abvx-20251231

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

FORM 20-F

(Mark One)

☐ REGISTRATION STATEMENT PURSUANT TO SECTION 12(b) OR (g) OF THE SECURITIES

EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

☒ ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE

ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2025

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES

EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

☐ SHELL COMPANY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES

EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

Date of event requiring this shell company report

Commission file number: 001-41842

Abivax SA

(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter and translation of Registrant’s name into English)

France

(Jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)

7-11 boulevard Haussmann

75009 Paris, France

(Address of principal executive offices)

Marc de Garidel

Chief Executive Officer

7-11 boulevard Haussmann

75009 Paris, France

Tel: +33 (0) 1 53 83 09 63

info@abivax.com

(Name, Telephone, Email and/or Facsimile number and Address of Company Contact Person)

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act.


Title of each class	Trading Symbol(s)	Name of each exchange on which registered
American Depositary Shares, each representing one ordinary share, nominal value €0.01 per share	ABVX	The Nasdaq Global Market
Ordinary shares, nominal value €0.01 per share*	*	The Nasdaq Global Market*

*Not for trading, but only in connection with the registration of the American Depositary Shares.

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act. None

Securities for which there is a reporting obligation pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Act. None

Indicate the number of outstanding shares of each of the issuer’s classes of capital or common stock as of the close

of the period covered by the annual report.

Ordinary shares: 78,536,412 shares outstanding as of December 31, 2025

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities

Act. ☒ Yes ☐ No

If this report is an annual or transition report, indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports

pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. ☐ Yes ☒ No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of

the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant

was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. ☒ Yes ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be

submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for

such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). ☒ Yes ☐ No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer,

or an emerging growth company. See definition of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” and “emerging

growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.


Large accelerated filer ☐	Accelerated filer ☒	Non-accelerated filer ☐	Emerging growth company ☒

If an emerging growth company that prepares its financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, indicate by

check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or

revised financial accounting standards† provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

† The term “new or revised financial accounting standard” refers to any update issued by the Financial Accounting

Standards Board to its Accounting Standards Codification after April 5, 2012.

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of

the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15

U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☐

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial

statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial

statements. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of

incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery

period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐

Indicate by check mark which basis of accounting the registrant has used to prepare the financial statements

included in this filing:

U.S. GAAP ☐

International Financial Reporting Standards as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board ☒ Other ☐

If “Other” has been checked in response to the previous question, indicate by check mark which financial statement

item the registrant has elected to follow. ☐ Item 17 ☐ Item 18

If this is an annual report, indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule

12b-2 of the Exchange Act). ☐ Yes ☒ No

TABLE OF CONTENTS


	Page
INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................	4
SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS ..............................................	4
PART I .........................................................................................................................................................	6
Item 1.Identity of Directors, Senior Management and Advisers ................................................	6
Item 2.Offer Statistics and Expected Timetable .........................................................................	7
Item 3.Key Information ..............................................................................................................	8
Item 4.Information on the Company. ..........................................................................................	54
Item 4A. Unresolved Staff Comments. ...........................................................................................	84
Item 5.Operating and Financial Review and Prospects ..............................................................	85
Item 6.Directors, Senior Management and Employees ..............................................................	101
Item 7.Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions .......................................................	132
Item 8.Financial Information ......................................................................................................	135
Item 9.The Offer and Listing ......................................................................................................	136
Item 10.Additional Information. ...................................................................................................	137
Item 11.Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk ........................................	147
Item 12.Description of Securities Other than Equity Securities ...................................................	149
PART II ........................................................................................................................................................	151
Item 13.Defaults, Dividend Arrearages and Delinquencies ..........................................................	151
Item 14.Material Modifications to the Rights of Security Holders and Use of Proceeds .............	152
Item 15.Controls and Procedures ..................................................................................................	153
Item 16.[Reserved] ........................................................................................................................	155
Item 16A.Audit Committee Financial Expert ..................................................................................	155
Item 16B.Code of Ethics .................................................................................................................	155
Item 16C.Principal Accountant Fees and Services ..........................................................................	155
Item 16D.Exemptions from the Listing Standards for Audit Committees ......................................	156
Item 16E.Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer and Affiliated Purchasers .........................	156
Item 16F.Change in Registrant’s Certifying Accountant ................................................................	156
Item 16G.Corporate Governance .....................................................................................................	156
Item 16H.Mine Safety Disclosure ...................................................................................................	157
Item 16I.Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections ............................	157
Item 16J.Insider Trading Policies ...................................................................................................	157
Item 16K.Cybersecurity ...................................................................................................................	157
PART III .......................................................................................................................................................	159
Item 17.Financial Statements ........................................................................................................	159
Item 18.Financial Statements ........................................................................................................	160
Item 19.Exhibits ............................................................................................................................	161
SIGNATURES .............................................................................................................................................	163


INDEX TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS.........................................................	F-1

INTRODUCTION

Unless otherwise indicated or the context otherwise requires, “Abivax,” “the company,” “our company,”

“we,” “us” and “our” refer to Abivax SA and its consolidated subsidiary, taken as a whole.

“Abivax” and the Abivax logo and other trademarks or service marks of Abivax SA appearing in this Annual

Report on Form 20-F are the property of Abivax SA. Solely for convenience, the trademarks, service marks and

trade names referred to in this annual report are listed without the ® and ™ symbols, but such references should not be

construed as any indicator that their respective owners will not assert, to the fullest extent under applicable law, their

right thereto. All other trademarks, trade names and service marks appearing in this annual report are the property of

their respective owners. We do not intend to use or display other companies’ trademarks and trade names to imply

any relationship with, or endorsement or sponsorship of us by, any other companies.

This Annual Report on Form 20-F includes our audited financial statements as of and for the years ended

December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023 prepared in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards

(“IFRS”), as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (“IASB”). None of our financial statements

were prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“U.S. GAAP”). Our financial

statements are presented in euros and, unless otherwise stated, all monetary amounts are in euros. All references in

this annual report to “$”, “U.S. dollars” and “dollars” mean U.S. dollars, and all references to “€”, “EUR” and

“euros” mean European Monetary Union euros, unless otherwise noted. Throughout this annual report, references to

“ADSs” mean American Depositary Shares representing an ownership interest in our ordinary shares or ordinary

shares represented by such American Depositary Shares, as the case may be.

SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This Annual Report on Form 20-F, or annual report, contains forward-looking statements within the meaning

of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934,

as amended ("Exchange Act"), that are based on our management’s beliefs and assumptions and on information

currently available to our management. All statements other than present and historical facts and conditions

contained in this annual report, including statements regarding our future results of operations and financial

positions, business strategy, plans and our objectives for future operations, are forward-looking statements. When

used in this annual report, the words “anticipate,” “believe,” “can,” “could,” “estimate,” “expect,” “intend,” “is

designed to,” “may,” “might,” “plan,” “will,” “would,” “potential,” “predict,” “objective,” “should,” or the negative

of these and similar expressions identify forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements include, but are

not limited to, statements about:

•the prospects of attaining, maintaining and expanding marketing authorization for our lead drug candidate,

obefazimod;

•the potential attributes and clinical advantages of obefazimod and our future drug candidates;

•the initiation, timing, progress and results of our preclinical and clinical trials (and those conducted by third

parties) and other research and development programs;

•the timing of the availability of data from our clinical trials, including our Phase 3 maintenance trial of

obefazimod in moderately to severely active ulcerative colitis and Phase 2b trial of obefazimod in Crohn's

disease;

•the timing of and our ability to advance drug candidates through clinical development;

•the timing or likelihood of regulatory meetings and filings;

•the timing of and our ability to obtain and maintain regulatory approvals for obefazimod and any of our

future drug candidates;

•our ability to identify and develop new drug candidates from our preclinical studies;

•our ability to develop sales and marketing capabilities and transition into a commercial-stage company;

•the effects of increased competition as well as innovations by new and existing competitors in our industry;

•our ability to enter into strategic relationships or partnerships;

•our ability to obtain, maintain, protect and enforce our intellectual property rights and propriety technologies

and to operate our business without infringing the intellectual property rights and proprietary technology of

third parties;

•our estimates regarding expenses, future revenues, capital requirements and the need for additional

financing;

•the impact of government laws and regulations;

•our competitive position;

•unfavorable conditions in our industry, the global economy or global supply chain, including financial and

credit market fluctuations, international trade relations, political turmoil, natural catastrophes, warfare (such

as the Russia-Ukraine war or the conflict in the Middle East), and terrorist attacks; and

•other risks and uncertainties, including those listed in this annual report under the caption “Risk Factors.”

You should refer to the section of this annual report titled “Item 3.D-Risk Factors” for a discussion of

important factors that may cause our actual results to differ materially from those expressed or implied by our

forward-looking statements. As a result of these factors, we cannot assure you that the forward-looking statements in

this annual report will prove to be accurate. Furthermore, if our forward-looking statements prove to be inaccurate,

the inaccuracy may be material. In light of the significant uncertainties in these forward-looking statements, you

should not regard these statements as a representation or warranty by us or any other person that we will achieve our

objectives and plans in any specified time frame or at all. We undertake no obligation to publicly update any

forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as required

by law.

You should read this annual report and the documents that we reference in this annual report and have filed as

exhibits to this annual report completely and with the understanding that our actual future results may be materially

different from what we expect. We qualify all of our forward-looking statements by these cautionary statements.

This annual report contains market data and industry forecasts that were obtained from industry publications.

These data involve a number of assumptions and limitations, and you are cautioned not to give undue weight to such

estimates. We have not independently verified any third-party information. While we believe the market position,

market opportunity and market size information included in this annual report is generally reliable, such information

is inherently imprecise.

Summary Risk Factors

•We are a clinical-stage company with a limited operating history and no approved products and no

historical product revenues, which makes it difficult to assess our future prospects and financial results.

•We have incurred considerable losses historically, which we anticipate will continue and may increase in

the future.

•Drug candidates under development must undergo costly, rigorous and highly regulated preclinical studies

and clinical trials, whose time of completion, number and outcomes are uncertain.

•We are heavily dependent on the success of our drug candidates, in particular obefazimod, and we cannot

be certain that obefazimod or any of our other current or future drug candidates will receive regulatory

approval, and, without regulatory approval, we will not be able to market our drug candidates.

•Clinical failure can occur at any stage of clinical development. The results of earlier clinical trials as well as

data from any interim analysis of ongoing trials are not necessarily predictive of future results and any drug

candidate we advance through clinical trials may not have favorable results in later clinical trials.

•Our future may depend on our most advanced clinical development program, obefazimod, since our other

drug candidates are in a less advanced stage of development.

•We expect to expand our organization, and as a result, we may encounter difficulties in managing our

growth, which could disrupt our operations.

•We rely on a small number of third-party suppliers and manufacturers, and in certain cases a single-source

supplier, and we may be in a position of dependence with respect to these third parties.

•Our future success depends on our ability to retain our key executives and to attract, retain and motivate

qualified personnel.

•There are material weaknesses in our internal controls over financial reporting and if we are unable to

maintain effective internal controls over financial reporting, the accuracy and timeliness of our financial

reporting may be adversely affected, which could adversely affect our business, investor confidence and the

market price of our securities.

•Our ability to exclusively commercialize our drug candidates may decrease if we are unable to protect our

intellectual property rights or if these rights are insufficient for our purposes.

•Failure or perceived failure to comply with existing or future laws, regulations, contracts, self-regulatory

schemes, standards, and other obligations related to data privacy or security (including security incidents)

could harm our business. Compliance or the actual or perceived failure to comply with such obligations

could increase our costs, limit our ability to engage in our business, and otherwise negatively affect our

operating results and business.

Item 3.Key Information

A.[Reserved]

Not applicable.

B.Capitalization and Indebtedness

Not applicable.

C.Reasons for the Offer and Use of Proceeds

Not applicable.

D.Risk Factors

Our business faces significant risks. You should carefully consider all of the information set forth in this

annual report and in our other filings with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (the "SEC"),

including the following risk factors which we face and which are faced by our industry. Our business, financial

condition or results of operations could be materially adversely affected by any of these risks. This report also

contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. Our results could materially differ from

those anticipated in these forward-looking statements, as a result of certain factors including the risks described

below and elsewhere in this annual report and our other SEC filings. See “Special Note Regarding Forward-

Looking Statements” above.

Risks Related to our Financial Position and Need for Additional Capital

We are a clinical-stage company with a limited operating history and no approved products and no historical

product revenues, which makes it difficult to assess our future prospects and financial results.

We are a clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company with a limited operating history upon which you can

evaluate our business and prospects. We were incorporated as a société anonyme (limited liability company) on

December 4, 2013 and, to date, we have focused primarily on organizing and staffing our company, business

planning, raising capital, identifying, acquiring and in-licensing our drug candidates, establishing our intellectual

property portfolio, conducting research, preclinical studies and clinical trials, establishing arrangements with third

parties for the manufacture of our drug candidates and related raw materials and providing general and

administrative support for these operations. Investment in product development in the healthcare industry, including

of biopharmaceutical products, is highly speculative because it entails substantial upfront capital expenditures and

significant risk that any potential drug candidate will fail to demonstrate adequate effect or an acceptable safety

profile, gain regulatory approval or become commercially viable. As a result, our ability to reduce our losses and

reach consistent profitability from product sales is unproven, and we may never sustain profitability. We have no

products approved for commercial sale and have not generated any revenue from product sales to date.

