2024 Annual Information Form

March 27, 2025

Table of Contents

All dollar amounts in this AIF are expressed in United States dollars except as otherwise indicated. References to $ or dollars are to United States dollars and references to C$ are to Canadian dollars. For reporting purposes, we prepare our financial statements in United States dollars and in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in Canada, being International Financial Reporting Standards, as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board.

The average exchange rate in 2024 for U.S. dollars to Canadian dollars, based on the Bloomberg L.P. closing rate for the 12 months ending December 31, 2024 (the last business day), was one U.S. dollar per C$1.37.

The price of gold, copper and molybdenum fluctuates. The following table shows the average annual price for gold, copper, and molybdenum from 2015 to 2024, and for the period up to March 1, 2025:

The disclosure in this AIF of a scientific or technical nature for our Mount Milligan Mine, Öksüt Mine and Thompson Creek Mine is based on technical reports prepared for these properties in accordance with National Instrument 43-101 - Standards of Disclosure for Mineral Projects (“NI 43-101”) of the Canadian Securities Administrators. The technical information has been updated with current information, where applicable. Information regarding qualified persons is as of the effective date of the relevant technical report.

The technical reports have been filed on SEDAR+ at www.sedarplus.com.

The scientific and technical information related to mineral reserves at the Öksüt Mine contained in this AIF was reviewed and approved by Andrey Shabunin, Professional Engineer, member of the Professional Engineer of Ontario (PEO) and General Manager of the Öksüt Mine. Mr. Shabunin is a Qualified Person within the meaning of NI 43-101.

The scientific and technical information related to all other mineral reserves contained in this AIF was reviewed and approved by Chris Richings, Professional Engineer, member of the Engineers and Geoscientists British Columbia (EGBC) and Centerra’s Vice President, Technical Services. Mr. Richings is a Qualified Person within the meaning of NI 43-101.

The scientific and technical information related to mineral resources at the Goldfield Project contained in this AIF was reviewed and approved by Karen Chiu, PGeo, a member of the Association of Professional Geoscientists Ontario and a member of the Ordre des géologues du Québec and Centerra’s Corporate Geologist. Ms. Chiu is a Qualified Person within the meaning of NI 43-101.

The scientific and technical information related to all other mineral resources contained in this AIF was reviewed and approved by Lars Weiershäuser, PhD, PGeo, a member of the Association of Professional Geoscientists Ontario and Centerra’s Director of Geology. Dr. Weiershäuser is a Qualified Person within the meaning of NI 43-101.

Exploration information and related scientific and technical information in this AIF regarding Centerra’s Mount Milligan Mine and Kemess Project exploration programs were prepared, reviewed, verified, and compiled by Cheyenne Sica, a member of the Association of Professional Geoscientists Ontario and member of Engineers and Geoscientists British Columbia and Centerra’s Exploration Manager – Canada, who is a qualified person for the purpose of NI 43-101. Sample preparation, analytical techniques, laboratories used, and quality assurance quality control protocols used during the exploration drilling programs are done consistent with industry standards and independent certified assay labs are used.

Exploration information and related scientific and technical information in this AIF regarding Centerra’s Öksüt exploration program was prepared, reviewed, verified, and compiled by our geological and staff under the supervision of Richard Adofo, Member of the Association of Professional Geoscientists Ontario and Vice President, Exploration & Resource at Centerra Gold Inc. Mr. Adofo is a qualified person for the purpose of NI 43-101. Sample preparation, analytical techniques, laboratories, and quality assurance-quality control protocols used during the exploration drilling programs are done consistent with industry standards and independent certified assay labs are used.

All other scientific and technical information in this AIF, including without limitation, costs (operating and capital costs), metallurgical recovery (except as it may relate to our exploration program), mine production (historical and guidance), grades and mill throughput were prepared, reviewed, verified, and compiled by Centerra’s geological and mining staff under the supervision of Chris Richings, Professional Engineer, member of the Engineers and Geoscientists British Columbia (EGBC) and Centerra’s Vice President, Technical Services. Mr. Richings is a qualified person for the purposes of NI 43-101.

All scientific and technical information in this AIF is prepared in accordance with the standards of the Canadian Institute of Mining, Metallurgy and Petroleum (“CIM”) and NI 43-101 (where relevant).

A glossary of geological and mining terms has been included at the end of this AIF for ease of reference.

This document contains or incorporates by reference “forward-looking statements” and “forward-looking information” as defined under applicable Canadian and U.S. securities legislation. All statements, other than statements of historical fact, which address events, results, outcomes or developments that the Company expects to occur are, or may be deemed to be, forward-looking statements. Such forward-looking information involves risks, uncertainties and other factors that could cause actual results, performance, prospects and opportunities to differ materially from those expressed or implied by such forward-looking information. Forward-looking statements are generally, but not always, identified by the use of forward-looking terminology such as “anticipate”, “believe”, “beyond”, “budget”, “contemplate”, “continue”, “estimate”, “expect”, “evaluate”, “finalizing”, “forecast”, “goal”, “intend”, “may”, “ongoing”, “plan”, “potential”, “preliminary”, “project”, “restart”, “target”, “understand” or “update”, or variations of such words and phrases and similar expressions or statements that certain actions, events or results “may”, “could”, “would” or “will” be taken, occur or be achieved or the negative connotation of such terms. Such statements include, but may not be limited to: statements regarding 2025 guidance and expectations, including production and roasting of molybdenum, grade profiles, cash flow, costs including contract mining and labour costs, care and maintenance, PP&E and reclamation costs, capital expenditures, recoveries, processing, inflation, depreciation, depletion and amortization, taxes, annual royalty payments and cash flows; the ability of the Company to fund project costs and expenses through its current operations; exploration potential, budgets, focuses, programs, targets and projected exploration results; gold, copper and molybdenum prices; the declaration, payment and sustainability of the Company’s dividends; the continuation of the Company’s normal course issuer bid (“NCIB”) and automatic share purchase plan and the timing, methods and quantity of any purchases of Common Shares under the NCIB; compliance with applicable laws and regulations pertaining to the NCIB; the availability of cash for repurchases of Common Shares under the NCIB; achieving emission reductions economically and operationally; the strategic plan for the Kemess Project, including the results from a technical evaluation concerning the mining methods utilized; the timing and amount of future benefits and obligations in connection with the Additional Agreement with Royal Gold; a Prefeasibility Study at the Mount Milligan Mine and any related evaluation of resources or a life of mine beyond 2036; receiving approval concerning permits and potential expansions related to ongoing operations at the Mount Milligan Mine and Thompson Creek Mine; the integrated business plan of the molybdenum business unit including the restart of the Thompson Creek Mine and commercial optimization of the Langeloth Metallurgical Facility; expectations about the current supply deficit in the molybdenum market; the commercial success of the US moly business and the Langeloth Metallurgical Facility; the commissioning of equipment at the Thompson Creek Mine and the development of site infrastructure and housing; the re-evaluation of the technical concepts for the Kemess Project and its potential restart including an updated resource estimate, confirmation and exploration drilling and any technical studies and its potential for a long mine life; the Company’s strategic plan; the site-wide optimization program at the Mount Milligan Mine including any further improvements to occupational health and safety, availability and utilization of the haul fleet, mill throughput and any potential costs savings resulting from the same; royalty rates and taxes, including withholding taxes related to repatriation of earnings from Türkiye; financial hedges; and other statements that express management’s expectations or estimates of future plans and performance, operational, geological or financial results, estimates or amounts not yet determinable and assumptions of management. The Company cautions that forward-looking statements are necessarily based upon a number of factors and assumptions that, while considered reasonable by the Company at the time of making such statements, are inherently subject to significant business, economic, technical, legal, geopolitical and competitive uncertainties and contingencies.

Known and unknown factors could cause actual results to differ materially from those projected in the forward-looking statements and undue reliance should not be placed on such statements and information. Risk factors that may affect the Company’s ability to achieve the expectations set forth in the forward-looking statements in this document include, but are not limited to: (A) strategic, legal, planning and other risks, including: political risks associated with the Company’s operations in Türkiye, the USA and Canada; resource nationalism including the management of external stakeholder expectations; the impact of changes in, or to the more aggressive enforcement of, laws, tariffs, regulations and government practices, including unjustified civil or criminal action against the Company, its affiliates, or its current or former employees; risks that community activism may result in increased contributory demands or business interruptions; the risks related to outstanding litigation affecting the Company; the impact of any sanctions or tariffs imposed by Canada, the United States or other jurisdictions; potential defects of title in the Company’s properties that are not known as of the date hereof; the inability of the Company and its subsidiaries to enforce their legal rights in certain circumstances; risks related to anti-corruption legislation; Centerra not being able to replace mineral reserves; Indigenous claims and consultative issues relating to the Company’s properties which are in proximity to Indigenous communities; and potential risks related to kidnapping or acts of terrorism; (B) risks relating to financial matters, including: sensitivity of the Company’s business to the volatility of gold, copper, molybdenum and other mineral prices; the use of provisionally-priced sales contracts for production at the Mount Milligan Mine; reliance on a few key customers for the gold-copper concentrate at the Mount Milligan Mine; use of commodity derivatives; the imprecision of the Company’s mineral reserves and resources estimates and the assumptions they rely on; the accuracy of the Company’s production and cost estimates; persistent inflationary pressures on key input prices; the impact of restrictive covenants in the Company’s credit facilities and in the Mount Milligan Streaming Arrangement which may, among other things, restrict the Company from pursuing certain business activities, including paying dividends or repurchasing shares under its NCIB, or making distributions from its subsidiaries; changes to tax regimes; the Company’s ability to obtain future financing; sensitivity to fuel price volatility; the impact of global financial conditions; the impact of currency fluctuations; the effect of market conditions on the Company’s short-term investments; the Company’s ability to make payments, including any payments of principal and interest on the Company’s debt facilities, which depends on the cash flow of its subsidiaries; the ability to obtain adequate insurance coverage; and changes to taxation laws in the jurisdictions where the Company operates and (C) risks related to operational matters and geotechnical issues and the Company’s continued ability to successfully manage such matters, including: unanticipated ground and water conditions; the stability of the pit walls at the Company’s operations leading to structural cave-ins, wall failures or rock-slides; the integrity of tailings storage facilities and the management thereof, including as to stability, compliance with laws, regulations, licenses and permits, controlling seepages and storage of water, where applicable; periodic interruptions due to inclement or hazardous weather conditions or operating conditions and other force majeure events; the risk of having sufficient water to continue operations at the Mount Milligan Mine and achieve expected mill throughput; changes to, or delays in the Company’s supply chain and transportation routes, including cessation or disruption in rail and shipping networks, whether caused by decisions of third-party providers or force majeure events (including, but not limited to: labour action, flooding, landslides, seismic activity, wildfires, earthquakes, pandemics, or other global events such as wars); lower than expected ore grades or recovery rates; the success of the Company’s future exploration and development activities, including the financial and political risks inherent in carrying out exploration activities; inherent risks associated with the use of sodium cyanide in the mining operations; the adequacy of the Company’s insurance to mitigate operational and corporate risks; mechanical breakdowns; the occurrence of any labour unrest or disturbance and the ability of the Company to successfully renegotiate collective agreements when required; the risk that Centerra’s workforce and operations may be exposed to widespread epidemic or pandemic; seismic activity, including earthquakes; wildfires; long lead-times required for equipment and supplies given the remote location of some of the Company’s operating properties and disruptions caused by global events; reliance on a limited number of suppliers for certain consumables, equipment and components; the ability of the Company to address physical and transition risks from climate change and sufficiently manage stakeholder expectations on climate-related issues; regulations regarding greenhouse gas emissions and climate change; significant volatility of molybdenum prices resulting in material working capital changes and unfavourable pressure on viability of the molybdenum business; the Company’s ability to accurately predict decommissioning and reclamation costs and the assumptions they rely upon; the Company’s ability to attract and retain qualified personnel; competition for mineral acquisition opportunities; risks associated with the conduct of joint ventures/partnerships; risk of cyber incidents such as cybercrime, malware or ransomware, data breaches, fines and penalties; and, the Company’s ability to manage its projects effectively and to mitigate the potential lack of availability of contractors, budget and timing overruns, and project resources. For additional risk factors, please see section titled “Risks Factors” in this AIF.

The foregoing should be reviewed in conjunction with the information, risk factors and assumptions found in this document. The Company disclaims any intention or obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether written or oral, or whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as required by applicable law. There can be no assurances that forward-looking information and statements will prove to be accurate, as many factors and future events, both known and unknown could cause actual results, performance or achievements to vary or differ materially from the results, performance or achievements that are or may be expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements contained herein or incorporated by reference. Accordingly, all such factors should be considered carefully when making decisions with respect to Centerra, and prospective investors should not place undue reliance on forward-looking information.

Disclosure regarding the Company’s mineral properties, including with respect to mineral reserve and mineral resource estimates included in this AIF, have been prepared in accordance with the requirements of Canadian securities laws, which differ from the requirements of United States’ securities laws. The terms “mineral reserve”, “proven mineral reserve”, “probable mineral reserve”, “mineral resource”, “measured mineral resource”, “indicated mineral resource” and “inferred mineral resource” are Canadian mining terms as defined in accordance with NI 43-101 and the CIM Definition Standards. These definitions differ from the definitions in subpart 1300 of Regulation S-K (“Subpart 1300”). Accordingly, there is no assurance any mineral reserves or mineral resources that the Company may report as “proven mineral reserves”, “probable mineral reserves”, “measured mineral resources”, “indicated mineral resources” and “inferred mineral resources” under NI 43-101 would be the same had the Company prepared the mineral reserve or mineral resource estimates under the standards set forth in Subpart 1300. U.S. investors are also cautioned that while the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) recognizes “measured mineral resources”, “indicated mineral resources” and “inferred mineral resources” under Subpart 1300, investors should not assume that any part or all of the mineralization in these categories will ever be converted into a higher category of mineral resources or into mineral reserves. Mineralization described using these terms has a greater amount of uncertainty as to its existence and feasibility than mineralization that has been characterized as reserves. Accordingly, investors are cautioned not to assume that any measured mineral resources, indicated mineral resources, or inferred mineral resources that the Company reports are or will be economically or legally mineable. Further, “inferred mineral resources” have a greater amount of uncertainty as to their existence and as to whether they can be mined legally or economically. Therefore, U.S. investors are also cautioned not to assume that all or any part of the “inferred mineral resources” exist. Under Canadian securities laws, estimates of “inferred mineral resources” may not form the basis of feasibility or pre-feasibility studies, except in rare cases. As a foreign private issuer that files its annual report on Form 40-F with the SEC pursuant to the multi-jurisdictional disclosure system, the Company is not required to provide disclosure on its mineral properties under the Subpart 1300 provisions and will continue to provide disclosure under NI 43-101 and the CIM Definition Standards. If the Company ceases to be a foreign private issuer or loses its eligibility to file its annual report on Form 40-F pursuant to the multi-jurisdictional disclosure system, then the Company will be subject to reporting pursuant to the Subpart 1300 provisions, which differ from the requirements of NI 43-101 and the CIM Definition Standards. For the above reasons, the mineral reserve and mineral resource estimates and related information in this AIF may not be comparable to similar information made public by U.S. companies subject to the reporting and disclosure requirements under the United States federal securities laws and the rules and regulations thereunder.

The table below sets out our properties as of the date of this AIF. We have two producing properties: the Mount Milligan Mine in British Columbia, Canada and the Öksüt Mine in Türkiye. We own a 100% interest in each of the following properties except for (i) the Endako Mine in which we own a 75% joint venture interest (the remaining 25% is held by Moon River Molybdenum BC Ltd., Inc., a subsidiary of Moon River Moly Ltd.) (the “Endako Mine Joint Venture”), and (ii) optioned interests in various exploration projects which we are still in the process of earning an interest.

We also own 100% of the Langeloth Metallurgical Facility, which is in Langeloth, Pennsylvania and purchases molybdenum concentrates from third parties to convert to upgraded products, which are then sold into the metallurgical and chemical markets.

Our principal subsidiaries, along with their jurisdiction of incorporation, continuation or organization, are set out below as at December 31, 2024. Each of our principal subsidiaries are 100% owned, unless otherwise noted.

The following is a summary of key developments over the past three years that have influenced the general development of our business.

Controls Relating to Corporate Structure Risk

We have implemented a system of corporate governance, internal controls over financial reporting, and disclosure controls and procedures that apply at all levels of the Company and its subsidiaries. These systems are overseen by the Company’s Board and implemented by the Company’s senior management. The relevant features of these systems include:

Control Over Subsidiaries

Centerra’s corporate structure has been designed to ensure that the Company controls or has a measure of direct oversight over the operations of its subsidiaries. All of our subsidiaries are directly or indirectly wholly-owned by the Company with the exception of shareholdings in other publicly traded and privately held companies which represent less than 10% of the consolidated assets of Centerra, and less than 10% of the consolidated sales and operating revenue of Centerra.

