foreign exchange controls and restrictions on repatriation of funds;

•fluctuations in currency exchange rates;

•insufficient protection against product piracy and differing protections for intellectual property and other proprietary

rights;

•varying regulatory and legislative frameworks regarding the use and implementation of AI;

•varying attitudes towards censorship, privacy, and the treatment of information service providers by foreign

governments, particularly in emerging markets;

•various trade restrictions (including tariffs, trade and economic sanctions, and export controls prohibiting or

restricting transactions involving certain persons and certain designated countries or territories) and anti-corruption

laws (including the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and the UK Bribery Act 2010);

•possible difficulties in enforcing a U.S. judgment against us or our directors and officers residing outside the United

States, or asserting securities law claims outside the United States; and

•protecting shareholder interests due to differing shareholder rights under Jersey law, where we are incorporated.

Our overall success as a global business depends, in part, on our ability to anticipate and effectively manage these risks, and

there can be no assurance that we will be able to do so without incurring unexpected or significant costs. If we are unable to

manage the risks related to our international operations, our business, financial condition, and results of operations may be

materially affected.

In addition, the international scope of our business operations subjects us to multiple overlapping tax regimes that can make it

difficult to determine what our obligations are, and relevant tax authorities may interpret rules differently over time or

differently from each other. These tax regimes may relate to corporate income taxes, withholding taxes on remittances,

payments by our partnerships or subsidiaries, withholding taxes on share-based compensation, and adverse tax consequences

of a U.S. person exceeding a particular ownership threshold in our ordinary shares, among other issues. If any tax authority

were to dispute a position we have taken or may take in the future and successfully proceed against us, it could adversely

affect our cash flows and financial position, and the amounts we could be required to pay may be significant.

We face risks associated with having operations and employees located in Israel.

We have an office with approximately 500 employees located in Israel, including members of our executive team. As a result,

political and military conditions in Israel and the surrounding region could directly affect our operations. The future of peace

efforts between Israel and its neighbors in the Middle East remains uncertain. The effects of recent regional hostilities and

political unrest on the Israeli economy and our operations in Israel continue to be unclear, and we cannot predict the effect on

our business of increases in these or other hostilities or future armed conflict, political instability, or violence in the region. In

addition, many of our employees in Israel are obligated to perform annual reserve duty in the Israeli military and are subject

to being called for active duty under emergency circumstances. Several countries have suspended relations with Israel and

Table of Contents

additional countries may impose restrictions on doing business with Israel and companies with operations or employees in

Israel, whether as a result of ongoing instability or hostilities in the region or otherwise. In addition, there have been

increased efforts by activists to cause companies, research institutions, and consumers to boycott Israeli goods and services

and cooperation with Israeli-related entities based on Israel’s military operations (including in Gaza) and Israeli government

policies. Such actions, particularly if they become more widespread, may adversely impact our ability to engage our

customers, cooperate with research institutions, or collaborate with third parties. We cannot predict the full impact of these

conditions on our operations in the future, particularly if emergency circumstances or an escalation in the political situation

occurs. Current or future tensions and conflicts in the Middle East could adversely affect our business, financial condition,

and results of operations.

Our brand and reputation are key assets and competitive advantages for us, and our business may be affected by how we

are perceived in the marketplace.

Our ability to attract and retain customers is affected by external perceptions of our brand and reputation. Failure to protect

the reputation of our brands may adversely impact our credibility as a trusted source of information, insights, and expertise

and may have a negative impact on our business. In addition, in some jurisdictions, we engage sales agents in connection

with the sale of certain of our products and services. Poor representation of our products and services by agents, or entities

acting without our permission, could have an adverse effect on our brands, reputation, and business.

Our indebtedness could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Our indebtedness could have significant consequences on our future operations, including:

•making it more difficult for us to satisfy our debt obligations and our other ongoing business obligations, which may

result in defaults;

•events of default if we fail to comply with the financial and other covenants contained in the agreements governing

our debt instruments, which could result in all of our debt becoming immediately due and payable or require us to

negotiate an amendment to financial or other covenants that could cause us to incur additional fees and expenses;

•sensitivity to interest rate increases on our variable rate outstanding indebtedness, which could result in increased

interest under our credit facilities and could cause our debt service obligations to increase significantly;

•reducing the availability of our cash flow to fund working capital, capital expenditures, acquisitions, and other

general corporate purposes, and limiting our ability to obtain additional financing for these purposes;

•limiting our flexibility in planning for or adequately reacting to changes in our business, the industries in which we

operate, and the overall economy;

•placing us at a competitive disadvantage compared to any of our competitors that have less debt or are less

leveraged;

•increasing our vulnerability to adverse economic and industry conditions; and

•if we receive a downgrade of our credit ratings, our cost of borrowing could increase, negatively affecting our ability

to access the capital markets on advantageous terms, or at all.

Our ability to meet our payment and other obligations under our debt instruments depends on our ability to generate

significant cash flow in the future, which in turn is partially subject to general economic, financial, competitive, legislative,

and regulatory factors, as well as other factors that are beyond our control. We may not be able to continue generating cash

flow from operations, and future borrowings may not be available to us under our existing or any future credit facilities or

otherwise, in an amount sufficient to enable us to meet our debt obligations and to fund other liquidity needs. We may incur

substantial additional indebtedness, including secured indebtedness, for many reasons, including to fund acquisitions. Such

additional indebtedness may be subject to higher borrowing costs. If we incur additional debt or other liabilities, the related

risks that we face could intensify.

We have incurred goodwill impairment charges and may incur future impairment charges for our goodwill and other

intangible assets, which would negatively impact our operating results.

We have previously recorded goodwill impairment charges that arose primarily due to worsening macroeconomic and market

conditions, as well as sustained declines in our share price. We have also previously recorded intangible asset impairment

charges. Adverse or worsening macroeconomic or market conditions, further sustained declines in our share price and market

capitalization, or other indicators of potential impairment may trigger the need for updated impairment assessments, which

could result in future impairment charges. In the event we impair our goodwill, other intangible assets, or long-lived assets,

such a charge could have a material adverse effect on our operating results.

Table of Contents

Intellectual Property, Data Privacy, and Cybersecurity Risks

Failure to obtain, maintain, protect, defend, or enforce our intellectual property and other proprietary rights could

adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

We rely and expect to continue to rely on a combination of physical, operational, and managerial protections of our

confidential information and intellectual property and other proprietary rights, including trademark, copyright, patent, and

trade secret protection laws, as well as confidentiality, assignment, and license agreements with our employees, contractors,

consultants, vendors, service providers, customers, and other third parties with whom we have relationships.

The steps we take to protect our intellectual property and other proprietary rights require significant resources and may be

inadequate. Effective trade secret, copyright, trademark, patent, and domain name protection is expensive to develop and

maintain, both in terms of initial and ongoing registration requirements and expenses and the costs of defending and

enforcing our rights. We may choose not to obtain, maintain, protect, defend, or enforce certain rights that later turn out to be

important to our business. We cannot guarantee that our efforts to obtain, maintain, protect, defend, or enforce our intellectual

property rights are adequate or that we have secured, or will be able to secure, appropriate permissions or protections for the

intellectual property rights we use or rely on.

Our registered or unregistered trademarks, tradenames, or other intellectual property rights may be challenged, infringed,

circumvented, misappropriated, or otherwise violated; declared invalid or unenforceable; determined to be infringing on other

third-party rights, or narrowed in scope. We may be unable to prevent the challenge, infringement, circumvention,

misappropriation, or other violation of our intellectual property and other proprietary rights or deter independent development

of similar products and services by others, which may diminish the value of our brand and other intangible assets and allow

competitors to more effectively mimic our products and services.

While it is our policy to require our employees, contractors, and other parties with whom we conduct business who may be

involved in the development of our intellectual property to execute agreements assigning such intellectual property to us, we

may be unsuccessful in executing such an agreement with each party that conceives or develops intellectual property that we

regard as ours. Additionally, any such assignment of intellectual property rights may not be self-executing or the assignment

agreements may be breached, and we may be forced to bring claims against third parties, or defend claims that they may

bring against us, to determine the ownership of what we regard as our intellectual property. Further, we cannot guarantee that

we have entered into such agreements with each party that has or may have had access to our trade secrets, confidential

information, software (including our AI tools), or other proprietary technology and, even if entered into, these agreements

may fail to effectively prevent disclosure of our proprietary or confidential rights, information, or technologies, may be

limited as to their term, or may not provide an adequate remedy in the event of unauthorized disclosure, misappropriation,

use, or other violation of our trade secrets, confidential information, and other proprietary rights or technologies.

We strive to protect our intellectual property rights by relying on foreign, federal, state, and common law rights, as well as

contractual restrictions. We typically pursue the registration of our domain names, patents, copyrights, and trademarks in the

United States and in certain jurisdictions abroad. However, effective intellectual property protection may not be available or

may not be sought in every country in which our products or services are made available, in every class of goods and services

in which we operate, and contractual disputes may affect the use of intellectual property rights governed by private contract.

We may not be able to obtain, maintain, protect, defend, or enforce our intellectual property rights in every jurisdiction in

which we operate. The legal systems of certain countries do not favor the enforcement of patents, trademarks, copyrights,

trade secrets, and other intellectual property protection, which could make it difficult for us to stop the infringement,

misappropriation, or other violation of our intellectual property or marketing of competing products in violation of our

intellectual property rights generally.

In addition, third parties that provide AI products and services, including some which are publicly available, may have

trained their LLMs or other AI tools or technology on our content without our consent and it may be difficult to enforce our

copyrights, other intellectual property rights, and technical controls in connection with such unauthorized use, which could

reduce demand for our products and services. Any of the foregoing could adversely affect our business, financial condition,

and results of operations.

Uncertainty in the development, deployment, and use of AI in our products and services may result in operational or

reputational damage, competitive harm, liability, and additional costs, any of which could adversely affect our business,

financial condition, and results of operations.

We use and expect to expand our use of AI in our products, services, business, and operations. Developing, testing,

deploying, and maintaining AI systems will require additional investment and may increase our costs. If we fail to keep pace

with rapidly evolving AI technological developments, our competitive position and business results may be negatively

impacted, and there can be no assurance that our use of AI will result in our business or operations being more efficient or

profitable or otherwise result in our intended outcomes. The development, adoption, and use of AI technologies are still in

Table of Contents

their formative stages and, as with many innovations, present risks, challenges, and unintended consequences that could

affect their adoption. Ineffective or inadequate AI development or deployment practices by us or third-party developers or

vendors, or actual or perceived deficiencies, inaccuracies, biases, or other flaws in our products or services, could damage our

reputation, competitive position, and business, expose us to legal liability or regulatory risk, and cause us to incur additional

costs to address any reputational, governance, ethical, data privacy, confidentiality, security, compliance, technical,

operational, legal, or competitive issues. For example:

•AI tools that we use may be flawed or may be based on algorithms, datasets, or prompts that are biased or

insufficient;

•We or our customers may rely on the output of AI tools, whether the tools are ours or those of a third-party service

provider, which may contain errors or material that is unclear, unattributed, misattributed, insufficient, biased, or

false;

•Emerging AI applications may require additional investment in the development of proprietary datasets, algorithms,

and machine learning models and new approaches and processes;

•We may not have sufficient rights to use data or other material or content produced by AI, or the models, algorithms,

data, or other material or content on which our AI tools rely, in our business;

•We may inadvertently expose third-party data or other material or content to AI without appropriate permission or

attribution;

•Our employees, contractors, vendors, or service providers may use third-party software incorporating AI in

connection with our business or the services they provide to us and inadvertently disclose or incorporate our

information into publicly available or other third-party training sets, which may impact our ability to realize the

benefit of, or adequately protect, our intellectual property and other proprietary rights;

•Any output we create using AI may not be subject to copyright protection, which may adversely affect our

intellectual property rights in or our ability to commercialize such content;

•Third parties may be able to use AI to create technology that could reduce demand for our products;

•The use of AI may result in cybersecurity incidents that implicate the personal or other confidential data of users of

our AI tools or technologies;

•Third-party vendors may fail to comply with shifting regulations or contractual obligations;

•The failure to properly remediate AI usage or ethics issues may cause public confidence in AI to be undermined,

which could slow adoption of AI in our products and services; and

•Our customers may not accept or be able to pay a premium for advanced AI capabilities in certain markets where we

operate.

We face risks related to the regulation of AI and other evolving technologies.

The technologies underlying AI and its uses are already subject to a variety of laws and regulations, including intellectual

property, data privacy, cybersecurity, consumer protection, competition, and equal opportunity laws and regulations, and are

expected to be subject to increased regulation and new laws and regulations or new interpretations of existing laws and

regulations. The regulatory framework related to AI use and ethics is changing rapidly, and new laws and regulations, or the

interpretation of existing laws and regulations, in jurisdictions where we operate may affect our ability to leverage AI,

increase the burden and cost of research and development and operations, and expose us to legal and regulatory risks,

government enforcement, or civil suits that impact our ability to develop, earn revenue from, or utilize any products or

services incorporating AI. These technologies are themselves highly complex and rapidly developing, and it is not possible to

predict all of the legal or regulatory risks that may arise relating to our use of such technologies. Laws and regulations vary

between jurisdictions and are subject to change and evolving interpretations. As we expand our products and services through

the deployment of AI technologies, we have faced, and may continue to face, shifting regulations. For example, the EU

Artificial Intelligence Act (“EU AI Act”) entered into force in August 2024 and governs AI systems that impact individuals

in the EU. New provisions of the EU AI Act took effect in August 2025 that may impact disclosure and risk management

practices by us and third-party providers with whom we have commercial relationships. Complying with, or adopting best

practices relating to, the EU AI Act and similar emerging laws may impose significant costs on our business and may

necessitate changes to certain business practices to ensure compliance. We may not be able to adequately anticipate or

respond to these evolving technologies, laws, and regulations, and we may need to expend additional resources to adjust our

products, services, and operations, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Table of Contents

Any disruption in or unauthorized access to or breaches of our computer systems or those of third parties that we utilize in

our operations, including those relating to cybersecurity or arising from cyberattacks, could adversely impact our

business.

Our reputation and ability to attract, retain, and serve our customers is dependent upon the reliable performance and security

of our computer systems and those of third parties that we utilize in our operations to collect, store, use, transmit, and

otherwise process public records, intellectual property, and other information, including confidential, sensitive, and personal

information. Most of our products and services are delivered electronically, and our customers rely on our ability to process

and deliver substantial quantities of information and other services on computer-based networks. Some elements of these

systems are provided by third-party providers, including critical data inputs or software received from third-party suppliers

and data systems stored on cloud-based computing infrastructure. We expend significant resources designed to develop and

secure our computer systems, intellectual property, and information, including confidential, sensitive, and personal

information, but they may be subject to damage or interruption from weather conditions (including climate change), natural

disasters, infrastructure or network failures (including failures at third-party data centers, by third-party cloud-computing

providers, or of aging technology assets), terrorist attacks, armed conflicts, power loss, internet and telecommunications

failures, the loss or failure of systems over which we have no control, and cybersecurity risks such as cyberattacks,

ransomware attacks, social engineering (including phishing attacks), computer viruses, denial of service attacks, physical or

electronic break-ins, and similar disruptions from foreign governments, state-sponsored entities, hackers, organized

cybercriminals, cyber terrorists, and individual threat actors (including malicious insiders), any of which may see their

effectiveness further enhanced by the use of AI. We may also face additional strain on our systems and networks due to aging

or end-of-life technology that we have not yet updated or replaced. Although we monitor, modify, update, and replace our

information technology systems and infrastructure, and invest in new capabilities to support the business, we cannot

guarantee that our own systems, or those operated by third parties, will always meet our current or future needs or fully

protect our operations. Additionally, upgrades or replacements can be costly and may involve factors outside our control. Any

inability to modify, upgrade, or replace these systems, or any disruption, failure, or data corruption during such efforts, could

result in service interruptions and negatively affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

In addition to the risks noted above, many of our employees work remotely, which magnifies the importance of the integrity

of our remote access security measures and may expose us to additional cybersecurity risks. We have implemented systems

and processes designed to thwart such threat actors and otherwise protect our computer systems and information, including

confidential, sensitive, and personal information; however, the systems and processes we have adopted may not be effective,

and, similar to many other global multinational companies, we have experienced and may continue to experience cyber-

threats, cyberattacks and other attempts to breach the security of our systems or gain unauthorized access to our information,

including confidential, sensitive, and personal information. Any fraudulent, malicious, or accidental breach of our computer

systems or cybersecurity protections (including due to malicious insiders or inadvertent employee errors) could result in

unintentional disclosure of, or unauthorized access to, customer, vendor, employee, or our own information, including

confidential, sensitive, and personal information, which could result in additional costs to enhance security or to respond to

such incidents, lost sales, violations of data privacy, cybersecurity, or other laws or regulations, notifications to individuals,

penalties, or litigation. Any failure of our computer systems, disruption to our operations, or unauthorized access to any of

our computer systems or information, including confidential, sensitive, and personal information, or those of third parties

upon whom we rely or with whom we partner could result in, among other things, significant expense to repair, replace, or

remediate such systems, equipment, or facilities, a loss of customers, legal or regulatory claims, and proceedings or fines, all

of which could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Additionally, while we generally perform cybersecurity due diligence on our key vendors, service providers, contractors, and

consultants, if any of these third parties fail to adopt or adhere to adequate cybersecurity practices, or in the event of a breach,

incident, disruption, or other compromise of their technology infrastructure, our or our customers’ information, including

confidential, sensitive, and personal information, may be improperly lost, destroyed, modified, accessed, used, disclosed, or

otherwise processed, which could subject us to claims, demands, proceedings, and liabilities. We do not have control over the

operations of the facilities of third-party cloud computing service or other key vendors, service providers, contactors, and

consultants that we use. This fact, coupled with the fact that we cannot easily switch our computing operations and other

computer systems to other service providers, means that any disruption of or interference with our use of our current third-

party cloud computing service, or the services provided by our other vendors, service providers, contractors, and consultants,

could disrupt our operations, and our business could be adversely impacted. Although we may have contractual protections

with our third-party providers, any actual or perceived security breach, incident, or disruption could harm our reputation and

brand, expose us to potential liability, or require us to expend significant resources on cybersecurity in responding to any

such actual or perceived compromise, breach, incident, or disruption and negatively impact our business. Any contractual

protections we may have from our third-party providers may not be sufficient to adequately protect us from any such

liabilities and losses, and we may be unable to enforce any such contractual protections. Further, any insurance coverage

Table of Contents

relating to cybersecurity risks may not be sufficient to provide adequate loss coverage (including if the insurer denies future

claims) and may not continue to be available to us on economically reasonable terms, or at all.

Our collection, storage, and use of confidential, sensitive, or personal information or data are subject to applicable data

privacy and cybersecurity laws, and any failure to comply with such laws may harm our reputation and business or expose

us to fines and other enforcement action.

In the ordinary course of business, we collect, aggregate, store, use, analyze, transmit, license, and otherwise process certain

types of information, including confidential, sensitive, and personal information, including data sourced from third parties,

that are subject to different laws and regulations. In particular, data privacy and cybersecurity laws and regulations often vary

significantly by jurisdiction.

For example, in the U.S., there are numerous federal, state, and local data privacy, and cybersecurity laws, rules, and

regulations governing the collection, storage, use, transmission, and other processing of personal information and Congress

has considered, and continues to consider, various proposals for additional comprehensive national data privacy and

cybersecurity legislation. At the state level, we are subject to laws, rules, and regulations, such as the California Consumer

Privacy Act (as amended by the California Privacy Rights Act (collectively, “CCPA”)), which imposes disclosure

requirements, access rights, opt out rights, and the right to request deletion of personal information, among other rights. A

number of other states have enacted, or are in the process of enacting or considering, similar comprehensive state-level data

privacy and cybersecurity laws, rules, and regulations, creating a patchwork of overlapping but different state laws. In

addition, all 50 states have laws that require the provision of notification for security breaches of personal information to

affected individuals, state officers, or others.