Our ability to generate revenue from product sales and achieve and maintain profitability depends on our

ability, alone or with any future collaborators, to successfully complete the development of, and obtain the

regulatory approvals necessary to commercialize, our lead drug candidate, obefazimod. Our prospects, including our

ability to finance our operations and generate revenue from product sales, therefore will depend substantially on the

development and commercialization of obefazimod, as other programs in our preclinical portfolio are still in earlier

stages of development. Since our inception in 2013, the majority of our operating income has been derived from our

reliance on research collaborations unrelated to obefazimod, and we do not anticipate generating revenue from

product sales for the next several years, if ever. Our ability to generate revenue from product sales depends heavily

on our or any future collaborators’ success in:

•timely and successful completion of clinical development of obefazimod, our lead drug candidate;

•obtaining and maintaining regulatory and marketing approval for obefazimod and any future drug

candidates for which we successfully complete clinical trials;

•launching and commercializing any drug candidates for which we obtain regulatory and marketing

approval by establishing a sales force, marketing and distribution infrastructure or, alternatively,

collaborating with a commercialization partner;

•obtaining coverage and adequate reimbursement from government and third-party payors for our

current or any future drug candidates, if approved, both in the United States and internationally, and

reaching acceptable agreements with foreign government and third-party payors on pricing terms;

•developing, validating and maintaining a commercially viable, sustainable, scalable, reproducible and

transferable manufacturing process for obefazimod or any future drug candidates that are compliant

with current good manufacturing practices;

•establishing and maintaining supply and manufacturing relationships with third parties that can provide

an adequate amount and quality of drugs and services to support our planned clinical development, as

well as the market demand for obefazimod and any future drug candidates, if approved;

•obtaining market acceptance, if and when approved, of obefazimod or any future drug candidates as a

viable treatment option by physicians, patients, third-party payors and others in the medical

community;

•effectively addressing any competing technological and market developments;

•implementing additional internal systems and infrastructure, as needed;

•negotiating favorable terms in any collaboration, licensing or other arrangements into which we may

enter, and performing our obligations pursuant to such arrangements;

•maintaining, protecting and expanding our portfolio of intellectual property rights, including patents,

trade secrets and know-how;

•avoiding and defending against third-party interference or infringement claims; and

•attracting, hiring and retaining qualified personnel.

We have incurred considerable losses historically, which we anticipate will continue and may increase in the

future.

Since our inception, we have incurred net losses. For the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, we

reported net losses of €336.1 million, €176.2 million, and €147.7 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2025,

we carried forward accumulated tax losses of €912.9 million.

We have devoted most of our financial resources to research and development, including our clinical and

preclinical development activities. Even if we obtain regulatory approval to market a drug candidate, our future

revenues will depend upon the size of any markets in which our drug candidates have received approval and our

ability to achieve sufficient market acceptance, reimbursement from third-party payors and adequate market share

for our drug candidates in those markets. There can be no assurance that we will ever earn any revenues or revenues

sufficient to offset past, current and future losses or achieve profitability, which would impair our ability to sustain

our operations. Moreover, even if we achieve profitability, such profitability may not be sustainable. Any inability to

generate sustained profits could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, financial condition, cash

flows and results of operations.

We expect to continue to incur significant expenses and operating losses for the foreseeable future. We do not

anticipate achieving profitability in the future unless we obtain the regulatory approvals necessary to commercialize

obefazimod and any additional drug candidates that we may pursue in the future. We anticipate that our expenses

will increase substantially if, and as, we:

•timely and successfully complete clinical development of obefazimod, our clinical-stage drug

candidate;

•seek and maintain regulatory and marketing approvals for obefazimod and any future drug candidates

for which we successfully complete clinical trials;

•continue the preclinical and clinical development of our drug candidates;

•expand the scope of our current clinical trials for our drug candidates;

•begin new clinical trials for our drug candidates;

•develop, scale and validate our commercial manufacturing capabilities for our drug candidates;

•establish a sales, marketing and distribution infrastructure to commercialize any drugs for which we

may obtain marketing approval for which we have not entered into a collaboration with a third-party;

•seek to discover, identify and validate additional drug candidates;

•acquire or in-license other drug candidates and technologies;

•make milestone, royalty or other payments under in-license or collaboration agreements;

•obtain, maintain, protect, enforce and expand our intellectual property portfolio;

•attract new and retain existing skilled personnel; and

•continue our operations as a U.S. public company.

In addition, following the issuance of royalty certificates in September 2022 and other royalties that may

become payable under our royalty agreements, the payment of royalties in the event of commercialization of

obefazimod will result in a decrease in cash flows generated by sales of the product, which could have an

unfavorable impact on our financial position, particularly at the beginning of the commercialization phase.

The net losses we incur may fluctuate significantly from quarter-to-quarter and year-to-year, such that a

period-to-period comparison of our results of operations may not be a good indication of our future performance. In

any particular period or periods, our operating results could be below the expectations of securities analysts or

investors, which could cause the price of the ordinary shares (which may be in the form of ADSs) to decline. An

increase in operational losses would have a material adverse effect on our business, financial position, income,

growth and outlook.

There are material weaknesses in our internal controls over financial reporting and if we are unable to maintain

effective internal controls over financial reporting, the accuracy and timeliness of our financial reporting may be

adversely affected, which could adversely affect our business, investor confidence and the market price of our

securities.

Internal control over financial reporting is a process designed by, or under the supervision of, the company's

principal executive and principal financial officers, or persons performing similar functions, and effected by the

company's board of directors, management and other personnel, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the

reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with

generally accepted accounting principles. Internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and

procedures that pertain to the maintenance of records that in reasonable detail accurately and fairly reflect the

company's transactions and dispositions of the company's assets; provide reasonable assurance that transactions are

recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted

accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with

authorizations of management and directors of the company; and provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention

or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of the company's assets that could have a material

effect on the financial statements. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting is not

intended to provide absolute assurance that a misstatement of our financial statements would be prevented or

detected.

We must maintain effective internal controls over financial reporting in order to accurately and timely report

our results of operations and financial condition. In addition, as a public company listed in the United States, the

Sarbanes-Oxley Act requires, among other things, that we assess the effectiveness of our internal controls over

financial reporting at the end of each fiscal year. However, our independent registered public accounting firm will

not be required to attest to the effectiveness of our internal controls over financial reporting for so long as we are an

“emerging growth company,” which may be up to five fiscal years following our initial public offering of our ADSs

in the United States. An independent assessment of the effectiveness of our internal controls could detect problems

that our management’s assessment might not.

Our independent registered public accounting firm has not conducted an audit of our internal controls over

financial reporting. As previously disclosed in our Form 20-F for the period ended December 31, 2023 and

originally in our Form F-1, management identified material weaknesses in our internal controls over financial

reporting. These material weaknesses continue to exist as of December 31, 2025. The material weaknesses identified

in December 31, 2025 are related to a lack of (i) design and implementation of effective risk assessment process

(Risk Assessment), (ii) formal, documented and implemented processes, controls and review procedures (Control

Activities), (iii) sufficient processes to identify, capture and communicate information necessary to support the

functioning of internal controls over financial reporting (Information and Communication) and (iv) process to

identify, maintain, and develop all control activities (Monitoring Activities). These material weaknesses are

specifically due to a lack of sufficient number of professionals with an appropriate level of internal control

knowledge, training and experience and the need to continue to reinforce our internal control governance (Control

Environment). These material weaknesses did not result in a material misstatement to our financial statements

included herein, however these material weaknesses could result in material inaccuracies in our financial statements

and impair our ability to comply with applicable financial reporting requirements and related regulatory filings on a

timely basis.

We have developed a remediation plan to address these material weaknesses and strengthen our controls in

these areas. In this regard, we have reorganized our finance and accounting function by hiring additional

experienced employees to provide more review and oversight over our financial processes. While we are working to

remediate the material weaknesses as quickly and efficiently as possible, we cannot at this time provide the expected

timeline in connection with implementing our remediation. As of December 31, 2025, we had not fully completed

the remediation of these material weaknesses. These remediation measures may be time-consuming and costly and

might place significant demands on our financial and operational resources. There is no assurance that the actions

we may take in the future will be sufficient to remediate the control deficiencies that led to these material

weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting or that they will prevent or avoid potential future material

weaknesses.

The rules governing the standards that will have to be met for our management to assess our internal controls

over financial reporting pursuant to Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act are complex and require significant

documentation, testing and possible remediation. These stringent standards require that our audit committee be

advised and regularly updated on management’s review of internal controls over financial reporting. Designing,

implementing, and testing internal controls over financial reporting required to comply with this obligation is time-

consuming, costly, and complicated. Our management may not be able to effectively and timely implement controls

and procedures that adequately respond to the increased regulatory compliance and reporting requirements that are

applicable to us as a public company listed in the United States. If we fail to staff our accounting and finance

function adequately or maintain internal controls over financial reporting adequate to meet the demands that are

placed upon us as a public company listed in the United States, our business and reputation may be harmed and the

price of our ordinary shares and ADSs may decline. In addition, undetected material weaknesses in our internal

controls over financial reporting could lead to restatements of financial statements and require us to incur the

expense of remediation. Any of these developments could result in investor perceptions of us being adversely

affected, which could cause a decline in the market price of our securities.

Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial

reporting. Our growth will place significant additional pressure on our system of internal control over financial

reporting. Any failure to maintain an effective system of internal control over financial reporting could limit our

ability to report our financial results accurately and timely or to detect and prevent fraud.

Significant impairment of our goodwill could materially impact our financial position and results of our

operations.

We carry a goodwill amount of €18.4 million on our balance sheet as a result of past business acquisitions

with respect to obefazimod. We are required to review our goodwill for impairment on an annual basis or more

frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate evidence of impairment. We did not record any goodwill

impairment loss for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 or 2023, as we have not identified reasons to impair

the goodwill related to obefazimod. However, there can be no assurance that, based on the results of our annual

goodwill impairment tests, we will not be required to identify further goodwill impairment losses, which could have

a material adverse effect on our results of operations.

Current equity agreements and convertible debt instruments may dilute our equity resulting in dilution to our

shareholders.

Since our incorporation, we have issued and granted founder’s share warrants (BCE) and share warrants

(BSA) and granted free shares (AGA) to persons linked to us and financing entities. We have also issued convertible

bonds. See "Item 5.B—Liquidity and Capital Resources."

The theoretical exercise or vesting of all the founder’s share warrants (BCE), share warrants (BSA) and free

shares (AGA) issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2025, excluding securities held by financing entities,

would result in the issuance of 8,857,084 potential new ordinary shares, resulting in a hypothetical dilution equal to

11.3 % based on our outstanding share capital as of December 31, 2025.

Our general meeting of June 6, 2025 delegated authority to the board of directors (the “Board”) to carry out

one or more capital increases and/or issues of securities giving access to our capital subject to the following

limitations:

•a total maximum nominal amount of the capital increases set at €250,000 (or the equivalent value of

that amount in the event of an issue in another currency) with a total maximum nominal amount of the

debt securities that may be issued set at €150,000,000 (or the equivalent value of that amount in the

event of an issue in another currency); and

•the shares that may be issued or allotted in the context of equity incentive plans (share warrants (BSA),

share options and/or free shares (AGA)) may not exceed 10% of the share capital on a fully diluted

basis recorded as of June 6, 2025. As of December 31, 2025, our equity incentive plans were 9.2% of

our share capital on a fully diluted basis.

Our failure to maintain certain tax benefits applicable to French biopharmaceutical companies may adversely

affect our operations and finances.

As a French biopharmaceutical company, we have benefited from certain tax advantages, including, for

example, the Research and Development Tax Credit (crédit impôt recherche) (“CIR”), which is a French tax credit

aimed at stimulating research and development. CIR can be offset against French corporate income tax due and the

portion in excess, if any, may be refunded. CIR is calculated based on our claimed amount of eligible research and

development expenditures in France and represents €3.1 million for 2025. The French tax authorities, with the

assistance of the Higher Education and Research Ministry, may audit each research and development program in

respect of which a CIR benefit has been claimed and assess whether such program qualifies in its view for the CIR

benefit. The French tax authorities may challenge our eligibility for, or our calculation of, certain tax reductions or

deductions in respect of our research and development activities and, should the French tax authorities be successful,

our credits may be reduced, which would have a negative impact on our results of operations and future cash flows.

Furthermore, the French Parliament may decide to eliminate, or to reduce the scope or the rate of, the CIR benefit,

either of which it could decide to do at any time. If we fail to receive future CIR amounts, our business, prospects,

financial condition, cash flows or results of operations could be adversely affected.

We may be unable to carry forward existing tax losses.

As of December 31, 2025, we carried forward accumulated tax losses of €912.9 million. In 2014, we acquired

the companies Splicos, Wittycell and Zophis by means of a universal transfer of assets and liabilities. The tax losses

carried forward of the three companies combined (Splicos, Wittycell and Zophis) amounted to €26.0 million on the

date of the mergers and transfer of remaining assets. The transfer to us of these losses was subject to a post-merger

approval by the French tax authorities, which approved the transfer of a total amount of €22.5 million of tax losses.

To the extent we have continued conducting the business that led to these losses for a minimum period of three

years, without making significant changes during this period, the transfer of such tax losses should be definitive. In

France, the maximum amount of carried forward tax losses that can be written off against the tax profits of a given

financial year is limited to €1 million plus 50% of the amount of taxable profits for the financial year exceeding

€1 million. The outstanding tax losses remain valid and can be carried forward to be written off against tax profits of

subsequent financial years subject to the same limit, for an unlimited period of time (subject to any “significant

change of activity” at our level). It cannot be ruled out that regulatory or legislative changes in corporate taxation

may suppress or limit all or part of the ability to use carried forward tax losses, or limit how long they can be used,

to offset future profits. Changes in corporate taxation regarding the use of carried forward tax losses to offset future

tax profits could have a material adverse effect on our financial position and results of operations.

Risks Related to Product Development, Regulatory Approval and Commercialization

Drug candidates under development must undergo costly, rigorous and highly regulated preclinical studies and

clinical trials, whose time of completion, number and outcomes are uncertain.

The development of a drug candidate is a long and expensive process with an uncertain outcome, progressing

in several phases, where the objective is to demonstrate the therapeutic benefit provided by the drug candidate for

one or more indications. Any failure during the various preclinical and clinical phases for a given indication could

delay development, production and commercialization of the therapeutic product concerned or even lead to

discontinuing its development. Identifying and developing potential drug candidates is a time-consuming, expensive

and uncertain process that takes years to complete, and we may never generate the data or results required to obtain

regulatory approval and achieve commercialization.

During clinical trials, we may encounter difficulties determining and recruiting patients with the appropriate

profile as well as other enrollment issues, which could delay our clinical trials. This profile could also vary

depending on the different phases of these clinical trials. Patients might then not be recruited according to a

timetable compatible with our financial resources which may result in a harm to our operating results.

At each phase of clinical development, we must ask for authorization or absence of opposition from the

relevant authorities of various countries, according to our development plan, to conduct clinical trials and then

present the results of the clinical trials to these authorities. The authorities may issue negative opinion, refuse to

provide the authorizations necessary for clinical trials or have additional requirements (for example, relating to study

protocols, patient characteristics, treatment durations, post-treatment follow-up, or certain differences in interpreting

results between local regulatory agencies), and in some cases may require additional studies. Any negative opinion,

refusal or decision by health authorities to require additional trials or examinations would be likely to result in the

discontinuation or delay of the development of the product candidates concerned. An absence of or delay in

therapeutic response could also result in the delay or even discontinuation of the development of our drug

candidates.