The directors of Centerra’s wholly-owned subsidiaries are ultimately accountable to Centerra as the shareholder appointing them, and to Centerra’s Board and senior management. As well, the annual budget, capital investment and exploration program in respect of the Company’s mineral properties are established by the Company and approved by the Board. Members of management of all subsidiaries are also subject to written delegation of financial authority rules (adopted by the board of directors of each subsidiary) which limit their ability to bind such company. Our internal audit group also regularly conducts examinations of Centerra’s operating sites and subsidiaries and reports directly to the Audit Committee on compliance with various matters.

We have a 75% interest in the Endako Mine Joint Venture which was formed on June 12, 1997 pursuant to the terms of the Exploration, Development and Mine Operating Agreement between Thompson Creek Metals Company Inc. (“TCM”) and Moon River Moly BC (“Moon River”), as amended (the “Endako Mine Joint Venture Agreement”). Moon River owns the remaining 25% interest in the Endako Mine Joint Venture after its acquisition of Sojitz Moly Resources Inc. in May 2024. Our 75% interest in the contractual joint venture is held through our wholly owned subsidiary, TCM. We appoint all officers and directors of TCM. We are the manager of the Endako Mine Joint Venture with overall management responsibility for operations. As manager, we prepare annual budgets and production plans and submit them to Moon River for approval. Oversight is provided by a joint venture committee whose members are appointed by TCM and Moon River.

Signing officers for subsidiary foreign bank accounts (of our wholly owned subsidiaries) are either employees of Centerra or directors of the subsidiaries. In accordance with the Company’s internal policies, all subsidiaries must notify the Company’s corporate treasury department of any opening and closure of their local bank accounts. Monetary limits are established internally by the Company as well as with the respective banking institution. Quarterly, authorizations over bank accounts are reviewed and revised as necessary. Changes are communicated to the banking institution by the Company and the applicable subsidiary to ensure appropriate individuals are identified as having authority over the bank accounts.

Strategic Direction

Centerra’s Board is responsible for the overall stewardship of the Company and, as such, supervises the management of the business and affairs of the Company. More specifically, the Board is responsible for reviewing the strategic business plans and corporate objectives, and approving acquisitions, dispositions, investments, capital expenditures, financings. and other transactions and matters that are material to the Company including those of its material subsidiaries.

Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

The Company prepares its consolidated financial statements and managements’ discussion and analysis (“MD&A”) on a quarterly and annual basis, using IFRS as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board, which require financial information and disclosures from its subsidiaries. The Company implements internal controls over the preparation of its financial statements and other financial disclosures to provide reasonable assurance that its financial reporting is reliable and that the quarterly and annual financial statements and MD&A are being prepared in accordance with IFRS and relevant securities laws. These internal controls include the following:

Disclosure Controls and Procedures

The Company’s Audit Committee’s responsibilities include oversight of the Company’s internal control systems and disclosure controls and procedures including those systems to monitor compliance with legal, ethical and regulatory requirements.

CEO and CFO Certifications

In order for the Company’s CEO and CFO to be in a position to attest to the matters addressed in the quarterly and annual certifications required by NI 52-109, the Company has developed internal procedures and responsibilities throughout the organization for its regular periodic and timely reporting. These processes are designed to provide assurances that information that may constitute material information will reach the appropriate individuals who draft and/or review public documents and statements relating to the Company.

Pursuant to regulations adopted by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and those of the Canadian Securities Administrators, Centerra’s management evaluates the effectiveness of the design and operation of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting. This evaluation is done under the supervision of, and with the participation of, the CEO and CFO.

These systems of corporate governance, internal control over financial reporting and disclosure controls and procedures are designed to ensure that, among other things, the Company has access to all material information about its subsidiaries.

Procedures of the Board of Directors of the Company

Oversight of the Company’s Risks

We have implemented an enterprise risk management program which applies to all of our operations, projects and corporate offices with a goal to ensure risk-informed decision making. The program is based on leading international risk management standards and industry best practice. It employs both a “bottom-up” and “top-down” approach to identify and address risks from all sources that threaten the achievement of our strategic and business objectives or provide opportunities to exploit. As such, our risk program encompasses a broad range of risks including technical, financial, commercial, social, reputational, environmental, governance, health and safety, political and human resources related risks. The Board has oversight responsibilities for the policies, processes and systems for the identification, assessment, and management of the Company’s principal strategic, financial, and operational risks. Each of the Board’s standing committees is responsible for overseeing risks related to their area of responsibility and reviewing the policies, standards and actions undertaken to mitigate such risks. The Company’s executive team meets regularly to review the risks facing the organization and to discuss the implementation and effectiveness of mitigation actions and regularly provides updates to the Board and its committees on the same.

Fund Transfers from the Company’s Subsidiaries to Centerra

Funds are transferred by the Company’s subsidiaries to the Company by way of wire transfer for a variety of purposes, including chargeback of costs undertaken on behalf of the subsidiaries via intercompany invoices by the Company; repayment of loans related to project funding; and dividend declaration/payment by the subsidiaries. The method of transfer is dependent on the funding arrangement established between the Company and the subsidiary. In some cases, loan agreements are established with corresponding terms and conditions. In other cases, dividends are declared and paid based on the profitability and available liquidity of the applicable subsidiary.

Records Management of the Company’s Subsidiaries

The original minute books, corporate seal and corporate records of each of the Company’s subsidiaries are kept at each subsidiary’s respective registered office. All material documents are available in the local language of the subsidiary and in English.

Approval of Related Party Transactions

Centerra’s Audit Committee oversees, reviews, evaluates and considers material transactions and matters involving related parties.

We have exploration interests in Canada, the United States and Türkiye, which are owned (directly or indirectly) by Centerra, and properties in Canada, Türkiye and the United States in which we are earning interests pursuant to option agreements with the respective property owners.

Business Operations

Our principal business operations of gold, copper and molybdenum production span the six major stages of the mining cycle, from early-stage exploration to mine closure and reclamation.

Marketing and Distribution

Our principal products are gold, copper, and molybdenum products. Our Öksüt Mine produces gold doré bars. Our Mount Milligan Mine produces a copper-gold concentrate, and our Langeloth Metallurgical Facility purchases molybdenum concentrates from third parties to convert to upgraded products, which are then sold into the metallurgical and chemical markets.

Gold Industry

The two principal uses of gold are bullion investment and product fabrication. A broad range of end uses is included within the fabrication category, the most significant of which is the production of jewelry. Other fabrication uses include official coins, electronics, miscellaneous industrial and decorative uses, medals, and medallions.

Copper Industry

Copper is an excellent conductor of electricity and heat and these properties result in the principal applications for copper consumption. Refined copper is used in the generation and transmission of electricity as well as industrial machinery and consumer products that have electrical and electronic applications.

Molybdenum Industry

Molybdenum is an industrial metal principally used for molybdenum metallurgical applications as a ferro-alloy and steels or high strength temperature-resistant or corrosion-resistant properties are sought The addition of molybdenum enhances, the strength, toughness, and wear and corrosion-resistance and steels when added as an alloy.

Gold Doré Produced at Öksüt Mine

All gold doré produced at the Öksüt Mine is processed at refining facilities within Türkiye. Under Turkish legislation, the Central Bank of the Republic of Türkiye (the “CBRT”) has a first right to purchase gold produced by mining operations in Türkiye. The sales price is fixed based on the gold spot price. If the gold doré is not purchased by the CBRT, it is sold to a buyer via the refining facility on the Borsa Istanbul at spot prices.

Copper/Gold Concentrate Produced at Mount Milligan Mine

Concentrate Sales

Copper/gold concentrate produced by the Mount Milligan Mine in Canada is sold to various smelters and off-take purchasers. We are currently party to two multi-year concentrate sales agreements for the sale of copper/gold concentrate produced at the Mount Milligan Mine. Pursuant to these agreements, we have agreed to sell an aggregate of approximately 140,000 tonnes in 2025 and 130,000 tonnes in 2026 and 120,000 tonnes in 2027.

Pricing under these concentrate sales agreements is determined by reference to specified published reference prices during the applicable quotation periods. Payment for the concentrate is based on the price for the agreed copper and gold content of the parcels delivered, less smelting and refining charges and certain other deductions, if applicable. The copper smelting and refining charges are negotiated and agreed by the parties for each contract year based on terms generally acknowledged as industry benchmark terms. The gold refining charges are as specified in the agreements.

We intend to either extend our current multi-year agreements as the terms expire, or we may enter into additional multi-year sales agreements. To the extent that production is expected to exceed the volume committed under these agreements, we will sell the additional volume under short-term contracts or on a spot basis.

Mount Milligan Streaming Arrangement and Additional Agreement with Royal Gold

We are subject to a streaming arrangement with Royal Gold pursuant to which Royal Gold is entitled to receive 35% of the gold and 18.75% of the copper production at our Mount Milligan Mine in exchange for $435 per ounce of gold delivered and 15% of the spot price per metric tonne of copper delivered, respectively (the “Mount Milligan Streaming Arrangement”). The Mount Milligan Streaming Arrangement required Royal Gold to make upfront payments totaling $781.5 million from 2010 to 2013 to TCM for the rights to receive future gold production. The arrangement was renegotiated by Centerra in conjunction with its acquisition of TCM. To satisfy our obligations under the Mount Milligan Streaming Arrangement, in connection with copper and gold concentrate sale from the Mount Milligan Mine, we purchase gold and copper in the market for delivery to Royal Gold based on a portion of the gold ounces and pounds of copper sold.

On February 13, 2024, the Company entered into an additional agreement with Royal Gold, relating to the Mount Milligan Mine (the “Additional Agreement”). Starting in approximately 2030, the Additional Agreement, taken together with the Mount Milligan Streaming Arrangement, will have the effect of increasing payments for Mount Milligan gold and copper production sold to Royal Gold under the Mount Milligan Streaming Arrangement, among other things. After achieving the First Threshold Date (as defined below), gold payments received will be the lower of $850/oz and 50% of the spot price while copper payments will be 50% of the spot price. After achieving the Second Threshold (Gold) Date (as defined below) or the Second Threshold (Copper) Date (as defined below), as applicable, gold payments received will be the lower of $1,050/oz and 66% of the spot price, while copper payments received will be 66% of the spot price, respectively. The existing Mount Milligan Streaming Arrangement, as amended, is not affected by the Additional Agreement. For further information on the Additional Agreement, see the section entitled “Material Contracts” below.

Molybdenum Industry

Our Langeloth Metallurgical Facility purchases unroasted molybdenum concentrates from third parties to convert to upgraded products, which are then sold into the metallurgical steel and chemical markets largely in North America. Our principal molybdenum products are molybdic oxide (also known as roasted molybdenum concentrate) and ferromolybdenum. Other products we produce include high soluble technical oxide, pure molybdenum trioxide and rhenium.

Molybdenum is used in major industries including chemical and petrochemical processing, oil and gas for drilling and pipelines, power generation, automotive and aerospace. It is also required for several green energy applications, especially wind, geothermal, and nuclear. Molybdenum is also widely used in non-metallurgical applications such as petroleum refining catalysts, lubricants, flame-retardants in plastics, water treatment and as a pigment.

2024 and 2023 Production and Revenue

Our revenues from the sale of our products are dependent on the world market price of gold, copper and molybdenum. World market prices for our products have fluctuated historically and are affected by numerous factors beyond our control. See the sections of this AIF entitled “Historic Metal Prices” and “Risk Factors” for additional information.

Competitive Conditions

The mining industry is intensely competitive, particularly in the acquisition of mineral reserves and resources.

Mineral Reserves and Resources

Our mineral reserves and resources are fundamental to the Company and serve as the foundation for our future production and project development.

We have interests in several properties. The tables in this section show our estimates of the proven and probable reserves, measured and indicated resources and inferred resources at those properties.

We estimate and disclose mineral reserves and resources in five categories, using the definitions adopted by the Canadian Institute of Mining, Metallurgy and Petroleum, and in accordance with NI 43-101. You can find out more about these categories at www.cim.org. See the “Glossary of Geological and Mining Terms” for complete definitions of mineral reserves and mineral resources.

For a further discussion of the key assumptions, methodologies and parameters used in the estimation of mineral reserves and mineral resources, see the section of this AIF entitled “Centerra’s Properties”.

About Mineral Resources

Mineral resources are not mineral reserves and do not have demonstrated economic viability but do have reasonable prospect for economic extraction. They fall into three categories: measured, indicated, and inferred. Our reported mineral resources do not include mineral reserves. Measured and indicated mineral resources are sufficiently well-defined to allow geological and grade continuity to be reasonably assumed and permit the application of technical and economic parameters in assessing the economic viability of the mineral resource. An indicated mineral resource has a lower level of confidence than that applying to a measured mineral resource and may only be converted to a probable mineral reserve. Inferred mineral resources are estimated on limited information not sufficient to verify geological and grade continuity or to allow technical and economic parameters to be applied. Inferred mineral resources are too speculative geologically to have economic considerations applied to them. There is no certainty that mineral resources of any category will be upgraded to mineral reserves.

Important Information About Mineral Reserve and Resource Estimates

Although we have carefully prepared and verified the mineral reserve and resource figures in this AIF, the figures are estimates based in part on forward-looking information.

Estimates are based on our knowledge, mining experience, analysis of drilling results, the quality of available data and management’s best judgment. They are, however, imprecise by nature, may change over time, and include many variables and assumptions including geological interpretation, commodity prices and currency exchange rates, recovery rates, and operating and capital costs.

There is no assurance that the indicated levels of metal will be produced, and we may have to re-estimate our mineral reserves based on actual production experience. Changes in the metal price, production costs or recovery rates could make it unprofitable for us to operate or develop a particular site or sites for a period of time. See the sections of this AIF entitled “Forward-looking Information”, “Cautionary Note to U.S. Readers Concerning Estimates of Mineral Reserves and Mineral Resources” and “Risk Factors”.

Table 1

Centerra Gold –Inc. - 2024 Year-End Mineral Reserve and

Mineral Resource Summary – Gold ⁽¹⁾

(as of December 31, 2024)

(see additional footnotes on page 23)

Table 2

Centerra Gold Inc. - 2024 Year-End Mineral Reserve and

Mineral Resource Summary - Other Metals ⁽¹⁾

(as of December 31, 2024)
(see additional footnotes on page 23)

Table 3

Centerra Gold Inc. - Reconciliation of Mineral Reserves and

Mineral Resources ^(1)-(2) (6) - Gold Contained (k oz)

(as of December 31, 2024)

(see additional footnotes on page 23)

Additional Footnotes for Tables 1, 2, 3

General

Mount Milligan Mine

Öksüt Mine

Kemess Open Pit and Underground

Kemess East

Thompson Creek Mine

Endako Mine

Goldfield

Sources, Pricing and Availability of Materials, Parts and Equipment

All of our locations are affected by the availability of diesel fuel, mining equipment and parts, mill equipment and parts, cyanide (Öksüt Mine) and other reagents used in our processing operations at the Mount Milligan Mine and Öksüt Mine.

We use expensive, large mining and milling equipment at the Mount Milligan Mine, Öksüt Mine and Thompson Creek Mine that is internationally sourced and requires a long lead time to procure, build, and install. Cyanide and other reagents used at our mine sites are sourced locally and internationally based on availability and the required specifications. Pricing for supplies is based on competitive market pricing.

Financial and Operational Effects of Environmental Protection Requirements

We are subject to strict environmental regulation in connection with our exploration, development, construction, mining, and reclamation activities in each of the jurisdictions in which we operate. Our policy is to conduct business in a way that safeguards public health and the environment.

The financial and operational effects of our environmental protection requirements are significant. Future legislation, regulations, policies, guidance or other events could cause additional operating expenses, capital expenditures, restrictions or delays in the development and continued operation of our properties, the extent of which cannot be predicted with certainty. For further information of risks associated with environmental matters, see the section entitled “Risk Factors”.

Reclamation Costs and Financial Assurances

All our operations and care & maintenance sites have closure plans or frameworks in place, depending on their current stage of operations. We adopt a strict regime for mine closure including annual mine cost updates and we review our conceptual closure plans on a regular cycle to include both environmental and social impacts of closure.

Our conceptual closure plans and related costs will change over time as a result of, among other things, changes in environmental legislation, changes in international best practices, and changes in our understanding of the types of reclamation activities that each site will require.