The use of data, including data sourced from third parties, in some of our products could subject us to classification or

treatment as a data broker under existing or emerging laws and regulations in the U.S. at the federal, state, and local level and

internationally. We may be required to comply with any applicable data-broker specific requirements that may evolve over

time, which could require us to modify data sourcing, processing, licensing, or retention practices, limit certain products or

data sets, or incur significant compliance and operational costs. Failure to meet applicable data broker obligations or

customer expectations could expose us to regulatory enforcement actions, fines, litigation, contractual disputes, and

reputational harm, any of which may adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Outside of the U.S., an increasing number of laws, rules, regulations, and industry standards apply to data privacy and

cybersecurity, such as the European Union’s General Data Protection Regulation (“GDPR”) and the UK’s Data Protection

Act 2018 as supplemented by the GDPR as implemented into UK law (collectively, “UK GDPR”), both of which impose

stringent data privacy and cybersecurity requirements, particularly related to the processing of personal data. The GDPR and

UK GDPR also provide individual rights with respect to personal data, including rights of access, erasure, portability,

rectification, restriction, and objection. Failure to comply with the GDPR and the UK GDPR can result in significant fines

and other liability. Although we have implemented policies and procedures that are designed to ensure compliance with

applicable data privacy and cybersecurity laws, rules, and regulations, the efficacy and longevity of these policies and

procedures remains uncertain. Additionally, we may be bound by contractual requirements applicable to our collection,

storage, use, transmission, and other processing of information, including confidential, sensitive, and personal information,

and may be bound or asserted to be bound by, or voluntarily comply with, self-regulatory or other industry standards relating

to these matters. Further, we could face scrutiny and adverse legal and regulatory action for any failure or perceived failure to

comply with our public privacy policies and other public statements about our data privacy and cybersecurity program. If our

data privacy and cybersecurity measures fail to comply with any of the foregoing requirements, we will likely be required to

modify our data collection or processing practices and policies in an effort to comply with such requirements, and we could

be subject to increased costs, fines, litigation, regulatory investigations, and enforcement notices, which may have an adverse

impact on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Intellectual property litigation, including litigation related to content provided using our products and services, could

result in reputational damage and significant costs, and could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and

results of operations.

Companies in the technology industry are frequently subject to litigation based on allegations of infringement,

misappropriation, or other violations of intellectual property rights. In addition, despite our efforts to ensure that our

employees, contractors, consultants, vendors, and service providers do not use the intellectual property and other proprietary

information or know-how of third-parties in their work for us, we may be subject to claims that we or our employees,

contractors, consultants, vendors, or service providers have inadvertently or otherwise used or disclosed intellectual property,

including copyrighted materials, trade secrets, know-how, software, or other proprietary information of former employers or

other third parties. Litigation may be necessary to defend against these claims and if we fail in defending any such claims, in

addition to paying monetary damages, we may lose valuable intellectual property rights or personnel. In addition, we may not

Table of Contents

qualify for the safe harbors established by laws in the United States and other countries protecting online service providers

from claims related to content posted by users, or those laws could change in a manner making it difficult or impossible to

qualify for such protection, increasing our exposure. While our terms and policies require users to respect the intellectual

property rights of others, we have limited ability to influence the behavior of third parties, and there can be no assurance that

these terms and policies will be sufficient to dissuade or prevent infringing, misappropriating, or other violating activity by

third parties using our products or services. Additionally, litigation may become necessary to enforce our intellectual property

rights, protect our trade secrets, or determine the validity and scope of proprietary rights claimed by others. Litigation

regarding intellectual property rights is inherently uncertain due to the complex issues involved, and we may not be

successful in defending ourselves in such matters.

Any claims successfully brought against us could subject us to significant liability for damages and we may be required to

stop using technology or other intellectual property alleged to be in violation of a third party’s rights. We also might be

required to seek a license for third-party intellectual property. Even if a license is available, we could be required to pay

significant royalties or submit to unreasonable terms, which would increase our operating expenses. We may also be required

to develop alternative non-infringing technology, which could require significant time and expense. If we cannot license or

develop technology for any allegedly infringing, misappropriating, or other violating aspect of our business, we may be

forced to limit our service and may be unable to compete effectively. In addition, some of our agreements with third-party

partners require us to indemnify them for certain intellectual property claims against them, which could require us to incur

considerable costs in defending such claims and may require us to pay significant damages in the event of an adverse ruling.

Such third-party partners may also discontinue their relationships with us as a result of injunctions or otherwise, which could

result in loss of revenue and adversely impact our business operations. Our use of AI may heighten the foregoing risks, any of

which could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Our use of “open source” software could negatively affect our ability to offer our solutions and subject us to possible

litigation.

Our products and services include “open source” software, and we may incorporate additional open source software in the

future. Open source software is generally freely accessible, usable, and modifiable. Certain open source licenses may, in

certain circumstances, require us to: (i) offer our products or services that incorporate the open source software for no cost;

(ii) make available source code for modifications or derivative works we create based upon, incorporating, or using the open

source software and (iii) license such modifications or derivative works under the terms of the particular open source license

or otherwise unfavorable terms. The terms of many open source licenses to which we are subject have not been interpreted by

U.S. or foreign courts, and there is a risk that open source licenses could be construed in a manner that imposes unanticipated

conditions or restrictions on our ability to provide or distribute our products or services. While we try to insulate our

proprietary software, including our AI tools, from the effects of such open source license provisions, we cannot guarantee

that we will be successful, that all open source software is reviewed prior to use in our products, that our developers have not

incorporated open source software into our products in potentially disruptive ways, or that they will not do so in the future. If

an author or other third party that distributes open source software we use were to allege that we had not complied with the

conditions of one or more of these licenses, we could be required to incur significant legal expenses defending against such

allegations. If such third parties are successful, we could be subject to liability, be required to make our proprietary software

source code available under an open source license, purchase a license (which, if available, could be costly), or cease offering

the implicated products or services unless and until we can re-engineer them to avoid infringement, misappropriation, or

other violation. This re-engineering process could require significant additional research and development resources and we

may not be able to complete it successfully on a timely basis, or at all. We could also be subject to suits by parties claiming

ownership of what we believe to be open source software. Any litigation could be costly for us to defend and could adversely

affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

In addition to risks related to open source license requirements, use of certain open source software may pose greater risks

than use of third-party commercial software, since open source licensors generally do not provide warranties or controls on

the origin of software or other contractual protections regarding infringement claims or the quality of the code, including with

respect to security vulnerabilities. Moreover, some open source projects have known security and other vulnerabilities and

architectural instabilities, or are otherwise subject to security attacks due to their wide availability, and are provided on an

“as-is” basis. There is typically no support available for open source software, and we cannot ensure that the authors of such

open source software will implement or push updates to address security risks or will not abandon further development and

maintenance. Further, our use of any AI tools that use or incorporate any open source software may heighten any of the

foregoing risks. Any of these risks could be difficult to eliminate or manage, and, if not addressed, could adversely affect our

business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Table of Contents

Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments.

None.

Item 1C. Cybersecurity.

Cybersecurity Risk Management and Strategy

At Clarivate, cybersecurity risk management is an integral part of our Enterprise Risk Management program. Because we are

a global information services provider, our business is highly dependent on the protection of our proprietary software and

content, as well as the timeliness, accuracy, and availability of our digitally-based offerings. Consequently, we are highly

sensitive to risks from cybersecurity threats to our information systems, particularly those threats that would affect our ability

to continue to provide real-time access to our database content and analysis. To mitigate these threats, we utilize the

following processes and governance structure.

Our Information Security Risk Management program is designed to align with ISO 27001 and related information security

frameworks to ensure consistent, measurable controls across Clarivate’s enterprise. It provides a framework to identify,

assess, and control cybersecurity threats and incidents. We conduct an annual information security risk assessment and

targeted cybersecurity reviews throughout the year to evaluate emerging threats and control effectiveness. The results of these

assessments and reviews are reported to executive management and the Board of Directors (the “Board”).

Our cybersecurity efforts also include mandatory information security awareness training for all employees, clearly defined

expectations for acceptable use policies, and certification of adherence to our Code of Conduct. The IT Governance, Risk,

and Compliance team conducts periodic audits to evaluate policy and regulatory compliance, recording findings for

subsequent review and remediation initiatives. We also leverage internal and external security subject matter experts and

consultants to conduct comprehensive risk assessments, including architecture reviews, vulnerability scans, penetration tests,

application security evaluations, and technical compliance reviews.

We maintain a security threat intelligence system that collects and analyzes data from internal vulnerability management

tools, vendors, and third-party security organizations. Our patch management standard is designed to ensure that appropriate

patching practices are consistently applied to our technology infrastructure, and a security operations center enhances our

real-time awareness, event correlation, and incident response capabilities.

As part of our risk management program, we also assess cybersecurity risks associated with third-party service providers. We

have processes in place designed to oversee and identify material risks from cybersecurity threats associated with our

engagement of such providers, including the use of cybersecurity risk criteria when determining the selection and oversight of

those service providers.

Cybersecurity Governance

The Board, acting directly and through its committees, is responsible for the oversight of our risk management programs. The

Board’s Audit Committee has the delegated responsibility for the oversight of key enterprise risks, including risks from

cybersecurity threats. The Audit Committee also provides oversight of our policies and processes for monitoring and

mitigating such risks. Among other duties, the Audit Committee receives and reviews periodic reports from management

pertaining to cybersecurity programs and data privacy controls, as well as other information security reports that the

committee deems appropriate. The Audit Committee meets at least quarterly, and the chair of the committee gives regular

reports to the full Board on its activities.

Management is responsible for day-to-day risk management activities, including those relating to information systems and

cybersecurity. We employ an internal chief information security officer (“CISO”) who has more than 25 years of technology

industry leadership, cybersecurity expertise, and engineering and operations experience. Our CISO and his team of certified

security subject matter experts (collectively, “Information Security”) have deep experience and expertise in cybersecurity and

lead our organizational efforts to assess and manage material risks associated with our information systems and cybersecurity

threats. Our dedicated Information Security Steering Committee regularly reviews our most significant information security

risks, strategic projects, and key performance indicators. On a quarterly basis, Information Security also meets with business

segment leadership to discuss the most significant risks, including identifying potentially material risks and developing,

implementing, and applying reasonable risk mitigation processes.

Table of Contents

Our risk management programs are developed, implemented, managed, and reviewed under the direction of Information

Security and business segment leaders, with subsequent actions determined based on the results of these preventive and

detective controls. Our incident response plan defines our procedures when potential security incidents are identified,

including the associated escalation path. Depending on the assessed severity of the incident, the Audit Committee or the full

Board may be notified immediately or at its next regularly scheduled meeting.

Item 2. Properties.

Our corporate headquarters is located in the leased premises located at 70 St. Mary Axe, London EC3A 8BE, United

Kingdom. We lease office facilities at 41 locations around the world, of which 7 are in the United States. We believe that our

facilities, generally used across each of our segments, are well maintained and are suitable and adequate for our current

needs.

Item 3. Legal Proceedings.

From time to time, we are a party to various lawsuits, claims, and other legal proceedings that arise in the ordinary course of

our business. While the outcomes of these matters are uncertain, management does not expect that the ultimate costs to

resolve these matters will have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial position, results of operations, or cash

flows. For additional discussion of legal proceedings, see Note 16 - Commitments and Contingencies included in Part II, Item

8 of this annual report.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures.

Not applicable.

Table of Contents

PART II

Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder

Matters, and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities.

Market Information

Our ordinary shares are traded on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol “CLVT.”

Holders

As of December 31, 2025, there were 83 holders of record of our ordinary shares. A substantially greater number of holders

of our ordinary shares are “street name” or beneficial holders, whose shares of record are held by banks, brokers, and other

financial institutions.

Dividends

We did not pay any dividends to ordinary shareholders during the year ended December 31, 2025. We presently intend to

retain our earnings for use in business operations and, accordingly, we do not anticipate that the Board will declare dividends

related to ordinary shares in the foreseeable future. In addition, the terms of our credit facilities and the indentures governing

our secured notes include restrictions that may impact our ability to pay dividends.

Securities Authorized for Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plans

The following table sets forth information as of December 31, 2025, with respect to compensation plans under which equity

securities are authorized for issuance.


Plan Category	Number of securities to be issued upon exercise of outstanding options, warrants, and rights(1)	Weighted-average exercise price of outstanding options, warrants, and rights(2)	Number of securities remaining available for issuance under equity compensation plans(3)
Equity Compensation Plans Approved by Security Holders:
2019 Incentive Award Plan	26,477,567	$11.71	32,079,827
Equity Compensation Plans Not Approved by Security Holders	N/A	N/A	N/A
Total	26,477,567	$11.71	32,079,827

(1) Includes 602,993 stock options, 20,903,408 restricted share units, and 4,971,166 performance share units at target performance levels that were granted

with no exercise price or other consideration.

(2) The weighted-average exercise price is reported for the outstanding stock options reported in the first column. There are no exercise prices for the

restricted share units or performance share units.

(3) Excludes securities to be issued upon exercise reflected in the first column.

Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

The following table sets forth the total number of shares purchased, the average price paid per share, the total number of

shares purchased as part of publicly announced programs, and the approximate dollar value of shares that may yet be

purchased under the programs during the three months ended December 31, 2025.


Period	Total Number of Shares Purchased	Average Price Paid Per Share	Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs	Approximate Dollar Value of Shares That May Yet Be Purchased Under Plans or Programs(1)
October 1, 2025 - October 31, 2025	—	$—	—	$351
November 1, 2025 - November 30, 2025	10,306,134	$3.49	10,306,134	$315
December 1, 2025 - December 31, 2025	10,912,870	$3.58	10,912,870	$276
Total	21,219,004		21,219,004

(1) In December 2024, the Board authorized a share repurchase program of up to $500.0 for a period of two years, from January 1, 2025 through December

31, 2026. On May 7, 2025, we obtained shareholder approval updating our previous shareholder share repurchase authority. The updated authority allows us

to conduct open-market purchases, as approved by the Board, of up to 100 million of our ordinary shares from time to time through May 6, 2030, at a

purchase price of no less than $1 per share and no more than $35 per share.

Table of Contents

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and

Results of Operations.

The following discussion should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and related notes included

elsewhere in this annual report on Form 10-K. Certain statements in this section are forward-looking, subject to the risks and

uncertainties described in the Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements and under Item 1A. Risk Factors of

this annual report.

This section generally discusses our financial condition and results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2025 and

2024, including year-over-year comparisons. Discussion of our financial condition and results of operations for the year

ended December 31, 2023, and comparisons between 2024 and 2023, are not included in this annual report and may be

found in Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, in our annual

report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024, filed with the SEC on February 19, 2025.

Overview

We are a leading global provider of transformative intelligence. We support the entire innovation lifecycle, from cultivating

curiosity to protecting the world’s critical intellectual property assets. Our aim is to fuel the world’s greatest breakthroughs

by harnessing the power of human ingenuity. From research and learning to commercialization, we offer intelligence

solutions, workflow solutions, and tech-enabled services to customers in the Academia & Government (“A&G”), Intellectual

Property (“IP”), and Life Sciences & Healthcare (“LS&H”) end markets, which form the basis of our reportable segment

structure.

•Intelligence solutions. Continuously enriched, up-to-date knowledge assets, combining expert-curated data,

structured taxonomies, and analytical models that transform complex information into actionable insights powered

by a unique combination of AI-enabled software and human expertise.

•Workflow solutions. Automated, flexible software tools complemented by our enriched data sets and expert

analysis tailored to meet specific needs.

•Tech-enabled services. We are home to industry specialists, consultants, and data scientists with deep subject-

matter expertise and global experience.

For further information about our business, customers, segments, and people, see Item 1. Business included in Part I of this

annual report.

Key Performance Indicators

We regularly monitor organic revenue growth, annualized contract value, annual renewal rates, Adjusted EBITDA, Adjusted

EBITDA margin, and Free cash flow as key performance indicators that we use to evaluate our business and trends, measure

performance, prepare financial projections, and make strategic decisions.

Adjusted EBITDA, Adjusted EBITDA margin, and Free cash flow are financial measures that are not prepared in accordance

with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“non-GAAP”). Although we believe these measures may be useful to

investors in evaluating our business, these measures are not a substitute for GAAP financial measures or disclosures.

Reconciliations of our non-GAAP measures to the most directly comparable GAAP measures are provided further below.

Organic revenue growth

We define organic revenue as revenue generated from pricing, up-selling, securing new customers, sales of new or enhanced

products, and similar activities. Organic revenues exclude revenues from acquisitions and disposals (including divestitures)

completed within the past 12 months and the impact from changes in foreign currency exchange rates (“FX”).

We review year-over-year organic revenue growth in our segments as a key measure of our success in addressing customer

needs. We also review year-over-year organic revenue growth by transaction type to help us identify and address broad

changes in product mix, and by geography to help us identify and address changes and revenue trends by region.

Annualized contract value

Our ACV, at any point in time, represents the annualized value of all active customer subscription-based license agreements

for the next 12 months, assuming those coming up for renewal during the measurement period are renewed at their current

price level. We use ACV as a key indicator of the health and trajectory of our core business as well as to assist in the

Table of Contents

CLARIVATE PLC

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

evaluation of underlying sales execution and customer engagement trends. This metric is particularly important to us because

the majority of our revenues are generated from subscription-based license agreements.

Actual subscription revenues that we recognize during any 12-month period are likely to differ from ACV at the beginning of

that period, sometimes significantly, due to subsequent changes in volume (including upgrades, downgrades, new business,

and cancellations) and price, acquisitions, divestitures and disposals, and changes in FX.

Our organic ACV grew 1.8% in 2025, compared to 2024, primarily driven by improved product pricing. Our total ACV for

2025, compared to 2024, declined 1.0% primarily due to the wind-down of certain product groups beginning in the first

quarter of 2025.

Annual renewal rate

Our annual renewal rate, at any point in time, represents (a) the annualized value of all active customer subscription-based

license agreements renewed during the measurement period (including the value of any product downgrades), divided by

(b) the annualized value of all active subscription-based license agreements that were up for renewal during the measurement

period. “Open renewals,” which we define as active customer subscription-based license agreements that were up for renewal

during the measurement period but were neither renewed nor canceled, are excluded from both the numerator and

denominator of the calculation. Additionally, the impact from product downgrades upon renewal is reflected in the annual

renewal calculation, but the impact from product upgrades is not, because upgrades reflect the purchase of additional

products and services. The impact of upgrades, new subscriptions, and improved product pricing is reflected in ACV, but not

in annual renewal rates.

As the majority of our revenues are generated from subscription-based license agreements, we use the annual renewal rate as

a key indicator of our ability to retain existing customers, evaluate the execution of our sales strategy and customer

engagement trends, and to help analyze our historical results and prepare financial projections.

Our annual renewal rate for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 was 92.5% and 91.9%, respectively.

Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA margin

We use Adjusted EBITDA as a basis for evaluating our ongoing operating performance, and we believe it is useful for

investors to understand the underlying trends of our operations. Adjusted EBITDA represents Net income (loss) before the

Provision (benefit) for income taxes, Depreciation and amortization, and Interest expense, net, adjusted to exclude share-

based compensation, impairments, restructuring expenses, the impact of certain non-cash fair value adjustments on financial

instruments, acquisition and/or disposal-related transaction costs, unrealized foreign currency gains/losses, legal settlements,

and other items that are included in Net income (loss) for the period that we do not consider indicative of our ongoing

operating performance. Adjusted EBITDA margin is calculated by dividing Adjusted EBITDA by Revenues.

Our presentation of Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA margin should not be construed as an inference that our future

results will be unaffected by any of the adjusted items, or that our projections and estimates will be realized in their entirety

or at all. In addition, because of these limitations, Adjusted EBITDA should not be considered as a measure of liquidity or

discretionary cash available to us to fund our cash needs, including investing in the growth of our business and meeting our

obligations. For a reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA margin to Net income (loss) and Net income

(loss) margin, refer to Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA margin (non-GAAP measures) below.

Free cash flow

We use Free cash flow in our operational and financial decision-making and believe it is useful to investors because similar

measures are frequently used by securities analysts, investors, ratings agencies, and other interested parties to measure the

ability of a company to service its debt. Our presentation of Free cash flow should not be considered as a measure of liquidity

or discretionary cash available to us to fund our cash needs, including investing in the growth of our business and meeting our

obligations.

We define Free cash flow as Net cash provided by operating activities less Capital expenditures. For further discussion

related to Free cash flow, including a reconciliation to Net cash provided by operating activities, refer to Liquidity and

Capital Resources - Cash Flows below.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

The preparation of the consolidated financial statements in accordance with GAAP requires management to make significant

judgments and estimates that affect the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements. We base our estimates on

historical experience and various other assumptions that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances, and we review

Table of Contents

CLARIVATE PLC

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

these estimates on an ongoing basis. We consider the following accounting policies and associated estimates to be critical to

understanding our financial statements because the application of these policies requires management’s subjective or complex

judgments about the effects of matters that are inherently uncertain. These significant judgments could have a material impact

on our financial statements if actual performance should differ from historical experience or from our initial estimates, or if

our assumptions were to change. For further information about our significant accounting policies, including the policies

discussed below, see Note 1 - Nature of Operations and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies included in Part II, Item

8 of this annual report.

Revenue Recognition

Most of our products and services are provided under agreements containing standard terms and conditions. The majority of

our revenue is derived from subscription arrangements, which generally are initially deferred and then recognized ratably

over the contract term. These arrangements typically do not require any significant judgments or estimates about when

revenue should be recognized.

A limited number of re-occurring and transaction agreements contain multiple performance obligations. We apply judgment

in identifying the separate performance obligations to be delivered under the arrangement and allocating the transaction price

based on the estimated standalone selling price of each performance obligation.