We cannot guarantee that the development of our drug candidates will ultimately be successful, especially

within time frames compatible with our financial resources or market needs. Any failure or delay in the development

of these product candidates would have a material adverse effect on our business, income, financial position and

outlook.

We are developing drug candidates for inflammatory diseases. To our knowledge, currently there are no

similar immunological treatments with a mechanism of action based on enhanced expression of a single microRNA

miR-124 with marketing authorization granted by competent regulatory authorities. As a result, the outlook is

uncertain for the development and profitability of obefazimod in the area of inflammatory diseases, its efficacy and

acceptance by patients, doctors and paying agencies. Animal testing does not necessarily predict the results that will

be obtained in humans. Positive results for obefazimod during Phase 1, Phase 2b or Phase 3 clinical trials or those

for all the products in the portfolio during their research or preclinical phases might not be confirmed by subsequent

phases. Such outcomes could have a material adverse impact on our business, income, financial position and growth.

We are heavily dependent on the success of our drug candidates, in particular obefazimod, and we cannot be

certain that obefazimod or any of our other current or future drug candidates will receive regulatory approval,

and, without regulatory approval, we will not be able to market our drug candidates.

We currently have no drug candidates approved for marketing, and we cannot guarantee that we will ever have

marketable drug candidates. Our ability to generate revenue related to sales, if any, will in the near future depend

entirely on the successful development and regulatory approval of obefazimod. In Europe and the United States, as

well as in many other countries, access to the drug market is strictly controlled and marketing must be authorized by

a regulatory authority. Most of the time, this registration application is filed with a national or federal health

authority. However, in the European Union, the application for a marketing authorization (“MA”) must be submitted

at the EU-level to the European Medicines Agency (“EMA”) for categories of the most innovative medicinal

products, in order to obtain a centralized marketing authorization valid for all the European Union territory.

The research, testing, manufacturing, safety, efficacy, labeling, approval, sale, marketing and distribution of

our drug candidates are, and will remain, subject to comprehensive and extensive regulation controlled by the EMA

and European Union Member States national authorities in the European Union, the Food and Drug Administration

(“FDA”) in the United States, the Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency (“PMDA”) in Japan and other

regulatory authorities in other countries, with regulations differing from country to country. Subject to limited

exceptions, we are not permitted to market our drug candidates in the European Union, the United States or Japan

until we receive a MA from the European Commission following EMA’s opinion or (a) European Union Member

State(s) authority(ies) or a new drug application (“NDA”) from the FDA or an approval from the PMDA,

respectively. Regulators of each jurisdiction have their own procedures for approval of drug candidates. We have not

applied for any MA for any of our drug candidates yet. Failure to obtain regulatory approval for our drug candidates

in any jurisdiction will prevent us from commercializing and marketing our drug candidates in such jurisdictions,

and marketing authorizations may be granted for narrow indications which may significantly reduce the scope of

market of our drug candidates.

Obtaining and maintaining MA, as the case may be by country or by geographical area in the case of the

European Union, presupposes compliance with the mandatory standards imposed by the concerned regulatory

authorities and submission to the authorities of a great deal of information about the drug candidate regarding its

toxicity, dosage, quality, efficacy and safety all over its life cycle. The authorization process is long and expensive,

and the result of this process remains highly uncertain. We are therefore careful to continuously comply with good

practices in order not to jeopardize our chances of ultimately obtaining, directly or via our business partners,

marketing authorization for the products we are developing. Furthermore, obtaining marketing authorization for a

product in a given country or geographical area does not automatically ensure or immediately lead to obtaining

marketing authorization in other countries for the same product.

In order to obtain MA for one of our drug candidates, we have to perform preclinical animal studies and

complete human clinical trials in order to demonstrate the safety and efficacy of the drug candidates. MAs, NDAs

and similar authorizations must include extensive preclinical and clinical data and supporting information to

establish the drug candidate’s safety and efficacy for each desired indication. In the event patients are exposed to

unforeseen and serious risks, we or the regulatory authorities may choose to suspend or early terminate these clinical

trials.

NDAs, MAs and similar authorizations must also include significant information regarding the chemistry,

manufacturing and controls for the drug. Obtaining approval of a MA or a NDA and similar authorizations, and

collecting all required information, proof and data for this process, is a lengthy, expensive and uncertain process,

and we may not be successful in obtaining approval. This is further enhanced by the fact that each regulator has its

own requirements and procedures for the scientific evaluation or approval of drug candidates. The EMA, European

Union Member States national authorities, FDA and PMDA review processes can therefore take years to complete

and approval is never guaranteed.

In addition, delays in approvals or rejections of marketing applications in the European Union, the United

States or other countries may be based upon many factors, including regulatory requests for additional analyses,

reports, data, preclinical studies and clinical trials, regulatory questions regarding different interpretations of data

and results, changes in regulatory policy during the period of drug development and the emergence of new

information regarding our drug candidates or other drug candidates. Even if a drug is approved, the FDA, the

European Commission or the PMDA, as the case may be, may limit the indications for which the drug may be

marketed, require extensive warnings on the drug labeling or require expensive and time-consuming post-marketing

clinical trials or reporting as conditions of approval.

Even if we receive regulatory approval for any drug candidate, we will be subject to ongoing regulatory

obligations and continued regulatory review, which may result in significant additional expense

Even if we receive approval of any of our drug candidates, such regulatory approval may be withdrawn, or

such approvals may be contingent on ongoing obligations and continued regulatory review, which may result in

significant additional expense. As a general matter, any regulatory approvals that we may receive for our drug

candidates, the manufacturing processes, labeling, packaging, distribution, adverse event reporting, storage,

advertising, promotion, import, export and recordkeeping for our drug candidates will be subject to extensive and

ongoing regulatory requirements. These requirements include submissions of safety, efficacy and other post-

marketing information and reports, registration, as well as ongoing compliance with current Good Manufacturing

Practice (“GMP”) and Good Clinical Practice requirements (“GCPs”) for any clinical trials that we may be required

to conduct post-marketing. In addition, manufacturers of drug products and their facilities are subject to continual

review and periodic, unannounced inspections by the FDA and other regulatory authorities for compliance with

GMP regulations and standards.

Additionally, our drug candidates, even if approved, may be subject to restrictions or prohibition on

advertising, include limitations related to prescriptions by specialists, use restrictions for specified age groups,

warnings, precautions or contraindications, and may include burdensome post-approval study or risk management

requirements. For example, the FDA may require a risk evaluation and mitigation strategy (“REMS”) as a condition

of approval of our drugs candidates, which could include requirements for a medication guide, physician training

and communication plans or additional elements to ensure safe use, such as restricted distribution methods, patient

registries and other risk minimization tools.

Obtaining and maintaining a Good Manufacturing Practice (“GMP”) certificate will be required in order to

produce the immunotherapies that we are developing (for clinical trial purposes and during the commercialization

phase). We cannot guarantee that we will obtain or be able to maintain this certificate, nor that certain additional

constraints related to this certificate will not be imposed on us in the future. Any failure to follow and document

adherence to such GMP regulations or other regulatory requirements may lead to significant delays in the

availability of products for commercial sale or clinical trials, may result in the termination of or a hold on a clinical

trial, or may delay or prevent filing or approval of marketing applications for our products. Failure to comply with

applicable regulations could also result in the FDA or other applicable regulatory authorities taking various actions,

including:

•levying fines and other civil penalties;

•imposing consent decrees or injunctions;

•requiring us to suspend or put on hold one or more of our clinical trials;

•suspending, varying or withdrawing regulatory approvals;

•delaying or refusing to approve pending applications or supplements to approved applications;

•requiring us or our third-party manufacturers to suspend manufacturing activities or product sales,

imports or exports;

•requiring us to communicate with physicians and other customers about concerns related to actual or

potential safety, efficacy and other issues involving our products;

•mandating product recalls or withdrawals or seizing products;

•imposing operating restrictions; and

•seeking criminal prosecutions.

Failure to obtain or maintain authorization for our drug candidates in one or more jurisdictions, particularly in

respect of our lead drug candidate, obefazimod, would have a material adverse effect on our business, outlook,

financial position, results and development.

Our drug candidates may cause undesirable side effects or have other properties that could delay or prevent their

regulatory approval, or, if approval is received, require our drug candidates to be withdrawn from the market,

require them to include safety warnings or otherwise limit their sales.

Undesirable side effects caused by our drug candidates could cause us or regulatory authorities to interrupt,

delay or halt clinical trials, or even discontinuation and could result in a more restrictive label or the delay or denial

of regulatory approval by the European Commission, FDA, PDMA or other comparable authorities in other

jurisdictions. If severe side effects were to occur, or if one of our drug candidates is shown to have other unexpected

characteristics, we may need to either restrict the use of such product to a smaller population or abandon

development of such drug candidates.

If one or more of our drug candidates received marketing approval, and we or others later identify undesirable

side effects caused by such drugs or negative interactions with other products or treatments (including, for example,

as a result of interactions with other products once on the market), a number of potentially significant negative

consequences could result, including:

•regulatory authorities may withdraw or reduce the scope of approvals of such product;

•regulatory authorities may require additional warnings on the product’s label;

•we may be required to create a medication guide outlining the risks of such side effects for distribution

to patients;

•we could be sued and held liable for harm caused to patients;

•physicians, healthcare payors, patients or the medical community in general may not recommend/use

our products;

•sales of the product may decrease significantly; and

•our reputation may suffer.

Any of these events could prevent us from achieving or maintaining market acceptance of the particular drug

candidate, if approved, and could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, financial condition, cash

flows or results of operations.

Clinical failure can occur at any stage of clinical development. The results of earlier clinical trials as well as data

from any interim analysis of ongoing trials are not necessarily predictive of future results and any drug candidate

we advance through clinical trials may not have favorable results in later clinical trials.

Clinical testing is expensive and can take many years to complete, and its outcome is inherently uncertain.

Clinical failure can occur at any stage of our clinical development. Success in preclinical studies and early clinical

trials, as well as data from any interim analysis of ongoing trials do not ensure that subsequent clinical trials will

generate the same or similar results. A number of companies in the pharmaceuticals industry, including those with

greater resources and experience than us, have suffered significant setbacks in the last development phase (Phase 3)

clinical trials, even after seeing promising results in earlier clinical trials, and we could face similar setbacks. In

some instances, there can be significant variation in safety or efficacy results between different clinical trials of the

same drug candidate due to numerous factors, including changes in trial procedures set forth in protocols,

differences in the size and type of the patient populations, changes in and adherence to the dosing regimen and other

clinical trial protocols and the rate of dropout among clinical trial participants. Any such delays or failures could

negatively impact our business, financial condition, results of operation and prospects. The positive results generated

in preclinical and clinical trials for obefazimod does not ensure that current or future trials will continue to

demonstrate similar safety and/or efficacy results.

Drug candidates in later stages of clinical trials may fail to show the desired safety and efficacy traits despite

having progressed through preclinical studies and earlier clinical trials. In addition to the safety and efficacy traits of

any drug candidate, clinical trial failures may result from a multitude of factors including flaws in trial design, dose

selection, placebo effect and patient enrollment criteria. Based upon negative or inconclusive results, we or our

collaborators may decide, or regulators may require us, to conduct additional clinical trials or preclinical studies.

Further, data obtained from trials and studies are susceptible to varying interpretation, and regulators may not

interpret our data as favorably as we do, which may delay, limit or prevent regulatory approval.

We cannot guarantee the commercial success or the pricing and reimbursement of the drug candidates that we

develop.

If we or one or more of our commercial partners succeeds in obtaining marketing authorization, allowing us or

them to market the therapeutic products developed by us, it may nevertheless take time to gain the support of the

medical community, health care providers and third-party payors.

The level of market acceptance for each of our products will depend on several factors, notably on the

following:

•prescribers’ perception of the product’s therapeutic benefit;

•healthcare policies established in each of the countries in which we are considering marketing our

products;

•possible occurrence of adverse reactions once marketing authorization has been obtained;

•ease of use of the product, especially relating to its mode of administration;

•cost of treatment;

•reimbursement policies of governments and other third parties;

•effectiveness of sales and marketing efforts;

•effective implementation of a scientific publication strategy;

•willingness of the target patient population to try new therapies and of physicians to prescribe these

therapies;

•prevalence and severity of any side effects;

•development of one or more competing products for the same indication; and

•restrictions on the use of the product together with medications.

Although the products we are developing are intended to provide a therapeutic response to a need that is

presently not entirely or adequately met, poor market penetration resulting from one or more of the factors described

above would have a negative impact on their commercialization and on our ability to generate profits, which could

have a material adverse effect on our business, outlook, financial position, income and growth.

The level of market acceptance and sale of our drug candidates, if approved, will heavily depend on the

availability of coverage and adequate reimbursement from third-party payors. The conditions for setting the sales

price and reimbursement rate for drugs are beyond the control of pharmaceutical companies. They are decided by

competent public committees and bodies and by social security or private insurance companies and are dependent on

a number of factors. Pricing and reimbursement schemes vary widely from country to country. In the European

Union, pricing and reimbursement are determined individually by European Union Member States. For example,

some countries may approve a specific price for a product while others may instead allow companies to fix their

own prices for products but monitor and control company profits. Within the US, as a principle, drug companies set

their own list prices, which may then be discounted through negotiations with payors. However, the U.S.

Department of Health and Human Services ("HHS") has been empowered to negotiate the price of certain single-

source drugs that have been on the market for at least seven (7) years under Medicare as part of the Medicare Drug

Price Negotiation Program. Each year up to twenty (20) products will be selected by HHS for the Medicare Drug

Price Negotiation Program. Products subject to the Medicare Drug Price Negotiation Program are expected to

experience a significant reduction in reimbursement from the Medicare program on a per unit basis. Additionally,

HHS imposes rebates on Medicare Part B and Medicare Part D products to penalize price increases that outpace

inflation on an annual basis.

Generally, the downward pressure on health care costs has become intense. As a result, increasingly high

barriers are being erected to the entry of new products. Delays in the price negotiation procedure may result in a

significant delay in marketing, our product may not obtain an appropriate level of reimbursement, or the accepted

price level and reimbursement rate of the treatments we market may be changed. We are also unable to guarantee

that we will succeed in maintaining, over time, the price level of our products or the accepted reimbursement rate.

Our future may depend on our most advanced clinical development program, obefazimod, since our other drug

candidates are in a less advanced stage of development.