For our operations in North America, as at December 31, 2024, we provide financial assurance (surety bonds) for reclamation costs of approximately C$51.3 million for the Mount Milligan Mine, C$56.7 million for the Kemess Project, C$34.8 million at the Endako Mine (reflects our 75% interest in the Endako Mine Joint Venture) and $135.8 million at the Thompson Creek Mine.

As at December 31, 2024, for our Öksüt Mine in Türkiye, we estimate reclamation costs of approximately $57.2 million.

Environmental laws and regulations have become more stringent and restrictive over time, including requirements for companies to account for capital expenditures and to provide additional financial security to cover reclamation expenses, even if the reclamation activities may not occur for a significant amount of time. If this trend continues, our reclamation obligations and the related financial assurances we are required to provide may increase significantly. For further information of risks associated with environmental matters, see the section entitled “Risk Factors”.

General Description of Financial and Operational Effects for Environmental Protection

The financial and operational effects for environmental protection relate primarily to the following countries where we have operations:

Centerra is subject to robust environmental regulations in connection with our exploration, development, mining, and reclamation activities in each of the jurisdictions in which the Company operates. Prior to development and expansions, each mining property is subject to environmental assessment and permitting processes including engagement with applicable stakeholders. Environmental management plans guide the compliance and monitoring programs at each operating site. The Company works closely with regulatory authorities in each jurisdiction where it operates to ensure ongoing compliance.

All of our operations present different environmental management concerns and are subject to differing legislation. As such, the nature of the environmental protection activities and the resulting costs cannot be compared. During the financial year ending December 31, 2024, the approximate expenditures by site on environmental programs were as follows: $0.4 million at the Mount Milligan Mine; $0.9 million at the Öksüt Mine; $0.6 million at the Thompson Creek Mine; $11.1 million at the Endako Mine and $0.4 million at the Kemess Mine, which includes environment and reclamation operating expenses.

For further information on the environmental program at each of our operations, please see the relevant disclosure under the heading “Centerra’s Properties”.

Tailings Storage Facilities (“TSF”) Management

Overview

Tailings are a by-product of mining, consisting of the processed rock or soil left over from the separation of the commodities of value from the rock or soil within which they occur. Tailings are typically stored in engineered impoundments that retain solid materials and water. To the extent possible, the water is recycled and reused for processing or released into the environment only after being tested and verified to meet safe regulatory requirements. Centerra actively manages five TSFs. The TSF at Mount Milligan is operating, Endako is in Care and Maintenance, Kemess is in Active Closure, and the Thompson Creek Mine TSF is transitioning from Care and Maintenance to operating to accommodate the restart. The Öksüt Mine is a heap leach facility and does not have a TSF. Centerra’s TSFs are managed to maintain structural performance and ensure worker, environmental and public safety. Centerra’s TSFs are designed in accordance with Canadian Dam Association (“CDA”) Dam Safety Guidelines applicable to mining dams and local regulations. In addition, operation of the TSFs are informed by, and routinely checked against, CDA and the International Commission on Large Dams (“ICLD”) guidelines. Centerra has three types of TSFs: centreline (the Mount Milligan Mine and Thompson Creek Mine), modified centreline (Kemess South) and upstream (two individual facilities at Endako Mine).

Risk Management Process of TSFs

Centerra’s TSFs have all been designed by professional engineers and all are constructed, inspected and monitored under the direction of an external engineer of record (“EOR”) with the exception of the Endako TSF. Mr. Alvin Tong, P.Eng., and Centerra’s Director of Geotechnical and Tailings Engineering is currently the interim EOR for the Endako TSF during a transition period until a new external EOR is in place to assume the responsibilities from the incumbent EOR. We expect the new external EOR to relieve Mr. Tong of this responsibility by the end of September 2025. Each site has an Operations, Maintenance and Surveillance Manual that sets-out clear expectations for the performance, maintenance requirements and ongoing management of the TSFs to ensure they remain safe and perform as designed.

All of Centerra’s mine sites follow the CDA’s Consequence Classification Ratings for Dams which assigns a consequence ranking from low to extreme based upon the environmental, safety and economic impact of a potential dam incident. This system does not assign a risk associated with a given TSF; instead, it is intended to evaluate the consequences in the unlikely event of a dam breach. Formal dam breach inundation studies have also been completed for each of Centerra’s sites to identify potential community and environmental impacts, including impacts on nearby bodies of water in the event of a tailings incident. Used together, Centerra’s sites can evaluate potential risks, evaluate design and mitigation strategies and develop appropriate emergency preparedness and response planning.

Centerra has also developed a 5-step risk mitigation process that is applied and monitored at each site. These systems and procedures are part of Centerra’s proactive approach to tailings management.

Centerra is a responsible mining company with membership to the World Gold Council and adherence to the Responsible Gold Mining Principles (“RGMPs”). We meet or exceed regulations in the jurisdictions where we operate and ensure that our environmental and social management framework incorporates continuous improvement principles to ensure the protection of people, the environment and values of people and communities local to where we operate.

Our Approach

We adopted the RGMPs upon their introduction in September 2019. The RGMP is an industry framework that sets out clear expectations for consumers, investors and the downstream gold supply chain as to what constitutes responsible gold mining. The RGMPs consist of 10 umbrella principles and 51 criteria that focus on industry best practices. Centerra began implementing the RGMPs across its operating sites in 2019, a process that continued for several years. In 2024, Centerra received independent assurance confirming conformance to the RGMPs for the calendar year 2023. Our commitment to the RGMP’s continues to the present, with initiatives to continually improve our environmental and social performance.

Centerra’s updated RGMP Report can be found integrated in the 2023 ESG Report on Centerra’s website (www.centerragold.com).

In accordance with our Sustainable Development Policy, Centerra is committed to ensuring a safe and respectful workplace for our employees and contractors, protecting the natural environment, and creating a positive impact in the communities where we operate. We work proactively with key stakeholders, regulators and Indigenous groups to ensure meaningful collaboration in the regions where we explore and through all project phases. We are committed to engaging in a transparent, consistent and accessible manner to build strong and resilient relationships to earn and maintain our regulatory and social licences.

Governance

Board Oversight

The Board reviews performance against our goals, policies and systems to ensure we are fulfilling our objectives relating to safety, health, operational performance, environmental management, and social responsibility.

Management Systems

We manage safety, health and the environment at every site with formal safety, health and environmental management standards and programs. Managing our risks and mining responsibly require that we plan before we do work, check by monitoring progress against our plan and act on what we have learned through audits and other forms of verification.

Assurance Program

From time to time, internal and external audits are performed by auditors to make sure our facilities comply with our safety, health and environmental policies, applicable laws and regulations. These risk-based programs identify concerns and help us improve our performance.

Employee Health and Safety

We recognize the protection of the health and safety of all our employees, contractors, and the public as vital to our business. We are committed to conducting our activities including exploration, development, construction, operations and decommissioning in a responsible manner and in alignment with Centerra’s values, providing a safe and healthy environment for our employees, contractors, visitors and to the general public. To prevent injuries and safety incidents, we use proactive measures, such as job hazard identification, training, competency reviews, workplace and field inspections, and critical control management principles on our critical safety risks. To mitigate recurrence, we investigate all incidents to identify the root causes and proper mitigation efforts. The information is shared among all of our operations and projects. All operations and projects are staffed with skilled and competent emergency personnel and equipped with emergency response equipment.

Our collective agreements cover health and safety topics such as preventing injuries and diseases, safety equipment supply and workplace monitoring to ensure employees are protected against hazards. We engage systematically with unions and employees to promote safety everywhere we work. Our approach is the same with our contractors and vendors.

Work Safe│Home Safe Program

Centerra’s safety leadership program, Work Safe│Home Safe, forms the foundation of our safety culture. Our Work Safe│Home Safe program was developed following extensive input from all levels of the organization throughout our global business units, and assistance from third party consultants. The focus of the program is to build a Company-wide culture of safety and safety leadership by empowering employees and supervisors with information which will lead to changes in safety related behaviour, deliver an emotional element to build a commitment to change, and encourage communication to improve operational practices related to health and safety matters. Substantially all of our employees in the organization have undergone our Work Safe│Home Safe training. In 2023, Centerra’s Work Safe | Home Safe program was updated and refreshed for a post-pandemic re-launch. Senior site leadership teams have been trained as internal facilitators for program delivery to employees and contractors. We also continue to promote and support key safety leadership field interactions between Centerra’s senior and line management personnel and employees through our Visible Felt Leadership program.

Environmental Protection

Environmental stewardship is vitally important to our business, governments, local communities and Indigenous groups. We focus on continually improving our activities so that we prevent, reduce or mitigate impacts to the natural environment.

Our Employees

Employee Rights

We strive to be one of the most attractive employers in the regions in which we operate. We pay fair salaries and provide our workers with various benefits; we comply with local legislation and make sure our employees are supplied with high-quality products and safety equipment. We strive to meet and exceed country requirements for working conditions and comply with all relevant International Labour Organization requirements. The benefits available to our full-time employees, which while varying in the offerings site by site, are comprehensive and include pension, family benefits, and health care, compensation for job related accidents or occupational diseases, and unemployment insurance. Benefits for full time employees also include scheduled wage increases and, in limited circumstances, short term employee loans. We support collective bargaining with unions to reach collective agreements. Centerra has a Respectful Workplace Policy that prohibits discrimination and harassment on any grounds, including a person’s sex, age, race, national or ethnic origin, ancestry, place of origin, citizenship, creed/religion, colour, disability, marital status, family status, sexual orientation, gender identity, gender expression, or conviction for which a pardon has been granted.

Inclusion, Diversity, Equity and Accessibility (“IDEA”)

Centerra recognizes that not only is it important to have a workforce comprised of the demographics of the communities in which it operates, but also that diversity brings value to the workplace. We have various policies, guidelines, training, procedures and agreements at each of our operations, unique to each region, to bring cultural diversity and value to each workplace while respecting the cultures, communities and people within each of the regions we operate. We maintain culturally diverse recruitment practices, training of our workforce on cultural sensitivities in applicable regions, and management practices that reinforce principles of diversity, respect, fairness and cultural acceptance. Some of the cultures in which we work, and the related national legislation, create barriers to achieving greater gender diversity, but we currently have good representation in our professional ranks and continue to increase representation, where possible, through our global inclusion, diversity, equity and accessibility (“IDEA”) program.

The Company recognizes that IDEA is imperative for long term success and that the journey begins at the top. To that end, the Company has created a Global IDEA Executive Council, sponsored, and chaired by the CEO with representation from senior management.

Additionally, Centerra has developed a talent management strategy aimed at attracting and retaining skilled and capable diverse talent by specifically focusing on attracting, developing, promoting and supporting employees from underrepresented groups.

Employee Training

Employee training and professional development is integral to maintaining strong and positive employee growth and improving organizational performance. Enhancing the knowledge and skills of a workforce is fundamental to improving the productivity of operations and efficiency of the business. In some instances, equipment or safety training is critical to legislative compliance or maintaining safe and healthy workers and a safe and healthy workplace.

Our approach to developing our employees is dependent on the geographical region, location needs, individual employee needs, or training objective to be achieved. We deliver training to satisfy governance requirements (i.e. ethics and insider trading awareness), safety and IDEA requirements, developmental & career objectives, and technical job training, among other needs. Training needs are identified by direct managers or supervisors, through the performance planning and talent management processes, by HR or training departments, or as requested directly by employees. Training delivery is accomplished through a combination of self-directed online learning opportunities, on-the-job and job secondment opportunities, external vendors and programs and internal qualified trainers. The Company maintains a global talent management system that incorporates a robust learning and development platform to deliver virtual onboarding and orientation, policy and compliance training, and other training and leadership programs.

Social Performance

Centerra works with Indigenous groups and local communities on social, environmental and economic opportunities. We work to establish and maintain trust by collaborating on areas of common interest complemented by supporting various social investment programs.

We have a grievance management and resolution process for each of our operations and development projects to obtain feedback and act on matters of importance to community members.

Community Engagement, Development and Social Investment

The following describes how the Company engages in the communities in which it operates, and its approach to development and social investments at each site. The investments discussed below are in addition to the taxes paid at the Mount Milligan Mine and the Öksüt Mine, local procurement and employment at each operation, and payments and other benefits made pursuant to formal agreements with Indigenous groups.

Mount Milligan Mine

Mount Milligan ensures the opportunity for frequent dialog with local communities so that meaningful and tangible socio-economic benefits for the region are promoted to the extent possible. To facilitate community input, including community programs, the Mount Milligan Community Sustainability Committee (“CSC”) has been operating since 2008. The CSC is comprised of representatives from the communities and Indigenous groups of McLeod Lake Indian Band, Nak’azdli Whut’en, Mackenzie, Fort St. James, Vanderhoof and Prince George. The CSC meets two to three times each year to discuss and action a range of socio-economic opportunities.

In addition to providing input on mine activities and updates on community developments, a primary responsibility of the CSC since 2016 has been allocating the funding provided through the Mount Milligan Community Project Fund (“CPF”). This fund is a component of the Mount Milligan Legacy Program, which was set up in 2014. The CPF provides financial support to local organizations working to build capacity at the community level in one or more of the following priority areas: education and training, health, environment, community (including economic development), and literacy.

To further community investment, the Mount Milligan Mine also operates a regional donation program to facilitate the Company’s support of local non-profit organizations and community events. In 2024, the Company provided over $410,000 in donations, sponsorships and bursaries to support youth sports teams, arts organizations, community development, health and education-focused initiatives and recreation clubs in local communities. These donations are in addition to benefits provided pursuant to formal agreements with Indigenous groups.

The Mount Milligan Mine hosts free mine tours for members of communities surrounding the mine. Participants see the multiple aspects of the mine’s operations up close and learn about the Company’s employment and training initiatives, environmental management, health & safety programs, and community partnerships. On the tour, community members have an opportunity to speak with mine employees from several different departments and ask questions about the mine and the Company’s activities.

Öksüt Mine

The Öksüt Mine's commitment involves implementing sustainable and responsible mining practices while making positive contributions to stakeholders. In 2024, the Company supported various collaborations, with a focus on health, education, economic development, community infrastructure improvements, and donations, resulting in partnerships totaling a monetary contribution of $4,132,609. Öksüt has initiated several social investment and donation projects to enhance the quality of life in local communities and promote sustainable development. These efforts focus on eight key priority areas: Community Health, Educational Support, Sustainable Income Opportunities, Infrastructure Improvement, Cultural and Artistic Support, Donations, and Sponsorships. Some examples of these collaborations included:

Indigenous Relations

Our Mount Milligan Mine, Endako Mine, and Kemess Project properties are in proximity to multiple Indigenous communities. Our objective is to have mutually respectful and meaningful relationships with Indigenous groups in regions where we operate. Regular meetings are held with our First Nations partners to discuss operational and development plans, environmental and social programs, gain perspectives and enhance programs as required.

Mount Milligan Mine

The Mount Milligan Mine has long-standing relationships and formal agreements with two proximate Indigenous groups near the Mount Milligan Mine, McLeod Lake Indian Band and Nak’azdli Whut’en, that outline provisions concerning employment and training, environmental management, and business opportunities. Both agreements include financial payments to be made by the Mount Milligan Mine and outline provisions for implementation committees, composed of Company and Indigenous representatives. Pursuant to the agreements, the Company has put in place several contracts with its Indigenous partners for significant contracts at the Mount Milligan Mine, including for hauling of concentrate, earthworks, and catering.

In addition to implementation committees, both Indigenous groups have created liaison and direct point of contact positions to facilitate their close working relationship with the Company. These liaisons visit the mine site regularly to provide support to Indigenous employees and meet with the human resources team to discuss training and recruitment initiatives. Representatives from McLeod Lake Indian Band and Nak’azdli Whut’en also sit on the Mount Milligan Community Sustainability Committee.

To advance Indigenous employment opportunities at the Mount Milligan Mine and build capacity within our local communities, Centerra has partnered with the McLeod Lake Indian Band, Nak’azdli Whut’en, and the local community college to develop and implement a customized pre-employment training program (“PETER”) for members of both bands. The program’s curriculum is tailored to the specific skills and core competencies required for mine employment while incorporating key elements important to Nak’azdli Whut’en and the McLeod Lake Indian Band, such as communication skills, mental health awareness, and resume and interview preparation. In 2024, Centerra launched the revamped PETER Program 7.0 in collaboration with the College of New Caledonia, Nak’azdli Whut’en, and the McLeod Lake Indian Band. As part of the program, ten participants completed a two-week soft skills boot camp designed to prepare them for employment. Upon completion, students have the opportunity to apply for dedicated contract positions at the mine. Additionally, in partnership with local school districts, the Mount Milligan Mine has introduced several experiential learning programs that provide students with hands-on experience in the mining industry, fostering future talent and career pathways.