Goodwill and Indefinite-Lived Intangible Assets

Goodwill

We perform goodwill impairment testing during the fourth quarter of each year, or more frequently if events or changes in

circumstances indicate that carrying value may not be recoverable. In assessing whether a potential impairment event has

occurred, we evaluate various factors, many of which are subjective and require significant judgment. Examples of such

factors include significant negative industry or economic trends, persistent declines in our market value, significant changes

in regulatory requirements or the legal environment, and segment changes.

We engage outside experts as deemed necessary to assist in estimating the fair value of a reporting unit using a DCF model.

Our DCF model relies significantly on our internal forecasts of future cash flows and long-term growth rates. Significant

judgments and estimates made in this analysis include projected revenue growth rates and EBITDA margins, tax rates,

terminal values, and discount rates. The use of a different set of assumptions and estimates could result in materially different

results.

Between 2023 and 2025, we have performed the following goodwill impairment assessments, with the associated results of

each assessment:


	Q4-23(1)	Q2-24(2)	Q4-24(2)	Q4-25
Type of assessment	Quantitative, annual	Quantitative, interim	Quantitative, annual	Quantitative, annual

Goodwill impairment:
A&G	$—	$—	$—	$—
IP	(582.2)	—	—	—
LS&H	(265.5)	(302.8)	(149.1)	—
Total	$(847.7)	$(302.8)	$(149.1)	$—
(1) The impairment was primarily due to worsening macroeconomic and market conditions and sustained declines in our share price.
(2) The impairments were primarily due to sustained declines in our share price.

In each assessment, we compared the estimated fair value to the carrying value for the A&G and LS&H reporting units (the

IP reporting unit was fully impaired in 2023). Based on these assessments, in 2023 and 2024, we concluded that the estimated

fair value of the A&G reporting unit was still substantially in excess of its carrying value, while the LS&H reporting unit fair

value was below its carrying value, resulting in the goodwill impairment charges shown in the table above. In our 2025

quantitative assessment, we determined that the A&G reporting unit fair value was approximately 12% in excess of its

carrying value and the LS&H reporting unit fair value was approximately 8% in excess of its carrying value; therefore, no

impairment charge was required for 2025.

In completing our goodwill assessment in the fourth quarter of 2025, we used weighted average cost of capital (“WACC”)

discount rate assumptions of 12% and 10% for the A&G and LS&H reporting units, respectively. The discount rates were

derived using a capital asset pricing model and analyzing published rates for industries relevant to each reporting unit to

estimate the cost of equity financing. We used discount rates we believe to be commensurate with the risks and uncertainty

Table of Contents

CLARIVATE PLC

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

inherent in the respective reporting units and in our internally developed forecasts. A 50 basis point increase in the discount

rate would have resulted in the fair values of the A&G and LS&H reporting units being approximately 7% in excess of and

approximately equal to their carrying values, respectively.

If our share price and market capitalization continues to decline, other adverse developments in economic or market

conditions occur, or our actual results fall short of our projections or estimates, the estimated fair values of our reporting units

may fall below their carrying values, triggering future impairment charges.

Indefinite-Lived Intangible Assets

Our indefinite-lived intangible assets consist of purchased brand trade names. In 2025, 2024, and 2023, we used a qualitative

assessment to evaluate events and circumstances that might impact the value of each trade name. We did not identify any

impairments of our indefinite-lived intangible assets in 2025, 2024, or 2023.

Long-Lived Assets (including Other Intangible Assets)

We evaluate long-lived assets, including property and equipment, definite-lived intangible assets, and right-of-use lease

assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset group may

not be recoverable. Upon such an occurrence, we assess recoverability by comparing the carrying amount of the asset group

to our estimate of the future undiscounted cash flows expected to be generated by the asset group over its remaining life. We

exercise judgment in selecting the appropriate assumptions to use in the estimated future undiscounted cash flows analysis. If

the carrying amount of the asset group exceeds its estimated future cash flows, we recognize an impairment charge equal to

the amount by which the carrying amount of the asset group exceeds its fair value.

Share-Based Compensation

Share-based compensation expense includes cost associated with restricted share units (“RSUs”) and performance share units

(“PSUs”) granted to certain key members of management.

The share-based compensation cost of time-based RSU and PSU grants is calculated by multiplying the grant date fair value

by the number of shares granted. We engage a third-party valuation expert to perform a Monte Carlo simulation that

estimates the grant date fair value for PSUs that have a market-based modifier component. We recognize compensation

expense over the vesting period of the award on a graded-scale basis, and we recognize forfeitures as they occur. Each

quarter, we estimate the number of shares that are expected to vest and adjust our expense accordingly.

Income Taxes

We recognize income taxes under the asset and liability method. Our income tax expense, deferred tax assets and liabilities,

and reserves for unrecognized tax benefits reflect our best assessment of estimated current and future taxes to be paid.

Significant judgments and estimates are required in determining the consolidated income tax expense for financial statement

purposes. In assessing the realizability of deferred tax assets, we consider all available positive and negative evidence factors,

including historical and projected future taxable income by tax jurisdiction, character and timing of income or loss, and

prudent and feasible tax planning strategies. We record a valuation allowance to reduce our deferred tax assets to an amount

that is more likely than not to be realized. Unforeseen future events, such as changes in market conditions and changes in tax

laws, could have a material impact on the realizability of deferred tax assets.

The calculation of our tax liabilities involves dealing with uncertainties in the application of complex tax laws and regulations

in a multitude of jurisdictions across our global operations. We record tax benefits when it is more likely than not that the

position will be sustained upon examination, including resolutions of any related appeals or litigation processes, based on the

technical merits of the position. Because of the complexity of some of these uncertainties, the ultimate resolution of our

uncertain tax positions may result in a payment that is materially different from our current estimates. These differences will

be reflected as increases or decreases to income tax expense in the period in which new information is available.

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements

For a discussion related to recently issued and adopted accounting pronouncements, see Note 1 - Nature of Operations and

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies included in Part II, Item 8 of this annual report.

Table of Contents

CLARIVATE PLC

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Results of Operations


	Year Ended December 31,		Change
	2025	2024	$	%
Revenues	$2,455.2	$2,556.7	(101.5)	(4)%
Operating expenses:
Cost of revenues	833.6	869.2	(35.6)	(4)%
Selling, general and administrative costs	708.6	727.6	(19.0)	(3)%
Depreciation and amortization	757.2	727.0	30.2	4%
Goodwill and intangible asset impairments	15.0	540.7	(525.7)	(97)%
Restructuring and other impairments	50.7	19.6	31.1	N/M
Other operating expense (income), net	18.6	(51.8)	70.4	N/M
Total operating expenses	2,383.7	2,832.3
Income (loss) from operations	71.5	(275.6)
Fair value adjustment of warrants	—	(5.2)	5.2	N/M
Interest expense, net	265.4	283.4	(18.0)	(6)%
Income (loss) before income taxes	(193.9)	(553.8)
Provision (benefit) for income taxes	7.2	82.9	(75.7)	(91)%
Net income (loss)	(201.1)	(636.7)
Dividends on preferred shares	—	31.3	(31.3)	N/M
Net income (loss) attributable to ordinary shares	$(201.1)	$(668.0)
N/M - Represents a change approximately equal to or in excess of 100% or is not meaningful.

As discussed below and in the notes to the financial statements, the following factors had a significant impact on the

comparability of our results of operations between the periods presented and may affect the comparability of our results of

operations in future periods:

•In December 2024, the Board approved the wind-down of three product groups within the LS&H and A&G

segments, which is expected to reduce revenues and profit by less than 10% and 5%, respectively.

•In November 2024, we completed the sale of the ScholarOne product group within our A&G segment.

•In the second and fourth quarters of 2024, we recognized substantial goodwill impairments.

•In April 2024, we completed the sale of our Valipat product group within our IP segment.

Revenues

The following tables present our revenues by type, segment, and geography, as well as the components driving the changes

between periods.

Revenues by transaction type


	Year Ended December 31,		Change		% of Change
	2025	2024	$	%	Acquisitions	Disposals	FX	Organic
Subscription	$1,605.5	$1,626.8	$(21.3)	(1.3)%	0.1%	(2.7)%	0.5%	0.8%
Re-occurring	434.2	429.8	4.4	1.0%	—%	—%	1.4%	(0.4)%
Recurring revenues	2,039.7	2,056.6	(16.9)	(0.8)%	0.1%	(2.2)%	0.7%	0.6%
Transactional	415.5	500.1	(84.6)	(16.9)%	0.1%	(12.6)%	0.4%	(4.8)%
Revenues	$2,455.2	$2,556.7	$(101.5)	(4.0)%	0.1%	(4.7)%	0.7%	(0.1)%

Subscription organic growth was driven by new sales and improved retention and pricing, with the disposals decrease

primarily attributable to the ScholarOne divestiture and product group wind-downs within LS&H. Re-occurring revenues

increased primarily due to FX translation gains. The transactional organic decline was primarily due to lower IP activity,

while the disposal decrease was primarily due to the product group wind-downs in A&G and LS&H, as well as the Valipat

divestiture.

Table of Contents

CLARIVATE PLC

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Revenues by segment


	Year Ended December 31,		Change		% of Change
	2025	2024	$	%	Acquisitions	Disposals	FX	Organic
A&G	$1,266.0	$1,326.4	$(60.4)	(4.6)%	—%	(6.7)%	0.5%	1.6%
IP	799.4	811.4	(12.0)	(1.5)%	0.1%	(1.0)%	1.3%	(1.9)%
LS&H	389.8	418.9	(29.1)	(6.9)%	0.2%	(6.0)%	0.3%	(1.4)%
Revenues	$2,455.2	$2,556.7	$(101.5)	(4.0)%	0.1%	(4.7)%	0.7%	(0.1)%

A&G segment revenues decreased primarily due to the product group wind-downs and ScholarOne divestiture, partially

offset by subscription organic growth driven by new sales and improved retention and pricing. IP segment revenues

decreased primarily due to lower transactional volumes and subscription retention, as well as the Valipat divestiture. LS&H

segment revenues decreased primarily due to product group wind-downs and lower transactional and subscription revenues.

Revenues by geography


	Year Ended December 31,		Change		% of Change
	2025	2024	$	%	Acquisitions	Disposals	FX	Organic
Americas	$1,303.0	$1,381.4	$(78.4)	(5.7)%	0.1%	(5.4)%	0.1%	(0.5)%
EMEA	654.8	667.8	(13.0)	(1.9)%	—%	(4.3)%	2.1%	0.3%
APAC	497.4	507.5	(10.1)	(2.0)%	—%	(2.6)%	0.3%	0.3%
Revenues	$2,455.2	$2,556.7	$(101.5)	(4.0)%	0.1%	(4.7)%	0.7%	(0.1)%

Americas revenues decreased primarily due to the product group wind-downs within A&G and LS&H, the ScholarOne

divestiture, and, to a lesser extent, lower IP contribution. EMEA (Europe/Middle East/Africa) revenues decreased primarily

due to the product group wind-downs within A&G, and the Valipat and ScholarOne product group divestitures. APAC (Asia

Pacific) revenues decreased due to product group wind-downs within A&G.

Cost of revenues

Cost of revenues consists of costs related to the production, servicing, and maintenance of our products and are composed

primarily of related personnel costs, data center services and licensing costs, and costs to acquire or produce content,

including royalty fees.

The decrease of 4% compared to 2024 was primarily driven by the product wind-downs, as well as the ScholarOne and

Valipat divestitures. As a percentage of revenues, Cost of revenues were largely unchanged compared to the prior year.

Selling, general and administrative costs

Selling, general and administrative costs (“SG&A”) include nearly all business costs not directly attributable to the

production, servicing, and maintenance of our products and are composed primarily of personnel costs, third-party

professional services fees, facility costs like rent and utilities, technology costs associated with our corporate infrastructure,

and transaction expenses associated with acquisitions, divestitures, and capital market activities including advisory, legal, and

other professional and consulting costs.

The decrease of 3% compared to 2024 was primarily driven by cost management and product group wind-downs. As a

percentage of revenues, SG&A costs were largely unchanged compared to the prior year.

Depreciation and amortization

Depreciation expense relates to our fixed assets, including computer hardware, leasehold improvements, and furniture and

fixtures. Amortization expense relates to our definite-lived intangible assets, including customer relationships, technology

and content, internally developed computer software, and trade names.

The increase of 4% compared to 2024 was primarily driven by increased investment in computer software assets. As a

percentage of revenues, Depreciation and amortization increased by 2% from the prior year.

Goodwill and intangible asset impairments

In 2024, we recorded a goodwill impairment charge of $465.7 primarily due to sustained declines in our share price and

worsening macroeconomic and market conditions.

Table of Contents

CLARIVATE PLC

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

In December 2024, the Board approved the wind-down of three product groups within the LS&H and A&G segments in

connection with the Value Creation Plan and we recorded an intangible assets impairment charge of $75.0 to write down the

carrying values of the associated intangibles, primarily technology and content assets, to their respective estimated net book

values.

For additional information regarding our recent goodwill and intangible asset impairments, see Note 6 - Other Intangible

Assets, Net and Goodwill included in Part II, Item 8 of this annual report.

Restructuring and other impairments

Restructuring and other impairment expense includes costs associated with certain involuntary termination benefits, contract

terminations, and other exit or disposal activities, as well as impairment charges primarily associated with right-of-use assets.

Restructuring charges during the year ended December 31, 2025 were associated with the Value Creation Plan, which began

in the fourth quarter of 2024. Restructuring charges for the year ended December 31, 2024 were primarily associated with the

Segment Optimization Program, which was substantively completed in 2024.

As of December 31, 2025, the Value Creation Plan is our only active restructuring program. We have extended this program

to include additional reductions in force and lease rationalization activities in 2026. We expect to incur approximately $25 of

additional costs associated with this plan, primarily in 2026. For further information regarding our restructuring initiatives

and impairment impacts, see Note 12 - Restructuring and Other Impairments included in Part II, Item 8 of this annual report.

Other operating expense (income), net

The change of $70.4 compared to 2024 was primarily driven by a prior year net gain on sale of $54.7 from divestitures

completed in 2024 and a $30.7 increase to expense from the net impact of realized and unrealized gains and losses on foreign

currency transactions, with the largest impacts derived from transactions denominated in GBP.

Interest expense, net

The decrease of 6% compared to 2024 was primarily driven by lower interest rates on our outstanding variable-rate debt and

reduced total debt outstanding.

Provision (benefit) for income taxes

The income tax provision of $7.2 in 2025 was primarily driven by the mix of tax jurisdictions in which pre-tax profits and

losses were recognized. These were partially offset by benefits of $21.7 and $10.9 in the U.S. and U.K., respectively, that

resulted from intra-entity transactions, as well as a $7.1 benefit due to a reduction in the Base Erosion and Anti-Abuse Tax

(“BEAT”).

The income tax provision of $82.9 in 2024 was primarily driven by a $53.9 expense related to a new 15% Multinational

Corporate Income Tax (“MCIT”) enacted by a tax law change in Jersey, Channel Islands, a $10.2 expense to establish

valuation allowances, and expenses from the mix of tax jurisdictions in which pre-tax profits and losses were recognized.

These were partially offset by benefits of $16.6 and $14.2 associated with the impairment of intangible assets and goodwill,

respectively. Although the MCIT is designed to align with certain elements of the OECD model rules, it is distinct legislation

that enacted a new 15% corporate income tax, which qualifies as a regular corporate income tax under ASC 740.

Table of Contents

CLARIVATE PLC

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA margin (non-GAAP measures)

The following table presents our calculation of Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA margin for the years ended

December 31, 2025 and 2024, and reconciles these non-GAAP measures to our Net income (loss) and Net income (loss)

margin for the same periods:


	Year Ended December 31,
	2025	2024
Net income (loss)	$(201.1)	$(636.7)
Provision (benefit) for income taxes	7.2	82.9
Depreciation and amortization	757.2	727.0
Interest expense, net	265.4	283.4
Share-based compensation expense	63.0	60.6
Goodwill and intangible asset impairments	15.0	540.7
Restructuring and other impairments	50.7	19.6
Fair value adjustment of warrants	—	(5.2)
Transaction related costs	22.5	17.9
Other(1)	21.9	(29.8)
Adjusted EBITDA	$1,001.8	$1,060.4

Net income (loss) margin	(8.2)%	(24.9)%
Adjusted EBITDA margin	40.8%	41.5%
(1) Includes the net impact of foreign exchange gains and losses related to the remeasurement of balances and other items that do not reflect our ongoing operating performance. This amount includes a net gain on sale of $54.7 from divestitures in 2024. See Note 2 - Acquisitions and Divestitures for further details.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

We finance our operations primarily through cash generated by operating activities and through borrowing activities. As of

December 31, 2025, we had $329.2 of cash on hand and $768.5 of available borrowing capacity under our revolving credit

facility.

Cash Flows

We have historically generated significant cash flows from our operating activities. Our subscription-based revenue model

provides a steady and predictable source of revenue and cash flow for us, as we typically receive payments from our

customers at the start of the subscription period (usually 12 months) and recognize revenue ratably throughout that period.

Our high customer renewal rate, stable margins, and efforts to improve operating efficiencies and working capital

management also contribute to our ability to generate solid operating cash flows.

The following table discloses our consolidated cash flows by activity for the periods presented:


	Year Ended December 31,		Change
	2025	2024	$	%
Net cash provided by operating activities	$628.5	$646.6	$(18.1)	(3)%
Net cash used for investing activities	$(263.2)	$(236.7)	$(26.5)	11%
Net cash used for financing activities	$(343.1)	$(470.1)	$127.0	(27)%

The decrease in net cash provided by operating activities was primarily due to higher restructuring costs and related cash

outflows compared to the prior year.

The increase in net cash used for investing activities was due to net inflows from acquisition and divestiture-related activity

in the prior year that did not recur in the current year, partially offset by lower capital expenditures in the current year.

The decrease in net cash used for financing activities was primarily driven by higher debt repayments and dividends paid to

holders of our mandatory convertible preferred shares in the prior year, partially offset by increased share repurchase activity

in the current year.

Table of Contents

CLARIVATE PLC

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Free cash flow (non-GAAP measure)

The following table reconciles our non-GAAP Free cash flow measure to Net cash provided by operating activities:


	Year Ended December 31,		Change
	2025	2024	$	%
Net cash provided by operating activities	$628.5	$646.6	$(18.1)	(3)%
Capital expenditures	(263.2)	(289.1)	25.9	(9)%
Free cash flow	$365.3	$357.5	$7.8	2%

Free cash flow increased primarily due to a significant reduction in capital expenditures, partially offset by the change in net

cash provided by operating activities described above. Our capital expenditures in both periods presented consisted primarily

of capitalized labor associated with product and content development.

Borrowings

As of December 31, 2025, we had $4,441.8 of outstanding borrowings under our notes and credit facilities. We incurred

$265.4 and $283.4 of interest expense associated with our debt obligations for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024,

respectively. Our contingent liabilities consist primarily of letters of credit and performance bonds and other similar

obligations in the ordinary course of business.

In May 2025, we entered into an incremental $500.0 tranche of term loans under our term loan facility. These term loans

carry an interest rate margin of 325 basis points per annum in the case of loans bearing interest by reference to term SOFR

and are not subject to amortization. We used the issuance proceeds to redeem $500.0 aggregate principal amount of our

outstanding Senior Secured Notes due 2026, plus accrued and unpaid interest through the May 30, 2025 redemption date. To

offset the incremental interest expense impact of this refinancing, we entered into foreign currency-swap transactions that

economically reduce the interest rate by approximately 2%. In August 2025, we amended our $700.0 revolving credit facility

by increasing it to a $775.0 facility and, in September 2025, we redeemed an additional $100.0 of our outstanding Senior

Secured Notes due 2026, plus accrued and unpaid interest through the September 30, 2025 redemption date. In January 2026,

we redeemed the remaining $100.0 of our outstanding Senior Secured Notes due 2026, plus accrued and unpaid interest

through the January 30, 2026 redemption date.

For further discussion related to our outstanding borrowings and associated hedging activities, see Note 9 - Debt and Note 8 -

Derivative Instruments included in Part II, Item 8 of this annual report.

Commitments and Contingencies

In addition to the scheduled future debt repayments that we will need to make, we also have commitments and plans related

to our share repurchase program, capital expenditures. and other commitments in the ordinary course of business, primarily

for cloud computing services and software license costs. Any amounts for which we are currently liable are reflected in our

Consolidated Balance Sheets as Accounts payable or Accrued expenses and other current liabilities.