Obefazimod is our most advanced drug candidate. Obefazimod has required, and may continue to require,

significant investments of our time and financial resources, as well as the special attention of highly qualified staff.

Consequently, if we were unable to obtain conclusive results in ongoing maintenance trials, Phase 3 of obefazimod

in UC or Phase 2 of obefazimod in CD, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, outlook, financial

position, results and development.

We may experience setbacks that could delay or prevent regulatory approval of our drug candidates or our

ability to commercialize any products, including:

•negative or inconclusive results from our preclinical studies or clinical trials or the clinical trials of

others for drug candidates similar to ours, leading to a decision or requirement to conduct additional

preclinical testing or clinical trials or abandon a program;

•product-related side effects experienced by subjects in our clinical trials or by individuals using drugs

or therapeutics comparable to our drug candidates;

•delays in submitting investigational new drug applications in the United States or comparable foreign

applications or delays or failure in obtaining the necessary approvals from regulators or institutional

review boards (“IRBs”) or positive opinions from ethics committees to commence a clinical trial, or a

suspension or termination of a clinical trial once commenced;

•if the FDA or comparable foreign authorities do not accept the earlier preclinical and clinical trial

work, then we may need to conduct additional preclinical studies or clinical trials beyond that which

we currently have planned and significant preclinical study or clinical trial delays also could shorten

any periods during which we may have the exclusive right to commercialize our drug candidates or

allow our competitors to bring products to market before we do and impair our ability to successfully

commercialize our drug candidates and may harm our business;

•conditions imposed by the FDA or comparable foreign authorities regarding the scope or design of our

clinical trials;

•delays in contracting with clinical sites or enrolling subjects in clinical trials, including due to any

health pandemic and/or other macroeconomic factors;

•delays or interruptions in the supply of materials necessary for the conduct of our clinical trials;

•regulators or IRBs may not authorize us or our investigators to commence a clinical trial or conduct a

clinical trial at a prospective trial site or ethics committees may not issue required positive opinions;

•the FDA or other comparable regulatory authorities may disagree with our clinical trial design,

including with respect to dosing levels administered in our planned clinical trials, which may delay or

prevent us from initiating our clinical trials with our originally intended trial design;

•delays in reaching, or failure to reach, agreement on acceptable terms with prospective trial sites,

investigators and prospective contract research organizations (“CROs”) which can be subject to

extensive negotiation and may vary significantly among different CROs and trial sites;

•the number of subjects required for clinical trials of any drug candidates may be larger than we

anticipate or subjects may drop out of these clinical trials or fail to return for post-treatment follow-up

at a higher rate than we anticipate;

•our CROs for preclinical studies or clinical trials may fail to comply with regulatory requirements or

meet their contractual obligations to us in a timely manner, or at all, or may deviate from the clinical

trial protocol or take actions that could cause clinical sites or clinical investigators to drop out of the

trial, which may require that we add new clinical trial sites or investigators;

•greater than anticipated clinical trial costs, including as a result of delays or interruptions that could

increase the overall costs to finish our clinical trials as our fixed costs are not substantially reduced

during delays;

•we may elect to, or regulators, IRBs, ethics committees or Data Safety Monitoring Boards (“DSMBs”)

may require that we or our investigators, suspend or terminate clinical research or trials for various

reasons, including noncompliance with regulatory requirements or a finding that the participants are

being exposed to unacceptable health risks;

•we may not have the financial resources available to begin and complete the planned trials, or the cost

of clinical trials of any drug candidates may be greater than we anticipate;

•the supply or quality of our drug candidates or other materials necessary to conduct clinical trials of

our drug candidates may be insufficient or inadequate to initiate or complete a given clinical trial;

•the FDA or other comparable foreign regulatory authorities may require us to submit additional data

such as long term toxicology studies, or impose other requirements before permitting us to initiate a

clinical trial, including because the FDA has not reviewed our preclinical or clinical data, to date,

having been developed outside the United States;

•inability to compete with other therapies;

•poor efficacy of our drug candidates during clinical trials;

•unfavorable FDA or other regulatory agency inspection and review of clinical trial sites or

manufacturing facilities;

•unfavorable product labeling associated with any product approvals and any requirements for a Risk

Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy (“REMS”) that may be required by the FDA or comparable

requirements in other jurisdictions to ensure the benefits of an individual product outweigh its risks;

•unfavorable acceptance of our clinical trial data by the patient or medical communities or third-party

payors;

•delays and changes in regulatory requirements, policy and guidelines, including the imposition of

additional regulatory oversight around clinical testing generally or with respect to our technology in

particular; or

•varying interpretations of data by the FDA and similar foreign regulatory agencies.

We do not have complete control over many of these factors, including certain aspects of clinical development

and the regulatory submission process, potential threats to our intellectual property rights and our manufacturing,

marketing, distribution and sales efforts or that of any future collaborator.

We may find it difficult to enroll patients in our clinical trials. If we encounter difficulties enrolling patients in

our clinical trials, our clinical development activities could be delayed or otherwise adversely affected.

Patient enrollment is a significant factor in the timing of clinical trials, including with respect to data read and

the timing of our clinical trials will depend, in part, on the speed at which we can recruit patients to participate in our

trials, as well as completion of required follow-up periods. We may not be able to initiate or continue clinical trials

for our drug candidates if we are unable to locate and enroll a sufficient number of eligible patients to participate in

these trials to such trial’s conclusion as required by applicable regulatory authorities. The eligibility criteria of our

clinical trials, once established, may further limit the pool of available trial participants.

Patient enrollment in clinical trials may be affected by other factors, including:

•size and nature of the targeted patient population;

•severity of the disease or condition under investigation;

•availability and efficacy of approved therapies for the disease or condition under investigation;

•patient eligibility criteria for the trial in question as defined in the protocol;

•perceived risks and benefits of the drug candidate under study;

•clinicians’ and patients’ perceptions as to the potential advantages of the drug candidate being studied

in relation to other available therapies, including any products that may be approved for, or any drug

candidates under investigation for, the indications we are investigating;

•efforts to facilitate timely enrollment in clinical trials;

•patient referral practices of physicians;

•the ability to monitor patients adequately during and after treatment;

•proximity and availability of clinical trial sites for prospective patients;

•any instability in the geographic regions in which our clinical trial sites are located;

•continued enrollment of prospective patients by clinical trial sites; and

•the risk that patients enrolled in clinical trials will drop out of such trials before completion.

Additionally, other pharmaceutical companies targeting these same diseases are recruiting clinical trial

patients from these patient populations, which may make it more difficult to fully enroll any clinical trials. We also

rely on, and will continue to rely on, CROs and clinical trial sites to ensure proper and timely conduct of our clinical

trials and preclinical studies. Though we have entered into agreements governing their services, we will have limited

influence over their actual performance. Our inability to enroll a sufficient number of patients for our clinical trials

would result in significant delays or may require us to abandon one or more clinical trials altogether. Enrollment

delays in our clinical trials may result in increased development costs for our drug candidates and jeopardize our

ability to obtain regulatory approval for the sale of our drug candidates. Furthermore, even if we are able to enroll a

sufficient number of patients for our clinical trials, we may have difficulty maintaining enrollment of such patients

in our clinical trials.

We are developing certain of our drug candidates in combination with other therapies, and safety or supply issues

with combination use products may delay or prevent development and approval of our therapeutic candidates.

We are developing certain of our drug candidates in combination with one or more approved or investigational

therapies. Even if any drug candidate we develop were to receive marketing approval or be commercialized for use

in combination with other existing therapies, we would continue to be subject to the risks that the FDA, European

Commission, PDMA or similar foreign regulatory authorities could revoke approval of the therapy used in

combination with our product or that safety, efficacy, manufacturing or supply issues could arise with any of those

existing therapies. If the therapies we use in combination with our drug candidates are replaced as the standard of

care for the indications we choose for any of our drug candidates, the EMA, FDA, PDMA or similar foreign

regulatory authorities outside may require us to conduct additional clinical trials. The occurrence of any of these

risks could result in our own products, if approved, being removed from the market or being less successful

commercially.

We also may evaluate our drug candidates in combination with one or more therapies that have not yet been

approved for marketing by the FDA, European Commission, PDMA or similar foreign regulatory authorities. We

will not be able to market and sell any drug candidate we develop in combination with an unapproved therapy if that

unapproved therapy does not ultimately obtain marketing approval. In addition, unapproved therapies face the same

risks described with respect to our drug candidates currently in development, including the potential for serious

adverse effects, delay in their clinical trials and lack of FDA, European Commission, PDMA, or similar foreign

regulatory authorities approval.

If the FDA, European Commission or similar foreign regulatory authorities do not approve these other

therapies or revoke their approval of, or if safety, efficacy, manufacturing or supply issues arise with, the therapies

we choose to evaluate in combination with our drug candidates, we may be unable to obtain approval of or market

any such drug candidate.

We may conduct clinical trials for our drug candidates outside of the U.S., and the FDA may not accept data

from such trials, in which case our development plans may be delayed, which could materially harm our

business.

We have in the past conducted clinical trials or a portion of our clinical trials for our drug candidates outside

the U.S. The acceptance of study data from clinical trials conducted outside the U.S. or another jurisdiction by the

FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authority may be subject to certain conditions or may not be accepted at all.

In cases where data from foreign clinical trials are intended to serve as the sole basis for marketing approval in the

U.S., for example, the FDA will generally not approve the application on the basis of foreign data alone unless (i)

the data are applicable to the U.S. population and U.S. medical practice; (ii) the trials were performed by clinical

investigators of recognized competence and pursuant to GCP regulations; and (iii) the data may be considered valid

without the need for an on-site inspection by the FDA, or if the FDA considers such inspection to be necessary, the

FDA is able to validate the data through an on-site inspection or other appropriate means. In addition, even where

the foreign study data are not intended to serve as the sole basis for approval, the FDA will not accept the data as

support for an application for marketing approval unless the study is well-designed and well-conducted in

accordance with GCP requirements and the FDA is able to validate the data from the study through an onsite

inspection if deemed necessary. Many foreign regulatory authorities have similar requirements for clinical data

gathered outside of their respective jurisdictions. In addition, such foreign trials would be subject to the applicable

local laws of the foreign jurisdictions where the trials are conducted. There can be no assurance that the FDA or any

comparable foreign regulatory authority will accept data from trials conducted outside of the U.S. or the relevant

jurisdiction. If the FDA or any comparable foreign regulatory authority does not accept such data, it may result in

the need for additional trials, which could be costly and time-consuming, and which may result in current or future

drug candidates that we may develop not receiving approval for commercialization in the applicable jurisdiction.

Interim, “top-line” and preliminary data from our clinical trials and preclinical studies that we announce or

publish from time to time may change as more patient data become available and are subject to audit and

verification procedures that could result in material changes in the final data.

From time to time, we may publicly disclose interim, top-line or preliminary data from our clinical trials and

preclinical studies, which is based on a preliminary analysis of then-available data, and the results and related

findings and conclusions are subject to change following a more comprehensive review of the data related to the

particular study or trial. We also make assumptions, estimations, calculations and conclusions as part of our analyses

of data, and we may not have received or had the opportunity to fully and carefully evaluate all data. As a result, the

interim, top-line or preliminary results that we report may differ from future results of the same studies or trials, or

different conclusions or considerations may qualify such results, once additional data have been received and fully

evaluated. Top-line and preliminary data also remain subject to audit and verification procedures that may result in

the final data being materially different from the top-line or preliminary data we previously published. As a result,

top-line and preliminary data should be viewed with caution until the final data are available. Moreover, caution

should be exercised in drawing any conclusions from a comparison of data that does not come from head-to-head

analysis.

Interim data from clinical trials that we may complete are further subject to the risk that one or more of the

clinical outcomes may materially change as patient enrollment continues and more patient data become available.

Adverse differences between interim, top-line or preliminary data and final data could significantly harm our

business prospects. Further, disclosure of such data by us or by our competitors could result in volatility in the price

of our securities.

Further, others, including regulatory agencies, may not accept or agree with our assumptions, estimates,

calculations, conclusions or analyses or may interpret or weigh the importance of data differently, which could

impact the value of the particular development program, the approvability or commercialization of the particular

drug candidate or product and our company in general. In addition, the information we choose to publicly disclose

regarding a particular study or clinical trial is based on what is typically extensive information, and you or others

may not agree with what we determine is material or otherwise appropriate information to include in our disclosure,

and any information we determine not to disclose may ultimately be deemed significant with respect to future

decisions, conclusions, views, activities or otherwise regarding a particular drug candidate or our business. If the

interim, top-line or preliminary data that we report differ from actual results, or if others, including regulatory

authorities, disagree with the conclusions reached, our ability to obtain approval for, and commercialize, our drug

candidates may be harmed, which could harm our business, operating results, prospects or financial condition.

Disruptions at the FDA and other government agencies caused by funding shortages or global health concerns

could hinder their ability to hire, retain or deploy key leadership and other personnel, prevent new or modified

products from being developed, reviewed, approved or commercialized in a timely manner or at all, which could

negatively impact our business.

The ability of the FDA and foreign regulatory authorities to review and approve new products can be affected

by a variety of factors, including government budget and funding levels, statutory, regulatory and policy changes,

the FDA’s or foreign regulatory authorities’ ability to hire and retain key personnel and accept the payment of user

fees, and other events that may otherwise affect the FDA’s or foreign regulatory authorities’ ability to perform

routine functions. Average review times at the FDA and foreign regulatory authorities have fluctuated in recent

years as a result. In addition, government funding of other government agencies that fund research and development

activities is subject to the political process, which is inherently fluid and unpredictable. Disruptions at the FDA and

other agencies may also slow the time necessary for new drugs or modifications to approved drugs and to be

reviewed and/or approved by necessary government agencies, which would adversely affect our business. For

example, over the last several years, the U.S. government has shut down several times and certain regulatory

agencies, such as the FDA, have had to furlough critical FDA employees and stop critical activities. If a prolonged

government shutdown occurs, or if a public health crisis prevents the FDA or other regulatory authorities from

conducting their regular inspections, reviews, or other regulatory activities, it could significantly impact the ability

of the FDA or other regulatory authorities to timely review and process our regulatory submissions, which could

have a material adverse effect on our business.

The FDA and other regulatory agencies actively enforce the laws and regulations prohibiting the promotion of

off-label uses.