Across the region, the Mount Milligan Mine regularly participates in career fairs hosted by Indigenous groups and provides academic bursaries to graduating high school students from McLeod Lake Indian Band and Nak’azdli Whut’en every year. To support cross-cultural understanding and relationship-building, the Mount Milligan Mine hosts cultural events at the mine site each year.

Kemess Project and Endako Mine

Indigenous and community relations remain a focus for the Kemess Project and Endako Mine, the latter of which is under care and maintenance.

The Kemess underground project is subject to an impact benefit agreement signed with Tsay Keh Dene, Takla Lake First Nation and Kwadacha Nation, together referred to as Tse Keh Nay (“TKN”), under which regular meetings are held with TKN. In 2023, an agreement was signed with the Nation of Gitxsan Wilp Nii Gyap to formalize partnership and a payment structure to help with cultural activities, education and environmental support programs.

At the Endako Mine, the Company continues to engage with the British Columbia government and its Indigenous partners on environmental programs, reclamation and closure planning.

3.           Centerra’s Properties

3.1         Operating Mines

Our producing gold mines are the Mount Milligan Mine and Öksüt Mine.

Mount Milligan Mine

Quick Facts   Centerra acquired the Mount Milligan Mine in October 2016.   The Mount Milligan Mine has been in commercial production since 2014. To date, it has produced approximately 2.1 million oz of gold and 716.6 million lbs of copper.

Technical Report

The Mount Milligan Technical Report, with an effective date of December 31, 2021, was filed on November 7, 2022 on www.sedarplus.com. It is recommended that you read the Mount Milligan Technical Report in its entirety for additional details relating to the Mount Milligan Mine. Defined terms and abbreviations used in this section and not otherwise defined have the meanings attributed to them in the Mount Milligan Technical Report.

Project Description, Location and Access

The Mount Milligan Mine is a conventional truck-shovel open-pit copper and gold mine and process plant. The Mount Milligan Mine is currently permitted by the Province of British Columbia to operate at an average of 60,000 tpd over a calendar year.

The Mount Milligan Mine is located within the Omenica Mining Division in North Central British Columbia, Canada, approximately 155 km northwest of Prince George (population approximately 79,000).

The Mount Milligan Mine includes 122 claims and one mining lease (123 total mineral titles) with a combined area of 63,663.3 ha. The mining claims and leases are all held in the name of TCM.  The single mining lease expires on September 9, 2029, and requires a lease payment of approximately $102,760, due annually on September 9. Mineral claims are subject to exploration expenditure obligations, or payment of annual fees to the Province of British Columbia in lieu of exploration expenditures. All mineral claims are in good standing with expiry dates in 2032. We expect to renew such mineral claims in the ordinary course of exploration.

A 2% net smelter return royalty is payable to a previous owner of the property, H.R.S. Resources Corp (“HRS”), which royalty payments commenced in 2016, the third year of commercial operations at the Mount Milligan Mine. In 2020, the Company received a notice of civil claim from HRS alleging that since 2016, the Company has incorrectly calculated amounts payable under the production royalty agreement and has therefore underpaid amounts owing to HRS. The B.C. Supreme Court rendered a written decision on October 8, 2024, which determined that the Company was correct to include the effect of the Mount Milligan Streaming Arrangement in its calculation of revenue subject to the production royalty but that such revenue (for purposes of the royalty agreement) should have included amortized amounts relating to advance payments made by Royal Gold to TCM. Both parties have formally filed an appeal of this decision. The Company is currently assessing how to recalculate the royalty payments owed to HRS historically and going forward but believes the potential exposure in relation to this claim from what the Company has accrued is not materially different.

We have also agreed to make certain payments to the McLeod Lake Indian Band and Nak’azdli Whut’en First Nation over the life of the mine. The terms of the agreements under which we make these payments are confidential.

As described herein, we have entered into the Mount Milligan Streaming Arrangement with Royal Gold which provides that 35% of the gold and 18.75% of the copper production at the Mount Milligan Mine will be sold to Royal Gold and that Royal Gold will pay $435 per ounce of gold delivered and will pay 15% of the spot price per metric tonne of copper delivered. Starting in approximately 2030, the Additional Agreement, taken together with the Mount Milligan Streaming Arrangement, will have the effect of increasing payments for Mount Milligan gold and copper production sold to Royal Gold under the Mount Milligan Streaming Arrangement, among other things. After achieving the First Threshold Date (as defined below), gold payments received will be the lower of $850/oz and 50% of the spot price while copper payments will be 50% of the spot price. After achieving the Second Threshold (Gold) Date (as defined below) or the Second Threshold (Copper) Date (as defined below), as applicable, gold payments received will be the lower of $1050/oz and 66% of the spot price, while copper payments received will be 66% of the spot price, respectively. The existing Mount Milligan Streaming Arrangement, as amended, is not affected by the Additional Agreement. For further information on the Additional Agreement, see the section entitled “Material Contracts” below.

The Mount Milligan Mine is accessible by commercial air carrier to Prince George, British Columbia, then by vehicle from the east via Mackenzie on the Finlay Philip Forest Service Road and the North Philip Forest Service Road, and from the west via Fort St. James on the North Road and Rainbow Forest Service Road. Road travel to the Mount Milligan Mine is 770 km from Prince Rupert and 253 km from Prince George. The communities of Mackenzie and Fort St. James are within daily commuting distance of the Mount Milligan Mine, and both communities are serviced by rail. Concentrate is transported by truck from the mine site to Mackenzie, then transferred by railcar to existing port storage facilities of Vancouver Wharves in North Vancouver and loaded as lots into bulk ore carriers. Concentrate is then shipped to customers via ocean transport.

History

Limited exploration activity on Mount Milligan Mine was first recorded in 1937. In 1984, prospector Richard Haslinger and BP Resources Canada Limited located claims on the site. In 1986, Lincoln Resources Inc. (“Lincoln”) optioned the claims and in 1987 completed a diamond drilling program that led to the discovery of significant copper-gold mineralization. In the late 1980s, Lincoln reorganized, amalgamated with Continental Gold Corp. (“Continental”) and continued ongoing drilling in a joint-venture with BP Resources. Subsequent changes in ownership resulted in the property being owned by Terrane Metals Corp. (“Terrane”).

In October 2010, TCM acquired Terrane and the Mount Milligan Mine and entered into the Mount Milligan Streaming Arrangement with Royal Gold. On February 18, 2014, the Mount Milligan Mine reached commercial production, which is defined as operation of the mill at 60% of design capacity mill throughput for 30 days.

We acquired the Mount Milligan Mine effective October 20, 2016 through the acquisition of all the issued and outstanding shares of TCM. In addition to the Mount Milligan Mine, we also acquired interests in several molybdenum assets held by TCM. As part of the acquisition, Terrane was amalgamated with TCM effective October 18, 2016.

Geological Setting, Mineralization and Deposit Types

The Mount Milligan Mine deposit is located within the Quesnel Terrane, part of the Intermontane Belt, a composite of low metamorphic grade magmatic arc segments of mixed oceanic and continental affinities, and oceanic plates, which accreted onto North America in the Early Jurassic Period.

The Mount Milligan Mine property is mostly underlain by Upper Triassic volcanic rocks of the Witch Lake succession. The Witch Lake succession is moderately-to-steeply east-northeast dipping and characterized by augite-phyric volcaniclastic and lesser coherent basaltic andesite to andesite, with subordinate epiclastic beds. In the northwestern part of the Mount Milligan Mine property, volcanic rocks are intruded by Early Jurassic to Cretaceous rocks of the Mount Milligan Mine intrusive complex. The Early Jurassic component of the intrusive complex comprises monzonitic rocks with minor dioritic-monzodioritic and gabbroic-monzogabbroic rocks.

Mineralization at the Mount Milligan Mine deposit consists of two styles, early-stage porphyry gold-copper (Au-Cu) and late-stage high-gold-low-copper (“HGLC”, or sub-epithermal). The early-stage porphyry Au-Cu mineralization comprises mainly chalcopyrite and pyrite, occurs with potassic alteration and early-stage vein types, and is spatially associated with composite monzonite porphyry stocks (especially at their hanging-wall and footwall margins), hydrothermal breccia, and narrow dyke and breccia complexes. Late-stage structurally controlled pyritic HGLC style mineralization is associated with carbonate-phyllic alteration and intermediate- to late-stage vein types, and is spatially associated with faults, fault breccias and faulted lithological contacts (i.e. faulted monzonite porphyry dyke margins). It crosscuts and overprints the earlier stage porphyry Au-Cu mineralization.

Porphyry style Au-Cu mineralization occurs in the hanging-wall and footwall zones of the MBX, Saddle, Southern Star, and Goldmark stocks. Disseminated and vein/veinlet-hosted mineralization is associated with the composite monzonite stocks, their brecciated margins and variably altered volcanic host rocks. Core zones of auriferous chalcopyrite-pyrite mineralization with magnetite rich potassic alteration transition laterally and vertically to pyrite rich HGLC zones within the inner propylitic (albitic) and carbonate-phyllic alteration shells; the latter appear to be late stage and exhibit strong structural control.

Copper iron sulphide (chalcopyrite) is associated with potassic alteration at the contact margin between volcanic and intrusive rocks. It occurs as fine-grained disseminations and fracture fillings, and less commonly as veinlets and in veinlet selvages. Adjacent to the MBX stock, chalcopyrite may be accompanied by iron sulphide pyrite to form coarse sulphide aggregates. Chalcopyrite-bearing veins contain pyrite and magnetite in a gangue of potassium feldspar, quartz, and calcite.

Pyrite content increases with distance from the MBX and Southern Star stocks and is most abundant in propylitically altered rocks. Pyrite occurs as disseminations, veinlets, large clots, patches, and as replacements of mafic minerals. Gold mineralization in the 66 zone is associated with 10-20% pyrite. Cross-cutting vein relationships indicate several generations of pyrite mineralization.

Gold occurs as grains from 1 to 100 μm in size, as observed in process samples. Grains occur as microfracture fillings and are attached to pyrite or chalcopyrite. Gold also forms inclusions within pyrite, chalcopyrite, and magnetite grains. SEM work indicates electrum throughout the deposit with varying gold to silver ratios.

The Mount Milligan Mine deposits are categorized as silica-saturated alkalic Cu-Au porphyry deposits associated with alkaline monzodioritic-to-syenitic igneous rocks and are recognized in only a few mineral provinces worldwide. Porphyry copper ± gold deposits commonly consist of vein stockworks, vein sets, veinlets, and disseminations of pyrite, chalcopyrite ± bornite that occur in large zones of economic bulk-mineable mineralization within porphyritic igneous intrusions, their contact margins, and adjoining host rocks. The mineralization is spatially, temporally, and genetically associated with hydrothermal alteration of the intrusive bodies and host rocks.

Exploration and Drilling; Development and Production

Historically, five exploration target zones were identified in the brownfield (in-pit) resource area (DWBX, WBX, MBX, 66 and Southern Star); three in the more distal brownfield area within the mine lease (North Slope, Goldmark and South Boundary); and three in the greenfield area outside the mine lease (Heidi, Mitzi and Snell). Exploration since 2017 has continued to test most of these zones and refine understanding of their geological relationships and mineral potential. In addition, new target zones have been developed and continue to be tested. In total, since 2017 we have completed more than 255,000 metres of resource and exploration diamond drilling in over 500 drill holes at Mount Milligan as outlined in the tables below.

Total Resource Expansion and Exploration drilling metres completed at Mount Milligan from 2017-2024

Total Resource Expansion and Exploration drill holes completed at Mount Milligan from 2017-2024

The total line-kilometres of geophysical survey completed by Centerra since 2017 has been over 6,000 for airborne and 500 for ground-based as outlined in the table below.

Total line-kilometres of geophysical surveys completed at Mount Milligan from 2017-2024

Numerous drilling programs have been conducted since the deposit was first drilled in 1987. Except for early programs, the majority of core drilled has been of NQ size. In total, there have been 1,824 diamond drill holes drilled at Mount Milligan Mine, recovering over 500 km of drill core.

In 2024, exploration activities continued at Mount Milligan for which a total of 61 holes for 23 km were completed. Approximately 85% of the drilling was carried out within the resource pit (DWBX and extension) and within the three more distal brownfield area within the mine lease (North Slope, Goldmark and Boundary). In all these areas, results received show mineralization extending west from the pit margin and below the ultimate pit boundary.

Geotechnical information has been routinely recorded for all diamond drilling programs including core recovery, rock quality, hardness or compressive strength (CS), degree of breakage, degree of weathering or oxidation, fracture and joint frequency, and specific gravity (SG). Core recovery routinely exceeds 95% and averages 91%.

For production information for the Mount Milligan Mine in 2024, see “2024 and 2023 Production and Revenue”.

Sampling, Analysis, and Data Verification

All Mount Milligan Mine Assay Laboratory procedures are accompanied by appropriate, industry standard instrument calibration and quality assurance/quality control (“QAQC”) measures, including quarterly third-party analysis checks. The ore and acid-base accounting analyses Standard Operating Procedure includes steps to confirm on-site laboratory method accuracy, precision, contamination control, sample tracking, and recordkeeping. The assay laboratory also receives blind duplicate samples from the Ore Control Geologist/Technician which are compared against daily sample analyses. This workflow is managed as part of the Mount Milligan Assay Laboratory Quality Management System.

Most samples analyzed for the Mount Milligan Mine deposits have been collected from NQ-sized core. Cores were either split (early programs) or sawn along the long axis with one-half sampled and assayed and the other half retained in core boxes and the core library.

A formal QAQC program, including the insertion of standard, blank and duplicate samples for assay, was introduced after 1992. Prior to that date, external check assays were commissioned from independent laboratories.

Validation of the mapping co-ordinates, elevations, assay quality control/quality assurance program and the DDH database has been completed by Centerra and predecessor owners of Mount Milligan Mine.

All exploration data is captured as per standard geological data management procedures and is stored in an acQuire Geological Information Management System. Throughout 2024, routine validations and verifications of the database were conducted, including QAQC of all assay data received from external laboratories and verifications of raw data imported into the database, e.g., assay certificates, downhole surveys, geochemical data, and geotechnical data.

Mineral Processing and Metallurgical Testing

Mount Milligan Mine is a copper-gold porphyry deposit, consisting of two principal zones, the Main Zone and the Southern Star (SS) Zone. The Main Zone includes four contiguous sub-zones: MBX, WBX, DWBX and 66 (low-copper and high-gold grades, southeast of the MBX sub-zone). These geologic zones are the basis for the metallurgical test work.

The Mount Milligan Mine deposit is being mined using conventional open-pit equipment, with the ore being processed through a gyratory crusher, secondary crushing and a SAG-ball mill-pebble crusher combination together with a rougher and cleaner flotation plant, producing a marketable gold-rich copper concentrate.

Metallurgical investigations conducted by various research laboratories prior to commencement of operations conclusively showed that froth flotation is the optimum process for the recovery of copper and gold; with this processing approach being adopted. These investigations were the basis of the performance models used in previous resource modelling. Further investigations and projects have been undertaken to improve the recovery process and update the accuracy of the copper and gold recovery models. Using these new performance models, the LOM average recoveries are estimated at 78.9% for copper and 65.9% for gold.

Mineral Resource and Mineral Reserve Estimates

For information on the Mount Milligan Mine mineral reserves and mineral resources, see “Mineral Reserves and Resources” starting on page 18.

Mining Operations

Mining

The mining operation is a conventional shovel and truck open pit mine feeding a 60,000 tpd (permitted throughput on an annualised basis) processing plant. The planned mine life is currently just over 11 years (2025 – 2036). The pit has been planned as a series of seven discrete pushbacks and scheduled to maximize the production of ore. This plan has an overall LOM waste:ore ratio of 0.9:1.0. The mining sequence has been developed to allow for provision of suitable waste material for annual TSF construction requirements.

The mine fleet comprises four blast hole drills, one pre-shear drill, two rope shovels, one hydraulic excavator, two rubber-tired front-end loaders, fifteen haul trucks and various other dozers, loaders, graders, and excavators. A fleet of articulated trucks are used in dam construction and project activities.

Mount Milligan Mill – Water Management

On December 27, 2017, we announced that due to a lack of sufficient water resources, mill processing operations at the Mount Milligan Mine in British Columbia, Canada had been temporarily suspended. Since that time, the Company has worked with B.C. regulators, its Indigenous partners and other stakeholders to amend Mount Milligan’s permits and environmental assessment certificates to ensure sufficient water access for the mine.