In December 2024, the Board authorized a new share repurchase program of up to $500.0 of our ordinary shares for a period

of two years, from January 1, 2025 through December 31, 2026. As of December 31, 2025, we had $275.5 of availability

remaining. The share repurchase program does not obligate us to repurchase any set dollar amount or number of shares and

may be modified, suspended, or terminated at any time without prior notice. Under the share repurchase program, we are

authorized to conduct open-market purchases of our ordinary shares from time to time through any method or program,

including through Rule 10b5-1 trading plans or the use of other techniques as permitted by our shareholder authorization,

approved by the Board or a designated committee thereof, and subject to availability of ordinary shares, price, market

conditions, alternative uses of capital, and applicable regulatory requirements, at management’s discretion.

We estimate capital expenditures to be approximately $250 during 2026, primarily for product and content development. We

also expect to incur approximately $210 of primarily cloud computing services and software license costs in 2026 for

ongoing support of our existing business operations. We expect to fund these expenditures primarily through cash flows from

operations. Any amounts for which we are presently liable are reflected in our Consolidated Balance Sheets as Accounts

payable or Accrued expenses and other current liabilities.

From time to time, we may seek to refinance, redeem, repurchase, or retire our outstanding debt in open market purchases,

privately negotiated transactions, tender offers, or otherwise. Such refinancings, redemptions, repurchases, or retirements, if

any, would depend on prevailing market conditions, our liquidity requirements, contractual restrictions, and other factors.

Table of Contents

CLARIVATE PLC

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

In addition, we are engaged in various legal proceedings and claims that have arisen in the ordinary course of business and

have taken what we believe to be adequate reserves related to the litigation and threatened claims. We maintain appropriate

insurance policies in place, which are likely to provide some coverage for these liabilities or other losses that may arise from

litigation matters. For additional information about our legal proceedings and claims, see Note 16 - Commitments and

Contingencies included in Part II, Item 8 of this annual report.

We require and will continue to need significant cash resources to, among other things, meet our debt service requirements,

fund our share repurchase program, fund our working capital requirements, make capital expenditures (including product and

content development), redeem or repurchase our outstanding indebtedness, and expand our business through acquisitions.

Based on our forecasts, we believe that cash flow from operations, available cash on hand, borrowing capacity, and access to

capital markets will be adequate to service debt, meet liquidity needs, and fund capital expenditures and other business plans

for both the next 12 months and the foreseeable future. Our future capital requirements will depend on many factors,

including the number of future acquisitions and the timing and extent of spending to support product development efforts. We

could be required, or could elect, to seek additional funding through public or private equity or debt financings; however,

additional funds may not be available on terms acceptable to us.

Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.

Market risk is the risk that changes in market prices, such as foreign currency exchange rates and interest rates, will affect our

cash flows or the fair value of our holdings of financial instruments. The objective of market risk management is to manage

and control market risk exposures within acceptable parameters.

Foreign Currency Exchange Rate Risk

We are exposed to foreign currency exchange rate risk related to our transactions and our subsidiaries’ balances that are

denominated in non-U.S. dollar currencies. These currencies may continue to fluctuate, especially as a result of central bank

responses to inflation and other macroeconomic factors, and such fluctuations will affect financial statement line item

comparability.

We periodically enter into foreign currency forward contracts that generally do not exceed 180 days in duration. The purpose

of these derivative instruments is to help manage our exposure to foreign exchange rate risks. We account for these foreign

currency contracts at fair value and recognize the associated realized and unrealized gains and losses in Other operating

expense (income), net in the Consolidated Statements of Operations, as the contracts are not designated as accounting hedges

under the applicable sections of ASC Topic 815.

Revenues denominated in non-U.S. dollar currencies represented approximately 27% of our total revenues for the year ended

December 31, 2025, the significant majority of which were denominated in Euros and British pounds. A 10% change in value

of the Euro and British pound relative to the U.S. dollar would result in an approximate $51 change in annual revenues.

Interest Rate Risk

Our interest rate risk arises primarily from borrowings under our variable interest rate term loans. As of December 31, 2025,

we had $2,499.2 of outstanding variable interest rate debt related to term loans maturing in 2031.

To reduce our exposure to variability in cash flows associated with the interest payments, we have interest rate swap

arrangements with an aggregate notional value of $1,256.9 that were in effect as of December 31, 2025. These swaps

effectively fix the interest rate on a portion of our variable rate borrowings at a weighted average rate of 4.480%.

Accordingly, our exposure to changes in interest rates is limited to the unhedged portion of our variable rate debt, which was

$1,242.3 as of December 31, 2025. Assuming this exposure remains constant, a hypothetical 25 basis point change in the one-

month Term SOFR would result in an approximate $3 change in annual interest expense.

Table of Contents

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the Board of Directors and Shareholders of Clarivate Plc

Opinions on the Financial Statements and Internal Control over Financial Reporting

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Clarivate Plc and its subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of

December 31, 2025 and 2024, and the related consolidated statements of operations, of comprehensive income (loss), of

changes in equity and of cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2025, including the related

notes (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). We also have audited the Company's internal

control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2025, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated

Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO).

In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial

position of the Company as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of

the three years in the period ended December 31, 2025 in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the

United States of America. Also in our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control

over financial reporting as of December 31, 2025, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework

(2013) issued by the COSO.

Basis for Opinions

The Company's management is responsible for these consolidated financial statements, for maintaining effective internal

control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting,

included in Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting appearing under Item 9A. Our responsibility

is to express opinions on the Company’s consolidated financial statements and on the Company's internal control over

financial reporting based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting

Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance

with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and

the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform

the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material

misstatement, whether due to error or fraud, and whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in

all material respects.

Our audits of the consolidated financial statements included performing procedures to assess the risks of material

misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond

to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the

consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant

estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. Our

audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial

reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness

of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audits also included performing such other procedures as we considered

necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinions.

Definition and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting

A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the

reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally

accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures

that (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and

dispositions of the assets of the company; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to

permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and

expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the

company; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or

disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also,

projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate

because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

Table of Contents

Critical Audit Matters

The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial

statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that (i) relates to accounts or

disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (ii) involved our especially challenging, subjective,

or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated

financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate

opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.

Annual Goodwill Impairment Assessment for the Life Sciences and Healthcare Reporting Unit

As described in Notes 1 and 6 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company’s goodwill balance was $1,566.7 million

as of December 31, 2025, and the goodwill associated with the Life Sciences and Healthcare reporting unit was $477.8

million. Goodwill is not amortized, but instead is tested for impairment annually as of the first day of the fourth quarter, or

more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate that the asset might be impaired. Goodwill impairment testing

is performed at the reporting unit level. Management estimates the fair value of a reporting unit using a discounted cash flow

(DCF) analysis based on the present value of estimated future cash flows, discounted at an appropriate risk-adjusted rate. As

disclosed by management, significant judgments and estimates made in this analysis include projected revenue growth rates

and EBITDA margins, the tax rate, the terminal value and the discount rate. In the fourth quarter of 2025, management

performed its annual goodwill impairment assessment and concluded that the estimated fair value of the Life Sciences and

Healthcare reporting unit was in excess of its carrying value and therefore, no impairment charge was required.

The principal considerations for our determination that performing procedures relating to the annual goodwill impairment

assessment of the Life Sciences and Healthcare reporting unit is a critical audit matter are (i) the significant judgment by

management when developing the fair value estimate of the Life Sciences and Healthcare reporting unit; (ii) a high degree of

auditor judgment, subjectivity, and effort in performing procedures and evaluating management’s significant assumptions

related to projected revenue growth rates, projected EBITDA margins, the terminal growth rate and the discount rate; and (iii)

the audit effort involved the use of professionals with specialized skill and knowledge.

Addressing the matter involved performing procedures and evaluating audit evidence in connection with forming our overall

opinion on the consolidated financial statements. These procedures included testing the effectiveness of controls relating to

management’s goodwill impairment assessment, including controls over the valuation of the Life Sciences and Healthcare

reporting unit. These procedures also included, among others, (i) testing management’s process for developing the fair value

estimate of the reporting unit; (ii) evaluating the appropriateness of the DCF analysis used by management; (iii) testing the

completeness and accuracy of underlying data used in the DCF analysis; and (iv) evaluating the reasonableness of the

significant assumptions used by management related to projected revenue growth rates, projected EBITDA margins, the

terminal growth rate, and the discount rate. Evaluating management’s assumptions related to projected revenue growth rates

and projected EBITDA margins involved evaluating whether the assumptions used by management were reasonable

considering (i) the current and past performance of the Life Sciences and Healthcare reporting unit; (ii) the consistency with

external market and industry data; and (iii) whether the assumptions were consistent with evidence obtained in other areas of

the audit. Professionals with specialized skill and knowledge were used to assist in evaluating (i) the appropriateness of the

DCF analysis and (ii) the reasonableness of the terminal growth rate and discount rate assumptions.

/s/ PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

February 24, 2026

We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2016.

Table of Contents

CLARIVATE PLC

Consolidated Financial Statements

Consolidated Balance Sheets


	As of December 31,
(in millions)	2025	2024
ASSETS
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents, including restricted cash	$329.2	$295.2
Accounts receivable, net	821.7	798.3
Prepaid expenses	94.2	85.9
Other current assets	64.9	65.2
Total current assets	1,310.0	1,244.6
Property and equipment, net	52.7	53.5
Other intangible assets, net	8,008.1	8,441.2
Goodwill	1,566.7	1,566.6
Other non-current assets	68.1	82.2
Deferred income taxes	17.2	48.5
Operating lease right-of-use assets	46.6	53.6
Total assets	$11,069.4	$11,490.2
LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable	$150.6	$124.5
Accrued compensation	146.7	119.2
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities	273.0	308.8
Current portion of deferred revenues	878.6	859.1
Current portion of operating lease liability	18.4	20.6
Current portion of long-term debt	101.5	1.3
Total current liabilities	1,568.8	1,433.5
Long-term debt	4,321.5	4,518.7
Other non-current liabilities	86.2	72.5
Deferred income taxes	212.1	273.3
Operating lease liabilities	37.9	53.2
Total liabilities	6,226.5	6,351.2
Commitments and contingencies (Note 16)
Shareholders' equity:
Ordinary Shares, no par value; unlimited shares authorized; 640.7 and 691.4 shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively	12,810.6	12,978.8
Accumulated other comprehensive loss	(453.1)	(526.3)
Accumulated deficit	(7,514.6)	(7,313.5)
Total shareholders' equity	4,842.9	5,139.0
Total liabilities and shareholders' equity	$11,069.4	$11,490.2

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

Table of Contents

CLARIVATE PLC

Consolidated Financial Statements

Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity


	Ordinary Shares		Preferred Shares		Accumulated other comprehensive loss	Accumulated deficit	Total shareholders' equity
(In millions)	Shares	Amount	Shares	Amount	Accumulated other comprehensive loss	Accumulated deficit	Total shareholders' equity
Balance at December 31, 2022	674.4	$11,744.7	14.4	$1,392.6	$(665.9)	$(5,658.9)	$6,812.5
Exercise of stock options	0.3	1.6	—	—	—	—	1.6
Vesting of restricted stock units	7.6	—	—	—	—	—	—
Share-based award activity	(2.4)	94.2	—	—	—	—	94.2
Repurchase and retirement of ordinary shares	(13.8)	(100.0)	—	—	—	—	(100.0)
Dividends to preferred shareholders	—	—	—	—	—	(75.4)	(75.4)
Net income (loss)	—	—	—	—	—	(911.2)	(911.2)
Other comprehensive income (loss)	—	—	—	—	170.6	—	170.6
Balance at December 31, 2023	666.1	$11,740.5	14.4	$1,392.6	$(495.3)	$(6,645.5)	$5,992.3
Vesting of restricted stock units	6.7	—	—	—	—	—	—
Share-based award activity	(2.3)	45.7	—	—	—	—	45.7
Conversion of preferred shares into ordinary shares	55.3	1,392.6	(14.4)	(1,392.6)	—	—	—
Repurchase and retirement of ordinary shares	(34.4)	(200.0)	—	—	—	—	(200.0)
Dividends to preferred shareholders	—	—	—	—	—	(31.3)	(31.3)
Net income (loss)	—	—	—	—	—	(636.7)	(636.7)
Other comprehensive income (loss)	—	—	—	—	(31.0)	—	(31.0)
Balance at December 31, 2024	691.4	$12,978.8	—	$—	$(526.3)	$(7,313.5)	$5,139.0
Vesting of restricted stock units	7.8	—	—	—	—	—	—
Share-based award activity	(2.5)	56.3	—	—	—	—	56.3
Repurchase and retirement of ordinary shares	(56.0)	(224.5)	—	—	—	—	(224.5)
Net income (loss)	—	—	—	—	—	(201.1)	(201.1)
Other comprehensive income (loss)	—	—	—	—	73.2	—	73.2
Balance at December 31, 2025	640.7	$12,810.6	—	$—	$(453.1)	$(7,514.6)	$4,842.9

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

Table of Contents

CLARIVATE PLC

Consolidated Financial Statements

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows


	Year Ended December 31,
(In millions)	2025	2024	2023
Cash Flows From Operating Activities
Net income (loss)	$(201.1)	$(636.7)	$(911.2)
Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization	757.2	727.0	708.3
Share-based compensation	63.1	59.9	109.0
Restructuring and other impairments, including goodwill	18.6	540.3	986.2
Gain on sale from divestitures	—	(54.7)	—
Gain on legal settlement	—	—	(49.4)
Deferred income taxes	(41.5)	21.2	(78.4)
Amortization and write-off of debt issuance costs	14.3	16.4	18.2
Other operating activities	14.4	(1.9)	21.9
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable	(5.0)	92.6	(25.5)
Prepaid expenses	(7.5)	1.5	1.7
Other assets	3.2	(0.8)	35.1
Accounts payable	22.8	(15.0)	41.2
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities	(11.3)	3.8	(44.4)
Deferred revenues	(2.6)	(106.2)	20.3
Operating leases, net	(5.4)	(9.6)	(8.0)
Other liabilities	9.3	8.8	(80.8)
Net cash provided by operating activities	628.5	646.6	744.2
Cash Flows From Investing Activities
Capital expenditures	(263.2)	(289.1)	(242.5)
Payments for acquisitions, net of cash acquired	—	(32.0)	(5.4)
Proceeds from divestitures, net of cash divested	—	84.4	10.5
Net cash used for investing activities	(263.2)	(236.7)	(237.4)
Cash Flows From Financing Activities
Principal payments on debt	(600.0)	(198.1)	(300.0)
Proceeds from issuance of debt	500.0	—	—
Payment of debt issuance and extinguishment costs	(9.4)	(20.1)	0.1
Repurchases of ordinary shares	(224.5)	(200.0)	(100.0)
Cash dividends on preferred shares	—	(37.7)	(75.5)
Payments related to tax withholding for share-based compensation	(10.4)	(15.6)	(20.6)
Other financing activities	1.2	1.4	(0.5)
Net cash used for financing activities	(343.1)	(470.1)	(496.5)
Effects of exchange rates	11.8	(15.3)	3.6
Net change in cash and cash equivalents, including restricted cash	34.0	(75.5)	13.9
Cash and cash equivalents, including restricted cash, beginning of period	295.2	370.7	356.8
Cash and cash equivalents, including restricted cash, end of period	$329.2	$295.2	$370.7
Supplemental Cash Flow Information:
Cash paid for interest	$256.3	$265.3	$273.5
Cash paid for income tax	$42.1	$52.9	$42.9

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

Table of Contents

CLARIVATE PLC

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Note 1: Nature of Operations and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Clarivate Plc (“Clarivate,” “us,” “we,” “our,” or the “Company”) is a public limited company incorporated under the laws of

Jersey, Channel Islands.

We are a leading global provider of transformative intelligence. We support the entire innovation lifecycle, from cultivating

curiosity to protecting the world’s critical intellectual property assets. We offer intelligence solutions, workflow solutions,

and tech-enabled services to our customers in the Academia & Government (“A&G”), Intellectual Property (“IP”), and Life

Sciences & Healthcare (“LS&H”) end markets, which form the basis of our three reportable segments, organized by the

different products and services we offer and the markets we serve. For additional information on our reportable segments, see

Note 15 - Segment Information.

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted

accounting principles (“GAAP”) and include our accounts and the accounts of our wholly owned subsidiaries. All significant

intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation.

Certain reclassifications of prior period amounts have been made to conform to the current period presentation.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions

that affect the reported amounts in the Consolidated Financial Statements and accompanying notes. Actual results could

differ from those estimates. The most significant of these estimates relate to our asset impairment analyses and income taxes.

We evaluate these estimates, assumptions, and judgments on an ongoing basis by reference to our historical experience and

other factors, including expectations of future events that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances.

Concentration of Credit Risk

Accounts receivable are the primary financial instrument that potentially subjects us to significant concentrations of credit

risk. Accounts receivable represent arrangements in which services were transferred to a customer before the customer pays

consideration or before payment is due. We do not require collateral or other securities to support customer receivables. We

perform ongoing credit evaluations of our customers and limit the amount of credit extended when deemed appropriate.

We maintain our cash and cash equivalent balances with high-quality financial institutions and consequently, we believe that

such funds are subject to minimal credit risk.

Fair Value Measurements

Fair value is determined based on the assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability. We

utilize the following fair value hierarchy in determining fair values:

•Level 1 - Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.

•Level 2 - Observable inputs other than quoted prices included in Level 1, such as quoted prices for similar assets and

liabilities in active markets; quoted prices for identical or similar assets and liabilities in markets that are not active;

or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data.

•Level 3 - Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity. This includes certain pricing models,

discounted cash flow methodologies, and similar techniques that use significant unobservable inputs.

The carrying value of cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, accounts payable, and other accruals readily

convertible into cash approximate fair value because of the short-term nature of the instruments. As further discussed in Note

2 - Acquisitions and Divestitures, we have classified the contingent consideration associated with the Valipat divestiture

within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy. As further discussed in Note 9 - Debt, we have classified our debt instruments

within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy. We have also classified our derivative instruments described in Note 8 - Derivative

Instruments within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy.

Table of Contents

CLARIVATE PLC

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents is comprised of cash on hand and short-term deposits with an original maturity at the date of

purchase of three months or less, and includes restricted cash of $12.6 and $10.5 as of December 31, 2025 and 2024,

respectively.

Allowance for Credit Losses

We estimate credit losses for trade receivables by using a current expected credit loss model. The credit loss allowance is

determined through an analysis of historical collection experience, the aging of accounts receivable, and an evaluation of the

impact of current and projected economic conditions. Trade and other receivables are written off when there is no reasonable

expectation of recovery, such as a past due status greater than 360 days or bankruptcy of the debtor.

Property and Equipment

Property and equipment is recorded at cost, and depreciation is recorded using the straight‑line method over the estimated

useful lives of the assets, as follows:


Computer hardware		3 years
Furniture, fixtures, and equipment		5 - 7 years
Leasehold improvements		Lesser of lease term or estimated useful life

Repair and maintenance costs are expensed as incurred.

Internally Developed Software and Content

Internally Developed Software — Development costs related to internally generated software are capitalized once a project

has progressed to the application development stage. Costs of significant improvements or enhancements on existing software

for internal use, both internally developed and purchased, are also capitalized. Costs related to the preliminary project stage,

data conversion, and the post-implementation/operation stage of an internal-use software development project are expensed

as incurred. Capitalized costs are amortized over five years, which is the estimated useful life of the related software.

Purchased software is amortized over three years, which is the estimated useful life of the related software.

Content — Costs related to the acquisition of source materials, content selection, document processing, editing, abstracting,

and indexing are capitalized. We also capitalize internal and external costs associated with the development of product-

related software that adds functionality and improves the customer’s ability to search our content. These capitalized costs are

amortized over a two to five year useful life.

We do not capitalize any costs associated with research and development or marketing.

Leases

We determine if an arrangement is a lease at inception. Operating leases are included in Operating lease right-of-use

(“ROU”) assets, Current portion of operating lease liability, and Operating lease liabilities on our Consolidated Balance

Sheets. Our finance lease asset is included within Property and equipment, net on our Consolidated Balance Sheets (see Note

5 - Property and Equipment, Net) and the related finance lease liability is included as an item of indebtedness (see Note 9 -

Debt) on our Consolidated Balance Sheets.

Operating lease ROU assets and operating lease liabilities are recognized based on the present value of the future minimum

lease payments over the lease term at commencement date. The initial valuation of finance lease assets and liabilities is

calculated in the same way. As most of our leases do not provide an implicit rate, we use our incremental borrowing rate

based on the information available at commencement date in determining the present value of future payments. The operating

lease ROU asset also includes initial direct costs incurred and any lease payments made before lease commencement, minus

any lease incentives received. Our lease terms may include options to extend or terminate the lease when it is reasonably

certain that we will exercise that option. Lease expense for minimum lease payments is recognized on a straight-line basis

over the lease term.

We account for lease and non-lease components as a single lease component.

Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets

We account for our business combinations using the acquisition method of accounting. We allocate the purchase price of an

acquisition to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on their estimated fair values. As part of this allocation

process, we identify and attribute values and estimated lives to the intangible assets acquired. The excess of the purchase

price over the fair values of identifiable assets and liabilities is recorded as goodwill.

Table of Contents

CLARIVATE PLC

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Definite-lived intangible assets are generally amortized on a straight-line basis over the following estimated useful lives:


Customer relationships	2 - 23 years
Technology and content	2 - 20 years
Computer software	5 years
Trade names and other	2 - 18 years

Goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets are not amortized, but instead are tested for impairment annually as of the first

day of the fourth quarter, or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate that the asset might be impaired.

Asset Impairment Evaluation

We evaluate property and equipment, definite-lived intangible assets, and operating lease ROU assets for impairment

whenever circumstances indicate the carrying value may not be recoverable. We determine the recoverability of an asset, or a

group of assets, by comparing the carrying value to the future undiscounted cash flows that the asset is expected to generate

over its remaining life. Any impairment is measured as the difference between the carrying value and the fair value of the

asset.

Goodwill impairment testing is performed at the reporting unit level. For goodwill impairment testing purposes, we have

determined that our business segments are our reporting units. As part of our annual goodwill impairment testing, we have

the option to first perform qualitative testing to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting

unit is less than its carrying value. If we bypass the qualitative assessment, or if the qualitative assessment indicates that

quantitative analysis should be performed, we evaluate goodwill for impairment by comparing the estimated fair value of a

reporting unit with its carrying amount, including goodwill. We estimate the fair value of a reporting unit using a discounted

cash flow (“DCF”) analysis based on the present value of estimated future cash flows, discounted at an appropriate risk-

adjusted rate. We use our internal forecasts to estimate future cash flows and include an estimate of long-term future growth

rates.

Our indefinite-lived intangible assets are related to trade names. Similar to goodwill, as part of our annual indefinite-lived

intangible asset impairment testing, we have the option to first perform qualitative testing by evaluating whether any events

and circumstances occurred that provide evidence that it is more likely than not that the indefinite-lived assets are impaired. If

we do not believe that it is more likely than not that the indefinite-lived assets are impaired, no quantitative impairment test is

required. If we choose not to complete a qualitative assessment, or if the qualitative assessment indicates that a quantitative

analysis should be performed, we estimate the fair value of the indefinite-lived asset by using the relief-from-royalty method

based on the present value of estimated future cash flows that the indefinite-lived asset is expected to generate in the future.

Any impairment charge is recognized in full in the reporting period in which it has been identified. For discussion of the

analysis and results of our impairment tests, see Note 6 - Other Intangible Assets, Net and Goodwill and Note 12 -

Restructuring and Other Impairments.

Accrued expenses and other current liabilities

Accrued expenses and other current liabilities consisted of the following:


	December 31,
	2025	2024
Liabilities due to customers	$62.8	$84.8
Accrued royalties	72.4	79.3
Miscellaneous accruals	137.8	144.7
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities	$273.0	$308.8

Income Taxes

We recognize income taxes under the asset and liability method. Deferred income tax assets and liabilities arise from

temporary differences between the tax basis of assets and liabilities and their reported amounts in the financial statements,

which will result in taxable or deductible amounts in the future. Deferred income tax assets and liabilities are recorded at the

enacted tax rate expected to apply to the temporary difference when settled or realized. We record U.S. tax expense resulting

from Global Intangible Low Taxed Income (“GILTI”) as a current period expense.

In assessing the realizability of deferred tax assets, we consider all available positive and negative evidence factors. Evidence

considered includes historical and projected future taxable income by tax jurisdiction, character and timing of income or loss,

Table of Contents

CLARIVATE PLC

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

and prudent and feasible tax planning strategies. We record a valuation allowance to reduce deferred tax assets to the net

realizable value that is more likely than not to be realized.

We record tax benefits when it is more likely than not that the position will be sustained upon examination, including

resolutions of any related appeals or litigation processes, based on the technical merits of the position. The amount of tax

benefit recorded is the largest amount of tax benefit that is greater than 50% likely to be realized upon settlement. We then

record a liability for unrecognized tax benefits resulting from uncertain tax positions taken or expected to be taken on a tax

return. Uncertain tax positions are reassessed quarterly and liabilities for unrecognized tax benefits are adjusted when our

judgment changes as a result of the evaluation of new information, such as developments in case law, new regulations or tax

law, or changes in the status of ongoing audits. These adjustments will be reflected as increases or decreases to income tax

expense in the period in which new information is available. Accrued interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax

benefits are included within the Provision (benefit) for income taxes in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

Revenue Recognition

We derive revenue through subscriptions to our product offerings, re-occurring contracts in our IP segment, and transactional

sales that are typically quoted on a product, data set, or project basis.

•Subscription-based revenues are recurring revenues that we typically earn under annual contracts, pursuant to which

we license the right to use our products to our customers or provide maintenance services over a contractual term.

We invoice and collect the subscription fee at the beginning of the subscription period. For multi-year agreements,

we generally invoice customers annually at the beginning of each annual coverage period. Cash received or

receivable in advance of completing the performance obligations is included in deferred revenue. We recognize

subscription revenue ratably over the contract term as the access or service is provided.

•Re-occurring revenues are derived solely from the patent and trademark renewal services provided by our IP

segment. Our services help customers maintain and protect their patents and trademarks in multiple jurisdictions

around the world. Because of the re-occurring nature of the patent and trademark lifecycle, our customers engage us

on a regular basis to ensure their intellectual property rights remain protected. These contracts typically include

evergreen clauses or are multi-year agreements. We invoice and recognize revenue upon delivery of the service.

•Transactional revenues are earned for specific deliverables that are typically quoted on a product, data set, or project

basis. Transactional revenues include content sales (including single-document and aggregated collection sales),

consulting engagements, and other professional services such as software implementation services. We typically

invoice and record revenue for this revenue stream upon delivery of the product, data set, project, or related

performance obligations.

When multiple performance obligations exist in a single contract, the transaction price is allocated to each performance

obligation in proportion to the standalone selling price of each performance obligation. The standalone selling price is

typically determined by reference to our standard price lists and is a reflection of our normal pricing practices when sold

separately with consideration of market conditions and other factors, including customer demographics and geographic

location. Discounts applied to the contract are allocated based on the same proportion of standalone selling prices.

For transactions that involve a third party, we evaluate whether we are acting as the principal or the agent in the transaction

by considering factors such as control of the specified goods or services before they are transferred to the customer,

fulfillment responsibility, collection risk, and discretion in establishing price. If we determine that we control the good or

service before it is transferred to the customer, we recognize revenue on a gross basis. Conversely, if we determine that we do

not control the good or service before it is transferred to the customer, we recognize revenue on a net basis.

We pay commissions to sales colleagues for obtaining new customers and renewing contracts with existing customers. We

treat these commission costs as costs to obtain a contract and are therefore considered contract assets. We capitalize certain of

these commission costs within Prepaid expenses and Other non-current assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The costs

are amortized to Selling, general and administrative costs within the Consolidated Statements of Operations. The

amortization period is between one and seven years based on the estimated length of the customer relationship.

Share-based Compensation

We recognize compensation expense for share-based awards based on grant date fair value. The fair value of restricted share

units (“RSUs”) is based on the fair value of our common shares on the date of grant, and we use a Monte Carlo simulation to

determine the fair value of our performance share units (“PSUs”) at grant date. We use the graded vesting method to amortize

the value of share-based awards to expense. We recognize forfeitures as they occur.

Table of Contents

CLARIVATE PLC

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Defined Contribution Plans

Employees participate in various defined contribution savings plans that provide for Company-matching contributions. Costs

for future employee benefits are accrued over the periods in which employees earn the benefits. Total expense related to

defined contribution plans was $39.7, $37.3, and $34.9 for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023, respectively,

which approximates the cash outlays related to the plans.

Restructuring

Restructuring expense includes costs associated with involuntary termination benefits provided to employees, certain contract

termination costs, and other costs associated with an exit or disposal activity. Involuntary termination benefits are recognized

within restructuring charges at the time that the program was approved and all necessary communications were made. The

liabilities are recorded within Accrued expenses and other current liabilities in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The

corresponding expenses are recorded within Restructuring and other impairments in the Consolidated Statements of

Operations. For further details, see Note 12 - Restructuring and Other Impairments.

Legal Costs

Legal costs expected to be incurred in connection with a loss contingency are expensed and accrued at the outset of the legal

matter giving rise to the estimated legal costs. We reassess the sufficiency of the accrual each reporting period.

Other Operating Expense (Income), Net

Other operating expense (income), net consisted of the following:


		Year Ended December 31,
		2025	2024	2023
Gain on sale from divestitures	Note 2	$—	$(54.7)	$—
Gain on legal settlement	Note 16	—	—	(49.4)
Net foreign exchange loss		34.9	4.2	38.9
Miscellaneous, net		(16.3)	(1.3)	(0.3)
Total		$18.6	$(51.8)	$(10.8)

Foreign Currency Translation

The operations of each of our entities are measured using the currency of the primary economic environment in which the

subsidiary operates (“functional currency”). Assets and liabilities of foreign subsidiaries whose functional currency is the

local currency are translated into U.S. dollars using period-end exchange rates. Revenues and expenses are translated at the

average exchange rate in effect during each fiscal month during the year. The effects of foreign currency translation

adjustments are included as a component of Accumulated other comprehensive loss in the accompanying Consolidated

Balance Sheets.

Earnings Per Share

Basic earnings per share (“EPS”) is calculated by dividing net income (loss) attributable to ordinary shares by the weighted

average number of ordinary shares outstanding for the applicable period. Diluted EPS is computed by dividing net income

(loss) attributable to ordinary shares, adjusted for the change in fair value of the private placement warrants, by the weighted

average number of ordinary shares and dilutive potential ordinary shares outstanding for the applicable period. Diluted EPS

reflects the potential dilution that could occur if securities were exercised or converted into ordinary shares, as calculated

using the treasury stock method.

Recently Issued Accounting Standards

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03, Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses, which requires footnote

disclosure that disaggregates relevant expense captions, including the total amount of selling expenses. The amendments in

this update are effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2026 and interim reporting periods beginning after

December 15, 2027 on a prospective basis, with the option for retrospective application. Early adoption is permitted. We are

currently assessing the impact of this update on our financial statement disclosures.

In July 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2025-05, Measurement of Credit Losses for Accounts Receivable and Contract Assets,

which provides a practical expedient to measure credit losses on current accounts receivable and current contract assets. The

practical expedient allows entities to assume that current conditions as of the balance sheet date do not change for the

remaining life of the asset when measuring credit losses. The amendments in this update are effective for fiscal years,

Table of Contents

CLARIVATE PLC

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

including interim reporting periods, beginning after December 15, 2025, with early adoption permitted. We are currently

assessing the impact of this update on our financial statements and related disclosures.

In September 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2025-06, Targeted Improvements to the Accounting for Internal-Use Software,

which removes all references to project stages and clarifies the threshold that entities apply to begin capitalizing costs. The

update further specifies required disclosures for all capitalized internal-use software costs. The amendments in this update are

effective for fiscal years, including interim reporting periods, beginning after December 15, 2027, with early adoption

permitted as of the beginning of an annual reporting period. Entities are permitted to apply the new guidance using a

prospective, modified, or retrospective transition approach. We are currently assessing the impact of this update on our

financial statements and related disclosures.

Note 2: Acquisitions and Divestitures

2024 Divestiture of ScholarOne

In the fourth quarter of 2024, in connection with focusing our efforts on our core A&G business assets, we sold our

ScholarOne product group for net cash proceeds of $103.6. As a result of the divestiture, we recognized a gain of $69.5,

which is included in Other operating expense (income), net in the Consolidated Statements of Operations for the year ended

December 31, 2024.

2024 Divestiture of Valipat

In the second quarter of 2023, we agreed to sell Valipat, a small product group within our IP segment, for $33.8, payable in

annual installments over ten years. The transaction closed in April 2024, and we recognized a loss of $14.8, included in Other

operating expense (income), net in the Consolidated Statements of Operations for the year ended December 31, 2024.

Prior to classifying Valipat as held-for-sale in the second quarter of 2023, the assets to be sold consisted almost entirely of

customer relationship intangible assets. These assets were reduced to an estimated fair value of $26.1 based on the present

value of the consideration to be received over ten years. The resulting impairment charge of $132.2 is included in Goodwill

and intangible asset impairments in the Consolidated Statements of Operations for the year ended December 31, 2023.

As of December 31, 2025, the fair value of the related contingent consideration receivable was $30.8, net of cash receipts,

reported primarily within Other non-current assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. We remeasure this receivable on a

recurring basis using Level 3 inputs, specifically discounted revenue projections.

Note 3: Revenues

We disaggregate our revenues by transaction type, by segment (see Note 15 - Segment Information), and by geography.

The following table presents revenues by transaction type, based on revenue recognition pattern:


	Year Ended December 31,
	2025	2024	2023
Subscription	$1,605.5	$1,626.8	$1,618.1
Re-occurring	434.2	429.8	444.6
Recurring revenues	2,039.7	2,056.6	2,062.7
Transactional	415.5	500.1	566.1
Revenues	$2,455.2	$2,556.7	$2,628.8

The following table presents revenues by geography, based on customer location:


	Year Ended December 31,
	2025	2024	2023
Americas	$1,303.0	$1,381.4	$1,405.5
EMEA	654.8	667.8	707.5
APAC	497.4	507.5	515.8
Revenues	$2,455.2	$2,556.7	$2,628.8

For the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023, approximately 49%, 50%, and 49% of our revenues were attributed

to customers in the U.S., respectively. No other country accounted for more than 10% of our revenues.

Table of Contents

CLARIVATE PLC

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, the capitalized amount of sales commissions included within Prepaid expenses was

$15.2 and $15.4, respectively, and the capitalized amount included in Other non-current assets was $18.7 and $21.4,

respectively. We have not recorded any impairments against these capitalized commission costs.

The following table presents our contract balances:


	December 31,
	2025	2024
Accounts receivable, net	$821.7	$798.3
Current portion of deferred revenues	$878.6	$859.1
Non-current portion of deferred revenues	$17.0	$16.6

During the year ended December 31, 2025, we recognized revenues of $737.8 attributable to deferred revenues recorded at

the beginning of the period, primarily consisting of subscription revenues recognized ratably over the contractual term.

Our remaining performance obligations are included in the current or non-current portion of deferred revenues on the

Consolidated Balance Sheets. The majority of these obligations relate to customer contracts where we license the right to use

our products or provide maintenance services over a contractual term, generally one year or less.

Note 4: Accounts Receivable

Our Accounts receivable, net balance consisted of the following:


	December 31,
	2025	2024
Accounts receivable	$833.6	$814.5
Accounts receivable allowance	(11.9)	(16.2)
Accounts receivable, net	$821.7	$798.3

The change in our accounts receivable allowance related to the following activity during each of the years presented:


	Year Ended December 31,
	2025	2024	2023
Balance at beginning of year	$16.2	$26.6	$27.1
Additional provisions	2.7	3.2	7.0
Write-offs	(7.9)	(12.9)	(9.3)
Exchange rate change	0.9	(0.7)	1.8
Balance at end of year	$11.9	$16.2	$26.6

Note 5: Property and Equipment, Net

Property and equipment, net consisted of the following:


	December 31,
	2025	2024
Computer hardware	$77.1	$64.3
Leasehold improvements	21.3	21.6
Furniture, fixtures, and equipment	44.4	46.6
Finance lease	8.0	8.0
Other	2.3	2.2
Property and equipment, gross	$153.1	$142.7
Accumulated depreciation	(100.4)	(89.2)
Property and equipment, net	$52.7	$53.5

Depreciation expense was $21.9, $19.0, and $23.2 for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Table of Contents

CLARIVATE PLC

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Note 6: Other Intangible Assets, Net and Goodwill

Other intangible assets, net

The following table summarizes the gross carrying amounts and accumulated amortization of our identifiable intangible

assets by major class:


	December 31, 2025			December 31, 2024
	Gross	Accumulated Amortization	Net	Gross	Accumulated Amortization	Net
Customer relationships	$7,828.2	$(1,875.4)	$5,952.8	$7,773.9	$(1,515.9)	$6,258.0
Technology and content	2,832.2	(1,453.1)	1,379.1	2,748.8	(1,204.6)	1,544.2
Computer software	1,252.1	(758.8)	493.3	1,060.6	(609.2)	451.4
Trade names and other	89.3	(63.3)	26.0	88.4	(57.7)	30.7
Definite-lived intangible assets	$12,001.8	$(4,150.6)	$7,851.2	$11,671.7	$(3,387.4)	$8,284.3
Indefinite-lived trade names	156.9	—	156.9	156.9	—	156.9
Other intangible assets, net	$12,158.7	$(4,150.6)	$8,008.1	$11,828.6	$(3,387.4)	$8,441.2

Amortization expense related to intangible assets was $735.3, $708.0, and $685.1 during the years ended December 31, 2025,

2024, and 2023, respectively.

In December 2024, the Board approved the wind-down of three product groups within the LS&H and A&G segments in

connection with the Value Creation Plan and we recorded an intangible assets impairment charge of $75.0 to write down the

carrying values of the associated intangibles, primarily technology and content assets, to their respective estimated net book

values.

In connection with the Valipat divestiture and related assets and liabilities held-for-sale as of December 31, 2023 (see Note 2

- Acquisitions and Divestitures for further details), we recorded an intangible assets impairment charge of $132.2 during the

year ended December 31, 2023, primarily associated with purchase-related customer relationships.

As of December 31, 2025, the remaining weighted-average estimated useful life (in years) of our definite-lived intangible

assets, by major class and in total, was as follows:


Customer relationships	18
Technology and content	8
Computer software	5
Trade names and other	6
Total	15

As of December 31, 2025, estimated future amortization expense related to definite-lived intangible assets was as follows:


2026	$697.0
2027	665.0
2028	627.4
2029	574.2
2030	516.4
Thereafter	4,755.5
Amortizing intangible assets	$7,835.5
Internally developed software projects in process	15.7
Definite-lived intangible assets	$7,851.2

Table of Contents

CLARIVATE PLC

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Goodwill

The change in the carrying amount of Goodwill by segment was as follows:


	A&G	IP	LS&H	Total Consolidated
Balance as of December 31, 2023	$1,109.8	$—	$913.9	$2,023.7
Acquisition	—	13.8	15.8	29.6
Goodwill impairment	—	(13.8)	(451.9)	(465.7)
Divestiture(1)	(20.6)			(20.6)
Impact of foreign currency fluctuations	(0.4)	—	—	(0.4)
Balance as of December 31, 2024	$1,088.8	$—	$477.8	$1,566.6
Impact of foreign currency fluctuations	0.1	—	—	0.1
Balance as of December 31, 2025	$1,088.9	$—	$477.8	$1,566.7
(1) Related to the ScholarOne divestiture and its allocated portion of the A&G segment reporting unit’s goodwill balance. For further details, see Note 2 - Acquisitions and Divestitures.

In 2025, 2024, and 2023, we completed quantitative goodwill impairment assessments using a DCF analysis to estimate the

fair value of each of our reporting units. For additional information related to our goodwill impairment testing policy and

procedures, see Note 1 - Nature of Operations and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies.

In the fourth quarter of 2023, we performed our annual goodwill impairment assessment and determined that the carrying

value of the IP and LS&H segment reporting units exceeded their respective fair values, resulting in a goodwill impairment

charge of $847.7. The impairments were primarily due to worsening macroeconomic and market conditions.

In the second quarter of 2024, primarily due to sustained declines in our share price, we determined that it was appropriate to

perform an interim quantitative goodwill impairment assessment and concluded that the estimated fair value of the A&G

reporting unit was substantially in excess of its carrying value. For the LS&H reporting unit, we determined the carrying

value exceeded its fair value; consequently, we recorded a goodwill impairment charge of $302.8.

In the third quarter of 2024, we recorded $13.8 of goodwill associated with a small acquisition within the IP reporting unit.

We recorded an impairment to the goodwill because the IP reporting unit’s fair value was significantly below its carrying

value based on the results of our second quarter 2024 interim quantitative impairment assessment.

In the fourth quarter of 2024, we performed our annual goodwill impairment assessment and, while the estimated fair value

decreased for all reporting units, we concluded that the estimated fair value of the A&G reporting unit continued to be

substantially in excess of its carrying value. For the LS&H reporting unit, we determined the carrying value exceeded its fair

value; consequently, we recorded a goodwill impairment charge of $149.1. The impairment was primarily due to sustained

declines in our share price.