The FDA strictly regulates marketing, labeling, advertising and promotion of prescription drugs. These

regulations include standards and restrictions for direct-to-consumer advertising, industry-sponsored scientific and

educational activities, promotional activities involving the internet and off-label promotion. Any regulatory approval

that the FDA grants is limited to those specific diseases and indications for which a product is deemed to be safe and

effective by FDA. While physicians in the United States may choose, and are generally permitted, to prescribe drugs

for uses that are not described in the product’s labeling and for uses that differ from those tested in clinical trials and

approved by the regulatory authorities, our ability to promote any products will be narrowly limited to those

indications that are specifically approved by the FDA.

If we are found to have promoted such off-label uses, we may become subject to significant liability. The U.S.

federal government has levied large civil and criminal fines against companies for alleged improper promotion of

off-label use and has enjoined several companies from engaging in off-label promotion. The FDA has also requested

that companies enter into consent decrees or permanent injunctions under which specified promotional conduct is

changed or curtailed. Similar requirements and related risks apply outside the U.S. If we cannot successfully manage

the promotion of any drug candidates, if approved, we could become subject to significant liability, which would

materially adversely affect our business and financial condition.

We may not be able to find industrial partners to pursue the clinical and commercial development of obefazimod.

We may enter into licensing and distribution partnerships with pharmaceutical companies in order to fund the

completion of the clinical development and marketing preparation of our lead drug candidate, obefazimod.

Consequently, we should find partners with sufficient capacity to perform Phase 1, 2 and/or 3 clinical trials on a

national or international scale and mass-produce, distribute and market immunotherapies and anti-inflammatory

treatments such as obefazimod. If we were to enter into such partnerships, the commercialization of our products

would depend, in part, on the clinical, industrial, marketing and commercial development efforts of our business

partners and the ability of these partners to produce and sell obefazimod. Any failure on the part of our partners

could have a material adverse effect on our growth and outlook.

It is also possible that we may not be able to enter into partnerships under economically reasonable conditions

or at all. This could have a material adverse effect on our business, outlook, financial position, results and

development.

We may not be able to conduct, or contract others to conduct, animal testing in the future, which could harm our

research and development activities.

Certain laws and regulations relating to drug development require us to test our drug candidates on animals

before initiating clinical trials involving humans. Animal testing activities have been the subject of controversy and

adverse publicity. Animal rights groups and other organizations and individuals have attempted to stop animal

testing activities by pressing for legislation and regulation in these areas and by disrupting these activities through

protests and other means. To the extent the activities of these groups are successful, our research and development

activities may be interrupted or delayed.

Risks Related to our Operations and Strategic Development

We expect to expand our organization, and as a result, we may encounter difficulties in managing our growth,

which could disrupt our operations.

In order to manage our anticipated development and expansion, including the potential commercialization of

our drug candidates in Europe and the United States, we must continue to implement and improve our managerial,

operational and financial systems, expand our facilities and continue to recruit and train additional qualified

personnel. Due to our limited financial resources and the limited experience of our management team in managing a

company with such expected growth, we may not be able to effectively manage the expansion of our operations or

recruit and train additional qualified personnel. The expansion of our operations may lead to significant costs and

may divert the attention of our management and business development resources away from day-to-day activities

and devote a substantial amount of time to managing internal or external growth. Our inability to manage growth or

unexpected difficulties encountered during expansion could have a material adverse effect on our business, income,

financial position, growth and outlook.

Our international operations subject us to various risks, and our failure to manage these risks could adversely

affect our results of operations.

We face significant operational risks as a result of doing business internationally, such as:

•fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates;

•differing payor reimbursement regimes, governmental payors or patient self-pay systems and price

controls;

•potential changes to the accounting standards, which may influence our financial situation and results;

•becoming subject to the different, complex and changing laws, regulations and court systems of

multiple jurisdictions and compliance with a wide variety of foreign laws, treaties and regulations;

•reduced protection of, or significant difficulties in enforcing, intellectual property rights in certain

countries;

•difficulties in attracting and retaining qualified personnel;

•restrictions imposed by local labor practices and laws on our business and operations, including

unilateral cancellation or modification of contracts;

•rapid changes in global government, economic and political policies and conditions, political or civil

unrest or instability, terrorism or epidemics and other similar outbreaks or events, and potential failure

in confidence of our suppliers or customers due to such changes or events; and

•tariffs, trade protection measures, import or export licensing requirements, trade embargoes and other

trade barriers, including any governmental responses thereto.

The market opportunities for our drug candidates may be limited to patients who are ineligible for or have failed

prior treatments and may be small or different from our estimates.

The current IBD treatment approach is influenced by multiple factors, including disease severity, previous

response to treatment, side effects and co-morbidities. The current standard of care for treatment of patients with

mild IBD involves the use of conventional anti-inflammatory therapies. Conventional anti-inflammatory therapies

include: aminosalicylates (e.g., 5-ASA), immunosuppressants or immunomodulators (e.g., 6-mercaptopurine (“6-

MP”), methotrexate (“MTX”)) and corticosteroids that are usually prescribed for short-term treatment to manage

flare-ups. Despite these conventional therapies, patients suffering from mild IBD may evolve towards moderate and

severe forms of IBD requiring the use of advanced therapies. However, available therapies often only have moderate

efficacy that changes or may wane over time, as patients have the potential to stop responding or do not respond at

all to these treatments and thus require new therapeutic management options.

While we hope to position obefazimod as a potential first-line advanced therapy, there is no guarantee that

even if approved, it would be approved for first-line advanced therapy. This could limit our potential market

opportunity. In addition, we may have to conduct additional clinical trials prior to gaining approval for first-line

advanced therapy.

The estimates of market opportunity and forecasts of market growth included in this Annual Report on Form 20-

F may prove to be inaccurate, and even if the markets in which we compete achieve the forecasted growth, our

business may not grow at similar rates, or at all.

Market opportunity estimates and growth forecasts included in this Annual Report on Form 20-F are subject to

significant uncertainty and are based on assumptions and estimates which may not prove to be accurate. The

estimates and forecasts included in this Annual Report on Form 20-F relating to size and expected growth of our

target market may prove to be inaccurate. Even if the markets in which we compete meet the size estimates and

growth forecasts included in this Annual Report on Form 20-F, our business may not grow at similar rates, or at all.

Our growth is subject to many factors, including our success in implementing our business strategy, which is subject

to many risks and uncertainties.

Sales of our drug candidates, if approved, could be adversely impacted by the reluctance of physicians, healthcare

payors, patients or the medical community in general to adopt them and by the availability of competing drugs.

Even if we obtain regulatory approval for one or more of our drug candidates, physicians, healthcare payors,

patients or the medical community in general may be reluctant to try a new drug due to the high degree of risk

associated with the application of new drugs in the field of human medicine, especially if the new drug differs from

the currently prevailing medication for a given complaint. We will need to expend significant sums of money to

market our products to increase the public’s awareness within numerous limits set by the regulations concerning the

promotion of drugs. If our products do not achieve an adequate level of acceptance, we may not generate enough

revenues to become profitable or the profitability may occur much later.

Competing drug candidates in the chronic inflammatory disease field are being manufactured and marketed by

other companies, including, but not limited to, AbbVie, Eli Lilly, Johnson & Johnson, Pfizer and Takeda. Merck,

Roche, and Teva/Sanofi are all potential future competitors based on recent acquisitions of TL1A molecules. To

compete with other drugs, particularly any that sell at lower prices, our drug candidates will have to provide

medically significant advantages or be more cost-effective. Even if we can overcome physician reluctance and

compete with products that are currently on the market, our competitors may succeed in developing new, safer, more

accurate or more cost-effective treatments or therapeutic indications that could render our drug candidates obsolete

or non-competitive.

Global economic conditions could materially adversely impact demand for our drug candidates.

Our operations and performance depend significantly on economic conditions. Global financial conditions

continue to be subject to volatility arising from international geopolitical developments, such as the wars in Ukraine

and Iran, tariffs and global economic phenomena, as well as general financial market turbulence, natural phenomena

and any public health crisis. Uncertainty about global economic conditions could result in:

•third-party suppliers being unable to produce components for our drug candidates in the same quantity

or on the same timeline or being unable to deliver such parts and components as quickly as before or

subject to price fluctuations, which could have a material adverse effect on our production or the cost

of such production; and

•once our drug candidates are available for sale, customers postponing purchases of our drug candidates

in response to tighter credit, unemployment, negative financial news and/or declines in income or asset

values and other macroeconomic factors, which could have a material adverse effect on demand for

our drug candidates,

either of which could, accordingly, have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations or

financial condition.

Access to public financing and credit can be negatively affected by the effect of these events on European,

U.S. and global credit markets. The health of the global financing and credit markets may affect our ability to obtain

equity or debt financing in the future and the terms at which financing or credit is available to us. These instances of

volatility and market turmoil could adversely affect our operations and the trading price of our ordinary shares.

Changes to trade policy, tariffs, and import/export regulations may have a material adverse effect on our

business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Changes in laws and policies governing foreign trade could adversely affect our business. As a result of recent

and future policy changes, there may be greater restrictions and economic disincentives on international trade. Such

changes have the potential to adversely impact the global and local economies, our industry and global demand for

our drug candidates and, as a result, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and

results of operations.

Fluctuations in currency exchange rates may significantly impact our results of operations.

Our business is located, and our operations are conducted, in Europe. As a result, we are exposed to an

exchange rate risk between the U.S. dollar and the Euro. The exchange rates between these currencies in recent years

have fluctuated significantly and may continue to do so in the future. An appreciation of the Euro against the

U.S. dollar could increase the relative cost of our drug candidates outside of Europe, which could have a negative

effect on sales. Conversely, to the extent that we are required to pay for goods or services in U.S. dollars, the

depreciation of the Euro against the U.S. dollar would increase the cost of such goods and services.

We do not hedge our currency exposure and, therefore, we incur currency transaction risk whenever we enter

into either a purchase or sale transaction using a currency other than the Euro. Given the volatility of exchange rates,

we might not be able to effectively manage our currency transaction risks, and volatility in currency exchange rates

might have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

We rely on a small number of third-party suppliers and manufacturers, and in certain cases a single-source

supplier, and we may be in a position of dependence with respect to these third parties.

We do not own or operate manufacturing facilities and have no current plans to develop our own clinical or

commercial-scale manufacturing capabilities. We currently rely, and expect to continue to rely, on a small number of

third-party suppliers, and in certain cases a single-source supplier, for the supply of various raw materials and

chemical products and clinical batches needed for our preclinical studies and clinical trials. In the case of certain

manufactured and clinical supplies, we rely on single-source suppliers. The supply of specific raw materials and

products required for conducting clinical trials and manufacturing our products cannot be guaranteed.

We are dependent on third parties for the supply of various materials, including chemical or biological

products that can barely be substituted and are necessary to produce drug candidates for our clinical trials and,

ultimately, commercial supply for any of our drug candidates that may receive approval.

The facilities used by our third-party manufacturers must be approved for the manufacture of our drug

candidates by the FDA, the national competent authorities of EU Member States and any comparable foreign

regulatory authorities in other jurisdictions, pursuant to inspections that may be conducted after we submit an NDA

to the FDA, a marketing authorization application ("MAA") to the EMA, or submit a comparable marketing

application to a comparable regulatory authority. We do not control the manufacturing process of, and are

completely dependent on, third-party manufacturers for compliance with GMP requirements for manufacture of our

drug candidates. If these third-party manufacturers cannot successfully manufacture material that conforms to our

specifications and the strict regulatory requirements of any applicable regulatory authority, they will not be able to

secure and/or maintain regulatory approval for the use of their manufacturing facilities.

In addition, we have no control over the ability of third-party manufacturers to maintain adequate quality

control, quality assurance and qualified personnel. If any regulatory authority does not approve these facilities for

the manufacture of our drug candidates, or if such authorities withdraw any such approval in the future, we may be

required to find alternative manufacturing facilities, which would significantly impact our ability to develop, obtain

regulatory approval for or market our drug candidates, if approved. Our failure, or the failure of our third-party

manufacturers, to comply with applicable regulations could result in sanctions being imposed on us, including

clinical holds, fines, injunctions, civil penalties, delays, suspension or withdrawal of approvals, seizures or recalls,

operating restrictions and criminal prosecutions, any of which could significantly and adversely affect our financial

position.

Our or a third party’s failure to execute on our manufacturing requirements on commercially reasonable terms

and in compliance with GMP or other regulatory requirements could adversely affect our business in a number of

ways, including:

•an inability to initiate or complete clinical trials of our drug candidates in a timely manner;

•delay in submitting regulatory applications, or receiving regulatory approvals, for our drug candidates;

•subjecting third-party manufacturing facilities to additional inspections by regulatory authorities;

•requirements to cease development or to recall batches of our drug candidates; and

•in the event of approval to market and commercialize any drug candidate, an inability to meet

commercial demands.

In addition, we do not have any long-term commitments or supply agreements with any third-party

manufacturers. We may be unable to establish any long-term supply agreements with third-party manufacturers or to

do so on acceptable terms, which increases the risk of failing to timely obtain sufficient quantities of our drug

candidates or such quantities at an acceptable cost. Any performance failure on the part of our existing or future

manufacturers or suppliers could delay clinical development or marketing approval, and any related remedial

measures may be costly or time consuming to implement. We do not currently have second source for all required

raw materials used in the manufacture of our drug candidates. If our existing or future third-party manufacturers

cannot perform as agreed, we may be required to replace such manufacturers and we may be unable to replace them

on a timely basis or at all, which would have a material adverse impact on our financial position.

We rely on third parties to conduct our preclinical studies and clinical trials. If these third parties do not

successfully carry out their contractual duties or meet expected deadlines, we may not be able to obtain regulatory

approval for or commercialize our drug candidates and our business could be substantially harmed.

We are dependent on third parties to conduct our clinical trials and preclinical studies. Specifically, we rely

on, and will continue to rely on, medical institutions, clinical investigators, CROs and consultants to conduct

preclinical studies and clinical trials, in each case in accordance with trial protocols and regulatory requirements.

These CROs, investigators and other third parties play a significant role in the conduct and timing of these trials and

subsequent collection and analysis of data. Though we expect to carefully manage our relationships with such

CROs, investigators and other third parties, there can be no assurance that we will not encounter challenges or

delays in the future, or that these delays or challenges will not have a material adverse impact on our business,

financial condition and prospects. Further, while we have and will have agreements governing the activities of our

third-party contractors, we have limited influence over their actual performance. Nevertheless, we are responsible

for ensuring that each of our clinical trials is conducted in accordance with the applicable protocol and legal,

regulatory and scientific standards and requirements, and our reliance on our CROs and other third parties does not

relieve us of our regulatory responsibilities.