In January 2022, the Company obtained an amendment to its provincial environmental assessment certificate that has authorized a long-term water supply for the Mount Milligan Mine.

As at December 31, 2024, the Mount Milligan Mine had sufficient water inventory to maintain operations and does not expect a curtailment in production in 2025 as there is expected to be sufficient water in the tailings storage facility to run at full capacity throughout the year. However, during years of persistent dry conditions, there is a risk that Mount Milligan’s operations may need to be curtailed in future for lack of sufficient water.

Processing and Recovery Operations

The LOM average process plant feed grade of 0.19% Cu is delivered at an average daily permitted rate of 60,000 tonnes to yield a marketable Cu concentrate. Process plant ore feed quality is maintained to honour metallurgical constraints such as ORE/HGLC ratio, Py:Cpy ratio and mercury (Hg) content. Average recovery to concentrate projected to be achieved during the LOM period is 78.9% for copper and 65.9% for gold.

The Mount Milligan Mine process plant is designed to process ore at a nominal rate of 60,000 tpd, producing a marketable concentrate containing copper, gold, and silver. A secondary crushing circuit, installed in 2016, together with process plant optimization projects, increased the potential throughput to a nominal rate of 62,500 tpd. Key process equipment consists of:

Infrastructure, Permitting and Compliance Activities

The infrastructure at Mount Milligan Mine includes a concentrator, a TSF and reclaim water ponds, an administrative building and change house, a workshop/warehouse, a permanent operations residence, a first aid station, an emergency vehicle storage, a laboratory, and sewage and water treatment facilities. The power supply is provided by B.C. Hydro via a 91-km hydroelectric power line.

Concentrate is transported by truck from the mine site to Mackenzie, transferred onto railcars of the Canadian National Railway, railed to existing port storage facilities of Vancouver Wharves in North Vancouver, and loaded as lots into bulk ore carriers. Concentrate is then shipped to customers via ocean transport. There are no assurances that the service providers involved in the transportation of concentrate will continue to be available on terms acceptable to the Company. See “Risk Factors”.

Tailings Storage Facility

The TSF at the Mount Milligan Mine is currently designed to store tailings solids and potentially acid generating (PAG) and oxide/weathered waste rock materials in designated upstream areas with the TSF. The TSF embankment is constructed as a centreline dam using open pit overburden and non-acid generating (NAG) waste rock materials. Construction of each of the embankment stages is scheduled to correspond with material availability from the open pit and the projected rate of rise. There will be sufficient volume of waste material produced over the LOM to raise the tailings dam to the required final elevation of 1,121 metres, subject to normal course permitting.

From the process plant, two tailing streams — the rougher/scavenger tailings and the first cleaner/scavenger tailings — are deposited and stored in separate tailing storage cells within the TSF. The rougher-scavenger tailings contain mostly non-sulphide gangue minerals, while the cleaner scavenger tailings contain most of the sulphide gangue minerals. The latter is kept in a lined pond and submerged underwater to prevent potential acid generation from the oxidation of the sulphide minerals.

The TSF comprises two dams to include the Main Embankment and the West Separator Berm (WSB). The dams will eventually join and become a ringed impoundment as additional raises are completed. The highest portion of the TSF embankment is in the King Richard Creek valley and is approximately 74 metres in height, as measured from crest to downstream toe after Stage 10 construction was complete in 2024.

The Main embankment is subdivided into segments designated: South, Southeast, Northeast, and North Dam. The South Dam is situated across the King Richard Creek valley; the Southeast/Northeast Dams are along the eastern plateau towards the Esker Lakes; the North Dam is constructed through the esker deposit. The WSB is constructed along the western edge of the impoundment providing containment between the TSF and the open pit. The WSB has been extended towards the north and south and will continue to be extended until it connects into the Main embankment creating a continuous ring impoundment.

Permitting and Environmental Monitoring

The Mount Milligan Mine received approval under both federal and provincial environmental assessment legislation in 2009.

The Company also holds numerous other permits and approvals to operate the Mount Milligan Mine. These include an operating permit issued under the British Columbia Mines Act (issued by the Ministry of Energy, Mines and Low Carbon Innovation) and air, refuse and effluent discharge permits under the British Columbia Environmental Management Act (issued by the Ministry of Environment and Climate Change Strategy). The Company also holds several water licences issued by the Ministry of Water, Land & Resource Stewardship and various Special Use Permits and Road Use Permits issued by the British Columbia Ministry of Forest Lands and Natural Resource Operations and Rural Development.

In January 2022, the Company obtained an amendment to its provincial environmental assessment certificate that has authorized a long-term water supply for the Mount Milligan Mine.

In April 2022 the Company registered discharge of water (seepage) from the TSF pursuant to the Metal and Diamond Ming Effluent Regulations (“MDMER”) under the federal Fisheries Act. This requires the Company to complete an environmental effects monitoring program to complement related monitoring presently undertaken pursuant to provincial permits. The company continues to engage with provincial agencies on any required amendments for seepage and its monitoring. The Company is also working to minimize seepage to the receiving environment and will continue to monitor these discharges into the future.

Emergency Response Plan and Handling of Hazardous Materials

The Mount Milligan Mine has an Emergency Response Plan (the “Mount Milligan ERP”) and hazardous material transportation procedures. We conduct quarterly mock exercises to test different aspects of the Mount Milligan ERP, including response time, effective communications and the skills of the emergency response team and we have updated the Mount Milligan ERP to ensure notification protocols remain valid and improvements from the mock exercises are incorporated in the plan.

Decommissioning and Reclamation

The Mount Milligan Mine submitted a five-year revision to its reclamation plan in 2019 and government review of the plan was initiated in 2020. The five-year reclamation plan for the site outlines the closure goals and activities for the site and minimizes and mitigates long-term environmental impacts resulting from construction and operation of the facility via sound science and contingency planning. On September 15, 2021, a mine permit amendment was received approving the reclamation security change. An adaptive management process is utilized whereby new knowledge and technology is incorporated into successive management and reclamation plans that consider operational plan updates.

Social and Community Factors

We endeavor to work in a responsible way to meet or exceed expectations of potentially impacted indigenous groups, and stakeholders. See “Responsible Mining – Our Approach” above.

Indigenous Groups

Maintaining productive relationships with Indigenous groups and ensuring project benefits are shared in accordance with our formal agreements is a priority for all Centerra’s projects and operations in British Columbia. See “Responsible Mining – Our Approach” above.

Capital and Operating Costs

Actual results for 2023 and 2024, and guidance for 2025 production, operating costs, and capital are depicted below.

Notes:

Öksüt Mine

Quick Facts   The Öksüt Mine is situated in Türkiye approximately 295 km southeast of Ankara and 48 km south of Kayseri, the provincial capital.   We own 100% of the Öksüt Mine.   The Öksüt Mine achieved first gold pour on January 31, 2020 and achieved commercial production as of May 31, 2020. In 2024, the Öksüt Mine produced 200,525 ounces of gold.

Technical Report

The Öksüt Technical Report, with an effective date of June 30, 2015, was filed on September 3, 2015 on www.sedarplus.com. It is recommended that you read the Öksüt Technical Report in its entirety for additional details relating to the Öksüt Mine. Defined terms and abbreviations used in this section and not otherwise defined have the meanings attributed to them in the Öksüt Technical Report.

Property Description, Location and Access

Location

The Öksüt Mine is located in south-central Türkiye, 295 km to the southeast of the capital city of Ankara and 48 km directly south of the city of Kayseri which has a population of 1.1 million. The nearest administrative centre is at Develi (population 66,840) located approximately 10 km north of the Project. Ankara and Kayseri have international airports and are serviced by international and domestic airlines. The Project’s co-ordinates are 715000-722100 Easting and 4236500-4249300 Northing (UTM ED 50 zone 36).

The Öksüt Mine is located in the Develi Mountains on a north-south trending topographic high. The topographic relief comprises steep-sided V-shaped valleys, and locally, cliffs tens of metres high, capped by flat-lying mesas and plateaus. The Project site is located at an elevation of approximately 1,800 metres. The valleys are extensively farmed, with the local population living in a number of small villages including the villages of Öksüt and Zile.

Mining Authorizations

Mining rights and minerals are exclusively owned by the state. The state delegates rights to explore and operate to Turkish individuals or legal entities through set period licenses in return for royalty payments. Mining licensing is regulated by the General Directorate of Mining Affairs, a unit of the Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources. Other institutions of importance are central government ministries, the provincial administration, and local government institutions.

Due to changes in Turkish mineral laws, which now permit the issuance of mining licenses for areas greater than 2000 hectares, we obtained in 2017 a new operation license number 85712 which unifies the previous two contiguous operation licenses (numbers IR 82468 and 82469). The unified license has a total area of 3,995.81 ha. According to the Turkish Mining Law, OMAS has the right to explore and develop any mineral resources contained within the operation license, provided fees and taxes are paid in order to keep the license in good standing. The operations license was issued on May 1, 2017. In January 2023, the Company received 10-year approvals of an extension of the operations licence and an enlarged grazing land permit to allow expansion of the Keltepe and Güneytepe pits. OMAS needs such permits to continue developing the Keltepe and Güneytepe pits as currently planned.

While OMAS has the right to explore and develop within the area covered by the operation licenses, it requires various permits for the development of the project. In March 2022, Centerra announced it had temporarily suspended gold doré bar production at the Öksüt Mine due to mercury detected in the gold room at the ADR plant. Since then, the Company has completed construction of a mercury abatement system to allow processing of mercury bearing ores. On May 31, 2023, the Company obtained an updated Environmental Impact Assessment for the operation and the Company resumed full operations in June 2023.

For information on royalties payable in respect of the Öksüt Mine, see “Taxes and Royalties” below.

History

The Öksüt Mine was discovered by Stratex International Plc (“Stratex”) in early 2007. Reconnaissance rock chip sampling returned up to 0.113 g/t Au from silica ledges within altered andesitic volcanic rocks at what is now the Güneytepe Deposit. In late 2007, Stratex made applications for tenements to cover the property and obtained a total of nine contiguous exploration licences covering an area of 111.6 km².

In 2009, Stratex and Teck Resources Limited (“Teck”) agreed that Teck would relinquish its rights under a 2004 strategic alliance agreement to acquire interests in projects owned by Stratex. In exchange, Teck received shares of Stratex and a sliding scale royalty on, among others, the Öksüt Mine. The royalty held by Teck was subsequently acquired by Centerra and cancelled in March 2016.

Centerra and Stratex formed a joint venture in 2009, to explore the project. Centerra earned an initial 50% equity in the project by advancing $3M to the joint venture through October 2011 and acquired an additional 20% interest in the project in October of 2012 with an additional contribution of $3M, which brought its equity interest to 70%. In January 2013, Centerra purchased Stratex’s remaining 30% to own 100% of the Öksüt Mine in exchange for a cash payment of $20M and a 1% NSR royalty up to a maximum of $20M. Centerra acquired and cancelled the 1% NSR royalty held by Stratex in December 2015.

Centerra published the first mineral resource estimate on the project in February 2013 (with an effective date of December 31, 2012) and on February 19, 2014, Centerra announced the results of a preliminary economic assessment on the project. An updated mineral resource estimate was published in February 2015 (with an effective date of December 31, 2014) and on July 28, 2015, Centerra announced the positive feasibility study results on the project and a development decision to proceed with construction.

In January 2018, the Company received the final permits required for the construction of the Öksüt Mine and, in late March 2018, construction activities commenced.

The Öksüt Mine achieved first gold pour on January 31, 2020, and achieved commercial production as of May 31, 2020.

In early March 2022, the Öksüt Mine suspended gold doré bar production at the Öksüt Mine when mercury was detected in the gold room at the ADR plant and subsequently suspended heap leaching operations in August 2022. In early 2023 the Company completed construction and commissioning of a mercury abatement system to allow processing of mercury-bearing ores in the gold room at the Öksüt Mine’s ADR plant. In February and March 2023, the ADR plant underwent inspection and testing by the Ministry of Environment and the Ministry of Labour and Social Security. Following the completion and commissioning of the mercury abatement system and approval of an amended EIA by the Ministry of Environment, full operations resumed at the Öksüt Mine on June 5, 2023.

Geological Setting, Mineralization and Deposit Types

The Öksüt Mine is a high-sulphidation epithermal gold deposit within the Central Anatolian Volcanic Province, and part of the Tethyan Metallogenic Belt. The belt extends from southeastern Europe across Türkiye, the Caucasus, and on into Pakistan and contains a number of important gold and porphyry copper deposits. Magmatic activity and related ore forming processes are the result of the closure of the Tethyan Ocean in response to the collision between the north-moving Arabian Plate with the Eurasian Plate that began in the late Cretaceous period and continues today.

The Öksüt Mine gold mineralization is hosted within the Develidağ Volcanic Complex, one of the numerous stratovolcanoes situated along the Central Anatolian Fault Zone. The volcanic complex is composed of Miocene basaltic-andesitic volcanic domes, pyroclastic rocks, and lava flows. Flow-banded Pliocene andesite overlies these sequences and the Öksüt Mine mineralization to the north and east.

There are several gold occurrences in the Öksüt Mine area, the most important of which is the Keltepe Deposit. The distribution of the alteration assemblages and the gold grades at the Keltepe Deposit are strongly zoned, with a central massive silica breccia having the highest gold grade. This core is surrounded by quartz-alunite altered volcanic rocks, and as the alteration intensity diminishes outwardly, the gold grade decreases.

The Keltepe Deposit has been oxidized to a depth of up to 400 metres below the surface. The original copper content of the deposit has been completely leached out of the current resources; however, zones of oxide copper enrichment are found deeper within the deposit, below the planned open pit. An irregular zone of supergene enrichment exists below the oxide zone, with some high-grade sulphide copper intersections. It is surmised that the oxidation of the deposit has liberated the gold allowing heap leaching at a relatively coarse crush size.

The nearby Güneytepe Deposit is significantly smaller and does not show the more straightforward zonation and continuity of alteration and gold grades as observed on the Keltepe Deposit. Silicification is intense, however, the host rocks are much less porous than those at Keltepe, hence, oxidation is restricted to the upper 50 metres to 75 metres of this deposit.

Keltepe Deposit

The Keltepe Deposit is elongated NNW-SSE and is approximately 600 metres long and 350 metres wide with a minimum known vertical extent of 450 metres. Two principal rock types are present: a texturally diverse variety of polymictic breccias and a texturally uniform porphyritic andesite.

The Keltepe Deposit is strongly oxidized to a maximum known depth of up to 400 metres below surface. This unusually deep oxidation is attributed to the porous and permeable nature of the siliceous and quartz-alunite altered breccias and to the presence of a deep groundwater table controlled by the NNW-SSE and NE-SW trending fault zones that drain outwards from the topographic high beneath which the Keltepe Deposit is located.

Oxidation is not uniformly complete throughout the deposit, with patches of less oxidized or unoxidized rock enclosed by fully oxidized rocks.

Gold mineralization is believed to occur as finely disseminated particles as it was not identified during scanning electron microscope analysis. This has been confirmed by a gold deportment study that shows that the major gold mineral identified at Keltepe is native gold with an average fineness of 6.9 μm. This study also indicates that the host minerals for the gold in the sample studied are mainly quartz and other silicates and iron oxide, with minor (2% to 10%) rutile-silicate complexes and trace associations with pyrite.

Güneytepe Deposit

The Güneytepe Deposit is located approximately 600 metres to the south-southeast of the Keltepe Deposit. Gold mineralization primarily occurs along NW-SE and NE-SW trending ledges of two compositions: (1) massive to vuggy residual quartz with associated silicification, and (2) quartz-alunite plus quartz-kaolinite alteration. The location of the ledges is controlled by the intersection of NW-SE and NE-SW trending structures.

As observed at the Keltepe Deposit, gold mineralization at the Güneytepe Deposit is also considered to be controlled by NW-SE and NE-SW trending faults. The deposit is bounded to the north and south by two NE-SW trending fault zones, which confine the gold mineralization into a NE-SW trending corridor.

Oxidation in the ledges rarely exceeds 150 metres in depth and averages approximately 50 metres to 75 metres. Oxidation appears to be deeper in the massive to vuggy quartz and quartz-alunite zones as compared to those composed mainly of quartz-kaolinite.

Gold mineralization at Güneytepe is more variable than at Keltepe in both grade and lateral/vertical distribution. Higher sulphur contents are also recorded in the oxide zone due to sulphides, mostly pyrite, being encapsulated within massive silica and also in patchy silica altered rocks.