In the fourth quarter of 2025, we performed our annual goodwill impairment assessment and concluded that the estimated fair

values of the A&G and LS&H reporting units were in excess of their respective carrying values and therefore, no impairment

charge was required. We continue to monitor rapidly changing macroeconomic, industry, and competitive conditions to

evaluate for potential triggering events, which events may occur in an interim period. If we determine that a triggering event

has occurred, we update our impairment assessment by reviewing and potentially changing assumptions and estimates, which

could result in future impairment charges.

Note 7: Leases

We currently lease office space and certain equipment under non-cancelable operating lease agreements. We also have one

financing lease for office space. Some of our leases include renewal options, which we do not consider with respect to the

lease term used for calculating the lease liability because the renewal options allow us to maintain operational flexibility, and

we are not reasonably certain we will exercise the renewal options.

The following table presents the components of our lease cost, supplemental cash flow disclosures, and other information

related to our lease arrangements:

Table of Contents

CLARIVATE PLC

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements


	Year Ended December 31,
	2025	2024	2023
Lease Cost
Operating lease cost	$20.5	$20.2	$22.4
Variable and short-term lease cost	6.4	4.8	6.0
Finance lease cost	2.5	2.4	2.6
Total lease cost	$29.4	$27.4	$31.0
Supplemental Cash Flow Disclosures
Cash paid for amounts included in measurement of lease liabilities:
Operating cash flows for operating leases	$26.7	$30.3	$31.9
Operating cash flows for finance leases	2.0	2.1	2.1
Financing cash flows for finance leases	1.3	1.2	1.0
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for lease obligations:
Operating leases	$8.0	$16.8	$16.2
Other Information
Weighted-average remaining lease term:
Operating leases	4	5	5
Finance leases	11	12	13
Weighted-average discount rate:
Operating leases	6.5%	6.2%	5.2%
Finance leases	6.9%	6.9%	6.9%

The following table presents an analysis of our lease liability maturities as of December 31, 2025:


Year Ending December 31,	Operating Leases	Finance Leases
2026	$21.3	$3.4
2027	15.3	3.4
2028	8.5	3.5
2029	7.2	3.6
2030	4.6	3.7
Thereafter	7.7	22.6
Total undiscounted cash flows	$64.6	$40.2
Present value:
Current lease liabilities	18.4	1.5
Non-current lease liabilities	37.9	26.6
Total lease liabilities	$56.3	$28.1
Interest on lease liabilities	$8.3	$12.1

Note 8: Derivative Instruments

We are exposed to various market risks, including foreign currency exchange rate risk and interest rate risk. We use

derivative instruments to manage these risk exposures. We enter into foreign currency contracts and cross-currency swaps to

help manage our exposure to foreign currency exchange rate risk and we use interest rate swaps to mitigate interest rate risk.

We assess the fair value of these instruments by considering current and anticipated movements in future interest rates and

the relevant currency spot and future rates available in the market. Accordingly, these instruments are classified within Level

2 of the fair value hierarchy.

Cash flow hedges

We have interest rate swap arrangements with counterparties to reduce our exposure to variability in cash flows related to

interest payments on our outstanding term loans. These swaps are designated as cash flow hedges of the risk associated with

floating interest rates on designated future monthly interest payments. We determine the fair value of our interest rate swaps

by comparing the present value of the remaining fixed payments to the present value of the remaining floating payments,

using discount factors based on interest rate yield curves.

Table of Contents

CLARIVATE PLC

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

As of December 31, 2025, we have outstanding interest rate swaps with an aggregate notional value of $1,756.9. This amount

includes five swap arrangements currently in effect and two forward-starting swaps that are scheduled to commence on the

October 2026 maturity date of the May 2023 swaps, as further summarized in the table below:


Type	Notional Value	Effective Date	Maturity Date
Swaps entered May 2023	$739.2	May 2023	October 2026
Swaps entered June 2025	402.7	June 2025	January 2031
Swap entered December 2025	115.0	December 2025	January 2031
Forward-starting swaps entered Aug 2025	500.0	October 2026	January 2030
Total	$1,756.9

Changes in fair value are recorded in Accumulated other comprehensive loss (“AOCL”) in the Consolidated Balance Sheets,

with a corresponding adjustment to the derivative asset or liability. Amounts recorded in AOCL are reclassified to Interest

expense, net in the same period during which the hedged transactions affect earnings. As of December 31, 2025, we estimate

that approximately $2.1 of pre-tax gain related to interest rate swaps recorded in AOCL will be reclassified into earnings

within the next 12 months. For additional information on changes recorded in AOCL, see Note 10 - Shareholders' Equity.

Fair value hedges

In June and December 2025, we entered into three cross-currency swaps with a combined notional value of €448.0, maturing

in January 2031, to mitigate foreign currency exposure related to intercompany loans and economically reduce interest

expense. We have designated these swaps as fair value hedges. We elected to assess the effectiveness of these hedges based

on changes in spot rates. We determine the fair value of our cross-currency swaps by comparing the present value of the

remaining cash flows in the non-valuation currency (converted using the month-end spot rate) to the present value of the

remaining cash flows in the valuation currency.

Changes in fair value are recognized as foreign exchange gains or losses within Other operating expense (income), net, and

are intended to offset the foreign exchange gains or losses arising from the remeasurement of the hedged intercompany loans.

Unrealized gains or losses on components excluded from the hedge effectiveness assessment are recorded in AOCL and are

reclassified into earnings over the life of the swaps. For additional information on changes recorded in AOCL, see Note 10 -

Shareholders' Equity.

Net investment hedge

In July 2023, we entered into a €100.0 cross-currency swap maturing in November 2026 to mitigate foreign currency

exposure related to our net investment in various euro-functional-currency consolidated subsidiaries. We have designated this

swap as a net investment hedge. We elected to assess the effectiveness of this net investment hedge based on changes in spot

rates and we amortize the portion of the hedge excluded from the effectiveness assessment to Interest expense, net over the

life of the swap.

Changes in fair value related to the effective portion of the hedge are recorded in AOCL as part of the foreign currency

translation adjustment, with a corresponding adjustment to the derivative asset or liability. Any accumulated gain or loss will

be reclassified into earnings when the hedged net investment is either sold or substantially liquidated. For additional

information on changes recorded in AOCL, see Note 10 - Shareholders' Equity.

Derivatives not designated as accounting hedges

We periodically enter into foreign currency forward contracts, generally with maturities of 180 days or less, to reduce our

exposure to foreign exchange rate risks. These contracts are not designated as accounting hedges. As of December 31, 2025

and December 31, 2024, the notional amount of our outstanding foreign currency forward contracts was $162.1 and $91.1,

respectively.

We initially recognize these contracts at fair value on the execution date and subsequently remeasure them at the end of each

reporting period. We determine the fair value of these instruments by comparing the notional value of the trade using the

current month-end exchange rate to the notional value of the trade using the trade date exchange rate.

The gain or loss related to the change in fair value for these contracts is recognized within Other operating expense (income),

net. We recognized a (gain) loss from the fair value adjustment of $(2.2), $2.3 and $(0.8) for the years ended December 31,

2025, 2024, and 2023, respectively.

The following table provides the location and the fair value of our derivative instruments in the Consolidated Balance Sheets

as of December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024:

Table of Contents

CLARIVATE PLC

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements


	Balance Sheet Location	December 31, 2025	December 31, 2024
Cash flow hedging relationships:
Interest rate swaps	Other current assets	$3.2	$—
Interest rate swaps	Other non-current assets	1.8	14.7
Interest rate swaps	Other non-current liabilities	3.6	—
Fair value hedging relationships:
Cross-currency swaps	Other non-current liabilities	5.8	—
Net investment hedge:
Cross-currency swap	Other non-current assets	—	3.7
Cross-currency swap	Accrued expenses and other current liabilities	8.0	—
Not designated as accounting hedges:
Foreign currency forwards	Other current assets	1.2	—
Foreign currency forwards	Accrued expenses and other current liabilities	0.1	1.1

Total derivative assets		$6.2	$18.4
Total derivative liabilities		$17.5	$1.1

Note 9: Debt

The following table summarizes our total indebtedness:


		December 31, 2025		December 31, 2024
Type	Maturity	Effective Interest Rate	Carrying Value	Effective Interest Rate	Carrying Value
Senior Secured Notes	2026	4.500%	$100.0	4.500%	$700.0
Senior Secured Notes	2028	3.875%	921.2	3.875%	921.2
Senior Notes	2029	4.875%	921.4	4.875%	921.4
Revolving Credit Facility	2029	6.466%	—	7.107%	—
Term Loan Facility (Tranche 1)	2031	6.466%	1,999.2	7.107%	1,999.2
Term Loan Facility (Tranche 2)	2031	6.966%	500.0	—%	—
Finance lease	2036	6.936%	28.1	6.936%	29.3
Total debt outstanding			$4,469.9		$4,571.1
Debt discounts and issuance costs			(46.9)		(51.1)
Current portion of long-term debt(1)			(101.5)		(1.3)
Long-term debt			$4,321.5		$4,518.7
(1) $100.0 relates to the Senior Secured Notes due November 2026.

Senior Secured Notes (2026)

In May 2025, we used the proceeds from the incremental Tranche 2 term loans under the Credit Facilities (described below)

to redeem $500.0 aggregate principal amount of the outstanding Senior Secured Notes due 2026, plus accrued and unpaid

interest through the May 30, 2025 redemption date. In September 2025, we redeemed an additional $100.0 aggregate

principal amount of the outstanding Senior Secured Notes due 2026, plus accrued and unpaid interest through the September

30, 2025 redemption date, and in January 2026, we redeemed the remaining $100.0 aggregate principal amount, plus accrued

and unpaid interest through the January 30, 2026 redemption date.

Interest on the Senior Secured Notes due 2026 was payable semi-annually to holders of record on May 1 and November 1 of

each year. The Senior Secured Notes due 2026 were secured on a first-lien pari passu basis with borrowings under our credit

facilities and Senior Secured Notes due 2028. These Notes were guaranteed on a joint and several basis by each of our

indirect subsidiaries that was an obligor or guarantor under our credit facilities and were secured on a first-priority basis by

Table of Contents

CLARIVATE PLC

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

the collateral owned or subsequently acquired by Camelot Finance S.A. (the issuer) and each of the guarantors that secured

the issuer’s and such guarantor’s obligations under our credit facilities (subject to permitted liens and other exceptions).

Senior Notes (2029) and Senior Secured Notes (2028)

Interest on the Senior Notes due 2029 and Senior Secured Notes due 2028 is payable semi-annually to holders of record on

June 30 and December 30 of each year. The Senior Secured Notes due 2028 are secured on a first-lien pari passu basis with

borrowings under our credit facilities. Both series of Notes are guaranteed on a joint and several basis by each of our indirect

subsidiaries that is an obligor or guarantor under our credit facilities.

The Senior Notes due 2029 and Senior Secured Notes due 2028 are subject to redemption as a result of certain changes in

control at 101% of the principal amount, plus accrued and unpaid interest to the date of purchase. Additionally, at our

election, both series of Notes may be redeemed during the 12 month period commencing on June 30 of each of the years

based on the call premiums listed below, plus accrued and unpaid interest to the date of redemption.


	Redemption Price (as a percentage of principal)
Period	Senior Notes (2029)	Senior Secured Notes (2028)
2025	101.219%	100.969%
2026 and thereafter	100.000%	100.000%

The indentures governing these Notes contain covenants which, among other things, limit the incurrence of additional

indebtedness (including acquired indebtedness), issuance of certain preferred stock, the payment of dividends, making

restricted payments and investments, the purchase or acquisition or retirement for value of any equity interests, the provision

of loans or advances to restricted subsidiaries, the sale or lease or transfer of any properties to any restricted subsidiaries, the

transfer or sale of assets, and the creation of certain liens. As of December 31, 2025, we were in compliance with all of the

indenture covenants.

The Credit Facilities

We have a revolving credit facility and a term loan facility (together, the “Credit Facilities”), as further described below. The

Credit Facilities are secured by substantially all of our assets and the assets of all of our U.S. restricted subsidiaries and

certain of our non-U.S. subsidiaries, including those that are or may be borrowers or guarantors under the Credit Facilities,

subject to customary exceptions. The credit agreement governing the Credit Facilities contains customary events of default

and restrictive covenants that limit us from, among other things, incurring certain additional indebtedness, issuing preferred

stock, making certain restricted payments and investments, certain transfers or sales of assets, entering into certain affiliate

transactions, or incurring certain liens.

The Credit Facilities provide that, upon the occurrence of certain events of default, our obligations thereunder may be

accelerated and the lending commitments terminated. Such events of default include payment defaults to the lenders, material

inaccuracies of representations and warranties, covenant defaults, cross-defaults to other material indebtedness (including the

Senior Secured Notes due 2028 and the Senior Notes due 2029), voluntary and involuntary bankruptcy proceedings, material

money judgments, loss of perfection over a material portion of collateral, material ERISA/pension plan events, certain change

of control events, and other customary events of default, in each case subject to threshold, notice, and grace period

provisions.

We may be subject to certain negative covenants, including either a fixed charge coverage ratio, total first lien net leverage

ratio, or total net leverage ratio if certain conditions are met. As of December 31, 2025, we were in compliance with the

covenants for the credit facilities.

Revolving Credit Facility (2029)

Our $775.0 revolving credit facility provides for revolving loans, same-day borrowings, and letters of credit (with a sublimit

of $77.0). Proceeds of loans made under the revolving credit facility may be borrowed, repaid, and reborrowed prior to its

maturity in January 2029 (subject to a “springing” maturity date that is 91 days prior to the maturity date of the Senior

Secured Notes due 2028, but only to the extent that those notes have not been refinanced or extended prior to their original

maturity date).

In August 2025, we increased the availability under our revolving credit facility from $700.0 to $775.0. All other terms

related to the revolving credit facility were substantively unchanged. As of December 31, 2025, letters of credit totaling $6.5

were collateralized by the revolving credit facility.

Table of Contents

CLARIVATE PLC

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

The revolving credit facility carries a base interest rate at Term SOFR, plus 3.25% per annum (which decreases to 3.00% or

2.75% per annum upon the achievement of certain first lien leverage ratios as defined in the credit agreement governing the

Credit Facilities). The revolving credit facility is subject to a commitment fee rate of 0.5% per annum (or 0.375% per annum,

based on first lien leverage ratios) times the unutilized amount of total revolving commitments.

Term Loan Facility (2031)

Our term loan facility matures in January 2031 and consists of two tranches of term loans. Our Tranche 1 term loans carry a

base interest rate at Term SOFR, plus 2.75% per annum. In May 2025, we entered into an incremental $500.0 tranche of term

loans. These Tranche 2 term loans carry a base interest rate at Term SOFR, plus 3.25% per annum. The issuance proceeds

were used to redeem a portion of the Senior Secured Notes due 2026 described above.

The carrying value of our variable interest rate debt, excluding unamortized debt issuance costs, approximates fair value due

to the short-term nature of the interest rate benchmark rates. The fair value of the fixed rate debt is estimated based on market

observable data for debt with similar prepayment features. The fair value of our debt was $4,369.9 and $4,423.2 at December

31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, respectively, and is considered Level 2 under the fair value hierarchy.

Amounts due under our outstanding borrowings as of December 31, 2025 are as follows:


2026	$101.5
2027	1.7
2028	923.1
2029	923.5
2030	2.3
Thereafter	2,517.8
Total maturities	$4,469.9
Less: capitalized debt issuance costs and original issue discount	(46.9)
Total, including the current portion of long-term debt	$4,423.0

Note 10: Shareholders' Equity

Share Repurchase Program

In February 2022, the Board approved the purchase of up to $1,000.0 of our ordinary shares through open-market purchases,

to be executed through December 31, 2023. In May 2023, the Board approved the extension of the share repurchase

authorization, but reduced the authorization from $1,000.0 to $500.0, to be executed through December 31, 2024. In

December 2024, the Board authorized a new share repurchase program of up to $500.0 of our ordinary shares for a period of

two years, from January 1, 2025 through December 31, 2026.

During the year ended December 31, 2023, we repurchased approximately 13.8 million ordinary shares for $100.0 at an

average price of $7.22 per share. During the year ended December 31, 2024, we repurchased approximately 34.4 million

ordinary shares for $200.0 at an average price of $5.81 per share. During the year ended December 31, 2025, we repurchased

approximately 56.0 million ordinary shares for $224.5 at an average price of $4.01 per share. All repurchased shares were

immediately retired and restored as authorized but unissued ordinary shares.

Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss (“AOCL”)

The table below provides information about the changes in AOCL by component and the related amounts reclassified to net

earnings during the periods indicated (net of tax).

Table of Contents

CLARIVATE PLC

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements


	Hedging relationships(1)	Defined benefit pension plans	Foreign currency translation adjustment(2)	AOCL
Balance as of December 31, 2022	$38.1	$1.5	$(705.5)	$(665.9)
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications	14.9	(1.1)	194.2	208.0
Reclassifications from AOCL to net earnings	(36.8)	—	(0.6)	(37.4)
Net other comprehensive income (loss)	(21.9)	(1.1)	193.6	170.6
Balance as of December 31, 2023	$16.2	$0.4	$(511.9)	$(495.3)
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications	16.1	(0.8)	(40.4)	(25.1)
Reclassifications from AOCL to net earnings	(21.6)	—	15.7	(5.9)
Net other comprehensive income (loss)	(5.5)	(0.8)	(24.7)	(31.0)
Balance as of December 31, 2024	$10.7	$(0.4)	$(536.6)	$(526.3)
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications	3.1	(0.7)	83.2	85.6
Reclassifications from AOCL to net earnings	(11.5)	—	(0.9)	(12.4)
Net other comprehensive income (loss)	(8.4)	(0.7)	82.3	73.2
Balance as of December 31, 2025	$2.3	$(1.1)	$(454.3)	$(453.1)
(1) Includes amounts related to our interest rate swaps designated as cash flow hedges, and for the year ended December 31, 2025, also includes the excluded component of our cross-currency swaps designated as fair value hedges. Refer to Note 8 - Derivative Instruments for further information.
(2) Includes the impact of translating foreign subsidiary assets and liabilities from their functional currency to USD, as well as amounts related to our cross- currency swap designated as a net investment hedge.

Conversion of Preferred Shares into Ordinary Shares

On June 3, 2024, all 14.4 million outstanding shares of our 5.25% Series A Mandatory Convertible Preferred Shares

(“MCPS”) automatically converted into 55.3 million ordinary shares at a conversion rate of 3.8462 ordinary shares per MCPS

share. All accumulated preferred dividends were paid prior to the conversion.

Note 11: Share-based Compensation

We grant share-based awards under the Clarivate Plc 2019 Incentive Award Plan (“the Plan”). A maximum aggregate amount

of 85.0 million ordinary shares are reserved for issuance under the Plan. The Plan provides for the issuance of options, share

appreciation rights, restricted shares, restricted share units, and cash awards. As of December 31, 2025 and 2024,

approximately 32.1 million and 20.7 million shares, respectively, of our ordinary shares were available for share-based

awards.

Total share-based compensation expense for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023, comprised the following:


	Year Ended December 31,
	2025	2024	2023
Cost of revenues	$17.4	$14.6	$39.9
Selling, general and administrative costs	45.6	46.0	69.0
Total share-based compensation expense	$63.0	$60.6	$108.9

Total income tax provision (benefit) recognized for stock-based compensation arrangements were as follows:


	Year Ended December 31,
	2025	2024	2023
Provision (benefit) for income taxes	$(1.8)	$(2.2)	$(8.7)

RSUs and PSUs

RSUs typically vest from one to three years under a graded vesting method. RSUs do not have nonforfeitable rights to

dividends or dividend equivalents. The fair value of RSUs is based on the fair value of our common shares on the date of

grant.

PSUs typically either cliff vest over three years or vest ratably between three and five years. Payout percentages are based on

accomplishing certain levels of growth and profitability, subsequently adjusted for our total shareholder return (“TSR”)

compared to the TSR of the S&P 500. We use a Monte Carlo simulation to determine the fair value of our PSUs at grant date.

Table of Contents

CLARIVATE PLC

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Each quarter, we evaluate the likelihood that the performance criteria will be met. As the number of PSUs expected to vest

increases or decreases, compensation expense is also adjusted up or down to reflect the number of shares expected to vest and

the cumulative vesting period met to date.

A summary of RSU and PSU activity for the year ended December 31, 2025, is presented below:


	Year Ended December 31, 2025
	RSUs	RSUs Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value	PSUs	PSUs Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value
Outstanding at December 31, 2024	12.3	$8.27	4.0	$10.48
Granted	18.4	4.14	2.9	4.68
Vested	(7.2)	8.41	(0.6)	10.91
Forfeited	(2.6)	5.63	(1.3)	9.03
Outstanding at December 31, 2025	20.9	$4.91	5.0	$7.39

Total remaining unamortized compensation costs	$41.1		$20.4

Weighted average remaining service period	1.0 years		1.6 years

The 2025, 2024, and 2023 weighted average grant date fair value for RSUs was $4.14, $6.89, and $10.34 and for PSUs was

$4.68, $7.77, and $13.55, respectively.