In addition, we and our CROs are required to comply with stringent standards governing the conduct of

preclinical studies and clinical trials, including Good Laboratory Practice (“GLP”) and GCP requirements, which are

regulations and guidelines enforced by the FDA and comparable foreign regulatory authorities, for our drug

candidates in clinical development. Regulatory authorities enforce GCPs through periodic inspections of trial

sponsors, principal investigators and trial sites. If we or any of our CROs or trial sites fail to comply with applicable

GLP, GCP or other requirements, the data generated in our clinical trials may be deemed unreliable, and the FDA or

comparable foreign regulatory authorities may require us to perform additional clinical trials before approving our

marketing applications, if ever. Furthermore, our clinical trials must be conducted with materials manufactured in

accordance with GMP regulations. Failure to comply with these regulations may require us to repeat clinical trials,

which would delay the regulatory approval process.

There is no guarantee that any of our CROs, investigators or other third parties will devote adequate time and

resources to such trials or studies or perform as contractually required. If any of these third parties fails to meet

expected deadlines, adhere to our clinical protocols or meet regulatory requirements, or otherwise perform in a

substandard manner, our clinical trials may be extended, delayed or terminated. In addition, many of the third parties

with whom we contract may also have relationships with other commercial entities, including our competitors, for

whom they may also be conducting clinical trials or other activities that could harm our competitive position. In

addition, principal investigators for our clinical trials may be asked to serve as scientific advisors or consultants to us

from time to time and may receive cash or equity compensation in connection with such services. If these

relationships and any related compensation result in perceived or actual conflicts of interest, or the FDA concludes

that the financial relationship may have affected the interpretation of the study, the integrity of the data generated at

the applicable clinical trial site may be questioned and the utility of the clinical trial itself may be jeopardized, which

could result in the delay or rejection by the FDA of any NDA we submit. Any such delay or rejection could prevent

us from commercializing our drug candidates.

In addition, our CROs have the right to terminate their agreements with us in the event of an uncured material

breach and under other specified circumstances. If any of our relationships with these third parties terminate, we

may not be able to enter into arrangements with alternative third parties on commercially reasonable terms or at all.

Switching or adding additional CROs, investigators and other third parties involves additional cost and requires our

management’s time and focus. In addition, there is a natural transition period when a new CRO commences work.

As a result, delays occur, which can materially impact our ability to meet our desired clinical development timelines.

Though we work to carefully manage our relationships with our CROs, investigators and other third parties, there

can be no assurance that we will not encounter challenges or delays in the future or that these delays or challenges

will not have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition and prospects.

If any of our relationships with these third parties terminate, we may not be able to enter into arrangements

with alternative third parties on commercially reasonable terms or at all. Switching or adding additional CROs,

investigators and other third parties involves additional cost and requires our management’s time and focus. In

addition, there is a natural transition period when a new CRO commences work. As a result, delays occur, which can

materially impact our ability to meet our desired clinical development timelines. Though we work to carefully

manage our relationships with our CROs, investigators and other third parties, there can be no assurance that we will

not encounter challenges or delays in the future or that these delays or challenges will not have a material adverse

impact on our business, financial condition and prospects.

Our future success depends on our ability to retain our key executives and to attract, retain and motivate

qualified personnel.

We are highly dependent on our management, scientific and medical personnel whose services are critical to

our success. Our success depends greatly on the involvement and expertise of our senior executives and qualified

scientific staff. We do not maintain key person insurance. The temporary or permanent unavailability of our

management and scientific staff could lead to:

•loss of know-how and weakening of certain activities, especially in the case of transfer to the

competition; and

•deficiencies in terms of technical skills that could slow down activity and ultimately impair our ability

to reach our objectives.

Recruiting and retaining additional qualified management and scientific, clinical, manufacturing and sales and

marketing personnel will also be critical to our success, particularly as we expand in order to acquire additional

skills, such as manufacturing, quality assurance and regulatory and medical affairs. The loss of the services of our

senior management team or other key employees could impede the achievement of our research, development and

commercialization objectives and seriously harm our ability to successfully implement our business strategy.

Furthermore, replacing executive officers and key employees may be difficult and may take an extended period of

time because of the limited number of individuals in our industry with the breadth of skills and experience required

to successfully develop, gain regulatory approval of and commercialize drug candidates. Competition to hire from

this limited pool is intense, and we may be unable to hire, train, retain or motivate these key personnel on acceptable

terms given the competition among numerous pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies for similar personnel.

We also experience intense competition for the hiring of scientific and clinical personnel from other

companies, universities and research institutions. We may not be able to attract or retain qualified management and

scientific personnel in the future due to intense competition for a limited number of qualified personnel. Many of

those that compete with us for qualified personnel have greater financial and other resources, different risk profiles

and a longer history in the industry than we do. Our competitors may also provide more diverse opportunities and

better chances for career advancement. An inability to attract and retain high quality personnel will have a material

adverse effect on our business, prospects, financial condition, cash flow or results of operations.

In addition, we rely on consultants and advisors, including scientific and clinical advisors, to assist us in

formulating our research and development and commercialization strategy. Our consultants and advisors may be

employed by employers other than us and may have commitments under consulting or advisory contracts with other

entities that may limit their availability to us. If we are unable to continue to attract and retain high quality

personnel, the marketing and production of our drugs could be delayed or prevented, which could, in turn, have a

material adverse effect on our business, prospects, financial condition, cash flows or results of operations.

Our employees, principal investigators, consultants and commercial partners may engage in misconduct or other

improper activities, including noncompliance with regulatory standards and requirements and insider trading.

We are exposed to the risk of fraud or other misconduct by our employees, principal investigators, consultants

and commercial partners. Misconduct by these parties could include intentional failures, reckless and/or negligent

conduct or unauthorized activity that violates (i) the laws and regulations of the European Economic Area (“EEA”)

countries, the European Union, FDA and other regulatory authorities, including those laws requiring the reporting of

true, complete and accurate information to such authorities, (ii) manufacturing standards, (iii) federal and state data

privacy, security, fraud and abuse and other healthcare laws and regulations in Europe, the United States and

elsewhere, (iv) laws that require the true, complete and accurate reporting of financial information or data and (v)

insider trading laws of the European Union, the United States or other jurisdictions. In particular, sales, marketing

and business arrangements in the healthcare industry are subject to extensive laws and regulations intended to

prevent fraud, misconduct, kickbacks, self-dealing and other abusive practices. These laws and regulations restrict or

prohibit a wide range of pricing, discounting, marketing and promotion, sales commission, customer incentive

programs and other business arrangements. Such misconduct also could involve the improper use of individually

identifiable information, including, without limitation, information obtained in the course of clinical trials, creating

fraudulent data in our preclinical studies or clinical trials or illegal misappropriation of drug product, which could

result in regulatory sanctions and cause serious harm to our reputation. It is not always possible to identify and deter

misconduct by employees and other third parties, and the precautions we take to detect and prevent this activity may

not be effective in controlling unknown or unmanaged risks or losses or in protecting us from government

investigations or other actions or lawsuits stemming from a failure to comply with these laws or regulations.

Additionally, we are subject to the risk that a person or government could allege such fraud or other misconduct,

even if none occurred. If any such actions are instituted against us and we are not successful in defending ourselves

or asserting our rights, those actions could result in significant civil, criminal and administrative penalties, damages,

fines, disgorgement, imprisonment, exclusion from participating in government-funded healthcare programs, such as

Medicare and Medicaid, additional reporting requirements and oversight if we become subject to a corporate

integrity agreement or similar agreement to resolve allegations of noncompliance with these laws, contractual

damages, reputational harm and the curtailment or restructuring of our operations, any of which could have a

negative impact on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

Moreover, governmental investigations by health regulatory agencies such as the FDA or EMA or securities

regulatory agencies, such as the AMF or SEC, litigation or other legal proceedings may cause us to incur significant

expenses and could distract our technical and management personnel from their normal responsibilities. In addition,

there could be public announcements of the results of hearings, motions or other interim proceedings or

developments. If securities analysts or investors perceive these results to be negative, it could have a substantial

adverse effect on the price of our ordinary shares. Such investigations, litigation or proceedings could substantially

increase our operating losses and reduce the resources available for development, manufacturing, sales, marketing or

distribution activities. Uncertainties resulting from the initiation and continuation of litigation or other proceedings

relating to applicable laws and regulations could have an adverse effect on our ability to compete in the marketplace.

We have limited infrastructure in market access, sales, marketing and distribution.

We lack infrastructure and resources in the fields of sales, marketing and distribution. We need to develop our

own marketing and sales capacity, either alone or with partners once marketing authorizations have been obtained.

As part of setting up our sales and marketing infrastructure, we will need to incur additional expenses, mobilize

management resources, implement new skills and take the time necessary to set up the appropriate organization and

structure to support the products in accordance with current legislation and, more generally, optimize

commercialization efforts. We compete with many companies that currently have extensive, experienced and well-

funded market access, marketing and sales operations to recruit, hire, train and retain marketing and sales personnel,

and will have to compete with those companies to recruit, hire, train and retain any of our own market access,

marketing and sales personnel. If we are unable to expand our sales and marketing team, we may be unable to

compete successfully against these more established companies. Alternatively, if we choose to collaborate, either

globally or on a territory-by-territory basis, with third parties that have direct sales forces and established

distribution systems, either to augment our own sales force and distribution systems or in lieu of our own sales force

and distribution systems, we will be required to negotiate and enter into arrangements with such third parties relating

to the proposed collaboration. If we are unable to enter into such arrangements when needed, on acceptable terms, or

at all, we may not be able to successfully commercialize any of our drug candidates that receive regulatory approval

or any such commercialization may experience delays or limitations. Factors that may inhibit our efforts to build a

sales, marketing and distribution organization include:

•our inability to recruit, train and retain adequate numbers of effective sales and marketing personnel;

•the inability of sales personnel to obtain access to physicians, educate physicians about patients for

whom our drug candidates may be appropriate treatment options and attain adequate numbers of

physicians to prescribe any drugs;

•the inability of reimbursement professionals to negotiate arrangements for formulary access,

reimbursement and other acceptance by payors;

•restricted or closed distribution channels that make it difficult to distribute our products to segments of

the patient population;

•the lack of complementary medicines to be offered by sales personnel, which may put us at a

competitive disadvantage relative to companies with more extensive product lines; and

•unforeseen costs and expenses associated with creating an independent sales and marketing

organization.

There are numerous competitors in the market for therapeutic treatments of inflammatory diseases.

The biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries are highly competitive and subject to significant and rapid

technological change as researchers learn more about diseases and develop new technologies and treatments. Many

pharmaceutical companies, biotech companies, institutions, universities and other research organizations are actively

engaged in the research, discovery, development and commercialization of therapeutic responses for the treatment of

the diseases targeted by us. Significant competitive factors in our industry include: (i) product efficacy and safety;

(ii) quality and breadth of an organization’s technology; (iii) skill of an organization’s employees and its ability to

recruit and retain key employees; (iv) timing and scope of regulatory approvals; (v) government reimbursement rates

for, and the average selling price of, pharmaceutical products; (vi) the availability of raw materials and qualified

manufacturing capacity; (vii) manufacturing costs; (viii) intellectual property and patent rights and their protection;

and (ix) sales and marketing capabilities. Given the intense competition in our industry, we cannot assure you that

any of the products that we successfully develop will be clinically superior or scientifically preferable to products

developed or introduced by our competitors. In addition, significant delays in the development of our drug

candidates could allow our competitors to succeed in obtaining European Commission, FDA, PMDA or other

regulatory approvals for their drug candidates more rapidly than us, which could place us at a significant competitive

disadvantage or deny us marketing exclusivity rights.

Our competitors in the chronic inflammatory disease field are primarily large pharmaceuticals companies

including, but not limited to AbbVie, Eli Lilly, Johnson & Johnson, Pfizer and Takeda. Several lines of research are

being developed to improve the treatment of IBD. Many companies are working to develop new, more effective and

better tolerated treatments with more practical formulations, especially small molecules administered orally, better

accepted than monoclonal antibodies that require administration by injection. See “Item 4.C. Business Overview—

Competition.”

Further, our competitors may be more effective at using their technologies to develop commercial products.

Many of the organizations competing with us have significantly greater financial resources and expertise in research

and development, manufacturing, preclinical studies, conducting clinical trials, obtaining regulatory approvals and

marketing. Mergers and acquisitions in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries may result in even more

resources being concentrated among a smaller number of our competitors. Smaller or early-stage companies may

also prove to be significant competitors, particularly through partnership arrangements with large and established

companies. These companies also compete with us in recruiting and retaining qualified scientific and management

personnel and establishing clinical trial sites and patient registration for clinical trials, as well as in acquiring

technologies complementary to, or necessary for, our programs.

The development potential in the markets in which we operate is such that the arrival of new competition is

probable. New market entrants, increased competition in specific areas, or in general, would have a material adverse

effect on our business, income, financial position and outlook for growth.

We depend on, and will continue to depend on, collaboration and strategic alliances with third partners. To the

extent we are able to enter into collaborative arrangements or strategic alliances, we will be exposed to risks

related to those collaborations and alliances.

An important element of our strategy for developing, manufacturing and commercializing our drug candidates

is entering into partnerships and strategic alliances with other pharmaceutical companies or other industry

participants. The collaboration agreements that we have established, and any collaboration arrangements that we

may enter into in the future, may not be successful, which would have a negative impact on our business, results of

operations, financial condition and growth prospects.

Any partnerships or alliance we have or may have in the future may be terminated for reasons beyond our

control or we may not be able to negotiate future alliances on acceptable terms, if at all. These arrangements may

result in us receiving less revenue than if we sold our products directly, may place the development, sales and

marketing of our products outside of our control, may require us to relinquish important rights or may otherwise be

on unfavorable terms. Collaborative arrangements or strategic alliances will also subject us to a number of risks,

including the risk that:

•we may not be able to control the amount and timing of resources that our strategic partner/

collaborators may devote to the drug candidates;

•strategic partner/collaborators may experience financial difficulties;

•the failure to successfully collaborate with third parties may delay, prevent or otherwise impair the

development or commercialization of our drug candidates or revenue expectations;

•products being developed by partners/collaborators may never reach commercial stage resulting in

reduced or even no milestone or royalty payments;

•business combinations or significant changes in a collaborator’s business strategy may also adversely

affect a collaborator’s willingness or ability to complete their obligations under any arrangement;

•a collaborator could independently move forward with a competing product developed either

independently or in collaboration with others, including our competitors; and

•collaborative arrangements are often terminated or allowed to expire, which would delay the

development and may increase the cost of developing drug candidates.