Exploration and Drilling; Development and Production

Gold mineralization was discovered at Öksüt in 2007 by Stratex. Prior to this, there is no record of any modern exploration for gold being conducted on the property. Exploration activities had been performed by Stratex staff from 2007 to 2012 (with technical guidance from Centerra from 2009 to 2012) and by OMAS staff from 2013 onwards.

The initial drilling was limited to the area of Güneytepe where surface sampling had produced the best results. This program intersected gold mineralization starting at the surface and extending up to 70 metres below the surface.

After signing the joint venture agreement with Centerra in 2009, Stratex performed further geological mapping, geochemical sampling, ground geophysics, and trenching. The 2010 drill program confirmed the presence of gold mineralization at Keltepe. The majority of drilling and exploration activities since 2010 have focused on delineating the extents of mineralization at Güneytepe and Keltepe as well as defining additional targets with mineralization potential.

The Öksüt Mine includes several other exploration targets in addition to the Keltepe and Güneytepe Deposits. All of these (Keltepe N, Keltepe NW, Keltepe NNW, Yelibelen, Büyüktepe, Boztepe, Boztepe W, Keltepe E, and Tombak) have received exploratory work since 2008. Except for Keltepe E (waste rock dump area), where condemnation drilling was completed during the feasibility study, exploration for new mineralization at other prospects has been continuing. Drilling programs to date have expanded mineral resources at both Keltepe and Güneytepe. In recent years, more drilling has been undertaken to target oxide gold potential around the known deposits. In 2024, approximately 300 metres of core drilling to test for a potential deep porphyry target beneath the Güneytepe pit was carried out. Despite intercepting zones of sericite and potassic alteration, characteristic of porphyry deposits, no significant copper grade values were obtained. The exploration for deep porphyry deposits was initiated based on historical holes confirming the presence of potassic alteration related to porphyry intrusive on the Öksüt license.

In total, there has been over 198,710 metres of drilling at the Öksüt Mine in 806 holes, the vast majority of which was diamond drilling. Just over 178,230 metres of core samples from 766 diamond holes have been obtained to date.

For production information for the Öksüt Mine in 2024, see “2024 and 2023 Production and Revenue”.

Sample Preparation, Analysis and Data Verification

From 2007 to 2012, samples from the Öksüt Mine were sent to ALS Chemex in Izmir, Türkiye with the actual analyses conducted in the ALS Chemex facility in Vancouver, Canada or Roşia Montanӑ, Romania and finally, in Izmir. From September 2012 onwards, preparation and analysis of samples were carried out by SGS Ankara, Türkiye. Gold was assayed using standard 50 gram fire assay with an atomic absorption (AA) finish, and other elements were determined by multi-acid digestion and inductively coupled plasma (ICP) finish. Both laboratories are independent ISO 9001:2008 registered external commercial assay laboratories.

Until early 2013, quality control measures consisted of the routine insertion of prepared standards, blanks and duplicate samples at a rate of three standards, one blank and one duplicate per 100 samples. From 2013, the insertion rates one standard per 30 samples and one blank and one duplicate per 50 samples. In addition, routine duplicate assays of pulps were undertaken as part of laboratory QC protocols.

A protocol was initiated in 2012 to send 5% of all assayed sample pulps to a second laboratory for analysis. Acme Labs (now Bureau Veritas), Ankara, Türkiye, was selected to provide external check assays.

In May 2013, an audit of the SGS Ankara laboratory and QAQC procedures was conducted by Lynda Bloom of Analytical Solutions Laboratory (“ASL”). Based on the review of QC data and a site visit to the Öksüt Mine, ASL considered that “there is no evidence of bias within the current database (as at May 2013) which would materially impact a mineral resource estimate”. Drill samples continued to be dispatched to SGS in Ankara during 2014, and then again for 2018, 2019, 2021 and 2022. During 2015, 2017 and 2020, drill samples were dispatched to ASL in Izmir. During 2022 and 2023, the same QAQC procedures were followed as described in the 2012 protocol. In 2022, 5% of the assays that had a direct impact on mineral resource and mineral reserve estimations were dispatched to the ASL lab as check assays. No check assays work was carried out in 2023 or 2024.

Öksüt Mine Mineral Reserves and Mineral Resource Estimates

For information on the Öksüt Mine mineral reserves and mineral resources, see “Mineral Reserves and Resources” starting on page 18.

Mineral Processing and Metallurgical Testing

Metallurgical testing has focused on supporting the development of the Öksüt Mine as a heap leach operation. Testing focused on gold recovery at coarse particle sizes. Metallurgical testing was initiated in 2012 using samples from existing exploration diamond drill holes. A second program, completed in 2012, utilized samples from a single large diameter hole to provide the bulk of the sample for this program. The second program included the first column leach tests. In 2013, four large diameter drill holes were drilled (three in the Keltepe Deposit and one in the Güneytepe Deposit) to provide samples for two large scale column leach test programs. A mineralogy program was also completed on the samples from this program. In 2014, a further five large diameter drill holes (one in the Güneytepe Deposit and four in the Keltepe Deposit) were completed to provide samples for additional large-scale column leach tests and further mineralogical analysis. Additional series of column leach tests were completed in 2014, 2018 and 2019. The column leach tests were performed for each deposit and for each main ore alteration type.

The results from all programs showed that samples from the Öksüt Mine are amenable to heap leach processing. Leach rates are relatively fast with comparatively high final recoveries. Size by size analysis of the column leach test feed and tails samples showed gold evenly distributed among the size classes, roughly following the mass splits.

Since the Keltepe Deposit contains approximately 90% of the contained gold for the Öksüt Mine, the leach characteristics for the Keltepe Deposit will predominate. Güneytepe Deposit leach characteristics are expected to be as good as or better than Keltepe Deposit and are not anticipated to present any issues based on column leach testing to-date.

Since late 2019 and early 2020, we observed finer feed particle size with a slightly larger fines fraction than originally expected with ongoing occurrence of clay in the ore. Compacted permeability and bulk mineralogy test work was completed by Kappes, Cassiday & Associates and a review of heap performance and associated gold recovery were performed. No significant impacts were identified to performance or recovery. We will continue to monitor operation ore feed properties and any potential impact (if any) on performance.

Mining Operations

Mining

The Öksüt Mine is a conventional truck and excavator open pit mine. Material is drilled and blasted, before being loaded and hauled to the waste dump, crusher, or the various ore stockpiles depending on the most profitable way to process the material. The two pits of the Öksüt Mine are mined simultaneously – the main Keltepe pit (mining started August 16, 2019) and the small satellite Güneytepe pit (mining started September 3, 2019). The Keltepe pit is being developed in six cutbacks to smooth stripping requirements and mine higher grade material earlier in the mine life. The smaller Güneytepe pit is being developed in two cutbacks. Öksüt Mine is using a mining contractor to do all mining using small excavators and 40 tonne trucks. The use of this equipment among mining contractors is common in Türkiye. The mining contractor provides and maintains all equipment, and performs drill, blast, load, haul, and road and dump maintenance on a unit cost basis. OMAS provides oversight of the mining operations, grade control, survey control, mine planning, and other required technical services.

Processing

The flowsheet for the Öksüt Mine is based on an 11,000 tpd heap leach operation. It includes primary crushing, screening and secondary crushing, heap stacking and cyanide leaching, carbon adsorption, carbon stripping and regeneration, electrowinning and refining.

Run-of-mine ore is delivered by 40 tonne haul trucks to the primary crusher. The ore is dumped on the stationary grizzly installed over the truck dump hopper. Oversize rocks are handled by a rock breaker. The ore is withdrawn from the dump hopper via an apron feeder. The feed is delivered to the jaw crusher via a scalper. Scalper oversize feeds the 1.5 metre x 2.0 metre jaw crusher that reduces the rock size to minus 150 millimetre prior to being conveyed by a 1.4 metre wide x 95.5 metre long belt conveyor to the secondary crushing circuit, along with the scalper undersize. A self-cleaning belt magnet has been installed over the conveyor belt feeding the secondary crusher building. A metal detector installed after the belt magnet identifies any remaining piece of metal and the conveyor can be stopped to allow manual removal by an operator.

The product from the primary crushing circuit feeds a 2.4 metre wide x 6.1 metre long double-deck screen. The screen oversize will feed a 600 kW cone crusher while the screen undersize reports with the cone crusher product and is transported by a 1.1 metre wide x 50.7 metre long belt conveyor to a radial stacker after quicklime has been added to the crushing circuit product. A 10,000 t capacity stockpile is able to be formed by the 1.1 metre wide x 39 metre long stacker installation.

The crushed ore is trucked from the crushing facility to the heap leach pad. The leach pad is being developed in three phases and is designed to accommodate up to 40 Mt crushed ore.

The heap is irrigated with a diluted cyanide solution recirculated from the ADR plant, via a network of piping covering the surface area under leach. The barren leach solution is pumped from the barren tank at the ADR plant to the area under heap leach. The cyanide concentration of the barren solution is adjusted prior to pumping, and the pH is controlled so that HCN gas formation is inhibited. The solution is filtered to remove carbon fines prior to distribution over the area under leach to minimize emitter plugging. It is pumped by means of three centrifugal pumps installed in series. The first pump covers operation for the first three years of operation, which is the end of Phase 1, while the second pump will be required from year four onwards. The third pump is a spare.

The irrigation distribution piping consists of a 300 millimetre diameter main header made of carbon steel from the barren pumps discharge to the heap perimeter followed by high-density polyethylene (“HDPE”) ending at the ore panels to be irrigated. Drip emitters are used to provide irrigation. A typical panel piping arrangement includes a 300 millimetre diameter HDPE header starting from the main header and running for 190 metres along the 250 metre side of the panel while four lateral pipes spaced at every 62.5 metres branch from the header. Each lateral pipe includes a 150 millimetre butterfly valve, a pressure gauge, and 75 metres of a 150 millimetre diameter HDPE pipe followed by 75 metres of a 100 mm diameter HDPE pipe. Emitter lines branch at every 500 millimetres on the pipes and emitters are spaced at every 762 millimetres on the emitter lines.

The pregnant leach solution flows by gravity through a network of collection pipes at the base of the heap to the pregnant leach solution pond prior to being pumped to the ADR plant for precious metals recovery.

Infrastructure, Permitting and Compliance Activities

Infrastructure

The infrastructure at the Öksüt Mine includes a processing building which includes a primary and secondary crusher buildings, crushing area electrical room and the ADR plant; support and administration buildings including a laboratory and cyanide storage; a heap leach pad; and a waste rock dump. There are no tailings generated from the Öksüt Mine. Power to the site is supplied from a 31.5 kV electrical network through a dedicated 28.5 kilometre overhead line coming from the Sendrimeke substation.

Environmental Matters

The Öksüt Mine operates an environmental and social management system (“ESMP”) and prepared health, safety, environmental and social management plans and procedures based on Turkish legislation and Centerra standards and commitments. The ESMP and the related plans and procedures align with the European Bank Resource Development and IFC (Equator Principles) environmental and sustainability performance standards. OMAS has been conducting several years of biodiversity studies with international and local experts. Key biodiversity activities to date included an ornithological survey; flora and habitat surveys; construction of a plant nursery; critical species salvaging and seed collection; definition of conservation areas within the mine site; and delivery of the collected seeds to a designated seed bank.

Cyanide is used to recover gold from ore and is an essential part of our Öksüt Mine operations. The Öksüt Mine obtained certification under the International Cyanide Management Code in January 2024.

Decommissioning and Reclamation

Mine closure and rehabilitation in Türkiye is regulated through the Turkish Regulation on Reclamation of Mine Sites. The regulation requires preparation of a mine closure report as part of the EIA permit. An update of the Öksüt Mine conceptual closure plan was prepared in 2023 using a systematic approach to accurately estimate the LOM and asset retirement obligation closure costs. A conceptual closure plan was submitted as part of the approved EIA received on May 31, 2023. The Öksüt Mine’s asset retirement obligation (“ARO”) Standardized Reclamation Cost Estimator studies were updated in 2023 and 2024.

Processing and Recovery Operations

For “Processing and Recovery Operations”, see “Mining Operations – Processing” above.

Capital and Operating Costs

Actual results for 2023 and 2024, and guidance for 2025 production, operating costs, and capital are depicted below.

Notes:

Taxes and Royalties

Taxes

In 2021, Türkiye increased corporate tax rates from 20% to 25% for 2021, to 23% for 2022, with a planned reduction to 20% for 2023. In 2023, the corporate income tax rate for companies other than those in the financial sector was increased from 20% to 25%. However, Investment Incentive Certificates are available to provide reduced corporate tax rates for profits derived from investments made in Türkiye to promote economic development. In February 2018 (amended in October 2018 and further amended in November 2022), we obtained an Investment Incentive Certificate for the Öksüt Mine, which makes the project eligible for various benefits, including a reduction of corporate income tax rate (by way of income tax credits), VAT exemptions, and customs duty exemptions. Our current certificate is valid through mid-2025. We have currently utilized the total amount specified in the certificate and are in discussions with the authorities to update and extend the certificate with additional investments which is expected to be received in mid-2025.

Royalties

The Öksüt Mine’s operations are subject to a Turkish Government State royalty, which is a sliding scale royalty, applicable to gold and other metals. The royalty rates for gold were increased in 2020. Turkish Mining Law provides a reduction of 40% of the royalty amount payable for gold processed at refining facilities within Türkiye, which is the case for the Öksüt Mine.

The Turkish Government State royalty is dependent on the price of gold, as follows:

3.2         Molybdenum Business Unit

Thompson Creek Mine

	Quick Facts   The Thompson Creek Mine is a primary, surface molybdenum mine and mill located approximately 48 kilometres southwest of the town of Challis in Idaho’s Custer County.   The mine, which began operations in 1983, has significant existing infrastructure, including a fleet of mobile equipment, a processing facility, and waste and tailings storage facilities with additional available capacity.   In September 2024 Centerra announced the restart of operations at the Thompson Creek Mine, with first production targeted for the second half of 2027.
Location	Idaho, United States
Ownership	100%
Business structure	Our wholly-owned, indirect subsidiary, Thompson Creek Mining Co., is the holder of the rights to mining and exploration for the Thompson Creek Mine.
Estimated Mineral Reserves (as at December 31, 2024)	161 M lbs of contained molybdenum (proven and probable) average grade – 0.065 %Mo tonnage – 112,989 kt
Estimated Mineral Resources (as at December 31, 2024)   Mineral resources are exclusive of reserves. Mineral resources do not have demonstrated economic viability.	63 M lbs of contained molybdenum (measured and indicated) average grade – 0.057 %Mo tonnage – 50,187 kt
Inferred mineral resources have a great amount of uncertainty as to their existence, continuity, and grade, and as to whether they can be mined economically. There is no certainty that all or part of the inferred resources will ever be upgraded to a higher category or converted into mineral reserves.	17 M lbs of contained molybdenum (inferred) average grade – 0.072 %Mo tonnage – 10,523 kt
Processing Method	Crushing, grinding, flotation
Estimated Mine Life	12 years
Employees	155

Technical Report

The TCM Technical Report, with an effective date of September 1, 2024, was filed on September 27, 2024, on www.sedarplus.com. It is recommended that you read the TCM Technical Report in its entirety for additional details relating to the Thompson Creek Mine. Defined terms and abbreviations used in this section and not otherwise defined have the meanings attributed to them in the TCM Technical Report.

Project Description, Location, Access and History

The Thompson Creek Mine is an open pit molybdenum mine and concentrator located in Custer County in central Idaho, approximately 22 miles southwest of the town of Challis and approximately 9 miles northwest of the town of Clayton. The property is easily accessible year-round either from Idaho Falls or Boise, both cities within driving distance to the project that are serviced by national and international flights. The operation consists of an open pit mine, ore crusher, overland conveyer system, concentrator, and tailings storage facility (TSF) including the containment dam. Associated infrastructure includes water pumping systems, electrical transmission lines, support facilities (offices, maintenance shops and warehouse), and access roads.

Open pit mining commenced in 1983 and was conducted in several phases, culminating with Phase VII in 2014. The mine was placed on care and maintenance in December 2014, and the open pit was allowed to flood. Care and maintenance has been continuous until September 2024.

The infrastructure at the Thompson Creek Mine includes:

Electric power is provided to the site by Bonneville Power Administration through a 24.7-mile, 230 kV power line. There is an ample supply of water to support mining processes.

TCM presently controls a block of contiguous mineral claims that include patented lode claims, placer claims, and mill site claims comprising about 35 square miles of land, or about 22,500 acres. Specifically, the tenement consists of 1,631 patented and unpatented mineral and mill site claims including placer and lode claims. Ongoing obligations are made to maintain these titles. Local taxes levied on the mine and mill site are also current. Under United States law, title to these mineral claims does not expire as long as an annual payment is made for each mineral claim. TCM reports that all fees for mineral claims are current. Maintenance buildings are located on private land. Approximately 40% of the claims are on lands of the Challis National Forest, with the remaining 60% located on lands of the BLM. There are no royalties or streaming agreements associated with the Thompson Creek Mine.