For the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023, the fair value of RSUs vested was $30.3, $45.3, and $62.4,

respectively, and the fair value of PSUs vested was insignificant.

Stock Options

No stock option awards have been granted to plan participants since 2019. As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, there was no

unrecognized compensation cost related to outstanding stock options. As of December 31, 2025, we have 0.6 million options

vested and exercisable at a weighted average exercise price per share of $11.71 with a weighted-average remaining

contractual life of 1.6 years.

Note 12: Restructuring and Other Impairments

We have engaged in various restructuring programs to strengthen our business and streamline our operations, including

taking actions related to the location and use of leased facilities. Our recent restructuring programs include the following:

•Value Creation Plan - During the fourth quarter of 2024, we approved a broad-based plan to optimize our business

model, which includes a cost rationalization component. We have extended this program to include additional

reductions in force and lease rationalization activities in 2026. We expect to incur approximately $25 of additional

costs associated with this plan, primarily in 2026.

•Segment Optimization - During the second quarter of 2023, we approved a restructuring plan to reduce operational

costs within targeted areas of the Company, with the primary cost savings driver being from a reduction in

workforce. This program is complete.

•ProQuest Acquisition Integration - During the fourth quarter of 2021, we approved a restructuring plan to reduce

operational costs within targeted areas of the Company, with the primary cost savings driver being from a reduction

in workforce. This program is complete.

Table of Contents

CLARIVATE PLC

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

The following table summarizes the pre-tax charges by activity and program during the periods indicated:


	Year Ended December 31,
	2025	2024	2023
Severance and related benefit costs:
Value Creation Plan	$48.5	$0.5	$—
Segment Optimization	0.4	19.9	13.4
ProQuest Acquisition Integration	—	(0.1)	16.7
Total Severance and related benefit costs	48.9	20.3	30.1
Exit and disposal costs:
Value Creation Plan	1.8	0.1	—
Segment Optimization Program	—	0.3	—
ProQuest Acquisition Integration	—	—	0.2
Total Exit and disposal costs	1.8	0.4	0.2
Lease abandonment costs:
Value Creation Plan	—	—	—
Segment Optimization	—	(1.1)	3.7
ProQuest Acquisition Integration	—	—	(0.1)
Total Lease abandonment costs	—	(1.1)	3.6
Restructuring costs	$50.7	$19.6	$33.9

The following table summarizes the pre-tax charges by program and segment during the periods indicated:


	Year Ended December 31,
	2025	2024	2023
Academia & Government:
Value Creation Plan	$21.2	$0.1	$—
Segment Optimization	—	7.0	4.8
ProQuest Acquisition Integration	—	(0.1)	9.0
Total A&G	21.2	7.0	13.8
Intellectual Property:
Value Creation Plan	15.4	0.5	—
Segment Optimization	0.3	5.3	4.6
ProQuest Acquisition Integration	—	—	4.6
Total IP	15.7	5.8	9.2
Life Sciences & Healthcare:
Value Creation Plan	13.7	—	—
Segment Optimization	0.1	6.8	7.7
ProQuest Acquisition Integration	—	—	3.2
Total LS&H	13.8	6.8	10.9
Restructuring costs	$50.7	$19.6	$33.9

Table of Contents

CLARIVATE PLC

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

The table below summarizes the changes in our restructuring reserves by activity during the periods indicated:


	Severance and related benefit costs	Exit, disposal, and abandonment costs	Total
Reserve balance as of December 31, 2023	$5.9	$1.4	$7.3
Expenses recorded	20.3	(0.7)	19.6
Payments made	(22.4)	(4.8)	(27.2)
Noncash items	(1.5)	4.1	2.6
Reserve balance as of December 31, 2024	$2.3	$—	$2.3
Expenses recorded	48.9	1.8	50.7
Payments made	(41.3)	(1.8)	(43.1)
Noncash items	(3.4)	—	(3.4)
Reserve balance as of December 31, 2025	$6.5	$—	$6.5

Other impairments

In the fourth quarter of 2023, we recorded a charge of approximately $6.1 related to the impairment of two equity

investments, both of which were fully impaired.

Note 13: Income Taxes

The components of the Provision (benefit) for income taxes by jurisdiction were as follows:


	Year Ended December 31,
	2025	2024	2023
Current
U.K.	$3.1	$2.3	$(1.2)
U.S. federal	(5.6)	19.0	14.5
U.S. state	(2.0)	3.1	4.4
Other	53.0	36.8	(40.8)
Total current	48.5	61.2	(23.1)
Deferred
U.K.	1.9	0.8	(0.4)
U.S. federal	(1.4)	(20.0)	(30.5)
U.S. state	(5.5)	(3.2)	(4.4)
Other	(36.3)	44.1	(42.9)
Total deferred	(41.3)	21.7	(78.2)
Provision (benefit) for income taxes	$7.2	$82.9	$(101.3)

The components of Income (loss) before income taxes were as follows:


	Year Ended December 31,
	2025	2024	2023
U.K. income (loss)	$(123.6)	$(155.4)	$(180.1)
U.S. income (loss)	(80.9)	(437.8)	(477.9)
Other income (loss)	10.6	39.4	(354.5)
Income (loss) before income taxes	$(193.9)	$(553.8)	$(1,012.5)

Effective tax rate reconciliation

While we are a public limited company incorporated under the laws of Jersey, Channel Islands, we are a tax resident of the

United Kingdom.

The following tables present reconciliations between the statutory U.K. income tax rate and our effective tax rate (“ETR”) for

the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023. The 2025 reconciliation is presented in accordance with ASU 2023-09,

Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures, which we adopted on a prospective basis during the year ended December 31,

2025.

Table of Contents

CLARIVATE PLC

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements


	Year Ended December 31,
	2024	2023
Income (loss) before income taxes	$(553.8)	$(1,012.5)
Provision (benefit) for income taxes	82.9	(101.3)

Statutory rate	25.0%	23.5%
Effect of different tax rates	(0.6)%	—%
BEAT	(1.2)%	(0.7)%
Change in tax law	(9.6)%	—%
Valuation allowances	(2.2)%	(4.4)%
Share-based compensation	(2.4)%	(1.3)%
Other permanent differences	(1.2)%	(0.6)%
Withholding tax	(0.7)%	(0.5)%
Uncertain tax positions	(0.9)%	7.0%
Outside basis difference in foreign subsidiary	(1.6)%	2.1%
Impairments	(18.8)%	(15.4)%
Divestitures	(1.1)%	—%
Tax credits	1.8%	0.6%
Other	(1.5)%	(0.3)%
Effective tax rate	(15.0)%	10.0%

The income tax provision of $7.2 for the year ended December 31, 2025 was primarily driven by the mix of tax jurisdictions

in which pre-tax profits and losses were recognized. These were partially offset by income tax benefits of $21.7 and $10.9 in

the U.S. and U.K., respectively, that resulted from intra-entity transactions, as well as a $7.1 benefit due to a reduction in the

Base Erosion and Anti-Abuse Tax (“BEAT”).

The income tax provision of $82.9 for the year ended December 31, 2024 was driven by a $53.9 expense related to a new

15% corporate income tax enacted by a tax law change in Jersey, Channel Islands, a $10.2 expense to establish valuation

allowances, and expenses from the mix of tax jurisdictions in which pre-tax profits and losses were recognized. These were

partially offset by benefits of $16.6 and $14.2 associated with the impairment of intangible assets and goodwill, respectively.

Deferred tax assets and liabilities

The tax effects of the significant components of temporary differences giving rise to our deferred income tax assets and

liabilities were as follows:

Table of Contents

CLARIVATE PLC

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements


	December 31,
	2025	2024
Accounts receivable	$1.3	$1.9
Accrued expenses	18.4	12.2
Deferred revenue	2.1	0.9
Partnerships outside basis difference	143.9	40.9
Other assets	19.0	24.0
Debt issuance costs	7.9	10.4
Lease liabilities	11.3	8.4
Goodwill	422.0	527.4
Operating losses and tax attributes	938.2	835.4
Fixed assets, net	1.3	—
Total deferred tax assets	1,565.4	1,461.5
Valuation allowances	(1,340.4)	(1,279.7)
Net deferred tax assets	225.0	181.8

Other identifiable intangible assets, net	(385.6)	(365.1)
Other liabilities	(25.1)	(20.9)
Right-of-use assets	(9.2)	(5.4)
Fixed assets, net	—	(15.2)
Total deferred tax liabilities	(419.9)	(406.6)
Net deferred tax liabilities	$(194.9)	$(224.8)

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are presented net in the Consolidated Balance Sheets if they are in the same jurisdiction.

The components of the net deferred tax liability, as reported in the Consolidated Balance Sheets, were as follows:


	December 31,
	2025	2024
Deferred tax asset	$17.2	$48.5
Deferred tax liability	(212.1)	(273.3)
Net deferred tax liability	$(194.9)	$(224.8)

We are required to assess the realization of our deferred tax assets and the need for a valuation allowance. The assessment

requires judgment on the part of management with respect to benefits that could be realized from future taxable income. The

valuation allowance was $1,340.4 and $1,279.7 as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively, against certain deferred tax

assets, as it more likely than not that such amounts will not be fully realized. During the years ended December 31, 2025 and

2024, the valuation allowance increased by $60.7 and $23.1, respectively.

As of December 31, 2025, we had gross U.S. federal tax loss carryforwards of $2,115.7, U.K. tax loss carryforwards of

$592.0, U.S. state tax loss carryforwards of $1,001.6, and tax loss carryforwards in other foreign jurisdictions of $59.8. The

carryforward period for U.S. federal tax losses is twenty years for losses generated in tax years ended prior to December 31,

2017. The expiration period for these losses begins in 2036. For U.S. losses generated in tax years beginning after January 1,

2018, the carryforward period is indefinite. The carryforward period for the U.K. tax losses is indefinite. The carryforward

period for U.S. state losses varies, and the expiration period is between 2026 and 2044. The carryforward period of other

losses varies by jurisdiction. As of December 31, 2025, we also had R&D and other tax credit carryforwards of $32.3 that

have various carryforward periods, and the expiration period begins in 2027.

We have provided income taxes and withholding taxes in the amount of $13.5 on the undistributed earnings of foreign

subsidiaries as of December 31, 2025. In general, we are not permanently reinvesting our foreign earnings offshore.

Table of Contents

CLARIVATE PLC

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Deferred tax valuation allowance

The following table summarizes the changes in our deferred tax valuation allowance:


	December 31,
	2025	2024	2023
Beginning balance, January 1	$1,279.7	$1,256.6	$1,179.3
Change charged to expense/(income)	26.4	31.1	51.4
Change charged to CTA	34.3	(8.0)	25.9
Ending balance, December 31	$1,340.4	$1,279.7	$1,256.6

Taxes paid by jurisdiction

The following table presents income taxes paid, net of refunds, by jurisdiction in accordance with ASU 2023-09,

Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures for the year ended December 31, 2025:


	Year Ended December 31, 2025
U.K.	$(3.0)
Foreign:
India	6.7
U.S. federal	6.4
Germany federal	4.5
South Korea	3.8
Spain	3.1
Sweden	2.3
Brazil	2.2
Other foreign	16.1
Total	$42.1

Uncertain tax positions

Unrecognized tax benefits represent the difference between the tax benefits that we are able to recognize for financial

reporting purposes and the tax benefits that have been recognized, or are expected to be recognized, in filed tax returns. The

total amount of net unrecognized tax benefits that, if recognized, would impact our effective tax rate was $38.3 and $30.8 as

of December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

We recognize accrued interest and penalties associated with uncertain tax positions as part of the tax provision. As of

December 31, 2025 and 2024, the amount accrued was $5.3 and $3.2, respectively. Interest and penalties recognized for the

years ended December 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023 were $2.0, $0.7, and $(23.2).

We file income tax returns in the U.K., the U.S., and various other jurisdictions. As of December 31, 2025, our open tax years

subject to examination were 2017 through 2024, which includes the major jurisdictions in the U.K. and the U.S.

The following table summarizes our unrecognized tax benefits, excluding interest and penalties:


	December 31,
	2025	2024	2023
Beginning balance, January 1	$30.8	$26.0	$83.8
Increases for tax positions taken in prior years	5.3	3.3	1.1
Increases for tax positions taken in the current year	2.8	2.1	1.6
Decreases for tax positions taken in prior years	(0.4)	(0.5)	(54.1)
Decreases related to settlements with tax authorities	—	—	(6.2)
Decreases due to statute expirations	(0.2)	(0.1)	(0.2)
Ending balance, December 31	$38.3	$30.8	$26.0

Table of Contents

CLARIVATE PLC

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Note 14: Earnings Per Share

The basic and diluted EPS computations for our ordinary shares are calculated as follows:


	Year Ended December 31,
	2025	2024	2023
Basic EPS
Net income (loss)	$(201.1)	$(636.7)	$(911.2)
Dividends on preferred shares	—	31.3	75.4
Net income (loss) attributable to ordinary shares	$(201.1)	$(668.0)	$(986.6)

Weighted average shares, basic	673.3	693.6	671.6
Basic EPS	$(0.30)	$(0.96)	$(1.47)

Diluted EPS
Net income (loss) attributable to ordinary shares	$(201.1)	$(668.0)	$(986.6)
Change in fair value of private placement warrants	—	—	—
Net income (loss) attributable to ordinary shares, diluted	$(201.1)	$(668.0)	$(986.6)

Weighted average shares, basic	673.3	693.6	671.6
Weighted average effect of potentially dilutive shares	—	—	—
Weighted average shares, diluted	673.3	693.6	671.6
Diluted EPS	$(0.30)	$(0.96)	$(1.47)

Potential ordinary shares on a gross basis of 20.5 million related to share-based awards were excluded from diluted EPS for

the year ended December 31, 2025, as their inclusion would have been antidilutive. Potential ordinary shares on a gross basis

of 20.2 million and 32.7 million related to share-based awards and private placement warrants were excluded from diluted

EPS for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, as their inclusion would have been antidilutive.

As a result of the MCPS conversion described in Note 10 - Shareholders' Equity, during the year ended December 31, 2024,

the converted MCPS shares were included in basic EPS for the period subsequent to the conversion. Prior to the conversion,

the MCPS shares were evaluated for inclusion in diluted EPS using the if-converted method and, in each period presented,

were excluded from diluted EPS as their inclusion would have been antidilutive.

Note 15: Segment Information

As discussed in Note 1 - Nature of Operations and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, we have organized our

business into the following three reportable segments, based on the different products and services we offer and the markets

we serve:

•Academia & Government. Working with the scientific and academic community, we empower institutions and

libraries to drive research excellence and student outcomes by connecting trusted content, deep expertise, and

responsible innovation. Our A&G segment is home to research, education, and library solutions, including Web of

Science, ProQuest, Ex Libris, and Innovative.

•Intellectual Property. Our comprehensive intellectual property data, software, and expertise helps companies drive

innovation, law firms achieve practice excellence, and organizations worldwide effectively manage and protect

critical intellectual property assets. Our IP segment is home to Derwent Innovation, CompuMark, Innography,

IPfolio, FoundationIP, and other IP solutions.

•Life Sciences & Healthcare. Our connected data, deep expertise, and intelligence platforms empower life sciences

and healthcare organizations with the contextual intelligence needed to deliver safe, effective, and commercially

successful treatments and solutions to patients faster. Our LS&H segment is home to comprehensive solutions used

by pharma, biotech, and medtech companies, including Cortellis, Medtech, Market Access and Commercialization,

and deep consulting expertise.

Table of Contents

CLARIVATE PLC

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Our chief operating decision maker (“CODM”) is our chief executive officer (“CEO”), who evaluates performance for our

reportable segments based primarily on revenues and Adjusted EBITDA. Our CEO uses these measures predominantly

during the annual budgeting process and the quarterly forecast update and reporting process to identify and evaluate

investment decisions that provide the best opportunities to accelerate revenue growth and provide incremental margin

improvement. Our CEO does not review assets by segment for the purpose of assessing performance or allocating resources

due to the significant amount of intangible assets acquired through business combinations, as well as the centralized nature of

our working capital management functions.

Significant segment expenses include people-related costs, royalties and other product costs, technology costs (comprised

primarily of software licenses and hosting costs), and outside service costs (comprised primarily of professional services and

contracted labor). Other costs primarily include facilities costs and product marketing costs.

Adjusted EBITDA represents Net income (loss) before the Provision (benefit) for income taxes, Depreciation and

amortization, and Interest expense, net, adjusted to exclude share-based compensation, impairments, restructuring expenses,

the impact of certain non-cash fair value adjustments on financial instruments, acquisition and/or disposal-related transaction

costs, unrealized foreign currency gains/losses, legal settlements, and other items that are included in Net income (loss) for

the period that we do not consider indicative of our ongoing operating performance.

The following table summarizes reportable segment revenues, expenses, and profit and provides a reconciliation of total

reportable segment Adjusted EBITDA to Net income (loss) for the periods indicated:

Table of Contents

CLARIVATE PLC

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements


	Year Ended December 31,
	2025	2024	2023
Academia & Government
Revenues	$1,266.0	$1,326.4	$1,323.3
People-related costs	(342.7)	(349.7)	(352.8)
Royalties and other product costs	(215.4)	(248.5)	(247.7)
Technology costs	(78.8)	(80.5)	(75.6)
Outside service costs	(33.8)	(39.9)	(43.0)
Other costs	(47.3)	(44.0)	(45.7)
A&G Adjusted EBITDA	$548.0	$563.8	$558.5
Intellectual Property
Revenues	$799.4	$811.4	$862.7
People-related costs	(294.4)	(283.3)	(277.7)
Royalties and other product costs	(75.5)	(76.1)	(91.3)
Technology costs	(50.9)	(46.3)	(44.6)
Outside service costs	(20.9)	(21.1)	(22.7)
Other costs	(23.6)	(26.1)	(26.0)
IP Adjusted EBITDA	$334.1	$358.5	$400.4
Life Sciences & Healthcare
Revenues	$389.8	$418.9	$442.8
People-related costs	(183.2)	(190.8)	(188.0)
Royalties and other product costs	(37.3)	(37.6)	(43.5)
Technology costs	(28.6)	(27.1)	(24.5)
Outside service costs	(10.6)	(13.0)	(14.4)
Other costs	(10.4)	(12.3)	(14.1)
LS&H Adjusted EBITDA	$119.7	$138.1	$158.3
Total Reportable Segments
Revenues	$2,455.2	$2,556.7	$2,628.8
People-related costs	(820.3)	(823.8)	(818.5)
Royalties and other product costs	(328.2)	(362.2)	(382.5)
Technology costs	(158.3)	(153.9)	(144.7)
Outside service costs	(65.3)	(74.0)	(80.1)
Other costs	(81.3)	(82.4)	(85.8)
Total Reportable Segments Adjusted EBITDA	$1,001.8	$1,060.4	$1,117.2
Benefit (provision) for income taxes	(7.2)	(82.9)	101.3
Depreciation and amortization	(757.2)	(727.0)	(708.3)
Interest expense, net	(265.4)	(283.4)	(293.7)
Share-based compensation expense	(63.0)	(60.6)	(108.9)
Goodwill and intangible asset impairments	(15.0)	(540.7)	(979.9)
Restructuring and lease impairments	(50.7)	(19.6)	(40.0)
Fair value adjustment of warrants	—	5.2	15.9
Transaction related costs	(22.5)	(17.9)	(8.2)
Other(1)	(21.9)	29.8	(6.6)
Net income (loss)	$(201.1)	$(636.7)	$(911.2)
(1) Includes the net impact of unrealized foreign currency gains and losses and other items that do not reflect our ongoing operating performance. This amount includes a net gain on sale of $54.7 from divestitures in 2024 and a gain of $49.4 related to a legal settlement in 2023. See Note 2 - Acquisitions and Divestitures and Note 16 - Commitments and Contingencies for further details.

Table of Contents

CLARIVATE PLC

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Long-Lived Assets by Geography

The following table summarizes our long-lived assets by geography, based on physical location. Long-lived assets consist of

Property and equipment, net and Operating lease right-of-use assets and exclude Goodwill, Other intangible assets, net,

Deferred income taxes, and Other assets.


	Year Ended December 31,
	2025	2024
U.S.	$28.7	$35.0
India	17.0	18.9
U.K.	15.6	18.1
All other	38.0	35.1
Total long-lived assets	$99.3	$107.1

Note 16: Commitments and Contingencies

Lawsuits and Legal Claims

We are engaged in various legal proceedings, claims, audits, and investigations that have arisen in the ordinary course of

business. These matters may include among others, antitrust/competition claims, intellectual property infringement claims,

employment matters, and commercial matters. The outcome of the matters against us are subject to future resolution,

including the uncertainties of litigation.