Our partnerships and licensing agreements relating to the technologies belonging to us may not be successful.

The various drug candidates developed by us arise from proprietary or licensed technologies with leading

academic partners, including Scripps Research Institute, University of Chicago, Brigham Young University, the

Montpellier Institute of Molecular Genetics at the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (“CNRS”) and the

Institut Curie. If the clinical trials conducted by us were to reveal safety and/or therapeutic efficacy problems or if

the use of one of the platforms were to violate an intellectual property right held by a third party, this could threaten

the use and operation of some of our technology platforms and require additional research and development efforts

and additional time and expense to address these difficulties, with success not being guaranteed. The development of

a portion of our product portfolio would be affected, which would have a material adverse effect on our business,

outlook, growth, financial position and income.

The reimbursement of drugs and treatments is beyond our control.

After achieving regulatory authorization and once marketing authorization is granted, the process of setting

the sales price of drugs and their reimbursement rates begins. The conditions for setting the sales price and

reimbursement rate for drugs are beyond the control of pharmaceutical companies. They are decided by competent

public committees and bodies and by social security or private insurance companies. In this context, we or our

partners could be asked to perform additional studies on our products. These studies could generate additional costs

for us or our partners and lead to delays in marketing the drug, which could have an impact on our financial position.

There is significant uncertainty related to the reimbursement of newly-approved drugs. The level of

reimbursement will impact market acceptance and sale of our drug candidates. Reimbursement by a third-party is

dependent on a number of factors, including, without limitation, the third-party payor’s determination that use of a

product is:

•a covered benefit under its health plan;

•safe, effective and medically necessary;

•appropriate for the specific patient;

•cost-effective; and

•neither experimental nor investigational.

The possibility that we could receive royalties from our industrial partner or partners on the sale of some of

our products and our ability to make sufficient profits on the marketing of our treatments or those for which we have

entered into distribution contracts will depend on these reimbursement conditions. If delays in the price negotiation

procedure result in a significant delay in marketing, if our product does not obtain an appropriate level of

reimbursement, or if the accepted price level and reimbursement rate of the treatments we market are changed, our

profitability will be reduced.

We are also unable to guarantee that we will succeed in maintaining, over time, the price level of our products

or those for which licenses have been granted, or the accepted reimbursement rate. Under these conditions, there

could be a material adverse effect on our business, financial position and results of operations.

The pricing, insurance coverage and reimbursement status of newly-approved products is uncertain. Failure to

obtain or maintain adequate coverage and reimbursement for our drug candidates, if approved, could limit our

ability to market those products and decrease our ability to generate product revenue.

Successful sales of our drug candidates, if approved, depend on the availability of coverage and adequate

reimbursement from third-party payors including governmental healthcare programs, such as Medicare and

Medicaid in the United States, managed care organizations and commercial payors, among others. Significant

uncertainty exists as to the coverage and reimbursement status of any drug candidates for which we obtain

regulatory approval.

In the United States, no uniform policy for coverage and reimbursement exists, and coverage and

reimbursement for drug products can differ significantly from payor to payor. Therefore, one payor’s determination

to provide coverage for a drug product does not assure that other payors will also provide coverage for the drug

product. Third-party payors often follow Medicare coverage policy and payment limitations in setting their own

reimbursement rates, but also have their own methods and approval process apart from Medicare determinations. As

a result, the coverage determination process is often a time-consuming and costly process that will require us to

provide scientific and clinical support for the use of our products to each payor separately, with no assurance that

coverage and adequate reimbursement will be applied consistently or obtained in the first instance. Moreover,

coverage policies and third-party reimbursement rates may change at any time. Even if favorable coverage and

reimbursement status is attained for one or more products for which we receive regulatory approval, less favorable

coverage policies and reimbursement rates may be implemented in the future.

Reimbursement may impact the demand for, and/or the price of, any product for which we obtain marketing

approval. Assuming we obtain coverage for a given product by a third-party payor, the resulting reimbursement

payment rates may not be adequate or may require co-payments that patients find unacceptably high. Patients who

are prescribed medications for the treatment of their conditions, and their prescribing physicians, generally rely on

third-party payors to reimburse all or part of the costs associated with their prescription drugs. Patients are unlikely

to use our products unless coverage is provided, and reimbursement is adequate to cover all or a significant portion

of the cost of our products. Therefore, coverage and adequate reimbursement is critical to new product acceptance.

Additionally, we or our collaborators may develop companion diagnostic tests for use with our drug

candidates. We or our collaborators will be required to obtain coverage and reimbursement for these tests separate

and apart from the coverage and reimbursement we seek for our drug candidates, once approved. Similar challenges

to obtaining coverage and reimbursement, applicable to pharmaceutical or biological products, will apply to

companion diagnostics. Our inability to promptly obtain coverage and adequate reimbursement from both third-

party payors for the drug candidates and companion diagnostic tests that we or our collaborators develop and for

which we obtain regulatory approval could have a material and adverse effect on our business, financial condition,

results of operations and prospects.

In the EU, pricing and reimbursement schemes vary widely from country to country. Some countries provide

that products may be marketed only after a reimbursement price has been agreed. Some countries may require the

completion of additional studies that compare the cost-effectiveness of a particular drug candidate to currently

available therapies. EU member states may approve a specific price for a product or may instead adopt a system of

direct or indirect controls on the profitability of the company placing the product on the market. Other member

states allow companies to fix their own prices for products, but monitor and control company profits. The downward

pressure on health care costs has become intense. In addition, EU Member States may require the completion of

additional health technology assessments that compare the cost- effectiveness of a particular product candidate to

currently available therapies. This Health Technology Assessment (HTA) process is the procedure according to

which the assessment of the public health impact, therapeutic impact and the economic and societal impact of use of

a given medicinal product in the national healthcare systems of the individual country is conducted. The outcome of

HTA regarding specific medicinal products will often influence the pricing and reimbursement status granted to

these medicinal products by the competent authorities of individual EU Member States. At the EU level, Regulation

No 2021/2282 on Health Technology Assessment (“HTA Regulation”) amending Directive 2011/24/EU, was

adopted on December 13, 2021 and entered into application on January 12, 2025 through a phased implementation.

The HTA Regulation initially applies to new active substances for oncology and ATMPs. It will be expanded to

orphan medicinal products in January 2028, and to all centrally authorized medicinal products as of 2030. Select

high-risk medical devices also came into scope in 2026. The HTA Regulation is intended to boost cooperation

among Member States in assessing health technologies, including new medicinal products. The HTA Regulation

establishes a framework for EU level joint clinical assessments, joint scientific consultations, and the early

identification of emerging health technologies, in order to speed up the availability of innovative products on the EU

market. The HTA Regulation permits EU Member States to use common tools, methodologies, and procedures and

requires them to rely on and take into consideration EU level joint clinical assessment reports for the clinical

components of their national HTA evaluations. Individual EU Member States will continue to be responsible for

assessing non-clinical (e.g., economic, social, ethical) aspects of health technologies, and making decisions on

pricing and reimbursement.

As a result, increasingly high barriers are being erected to the entry of new products. In addition, in some

countries, cross-border imports from low-priced markets exert competitive pressure that may reduce pricing within a

country. Any country that has price controls or reimbursement limitations may not allow favorable reimbursement

and pricing arrangements, and prices are usually revised periodically, such that any given price may decrease upon

various occurrences.

Additionally, the containment of healthcare costs has become a priority of federal and state governments, and

the prices of drugs have been a focus of this effort. The U.S. government, state legislatures and foreign governments

have shown significant interest in implementing cost-containment programs, including price controls, restrictions on

reimbursement and requirements for substitution of generic products. Adoption of price controls and cost-

containment measures, and adoption of more restrictive policies in jurisdictions with existing controls and measures,

could further limit our net revenue and results.

Price controls may be imposed in markets in which we operate, which may negatively affect our future

profitability.

In some countries, particularly EU member states, Japan, Australia and Canada, the pricing of prescription

drugs is subject to governmental control. In these countries, pricing negotiations with governmental authorities can

take considerable time after receipt of marketing approval for a product. In addition, there can be considerable

pressure by governments and other stakeholders on prices and reimbursement levels, including as part of cost

containment measures. Political, economic and regulatory developments may further complicate pricing

negotiations, and pricing negotiations may continue after reimbursement has been obtained. Reference pricing used

by various EU member states and parallel distribution, or arbitrage between low-priced and high-priced member

states, can further reduce prices. In some countries, we or our collaborators may be required to conduct a clinical

trial or other studies that compare the cost-effectiveness of our drug candidates to other available therapies in order

to obtain or maintain reimbursement or pricing approval. Publication of discounts by third-party payors or

authorities may lead to further pressure on the prices or reimbursement levels within the country of publication and

other countries. If reimbursement of our drug candidates is unavailable or limited in scope or amount, or if pricing is

set at unsatisfactory levels, there could be a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of

operations.

If our information technology systems or those of the third parties with whom we work, or our data are or were

compromised, we could experience adverse consequences resulting from such compromise, including but not

limited to: regulatory investigations or actions; litigation; fines and penalties; disruptions of our business

operations; reputational harm; loss of revenue and profits; and other adverse consequences.

In the ordinary course of our business, we and the third parties with whom we work process personal data

(including data we collect about trial participants in connection with clinical trials) and other sensitive information,

including proprietary and confidential business data, trade secrets, intellectual property, sensitive third-party data,

business plans, transactions, and financial information (collectively, sensitive data). We and the third parties with

whom we work face a variety of evolving threats to information technology systems and data.

Cyber-attacks, malicious internet-based activity, online and offline fraud and other similar activities threaten

the confidentiality, integrity and availability of our sensitive data and information technology systems, and those of

the third parties with whom we work. Such threats are prevalent and continue to rise, are increasingly difficult to

detect, and come from a variety of sources, including traditional computer “hackers,” threat actors, “hacktivists,”

organized criminal threat actors, personnel (such as through error, theft or misuse), sophisticated nation states and

nation-state-supported actors. For geopolitical reasons and in conjunction with military conflicts and defense

activities, some actors have in the past and are expected to in the future engage in nefarious cybersecurity attacks.

During times of war and other major conflicts, we and the third parties with whom we work are vulnerable to a

heightened risk of these attacks, including retaliatory cyber-attacks, that could materially disrupt our systems and

operations, supply chain and ability to produce, sell and distribute our services.

We and the third parties with whom we work are subject to and have experienced a variety of evolving threats,

including but not limited to social-engineering attacks (including through deep fakes, which may be increasingly

more difficult to identify as a fake, and phishing attacks), malicious code (such as viruses and worms), malware

(including as a result of advanced persistent threat intrusions), denial-of-service attacks, credential stuffing attacks,

credential harvesting, personnel misconduct or error, ransomware attacks, supply-chain attacks, software bugs,

server malfunctions, software or hardware failures, loss of data or other information technology assets, adware,

telecommunications failures, earthquakes, fires, floods, other natural disasters, attacks enhanced or facilitated by AI,

and other similar threats. In particular, severe ransomware attacks are becoming increasingly prevalent and can lead

to significant interruptions in our operations, ability to provide our services, loss of sensitive data and income,

reputational harm, and diversion of funds. Extortion payments may alleviate the negative impact of a ransomware

attack, but we may be unwilling or unable to make such payments due to, for example, applicable laws or

regulations prohibiting such payments.

In addition, some of our customers may be subject to the EU’s Digital Operational Resilience Act (DORA)

and similar UK regulatory requirements on operational resilience. These laws may obligate our customers to impose

contractual provisions on us, including certain mandatory third-party risk management provisions. If we fail to

materially comply with these contractual requirements, we may be subject to investigations, audits or other adverse

consequences.

Remote work has increased risks to our information technology systems and data, as our personnel utilize

network connections, computers, and devices outside our premises or network, including working at home, while in

transit and in public locations. Additionally, future or past business transactions (such as acquisitions or integrations)

could expose us to additional cybersecurity risks and vulnerabilities, as our systems could be negatively affected by

vulnerabilities present in acquired or integrated entities’ systems and technologies. Furthermore, we may discover

security issues that were not found during due diligence of such acquired or integrated entities, and it may be

difficult to integrate companies into our information technology environment and security program.

In addition, our reliance on third-party service providers could introduce new cybersecurity risks and

vulnerabilities, including supply-chain attacks, and other threats to our business operations. We rely on third-party

service providers and technologies to operate critical business systems to process sensitive data in a variety of

contexts, including, without limitation, cloud-based infrastructure, cybersecurity monitoring, data hosting, personnel

email, and other functions. We also rely on third-party service providers to provide other products, services, parts, or

otherwise to operate our business. Our ability to monitor these third parties’ information security practices is limited,

and these third parties may not have adequate information security measures in place. Our third-party service

providers have in the past and may in the future experience a security incident or other interruption. While we may

be entitled to damages if our third-party service providers fail to satisfy their privacy or security-related obligations

to us, any award may be insufficient to cover our damages, or we may be unable to recover such award. In addition,

supply-chain attacks have increased in frequency and severity, and we cannot guarantee that third parties’

infrastructure in our supply chain or our third-party partners’ supply chains have not been compromised.

While we have implemented security measures designed to protect against security incidents, there can be no

assurance that these measures have been or will be effective. We take steps designed to detect, mitigate, and

remediate vulnerabilities in our information systems (such as our hardware and/or software, including that of third

parties with whom we work). We have not and may not in the future, however, detect and remediate all such

vulnerabilities including on a timely and effective basis. Further, we have and may in the future experience delays in

developing and deploying remedial measures and patches designed to address identified vulnerabilities. These

vulnerabilities could be exploited and result in a security incident.

It may be difficult and/or costly to detect, investigate, mitigate, contain, and remediate a security incident. Our

efforts to do so may not be successful. Actions taken by us or the third parties with whom we work to detect,

investigate, mitigate, contain, and remediate a security incident could result in outages, data losses, and disruptions

of our business. Threat actors may also gain access to other networks and systems after a compromise of our

networks and systems. For example, threat actors may use an initial compromise of one part of our environment to

gain access to other parts of our environment, or leverage a compromise of our networks or systems to gain access to

the networks or systems of third parties with whom we work, such as through phishing or supply chain attacks.