Geological Setting, Mineralization and Deposit Types

The Thompson Creek Mine porphyry molybdenum deposit occurs near the suture of the late Cretaceous Idaho Batholith in the west and complexly folded Paleozoic metasedimentary rocks interpreted to have accumulated in a back-arc environment in the east.

The Idaho Batholith is a multi-phase granitic to granodioritic intrusion with an age range of 65 to 100 million years (Ma). The intrusive phases are thought to have been generated by the subduction of the Pacific Farallon plate under the North American plate. In western Idaho, the batholith is separated by outcrops of older metasedimentary rocks.

East of the Thompson Creek Mine, the terrain is dominated by a complexly deformed back-arc sequence of Paleozoic metasedimentary rocks. Although these rocks are poorly mapped, they may represent transitional and allochthonous portions of a Palaeozoic miogeosynclinal-eugeosynclinal wedge.

Large areas of both geologic provinces are unconformably overlain by thick Eocene volcanic rocks of the Challis Formation that has been dated to 41–51 Ma. The hot spring waters that flow into the Salmon River in the district are relics of these volcanic events. The Challis Formation was emplaced post mineralization and can reach thicknesses of approximately 1,000 feet locally.

The primary host for the molybdenite mineralization at the Thompson Creek Mine is the Thompson Creek intrusive complex, composed of a granodiorite-quartz monzonite stock of Cretaceous age that has been dated at 88 Ma. The stock was intruded into carbonaceous argillite of the Mississippian Copper Basin Formation. Both the intrusive rocks and metasedimentary units are overlain by the Eocene-age Challis Volcanics. The volcanic composition ranges from andesite to rhyodacite tuffs, flows, and agglomerates. The volcanic rocks filled paleo-valleys in the area and can be up to 1,000 feet (305 metres) thick.

The quartz monzonite is equigranular with no obvious porphyritic phase or other direct evidence of a highly differentiated system. However, Schmidt et al. (1982) describe a multi-phase intrusive system with an outer zone of biotite granodiorite enclosing an inner zone of biotite quartz monzonite. The inner, deeper, and presumably younger quartz monzonite phase is lower in biotite but higher in potassic feldspar and contains monazite. The molybdenum mineralization has been interpreted to be related to this phase. Schmidt et al. (1982) also mention granite porphyry dikes lower in the system. At the contact of the intrusion, the argillite has been metamorphosed to hornfels and tactites. The metasedimentary host unit is locally mineralized.

Alteration of the intrusive rocks is characterized by pyrite, quartz, and sericite, primarily in veins at shallow depths. This alteration style has been mostly mined out. The dominant alteration at depth comprises coarse biotite, locally intergrown with molybdenite in quartz veins. Potassic feldspar is common in the biotitic veins, and disseminated potassic feldspar occurs in the younger intrusive at depth.

There are two major structural features associated with the Thompson Creek deposit:

The Unnamed Fault separates the deposit into northwest and southeast portions. There is evidence that the southeast portion may be down-dropped relative to the northwest portions.

Mineralization is restricted almost exclusively to the granodiorite/quartz monzonite intrusion discussed above. The long axis of the largely eliptical deposit is oriented in a northwesterly direction with a plunge of about 30 degrees. The approximate dimensions of the deposit are 6,000 feet long by 2,500 feet wide by 2,500 feet deep.

The molybdenum mineralization occurs as a series of crosscutting quartz-molybdenite-pyrite veinlets, stringer zones, and rare coarse disseminations. The dominant vein set strikes at 300–320° and dips at 30–85° northeast, parallel to the long dimension of the intrusive body, implying that the same or a similar stress field played a role in controlling both the intrusion of the igneous rocks and opening the space occupied by the veining.

Over the life of the mine to date, the molybdenum grade mined has averaged approximately 0.083% Mo.

The Thompson Creek Mine deposit is a porphyry molybdenum deposit which are a substantial resource for molybdenum metal. The deposits contain low-grade mineralization (typically 0.03–0.22% Mo) as molybdenite, but are large, which makes them amenable to bulk mining open-pit techniques.

Porphyry molybdenum deposits are broadly categorized into two types: 1) alkali-feldspar rhyolite-granite (Climax-type) porphyry molybdenum deposits; and 2) arc-related (Endako-type) porphyry molybdenum deposits. The Thompson Creek Mine deposit is of the Endako-type.

The Endako-type deposits are associated with subduction related processes, whereas the Climax-type deposits are generally rift-related. Other Endako-type deposits proximal to Thompson Creek Mine include White Cloud, Idaho and Cannivan Gulch, Montana. Of the more than 50 molybdenum occurrences in Idaho and Montana, only the Thompson Creek Mine deposit has had substantial production. Other productive deposits are spread across the western cordillera of Canada, notably the Endako, Kitsault, and Boss Mountain deposits in British Columbia.

The formation of porphyry molybdenum deposits typically occurs within a continental arc environment related to arc-continent or continent-continent collision and subduction. These arc-related porphyry molybdenum deposits are generally hosted by granodiorite to quartz monzonite intrusions. Secondary potassic alteration (biotite-feldspar) is common. Alteration is usually zoned from a core of potassic plus/minus silicic alteration outwards through phyllic to propylitic alteration.

The mineralization is generally associated with molybdenite-bearing quartz veinlets in the form of stockwork. Molybdenum is the sole product of the Thompson Creek Mine deposit, with the mineralization generally accompanied by less than 100 ppm Cu. Compared to other types of porphyry deposits, there is a distinctive overall lack of copper and tin enrichment in the mineralized system; hence, these are not considered to be economically recoverable metals.

Exploration and Drilling; Development and Production

The property has been subjected to numerous exploration drilling campaigns by various owners since the 1970s. Of the total of 429,391 feet of drilling (436 holes), TCM drilling programs have recovered 115,158 feet of core from 129 holes. No current mineral exploration has been conducted by Centerra.

Early in 2023, Centerra commenced a geotechnical drill program in support of a study to restart mining activities, which would entail additional pushbacks of the pit walls. The drill program comprised 18 core holes (14,600 feet/4,450 metres). Most of the holes targeted the north and northeast pit walls close to the crest. Holes were drilled using HQ-sized equipment with the possibility of reducing to NQ in case of challenging ground conditions. Select holes penetrated the known mineralization at depth prompting the logging and select sampling of the core in question.

TCM has evaluated an optimized mine plan to restart the mine and continue development of the open pit. Approximately 28,500 tons per day of ore would be processed through the existing, refurbished processing facilities.

Material mined from the Thompson Creek Mine open pit will be processed on site using the existing crushing circuit, mill, and concentrator. Molybdenite concentrate and high-performance molybdenum (HPM) products will be produced and shipped by truck, either directly to customers or to the Langeloth Metallurgical Facility. In the event that molybdenite concentrate and/or HPM products are shipped to the Langeloth Metallurgical Facility, the molybdenite concentrate will be processed to make molybdenum trioxide (MoO3) and other products for sale to various customers.

Sampling, Analysis, and Data Verification

Knowledge regarding sample preparation, assaying, and sample security during the exploration and development phases of the Thompson Creek Mine deposit by Cyprus (1968 through 1981) is based on historical reports from Cyprus and The Winters Company. The Winters Company completed numerous checks and reviews of the pre-2000 drillhole database as part of contracted work for TCM in 2000.

The following presents a summary of the procedures that were utilized by Cyprus for most of their exploration programs:

The Cyprus data were collected prior to the more rigorous quality assurance and quality control (QAQC) practices of today. Cyprus did a certain amount of check assaying between different laboratories and was able to make various comparisons between drillhole samples and bulk samples collected from underground developments driven into the orebody. Despite the lack of robust analytical quality control data support of assay data, the mine has produced a significant amount of molybdenum. Since 1998, the mill processed approximately 123 million tons (111.8 million tonnes) of ore, producing approximately 247 million pounds (112,000 tonnes) of molybdenum. Throughout most of the mine life, the long-range geological model was based primarily on the Cyprus drillhole data, and it correlated adequately within the expected variance from production data for tons and grade. This fact suggests that the historical data are generally reliable, and that they can be used for mineral resource estimation purposes.

For most of the post-Cyprus drilling campaigns completed during the years 1997 to 1999 and 2007 to 2009, sample preparation and assaying was completed at the Thompson Creek Mine laboratory. That lab did not obtain ISO certification. However, the laboratory operates to industry standards and serves several third-party clients that trust the laboratory’s data quality. Assays from drill programs since 1997 include molybdenum, lead, iron, uranium, and sulfur. Analyses for the latter elements were obtained to ensure the quality of the molybdenum concentrate and not for potential metal recovery.

The sample protocols at the Thompon Creek Mine laboratory were:

The blast-hole data were also assayed onsite at the Thompson Creek Mine laboratory. Samples were assayed for molybdenum and lead, and every fifth sample was analyzed for iron if the molybdenum grade was above the cut-off of 0.030% Mo. Waste samples were assayed for sulfur, and every fifth sample was assayed for molybdenum. Blast-hole data have been lost and thus were not available for review.

According to Thompson Creek Mine staff, the core and reverse circulation samples were assayed for molybdenum, copper, lead, and iron at the Thompson Creek Mine laboratory. The Thompson Creek Mine geologic staff did not submit standard reference materials (SRMs) at source; however, the Thompson Creek Mine lab introduced their own SRMs according to their standard protocols. The TCM laboratory also inserted blank material in assay batches as part of their internal QAQC.

After the assays for the 2007 drilling program were completed, the Thompson Creek Mine sent 138 pulps to the Skyline laboratory located in Tucson, Arizona, to be assayed for molybdenum. The samples were selected based on initial waste, low-grade, and high-grade molybdenum values. These samples represented a frequency rate of about one check assay per 12 original samples.

In addition to the external laboratory checks discussed above, the Thompson Creek Mine collected duplicate samples from their 2007 core and reverse circulation drilling campaigns. The mean grades for the first and second duplicates vary between +3% and -8% from the original or initial sample grades.

Analytical QAQC procedures for the 2008, 2009, and 2010 drilling campaigns were restricted to the Thompson Creek Mine onsite lab protocols. The mine prepared SRMs from blast-hole cuttings. These SRMs have an expected grade of approximately 0.074% Mo with two standard deviations ranging between 0.068% and 0.080% Mo. The most recent standard, known as “QC#9”, was routinely inserted into the atomic absorption instrument at a frequency of one standard for every five samples after the machine was calibrated with a blank. In-house SRM is considered acceptable in this case, considering the lack of commercially available material. No assay certificates are available for post-2009 drilling.

Based on the above discussion, the Thompson Creek Mine drillhole data are considered representative of the molybdenum mineralization at Thompson Creek and thus are suitable for the purpose of Mineral Resource estimation. The TCM has had extended periods of production with favorable reconciliation history of prior resource models and production results.

The prior QPs, Marek and Lechner (2011), had a long working relationship with the Thompson Creek Mine. In 1997 and 2000, numerous checks were made between the electronic drillhole database and the Cyprus drillhole assay logs, downhole survey logs and lithologic logs. In general, the electronic database was accurate with few errors. It is noted that the Thompson Creek Mine had been operating for over 15 years at the time those data verifications were made and that the Thompson Creek Mine typically experienced excellent reconciliation results.

Since acquiring the property in late 1993, Thompson Creek Mining Company LLC and later Thompson Creek Metals Company Inc. (2006) have drilled approximately 129 drillholes totaling around 115,258 feet (35,130 metres). Most of this footage was drilled as infill data for mine planning purposes and the rest was for geotechnical and dewatering purposes.

The QP responsible for this in the TCM Technical Report did perform basic data validation on the 10 holes completed in the post-2009 drillhole campaigns. Those validations were based on comparing the new drillhole results to surrounding holes and where available, reviewing various QAQC results.

The same drillhole database (with the inclusion of the post-2009 drillhole data) and long-range block model that were the basis of the last Technical Report (Marek and Lechner, 2011) have been used for the TCM Technical Report. The Thompson Creek Mine used the June 2010 block model until the mine closed in late 2014 due to low metal prices.

Mineral Processing and Metallurgical Testing

The Thompson Creek Mine and mill operated from 1983 through to 2014, during which period metallurgical characteristics and operational processes of the ore were well established. The ore is processed through a gyratory crusher, a SAG-ball mill (SAB) circuit, and combined with rougher and cleaner flotation plant, to produce molybdenum-rich concentrates. The mine and concentrator were placed on care and maintenance in December 2014 when the mining and processing of Phase VII ore was completed.

Metallurgical Testing:

The ore to be processed at the Thompson Creek Mine will be from the same mineral deposit as previously mined, extracting ore from the existing pit (walls and floor). The mineral processing characteristics are principally defined by the existing operating data; a metallurgical test program was conducted to confirm that the planned LOM ores would be similar in processing characteristics as established historically.

A metallurgical testwork program was carried out at Base Metallurgical Laboratories Ltd (BaseMetLab), located in Kamloops, British Columbia, Canada, from October 2023 to February 2024. The program consisted of comminution and flotation tests to characterize future ores, and also to confirm the similarities and identify differences, if any, between the restart LOM ore and historical production ore.

Four composite samples, each representing a three-year mining period (Year 1-3, Year 4-6, Year 7-9, and Year 10-EOM) were submitted for analysis. The composite samples were made up of drill core intervals from the prospective mine plan locations, principally along the existing pit wall and floor.

Based on the testwork results, the calculated specific grinding energies required to achieve the target grind (P80 212 μm), shown in the table below, for the LOM are within the operating Specific Energy range experienced previously by the mill, indicating test sample similarity to the historically processed ore from the perspective of hardness and comminution.

Calculated Specific Energy for LOM three-year composite samples

Rougher flotation tests were performed at a nominal primary grind size of 200 μm. All composite samples produced high rougher recoveries in the range of 94.3% to 97.0%.

Cleaner flotation tests were performed. High molybdenum recoveries were achieved in Sets 1 to 3, with a range of 88.9% to 94.8% and concentrate grades ranging from 52.3% to 59.3% Mo. Set 4, which corresponds to the previously noted high-sulfur metasediments lithology, exhibited weak metallurgical performance with much lower concentrate grades, ranging from 20.8% to 41.5% Mo.

The flotation testwork program also included a stage of rougher pyrite flotation to inform the design of a new pyrite removal circuit. The objective of the circuit was to produce a non-sulfide tailings grade not greater than 0.1% S. The Thompson Creek Mine’s historical pyrite removal circuit had been removed but will be replaced with the new circuit prior to the restart of operations.

A separate sample, identified as High Sulfur and corresponding to the metasedimentary rock formations, produced the weakest flotation response. Metasediments constitute only a small fraction of the ore, and the low flotation results for this rock type will not impact overall recoveries.

No testwork specific to concentrate dewatering (thickening, filtration, or drying) and acid leaching was completed. It is expected and assumed that the LOM ore will not present any issues in these unit operations, given its similarity to historical feed, and the performance and ability of the existing circuits to produce a clean, saleable concentrate.

Mineral Recovery Methods:

The Thompson Creek Mine has existing process plant facilities at the mine site which will be employed to treat remaining ores and produce high-grade molybdenum concentrate. Currently the plant is being refurbished as part of the restart.

Upon restart, the Thompson Creek Mine plant will process mineralized material from the same deposit as previously mined. Metallurgical testwork has confirmed recovery of molybdenum will be consistent with historical operations. Additional tests have defined the SG of the individual mineralized lithologies, enabling more accurate mass determinations and reconciliations.

A review of historical performance indicates the plant can run at a steady state throughput rate of 1,290 short tons per hour (st/h), an average daily rate of 28,500 st/d, and it has a demonstrated maximum capacity of 38,000 st/d.

The plant is expected to operate at 92% availability, recover between 85.3% and 92.5% of molybdenum contained in the ore and deliver concentrate at a molybdenum grade range of 52.3% to 59.3%.

Prior to full-scale production, a restart preparation period will be required to bring the concentrator from its current care and maintenance state to a fully operational state. Where necessary, new replacement equipment will be installed, or existing equipment and circuits will be refurbished prior to plant restart.

Processing operations at the Thompson Creek Mine began in 1983 and have since produced saleable high-grade molybdenum concentrates at recoveries of 90% Mo or better. The Thompson Creek Mine utilizes a conventional process flowsheet similar to other primary molybdenum producers.

Historical production of the Thompson Creek Mine processing plant is in the table below.