From time to time, we are involved in litigation in the ordinary course of our business, including claims or contingencies that

may arise related to matters occurring prior to our acquisition of businesses. At the present time, primarily because the

matters are generally in early stages, we can give no assurance as to the outcome of any pending litigation to which we are

currently a party, and we are unable to determine the ultimate resolution of these matters or the effect they may have on us.

We have and will continue to vigorously defend ourselves against these claims. We maintain appropriate levels of insurance,

which we expect are likely to provide coverage for some of these liabilities or other losses that may arise from these litigation

matters.

During the year ended December 31, 2023, we reached settlement related to a large legal claim, which was covered by

insurance. We recognized a total gain on settlement of $49.4 which is included in Other operating expense (income), net in

the Consolidated Statement of Operations.

Between January and March 2022, three putative securities class action complaints were filed in the United States District

Court for the Eastern District of New York against Clarivate and certain of its executives and directors alleging that there

were weaknesses in the Company’s internal controls over financial reporting and financial reporting procedures that it failed

to disclose in violation of federal securities law. The complaints were consolidated into a single proceeding on May 18, 2022.

On August 8, 2022, plaintiffs filed a consolidated amended complaint, seeking damages on behalf of a putative class of

shareholders who acquired Clarivate securities between July 30, 2020, and February 2, 2022, and/or acquired Clarivate

ordinary or preferred shares in connection with offerings on June 10, 2021, or Clarivate ordinary shares in connection with a

September 13, 2021, offering. The amended complaint, like the prior complaints, references an error in the accounting

treatment of an equity plan included in the Company’s 2020 business combination with CPA Global that was disclosed on

December 27, 2021, and related restatements issued on February 3, 2022, of certain of the Company’s previously issued

financial statements. The amended complaint also alleges that the Company and certain of its executives and directors made

false or misleading statements relating to the Company’s product quality and expected organic revenues and organic growth

rate, and that they failed to disclose significant known changes to the Company’s business model. Defendants moved to

dismiss the amended complaint on October 7, 2022. Without deciding the motion, the court entered an order on June 23,

2023, allowing plaintiffs limited leave to amend, and plaintiffs filed an amended complaint on July 14, 2023. On August 10,

2023, the court issued an order deeming defendants’ prior motions and briefs to be directed at the amended complaint and

permitting defendants to file supplemental briefs to address the new allegations in the amended complaint. Supplemental

briefing on the motions was completed on September 8, 2023. Defendants’ motions to dismiss the amended complaint are

currently pending.

In a separate but related litigation, on June 7, 2022, a class action was filed in Pennsylvania state court in the Court of

Common Pleas of Philadelphia asserting claims under the Securities Act of 1933, based on substantially similar allegations,

with respect to alleged misstatements and omissions in the offering documents for two issuances of Clarivate ordinary shares

in June and September 2021. The Company moved to stay this proceeding on August 19, 2022, and filed its preliminary

Table of Contents

CLARIVATE PLC

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

objections to the state court complaint on October 21, 2022. After granting a partial stay on January 4, 2023, the court denied

a further stay of the proceedings on April 17, 2023. On April 24, 2024, the court sustained the Company’s preliminary

objections, but permitted plaintiff leave to file an amended complaint, which plaintiff filed on May 28, 2024. On August 29,

2024, plaintiff filed a second amended complaint, to which the Company filed preliminary objections on September 30, 2024.

On April 25, 2025, the court issued an order permitting the parties to take discovery on issues raised in the Company’s

preliminary objections related to standing, and to file supplemental briefs upon completion of such discovery. The parties

filed their supplemental briefs on December 9, 2025. On February 18, 2026, following oral argument, the court entered an

order sustaining in part the preliminary objections for plaintiff’s failure to plead standing, dismissing the second amended

complaint without prejudice, with leave for plaintiff to file a third amended complaint, and overruling the remainder of the

preliminary objections without prejudice to being reasserted, if appropriate, in response to any third amended complaint.

Clarivate does not believe that the claims alleged against it have merit and will vigorously defend against them. Given the

early stage of the proceedings, we are unable to estimate the reasonably possible loss or range of loss, if any, arising from

these matters.

Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and

Financial Disclosure.

None.

Item 9A. Controls and Procedures.

Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Our management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer (“CEO”) and Chief Financial Officer (“CFO”), have

evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures, as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the

Exchange Act, as of December 31, 2025. Based on that evaluation, our CEO and CFO have concluded that, as of such date,

our disclosure controls and procedures were effective to provide reasonable assurance that the information required to be

disclosed in the reports required to be filed or submitted under the Exchange Act is (i) recorded, processed, summarized, and

reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms, and (ii) accumulated and communicated to our

management, including our CEO and CFO, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting

Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting as defined

in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act. Our internal control over financial reporting is designed to provide

reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external

purposes in accordance with GAAP. Our internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that:

(i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and

dispositions of our assets; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation

of financial statements in accordance with GAAP, and that our receipts and expenditures are being made only in accordance

with authorizations of our management and directors; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely

detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of our assets that could have a material effect on the financial

statements.

Because of inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also,

projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to risk that controls may become inadequate

because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

Clarivate’s management, under the supervision and with the participation of the CEO and CFO, assessed the effectiveness of

our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2025, using the criteria set forth by the Committee of

Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (“COSO”) in Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013).

Based on management’s evaluation, we have concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of

December 31, 2025.

The effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2025 has been audited by

PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in their report which appears under

Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data of this annual report.

Table of Contents

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting during the three months ended December 31, 2025 that

materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, internal control over financial reporting.

Item 9B. Other Information.

During the quarter ended December 31, 2025, no director or officer (as defined in Rule 16a-1 under the Exchange Act) of the

Company adopted or terminated a Rule 10b5-1 trading plan or adopted or terminated a non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement

(as such terms are defined in Item 408(a) of Regulation S-K).

Item 9C. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections.

None.

PART III

Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers, and Corporate Governance.

We incorporate by reference the information responsive to this Item appearing in our definitive Proxy Statement on Schedule

14A for our 2026 Annual General Meeting of Shareholders (“Proxy Statement”), which will be filed no later than 120 days

after December 31, 2025.

We have adopted an insider trading policy which governs the purchase, sale, and/or other dispositions of our securities by

directors, officers, and employees and other covered persons that we believe is reasonably designed to promote compliance

with insider trading laws, rules and regulations, and New York Stock Exchange listing standards. With regard to trading in

our own securities, it is also our policy to comply with applicable securities laws, rules and regulations, and listing standards.

A copy of our Insider Trading Policy is filed as Exhibit 19.1 to this annual report.

Item 11. Executive Compensation.

We incorporate by reference the information responsive to this Item appearing in our Proxy Statement, which will be filed no

later than 120 days after December 31, 2025.

Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management

and Related Stockholder Matters.

We incorporate by reference the information responsive to this Item appearing in our Proxy Statement, which will be filed no

later than 120 days after December 31, 2025. The information provided in Part II, Item 5 of this annual report is incorporated

by reference herein.

Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director

Independence.

We incorporate by reference the information responsive to this Item appearing in our Proxy Statement, which will be filed no

later than 120 days after December 31, 2025.

Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services.

We incorporate by reference the information responsive to this Item appearing in our Proxy Statement, which will be filed no

later than 120 days after December 31, 2025.

Table of Contents

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on

its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized in the City of London, United Kingdom on February 24, 2026.


CLARIVATE PLC
By:	/s/ Matitiahu Shem Tov
	Name: Matitiahu Shem Tov
	Title: Chief Executive Officer and Director

KNOW ALL PERSONS BY THESE PRESENTS, that each person whose signature appears below hereby constitutes and

appoints Matitiahu Shem Tov, Jonathan M. Collins, and John K. Doulamis, and each of them, individually, as the

undersigned’s true and lawful attorneys-in-fact and agents, with full power of substitution and resubstitution, for the

undersigned and in the undersigned’s name, place and stead in any and all capacities, in connection with this annual report,

including to sign in the name and on behalf of the undersigned, this annual report and any and all amendments hereto, and to

file the same, with all exhibits thereto, and other documents in connection therewith, with the Securities and Exchange

Commission, granting unto such attorneys-in-fact and agents full power and authority to do and perform each and every act

and thing requisite and necessary to be done in and about the premises, as fully to all intents and purposes as the undersigned

might or could do in person, hereby ratifying and confirming all that said attorneys-in-fact and agents, or his substitute, may

lawfully do or cause to be done by virtue hereof.

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this annual report has been signed below by the

following persons on February 24, 2026, on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities indicated.


Name		Title

/s/ Matitiahu Shem Tov		Chief Executive Officer and Director
Matitiahu Shem Tov		(Principal Executive Officer)
/s/ Jonathan M. Collins		Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
Jonathan M. Collins		(Principal Financial Officer)
/s/ Michael Easton		Senior Vice President and Chief Accounting Officer
Michael Easton		(Principal Accounting Officer)
/s/ Andrew M. Snyder		Director and Chairman of the Board of Directors
Andrew M. Snyder
/s/ Jane Okun Bomba		Director
Jane Okun Bomba
/s/ Kenneth Cornick		Director
Kenneth Cornick
/s/ Usama N. Cortas		Director
Usama N. Cortas
/s/ Suzanne Heywood		Director
Suzanne Heywood
/s/ Adam T. Levyn		Director
Adam T. Levyn
/s/ Anthony Munk		Director
Anthony Munk
/s/ Dr. Wendell E. Pritchett		Director
Dr. Wendell E. Pritchett
/s/ Saurabh Saha		Director
Saurabh Saha


	Page
Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements	4
PART I
Item 1. Business.	6
Item 1A. Risk Factors.	11
Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments.	21
Item 1C. Cybersecurity.	21
Item 2. Properties.	22
Item 3. Legal Proceedings.	22
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures.	22
PART II
Item 5. Market for the Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters, and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities.	23
Item 6. [Reserved]	24
Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.	25
Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.	34
Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.	35
Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure.	69
Item 9A. Controls and Procedures.	69
Item 9B. Other Information.	70
Item 9C. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections.	70
PART III
Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance.	70
Item 11. Executive Compensation.	70
Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters.	70
Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence.	70
Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services.	70
PART IV
Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules.	71
Item 16. Form 10-K Summary.	73
SIGNATURES	74


	Year Ended December 31,
(In millions, except per share data)	2025	2024	2023
Revenues	$2,455.2	$2,556.7	$2,628.8
Operating expenses:
Cost of revenues	833.6	869.2	906.4
Selling, general and administrative costs	708.6	727.6	739.7
Depreciation and amortization	757.2	727.0	708.3
Goodwill and intangible asset impairments	15.0	540.7	979.9
Restructuring and other impairments	50.7	19.6	40.0
Other operating expense (income), net	18.6	(51.8)	(10.8)
Total operating expenses	2,383.7	2,832.3	3,363.5
Income (loss) from operations	71.5	(275.6)	(734.7)
Fair value adjustment of warrants	—	(5.2)	(15.9)
Interest expense, net	265.4	283.4	293.7
Income (loss) before income taxes	(193.9)	(553.8)	(1,012.5)
Provision (benefit) for income taxes	7.2	82.9	(101.3)
Net income (loss)	(201.1)	(636.7)	(911.2)
Dividends on preferred shares	—	31.3	75.4
Net income (loss) attributable to ordinary shares	$(201.1)	$(668.0)	$(986.6)

Per share:
Basic	$(0.30)	$(0.96)	$(1.47)
Diluted	$(0.30)	$(0.96)	$(1.47)

Weighted average shares used to compute earnings per share:
Basic	673.3	693.6	671.6
Diluted	673.3	693.6	671.6


	Year Ended December 31, 2025
	Amount	Percent
U.K. statutory tax rate	$(48.5)	25.0%
Foreign tax effects:
United States:
Legal entity restructuring	(51.7)	26.7%
Waived deductions under Section 59A	43.8	(22.6)%
Valuation allowance	15.0	(7.7)%
BEAT	(7.1)	3.7%
State and local income taxes, net of federal benefit	(7.1)	3.7%
Share-based compensation	6.6	(3.4)%
R&D credits	(5.4)	2.8%
Foreign branch	4.8	(2.5)%
Statutory income tax rate differential	3.2	(1.7)%
Subpart F income	2.7	(1.4)%
Other	0.8	(0.4)%
Germany:
Local trade tax	(10.9)	5.6%
Effect of different tax rates	7.9	(4.1)%
Other	1.7	(0.9)%
Israel:
Effect of different tax rates	(4.9)	2.5%
Other	0.6	(0.3)%
Mexico:
Valuation allowance	3.7	(1.9)%
Other	(0.6)	0.3%
Brazil:
Withholding tax	2.8	(1.4)%
Other	(0.4)	0.2%
Other foreign jurisdictions	5.6	(2.9)%
Changes in valuation allowances	31.1	(16.0)%
Effect of cross-border tax laws	2.5	(1.3)%
Nontaxable or nondeductible items	2.2	(1.1)%
Changes in unrecognized tax benefits	9.6	(5.0)%
Other adjustments	(0.8)	0.4%
Effective tax rate	$7.2	(3.7)%


Exhibit Number		Description
3.1		Amended and Restated Memorandum and Articles of Association (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to Clarivate’s Form 8-K filed May 12, 2021)
4.1		Description of Securities Registered Pursuant to Section 12 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to Clarivate’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed February 19, 2025)
4.2		Indenture, dated August 19, 2021, between Clarivate Science Holdings Corporation, as Issuer, and Wilmington Trust, National Association, as trustee and collateral agent, relating to the Issuer’s 3.875% senior secured notes due 2028 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to Clarivate’s Form 8-K filed August 19, 2021)
4.3		Form of 3.875% senior secured note due 2028 (included as Exhibit A to Exhibit 4.9 hereto)
4.4		First Supplemental Indenture dated as of December 1, 2021, to the indenture dated as of August 19, 2021 among Clarivate Science Holdings Corporation, as Issuer, the guarantors party thereto and Wilmington Trust, National Association, as trustee and collateral agent, governing the Issuer’s 3.875% Senior Secured Notes due 2028 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to Clarivate’s Form 8-K filed December 1, 2021)
4.5		Second Supplemental Indenture dated as of April 14, 2022, to the indenture dated as of August 19, 2021 among Clarivate Science Holdings Corporation, as Issuer, the guarantors party thereto and Wilmington Trust, National Association, as trustee and collateral agent, governing the Issuer’s 3.875% Senior Secured Notes due 2028 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.3 to Clarivate’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed November 6, 2024)
4.6		Third Supplemental Indenture dated as of September 13, 2024, to the indenture dated as of August 19, 2021 among Clarivate Science Holdings Corporation, as Issuer, the guarantors party thereto and Wilmington Trust, National Association, as trustee and collateral agent, governing the Issuer’s 3.875% Senior Secured Notes due 2028 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.4 to Clarivate’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed November 6, 2024)
4.7		Indenture, dated August 19, 2021, between Clarivate Science Holdings Corporation, as Issuer, and Wilmington Trust, National Association, as trustee, relating to the Issuer’s 4.875% senior notes due 2029 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to Clarivate’s Form 8-K filed August 19, 2021)
4.8		Form of 4.875% senior note due 2029 (included as Exhibit A to Exhibit 4.14 hereto)
4.9		First Supplemental Indenture dated as of December 1, 2021, to the indenture dated as of August 19, 2021 among Clarivate Science Holdings Corporation, as Issuer, the guarantors party thereto and Wilmington Trust, National Association, as trustee, governing the Issuer’s 4.875% Senior Notes due 2029 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.3 to Clarivate’s Form 8-K filed December 1, 2021)
4.10		Second Supplemental Indenture dated as of April 14, 2022, to the indenture dated as of August 19, 2021 among Clarivate Science Holdings Corporation, as Issuer, the guarantors party thereto and Wilmington Trust, National Association, as trustee, governing the Issuer’s 4.875% Senior Notes due 2029 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.5 to Clarivate’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed November 6, 2024)
4.11		Third Supplemental Indenture dated as of September 13, 2024, to the indenture dated as of August 19, 2021 among Clarivate Science Holdings Corporation, as Issuer, the guarantors party thereto and Wilmington Trust, National Association, as trustee, governing the Issuer’s 4.875% Senior Notes due 2029 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.6 to Clarivate’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed November 6, 2024)
10.1		Investor Rights Agreement dated as of October 1, 2020 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Clarivate’s Form 8-K filed October 1, 2020)
10.2		Registration Rights Agreement dated as of October 1, 2020 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to Clarivate’s Form 8-K filed October 1, 2020)


10.3		Amendment No. 1 to the Registration Rights Agreement dated as of December 1, 2021 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Clarivate’s Form 8-K filed December 1, 2021)
10.4		Investment Agreement dated as of March 4, 2024, by and between Clarivate Plc and Exor N.V. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Clarivate’s Form 8-K filed March 4, 2024)
10.5		Amendment No. 7 dated as of May 30, 2025 to Credit Agreement dated as of October 31, 2019 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Clarivate’s Form 8-K filed June 2, 2025)
10.6		Amendment No. 8 dated as of August 5, 2025 to Credit Agreement dated as of October 31, 2019 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Clarivate’s Form 8-K filed August 5, 2025)
10.7+		Clarivate Plc Amended and Restated 2019 Incentive Award Plan dated as of June 1, 2025 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Clarivate’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed July 30, 2025)
10.8+		Clarivate Plc 2019 Incentive Award Plan – Sub-Plan for Israeli Participants (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Clarivate’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed May 8, 2024)
10.9+		Clarivate Plc 2019 Incentive Award Plan – Form of Restricted Share Unit Agreement (Non-Executive Directors) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to Clarivate’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed May 8, 2024)
10.10+		Clarivate Plc 2019 Incentive Award Plan – Form of Restricted Share Unit Agreement (updated) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to Clarivate’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed May 8, 2024)
10.11+		Clarivate Plc 2019 Incentive Award Plan – Form of Performance Share Unit Agreement - Executive Officers (updated) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to Clarivate’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed May 8, 2024)
10.12+		Clarivate Plc 2019 Incentive Award Plan - Form of Performance Share Unit Agreement – Executive Officers (2025) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Clarivate’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed April 29, 2025)
10.13+		Clarivate Plc Amended and Restated 2019 Incentive Award Plan – Form of Restricted Share Unit Agreement (2025) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to Clarivate’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed July 30, 2025)
10.14+		Clarivate Plc Amended and Restated 2019 Incentive Award Plan – Form of Restricted Share Unit Agreement – Non-Executive Directors (2025) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to Clarivate’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed July 30, 2025)
10.15+		Clarivate Plc Amended and Restated 2019 Incentive Award Plan – Form of Performance Share Unit Agreement (2025) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to Clarivate’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed July 30, 2025)
10.16*+		Clarivate Plc 2019 Incentive Award Plan - Form of Performance Share Unit Agreement - Executive Officers (2026)
10.17*+		Form of Director and Officer Indemnity Agreement
10.18+		Executive Severance Plan of Clarivate Plc (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to Clarivate's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed July 29, 2021)
10.19+		Employment agreement, dated August 1, 2024, by and between Ex Libris Ltd. and Matitiahu (Matti) Shem Tov (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to Clarivate’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed November 6, 2024)
10.20+		Offer Letter, dated November 29, 2021, by and between Clarivate Plc and Jonathan Collins (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.15 to Clarivate’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed March 10, 2022)
10.21+		Offer Letter, dated March 31, 2023, by and between Clarivate Plc and Henry Levy (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.6 to Clarivate’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed May 8, 2024)
10.22+		Employment Agreement, dated March 31, 2023, by and between Ex Libris Ltd. and Bar Veinstein (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.5 to Clarivate’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed May 8, 2024)
10.23+		Offer Letter, dated July 7, 2022, by and between Clarivate Plc and Jonathan Gear (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to Clarivate’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed August 9, 2022)
10.24+		Separation Agreement, dated August 1, 2024, by and between Clarivate Plc and Jonathan Gear (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Clarivate’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed November 6, 2024)
10.25+		Service Agreement, dated May 25, 2022, by and between CPA Limited and Gordon Samson (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Clarivate’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed August 9, 2022)


10.26+		Compromise agreement dated July 25, 2025, by and between C.P.A. Ltd. and Gordon Samson (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to Clarivate’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed October 29, 2025)
19.1*		Insider Trading Policy
21.1*		Subsidiaries of the Registrant
23.1*		Consent of PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP
24.1*		Power of Attorney (see signature page)
31*		Certification of our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
32*		Certification of our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
97		Executive Compensation Recoupment Policy (effective October 2, 2023) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 97 to Clarivate’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed February 27, 2024)
101*		The following financial information from Clarivate’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2025, formatted in Inline XBRL: (i) Consolidated Balance Sheets, (ii) Consolidated Statements of Operations, (iii) Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss), (iv) Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity, (v) Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows, and (vi) Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
104*		Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted in Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101)