The Thompson Creek Mine processing plant throughput statistics

Based on the maximum daily throughput values tabled above, the mill has processed up to 38,000 st/d. For more sustained daily throughput, the median daily values indicate approximately 29,000 st/d, adequate for the planned average throughput rate of 28,500 st/d or 10.4 Mst/y. Based on the 2012 availability records, and planned refurbishments, it is expected that the Thompson Creek Mine concentrator will be able to achieve 92% availability.

A comprehensive inspection of the 60-inch x 89-inch, 600 hp gyratory crusher was completed in 2023, and a course of actions was recommended to upgrade the crusher for reliable and stable operation. These actions will be completed prior to restart. The gyratory crusher discharge apron feeder was visually inspected, and recommended actions for its refurbishment will also be taken during restart activities.

Crushed ore from the primary crusher is conveyed via two overland conveyors and deposited onto the coarse ore stockpile of five-day capacity upstream of the processing plant. Two process lines reclaim stockpiled ore into dedicated conveyors and SAG mills. Inspections in 2023 resulted in plans to replace idlers, scrapers, and the Conveyor 1 belt.

Each of the two grinding lines (of combined capacity of 1,290 st/h), comprise one 32-ft x 13-ft SAG mill with 8,000 hp installed power and one ball mill operating in closed circuit with two classifying hydrocyclone clusters. Inspections of the grinding circuit resulted in recommended refurbishment actions in advance of startup. New equipment installations include a cyclone pump-box, a particle size analyzer, and a new liner and lifter design for the SAG mills.

Two new banks of rougher flotation cells will be installed of the same specification previously employed. Molybdenum recovery of 94% is expected from the rougher circuit. Rougher tailings will pass through the pyrite removal flotation circuit prior to delivery to the TSF. Rougher concentrate will be reground in closed circuit with cyclones then routed through a first cleaner flotation circuit, then through a series of 60-inch diameter flotation columns for additional molybdenum recovery. The resultant concentrate is screened prior to thickening and delivery to the concentrate leaching process.

The leaching process further improves the grade and quality of the molybdenum concentrate by dissolving impurities such as copper and lead into the leachate at high temperature. The leached molybdenum concentrate is dewatered using filter presses. The filtered molybdenum concentrate cake is collected and conveyed to a Holoflite dryer to reduce the moisture content of the final product before packaging.

Plant services (such as compressed air, fire water, etc.) required for the restart of the process plant are all existing and are designed for the operation of the facilities at the nameplate production rate of 28,500 st/d. Further, certain plant facilities are certified and/or in current use, specifically around the HPM circuit. No significant changes are forecasted for the required capacities of existing utilities and services at site. Restart of the plant services will require servicing of existing equipment and/or replacement of damaged/inoperable equipment and wear parts.

Mineral Resource and Mineral Reserve Estimates

For information on the Thompson Creek Mine mineral reserves and mineral resources, see “Mineral Reserves and Resources” starting on page 18.

Infrastructure

Infrastructure to support the operation of the Thompson Creek Mine is in place and has been maintained during the care and maintenance period. Capital expenses are required for refurbishing components of the water management system.

Waste Rock Storage:

Two WRSFs exist at the Thompson Creek Mine. The Buckskin and Pat Hughes WRSFs are capable of accepting the expected 386 Mst of waste rock to be extracted in the Phase VIII Mine Plan. Plans are in place to cover the piles with non-acid generating (NAG) Type I rock to prevent acid rock drainage (ARD).

Tailings Storage

Mine tailings produced at the Thompson Creek Mine are stored in the Bruno Creek Tailings Impoundment, which commenced operations in August 1983. Containment of impounded tailings is provided by a cyclone sand dam, which is raised sequentially as a centerline structure. The original TSF design accommodated tailings produced during Phase I through Phase VI of the Mine Plan. Expansion designs have since been completed for Phase VII and Phase VIII. The Phase VIII design received regulatory approval and is intended to accommodate tailings produced during the remaining LOM. Expansion beyond the Phase VIII design would be challenging due to topographic constraints, particularly at the left abutment and along the left groin. Dam crest elevations in units of feet above sea level (ft-asl) and TSF capacities (including both the sand dam and impounded tailings) for different phases in the mine life are provided in the table below.

⁽¹⁾ The capacity for the remainder of Phase VIII corresponds to pre-reclamation conditions. Additional tailings will be used to help reach closure grades across the impoundment surface. The amount of additional tailings needed to reach closure grades is subject to adjustment but is currently estimated at 30 Mst based on the conceptual closure plan.

Continued raising of the sand dam after mill restart will require increased on-specification sand recovery from tailings cyclone operations to produce sufficient volumes of dam construction material.

At the start of the current temporary shutdown, there existed a sand deficit from previous operations, totaling approximately 7.5 Mst, which has left some areas lower in elevation and steeper than intended. To help recover from this shortfall, and to enable improved future operations, a fixed cyclone station was constructed above the right abutment of the sand dam in 2012. An assessment is currently underway to evaluate potential improvements to the existing cyclone and tailings distribution systems that would increase on-specification sand recovery and enable delivery of cyclone sand to locations downslope from the dam crest so that the existing deficit can be eliminated as quickly as feasible after mill restart.

The TSF has sufficient capacity to accept the deposition of 94 Mt of tailings to reach the ultimate design grades, plus additional capacity for excess tailings to help reach closure grades across the impoundment surface.

Water Management:

A site-wide water balance GoldSim model (WBM) was developed to inform LOM water management decision-making for specific phases of the project, including pit dewatering and operations. The WBM is informed by previous work conducted in support of the restart project and the Phase VIII Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) and is calibrated to site-specific monitoring data from operations as well as long-term regional climate and hydrometric datasets. The WBM integrates physical and catchment-scale processes for all mine facilities, including an open pit, two mine rock storage facilities, a TSF, mill, and associated water management and conveyance infrastructure.

Water discharges to receiving streams are constrained by site infrastructure capacity limitations and approved, flow-based, discharge permit limits specified by the Idaho Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (IPDES), which are built into the WBM logic. The WBM includes flow, precipitation, and evaporation inputs for a 23-year period of record and operates on a daily time step.

The WBM evaluated a range of project phases, including dewatering of the pit prior to milling and operations through the LOM once processing has commenced and after the pit has been dewatered. Following the end of mining operations, the time for the pit to flood was assessed.

The Base Case dewatering scenario demonstrated that the pit can be dewatered in approximately 3.3 years to 5.2 years (median result of 3.7 years) following the restart of milling. If the dewatering period coincides with successive wet years, additional discharge capacity may be required to dewater the pit to the current pit base (floor) ahead of advancing the south highwall below 6,360 ft-asl by 2032. The likelihood of this outcome is considered low because of the conservatism built into the WBM (i.e. overestimation of modelled pit inflows based on a comparison of simulated versus measured pit water levels).

The Base Case operations scenario outcomes identified additional mill make-up water demands consistent with historical operations (e.g. from the Salmon River). Noted model sensitivities to climate and modelled groundwater inflow rates identified potential surge storage demand which can be accommodated in the pit, consistent with historical operations.

Post-closure model simulations suggest the pit will require on the order of 60 years to fill to the final managed water elevation of 7,030 ft-asl. Additional recommendations pertaining to water quantity and water quality management as the project advances through detailed design are provided.

Environmental, Social and Permitting

The Thompson Creek Mine is located within the mountainous terrain of Custer County, south central Idaho, bounded by Thompson Creek to the west and south and Paasasikwana Naokwaide to the east. Steep mountainous terrain bounds the project area to the north and divides the Thompson and Paasasikwana Naokwaide drainages. Thompson and Paasasikwana Naokwaide flow into the Salmon River approximately 4 miles south of the project.

The site has undergone no significant change to the area of disturbance since 2015. A Modified Mine Plan of Operations consistent with the ROD (BLM, 2015) (MMPO), was accepted in early 2022 which detailed the Phase VIII operations: expansion of the open pit, and expansion of the WRSFs and TSF. The additional surface disturbance from Phase VIII will be on approximately 120 acres of TCM land, 200 acres of Bureau of Land Management (BLM) administered land, and 185 acres of United States Forest Service (USFS) land. The Phase VIII Reclamation Plan and Cost Estimate was accepted in May 2023, allowing initiation of Phase VIII early works activities in November 2023. In December 2023, the Thompson Creek Mine submitted a MMPO for the Thompson Creek Phase VIII Mine Plan of Operations to include additional acreage for the pit highwall layback. In July 2024 Thompson Creek Mine received approval for the pit highwall layback acreage subject to a minor update to the reclamation plan.

All required permits and authorization for the Thompson Creek Mine are currently in place to mine the Phase VIII Mine Plan, including closure plans and all necessary environmental compliance approvals. Since the receipt of approval for a MMPO in 2024, permits and authorizations include an additional pit highwall layback.

Site operations are overseen by four government agencies:

The Thompson Creek Mine operates under the following permits, licenses, and limits.

Impacted site water includes seepage from beneath the Pat Hughes and Buckskin WRSFs and tailings underdrain water. All the impacted water is pumped in existing pipelines to the existing water treatment plant via the Thompson Creek Pipeline/Cherry Creek pump station (for the Pat Hughes/Buckskin water) and the SRD pump station (for the tailings drain water). The treatment plant provides lime neutralization, clarification, and filtration at 8 μm prior to consumptive use at site (pump gland seal, heat exchange, milling/grinding, leach circuits, etc.). Impacted water in surplus to consumptive use is accumulated in the pit.

Solid waste is disposed at the Thompson Creek Mine landfill, which is permitted through the District Seven Health Department as a private disposal facility for solid waste generated at the mine and mill.

Since 1997, the Consolidated Environmental Monitoring Program has been in continuous operation incorporating monitoring requirements to address various operational and regulatory changes, including potential for ARD, changes in status of threatened and endangered species protection, and new National Pollutants Discharge Elimination System (NDPES) discharge points. The current Consolidated Environmental Monitoring Program is composed of: Biological Monitoring, Air Emission Compliance Monitoring, Discharge Permit Monitoring, Structural and Dam Safety Monitoring, Water Quality Monitoring and Data Validation, Mine Waste Monitoring, Formal Reporting of Environmental Monitoring Program Data and Analyses, and Water Quantity Monitoring.

Water quality management and environmental monitoring are reported in seven annual monitoring reports issued by the Thompson Creek Mine:

The mine disturbance is not impacting private or tribal lands, nor would the Phase VIII expansion. Concern from conservation groups and the Nez Perce tribe have been focused on protection of water quality in the streams near the site that are tributary to the Salmon River. No other social or community requirements have been identified that will affect the implementation of the Phase VIII expansion, and the Thompson Creek Mine continues to work with the IATF and other stakeholders to address input and concerns on a regular basis.

Capital and Operating Costs

The total LOM costs are estimated at $2.2 billion, including $0.5 billion in capital expenditures (inclusive of sustaining capital expenditures), which comprises upfront pre-stripping costs, equipment upgrades and replacements, and site facility equipment, and $1.7 billion in operating costs. Operating costs were developed from first principles, considering planned mine physicals, equipment hours, labor projections, consumables forecasts, other expected costs, and historical costs. Operating costs of $1.7 billion include all of stripping costs incurred during the production phase prior to the allocation of capital of $0.2 billion. The LOM production cost per molybdenum pound sold is estimated at $9.66 and all-in sustaining cost per molybdenum pound sold is estimated at $12.46. All-in sustaining cost per molybdenum pound sold is a non-GAAP measure defined by the Company.

Endako Mine

The Endako Mine is an open-pit molybdenum mine located approximately 161 kilometres west of Prince George, British Columbia, Canada. The property currently comprises a contiguous group of 60 mineral tenures containing 34 claims and 26 leases, covering approximately 12,835.11 hectares. Annual rental payment on the 26 mine lease titles is typically paid in installments in May, August, and November.

The Endako Mine is a joint venture between TCM which holds a 75% interest, and Moon River, which holds the remaining 25% interest. Moon River acquired its 25% interest in the Endako Mine Joint Venture after its acquisition of Sojitz Moly Resources Inc. in May 2024 as noted above. The Endako joint venture was formed on June 12, 1997, pursuant to the terms of the Endako Mine Joint Venture Agreement, as amended. We are the manager of the Endako Mine Joint Venture with overall management responsibility for operations.

Endako Mine deposit is divided into four named areas: Northwest, Denak West, Denak East and Endako. Mining has occurred in the Endako and both Denak areas. The Northwest zone is yet to be put in operation. There are no royalties, back-in rights, encumbrances on title or other agreements, other than the agreement governing the Endako Mine Joint Venture. The infrastructure at Endako Mine includes a 55,000 ton (50,000 ktonnes) per day concentrator, tailings and reclaim water ponds, a crushing plant, waste rock dumps, an administrative building, a truck shop/warehouse, a change house, a first aid station, a laboratory, a garage and other shops. The power supply of the site is provided by a 9-kilometre, 69 kV power line owned by B.C. Hydro from a nearby substation. Water for the milling process is re-circulated from the tailings facility while make-up water is pumped from François Lake, located nearby.

Starting in 2018, we initiated a review of our long-term water management options at the Endako Mine, due to ongoing discussions concerning mine reclamation obligations among regulatory and industry bodies in British Columbia. These discussions are ongoing. During 2019 and 2020, we updated our technical and environmental studies for the Endako Mine. A Best Available Technologies (“BAT”) study was completed in February 2020 to assess the potential short-term options for the management of seepage from the mine site with an updated BAT study completed in December 2022 for potential medium- and long-term BAT options. The studies continued to be a focus of ongoing reviews by local Indigenous groups and the provincial government as part of a Water Quality Working Group. Reclamation activities in 2025 will focus on completing construction for the closure of the spillway for Tailings Pond 2.

The Endako Mine has been on care and maintenance effective July 1, 2015. As of December 31, 2024, there are approximately 10 employees at Endako Mine for care and maintenance activities.

Langeloth Metallurgical Facility

Our wholly-owned Langeloth Metallurgical Facility is located in Langeloth, Pennsylvania, approximately 40 kilometres west of Pittsburgh, on land the Company owns in fee simple. The facility receives molybdenum concentrate from third party producers that is principally purchased for processing and re-sale as finished products to customers. The facility produces and sells sulfuric acid and has the ability to produce and sell ammonium perrhenate and rhenium metal pellets, all recovered as by-products of processing the molybdenum disulfide. In addition, the Langeloth Metallurgical Facility calcines other metal containing materials from various third-party operations.

Up to four multiple-hearth furnaces are used for the conversion (roasting) of molybdenum concentrate into technical grade molybdenum oxide. These roasters have the annual capacity to process over 40 million pounds of molybdenum contained in concentrates. The molybdenum oxide can be sold as a finished product to customers or can be upgraded at the facility to molybdenum oxide briquettes, pure molybdenum trioxide powder or various sizes of ferromolybdenum products. Additional furnaces are used to calcine non-hazardous metal containing materials that contain metals other than molybdenum.

As at December 31, 2024, the Langeloth Metallurgical Facility had approximately 85 employees.

3.3         Other Properties

Goldfield Project

Centerra acquired the Goldfield Project effective February 28, 2022, with the acquisition of Gemfield Resources LLC.

The Goldfield Project is located in Esmeralda County near the historic gold mining town of Goldfield, approximately 290 km northwest of Las Vegas, Nevada, and 420 km southeast of Reno, Nevada, along Highway 95. The historical mining town of Tonopah is located approximately 38 km north of Goldfield, also on Highway 95. The Goldfield Project comprises approximately 62 square kilometers with three known gold deposits: Gemfield, located approximately 2.4 kilometres north of the town of Goldfield, Goldfield Main, located just to the east of the town of Goldfield, and McMahon Ridge located approximately 4 kilometres northeast of the town of Goldfield.

Gemfield and its immediate satellite target areas are geologically characterized by gently-dipping, intermediate and felsic volcanic units unconformably overlain by unconsolidated pebble to cobble conglomerate and down-dropped by postmineral normal faults. The Jupiter and Callisto prospects represent deeper sulfide mineralization transitioning to shallow oxide mineralization in the up-dip projection of the host stratigraphy.

As a result of a continuing strategic review of the project, the Company continued to focus exploration activities on oxide and transition material, principally in the Gemfield and nearby deposits with a view to develop a more simplified ore processing method and a flow sheet with lower capital costs and increased returns on the project when compared to the known sulphide ore at the Goldfield Project. The Company published the initial resource estimate for the project as part of the 2024 year end resources and reserves statement. Based on the size of resource estimate, Centerra has decided not to proceed with the development of Goldfield Project at this time. The Company remains committed to maximizing the project’s potential and will conduct close-out drilling in 2025, while exploring strategic options for the property.