Any of the previously identified or similar threats have in the past caused and could in the future cause a

security incident or other interruption that has caused in the past or could in the future result in unauthorized,

unlawful, or accidental acquisition, modification, destruction, loss, alteration, encryption, disclosure of, or access to

or other compromise of our sensitive data or our information technology systems, or those of the third parties upon

whom we rely. A security incident or other interruption could disrupt our ability (and that of third parties with whom

we work) to provide our services.

We may expend significant resources or modify our business activities (including our clinical trial activities)

to try to protect against security incidents. Additionally, certain data privacy and security obligations require us to

implement and maintain specific security measures or industry-standard or reasonable security measures to protect

our information technology systems and sensitive data.

Applicable data privacy and security obligations may require us, or we may voluntarily choose, to notify

relevant stakeholders, including affected individuals, regulators, investors and others, of security incidents, or to take

other actions, such as providing credit monitoring and identity theft protection services. We have in the past notified

relevant stakeholders of such security incidents. Such disclosures and related actions can be costly, and the

disclosure or the failure to comply with such applicable requirements could lead to adverse consequences.

If we (or a third party with whom we work) experience a security incident or are perceived to have

experienced a security incident, we may experience adverse consequences. These consequences may include:

government enforcement actions (for example, investigations, fines, penalties, audits, and inspections); additional

reporting requirements and/or oversight; restrictions on processing sensitive data (including personal data); litigation

(including class claims); indemnification obligations; negative publicity; reputational harm; monetary fund

diversions; interruptions in our operations (including availability of data); financial loss; and other similar harms.

Security incidents and attendant consequences may cause relevant stakeholders to stop using our services, deter new

stakeholders from using our services, and negatively impact our ability to grow and operate our business.

Our contracts may not contain limitations of liability, and even where they do, there can be no assurance that

limitations of liability in our contracts are sufficient to protect us from liabilities, damages, or claims related to our

data privacy and security obligations. We cannot be sure that our insurance coverage will be adequate or sufficient

to protect us from or to mitigate liabilities arising out of our privacy and security practices, that such coverage will

continue to be available on commercially reasonable terms or at all, or that such coverage will pay future claims.

Additionally, sensitive information of the Company could be leaked, disclosed, or revealed as a result of or in

connection with our personnel’s or vendors’ use of generative AI technologies.

An outbreak of communicable diseases around the world may cause disruption to our business.

Any public health crisis due to the outbreak of communicable diseases may cause any of the following:

•delays or difficulties in recruiting patients for our clinical trials;

•delays or difficulties in launching clinical trial sites, including difficulties in recruiting investigators

and clinical site staff; and

•diversion of health care resources from the conduct of clinical trials, of hospital staff supporting the

conduct of clinical trials.

In addition to the risks listed above, and as part of our clinical trials in countries in pandemic zones, we may

also experience the following adverse effects:

•potential delays in the conduct of our research and preclinical studies, preventing research and

preclinical studies from being conducted as planned;

•delays in obtaining authorizations from the administrative and regulatory authorities required to launch

the planned preclinical studies and clinical trials;

•delays in the receipt of supplies and equipment necessary for the completion of our research activities

and our preclinical studies and clinical trials;

•interruption or delays affecting the activity of contractors who provide research services to us;

•refusal of the competent regulatory authorities to accept data from clinical trials conducted in the

geographical areas affected by the pandemic;

•the interruption of global maritime trade could affect the transportation of research materials for

preclinical studies and clinical trials, such as experimental drugs and comparator drugs used in our

clinical trials; and

•delays in the necessary interactions with local authorities, ethics committees or other important and

third-party co-contracting bodies due to limitations in human resources or forced leave of state

employees.

If one or more of the above risks were to materialize, the planned and ongoing clinical trials and, therefore, the

publication of the data and results of these studies and all subsequent steps leading to the commercialization of drug

candidates being studied, could be significantly delayed. Such a situation could have a material adverse effect on our

business, income, financial position and growth.

The extent to which the outbreak of communicable diseases around the world may impact our activity and

clinical trials will depend on future developments, which cannot be predicted with certainty, such as the emergence

of diseases that may be resistant to the vaccines or treatments currently available, access to vaccines and treatments

for the various populations worldwide, the final geographical spread of the disease, its duration, travel restrictions

and social distancing measures in the European Union, the United States and other countries, business closures or

disruptions, and the effectiveness of measures taken in those countries to contain and treat the disease. There can be

no assurance that the outbreak of communicable diseases around the world will not result in an adverse effect on

financial markets, our share price and our ability to obtain finance.

The war between Ukraine and Russia may affect our business, industry and the markets in which we operate.

The Russia-Ukraine war continues. The conflict has already had major implications for the global economy

and the rate of inflation, particularly in relation to the supply of energy, raw materials and food products. It has also

caused intense volatility on the financial markets, something that is still ongoing at the reporting date and has pushed

down stock market prices around the world.

Given these developments, we have decided not to include Russia and Belarus in our global Phase 3 program

for obefazimod in UC. However, the global scale of this conflict remains uncertain. We, therefore, cannot rule out

an adverse impact of this conflict on our business, including in terms of access to raw materials, logistics, the

performance of clinical trials and in relation to any future financing we may seek.

Our global Phase 3 clinical trials currently have clinical sites in Ukraine. None of these sites are located in the

Crimea Region of Ukraine, the so-called Donetsk People’s Republic, or the so-called Luhansk People’s Republic.

We continue to monitor developments in the region, but any instability as a result of the war may have material

adverse impacts on these clinical sites, which could negatively impact our Phase 3 clinical trials.

Risks Related to Intellectual Property

Our ability to exclusively commercialize our drug candidates may decrease if we are unable to protect our

intellectual property rights or if these rights are insufficient for our purposes.

Our commercial success depends in part on our ability and the ability of our partners to obtain, maintain and

ensure, against third parties, the protection of our patents, trademarks and related applications and other intellectual

property rights or similar rights (such as trade secrets, business secrets and know-how) or those we are authorized to

use in the course of our business in Europe, the United States, Asia and other key countries. We dedicate substantial

financial and human resources to this and intend to continue our policy of protection through new patent

applications as soon as we deem it appropriate.

Our technology is currently protected by patents and patent applications that we have filed or for which we

have an exclusive license. However, we or our partners might not be able to maintain the protection of our

intellectual property rights and we could, thereby, lose our technological and competitive advantage in whole or in

part.

Firstly, our intellectual property rights and those of our partners offer protection for a period that may vary

from one territory to another. The term of individual patents depends upon the legal term of the patents in the

countries in which they are obtained. In most countries in which we have obtained or are seeking patent protection

for our drug candidates, the patent term is 20 years from the earliest filing date of a non-provisional patent

application. In the United States, the term of a patent may be lengthened by a patent term adjustment, which

provides for term extension in the case of administrative delays at the United States Patent and Trademark Office

(“USPTO”) in granting a patent, or may be shortened if a patent is terminally disclaimed over another patent with an

earlier expiration date. Furthermore, in the United States, the term of a patent covering an FDA approved drug may

be eligible for a patent term extension under the Hatch-Waxman Amendments as compensation for the loss of patent

term during the FDA regulatory review process. The period of extension may be up to five years beyond the

expiration of the patent but cannot extend the term of a patent beyond a total of 14 years from the date of product

approval. Only one patent covering a single FDA-approved product among those eligible for an extension may be

extended. In the future, if any of our drug candidates receives FDA approval, we expect to apply for a patent term

extension, if available, to extend the term of the patent covering such approved drug product. In France and the rest

of Europe generally, the term of a patent is 20 years from the date the patent application is filed, with the

understanding that this period may be extended up to another five years if a supplementary protection certificate is

filed and an additional six months if a pediatric investigation plan is applied. We expect to seek patent term

extensions in any jurisdictions where they are available, however, there is no guarantee that the applicable

authorities, including the FDA, will agree with our assessment of whether such an extension should be granted, and

even if granted, the length of such an extension.

Secondly, we and our partners could encounter difficulties in the filing or examination of some of our patent,

trademark or other intellectual property rights applications currently being examined/registered. During the patent

application process, we may receive Office Actions from the USPTO or from comparable agencies in foreign

jurisdictions rejecting the claims of the patent application. Although we would be given an opportunity to respond to

those objections, we may be unable to overcome such rejections. At the time a patent application is filed, there may

be other patents that could constitute opposable prior art that may have not yet been published. Despite prior art

searches and monitoring, we cannot be certain that we are the first to conceive of an invention and file a patent

application relating thereto; in particular, it should be noted that in most countries, the publication of patent

applications takes place 18 months after the earliest priority date of patent filing, or in some cases not at all, and that

discoveries are sometimes only the subject of publication or patent application months or even years later. Likewise,

when filing one of our trademarks in a country where it is not covered, we could find that the trademark in question

is not available in that country. A new trademark would then need to be sought for the country in question or an

agreement negotiated with the prior holder of the trademark. We may not be able to prevent a disclosure of

information to third parties that could have an impact on our future intellectual property rights. Therefore, it is in no

way certain that our current and future applications for patents, trademarks and other intellectual property rights will

result in registrations.

Thirdly, the simple granting or registration of a patent, trademark or other intellectual property right does not

guarantee validity or enforceability. Our competitors may at any time contest the validity or enforceability of our or

our partners’ patents, trademarks or applications relating thereto before a court or in the context of other specific

procedures which, depending on the outcome of such disputes, could reduce their scope, result in their invalidation

or allow them to be circumvented by competitors. In addition, developments, changes or divergences in the

interpretation of the legal framework governing intellectual property in Europe, the United States or other countries

could allow competitors to use our or our partners’ inventions or intellectual property rights to develop or market our

products or technologies without financial compensation. Moreover, there are still certain countries that do not

protect intellectual property rights in the same way as in Europe and the United States, and the effective procedures

and rules necessary to ensure the defense of our rights may not exist in these countries. There is therefore no

certainty that our existing and future patents, trademarks and other intellectual property rights will not be disputed,

invalidated or circumvented, or that they will provide effective protection against competition.

Consequently, our rights to our owned or licensed patents, trademarks and related applications and other

intellectual property rights may not confer the protection expected against competition. We therefore cannot

guarantee with certainty that:

•we will be able to develop novel inventions for which a patent could be filed or issued;

•applications for patents and other property rights currently under review will actually result in the

granting of patents, trademarks or other registered intellectual property rights;

•patents or other intellectual property rights granted to us or our partners will not be contested,

invalidated or circumvented; or

•the scope of protection conferred by our or our partners’ patents, trademarks and other intellectual

property rights is and will remain sufficient to protect us against competition.

Were these eventualities to occur, they could have a material adverse effect on our business and growth.

In addition, third parties (or even our employees) could use or attempt to use elements of our technologies

protected by an intellectual property right, which would create a detrimental situation for us. We may therefore be

compelled to bring legal or administrative proceedings against these third parties in order to enforce our intellectual

property rights (patents, trademarks, designs and models or domain names) in court.

Enforcing a claim that a party illegally infringed or misappropriated our intellectual property is difficult,

expensive and time-consuming, and the outcome is unpredictable. Any litigation or dispute, regardless of the

outcome, could lead to substantial costs, affect our reputation, negatively influence our income and financial

position and possibly not lead to the desired protection or sanction. Some competitors with more substantial

resources than us may be able to bear the costs of litigation more easily.

If we fail to comply with our obligations in any agreements under which we may license intellectual property

rights from third parties or otherwise experience disruptions to our business relationships with our licensors, we

could lose rights that are important to our business.

Our ability to pursue the development of some of our drug-based candidates partially depends on the

maintenance in force of the licensing agreements entered into with various institutes. We have licenses granted by

the CNRS, the University of Montpellier and/or the Institut Curie for certain patent and patent applications co-

ownership rights resulting from cooperation with the CNRS, the University of Montpellier and the Institut Curie,

which allowed obefazimod to be developed.

These license contracts provide the possibility for the licensor to end an agreed exclusivity or terminate the

contracts in certain events, including the event of non-payment of fees, a dispute over the validity of the patents

licensed or a violation by us of our obligations.

We may from time to time be party to license or collaboration agreements with third parties to advance our

research or allow commercialization of current or future drug candidates. Such agreements may impose numerous

obligations, such as development, diligence, payment, commercialization, funding, milestone, royalty, sublicensing,

insurance, patent prosecution, enforcement and other obligations on us and may require us to meet development

timelines, or to exercise commercially reasonable efforts to develop and commercialize licensed products, in order to

maintain the licenses. In spite of our best efforts, our licensors might conclude that we have materially breached our

license agreements and might therefore terminate the license agreements, thereby removing or limiting our ability to

develop and commercialize products and technologies covered by these license agreements.

Any termination of these licenses, or if the underlying licensed rights fail to provide the intended exclusivity,

could result in the loss of significant rights and could harm our ability to commercialize our current or future drug

candidates, and competitors or other third parties would have the freedom to seek regulatory approval of, and to

market, products identical to ours and we may be required to cease our development and commercialization of

certain of our current or future drug candidates. Any of the foregoing could have a material adverse effect on our

competitive position, business, financial conditions, results of operations, and prospects.

Disputes may also arise between us and our licensors regarding intellectual property subject to a license

agreement, including:

•the scope of rights granted under the license agreement and other interpretation-related issues;

•whether and the extent to which our technology and processes infringe, misappropriate or otherwise

violate intellectual property rights of the licensor that is not subject to the licensing agreement;

•our right to sublicense patent and other rights to third parties under collaborative development

relationships;

•our diligence obligations with respect to the use of the licensed technology in relation to our

development and commercialization of our current or future drug candidates, and what activities

satisfy those diligence obligations;

•the priority of invention of any patented technology; and

•the ownership of inventions and know-how resulting from the joint creation or use of intellectual

property by our future licensors and us and our partners.

In addition, the agreements under which we may license intellectual property or technology from third parties

are likely to be complex, and certain provisions in such agreements may be susceptible to multiple interpretations.

The adverse resolution of any contract interpretation disagreement that may arise could narrow what we believe to

be the scope of our rights to the relevant intellectual property or technology or increase what we believe to be our

financial or other obligations under the relevant agreement, either of which could have a material adverse effect on

our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects. Moreover, if disputes over intellectual property

that we have licensed or may license prevent or impair our ability to maintain future licensing arrangements on

acceptable terms, we may be unable to successfully develop and commercialize the affected current or future drug

candidates, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial conditions, results of operations

and prospects.

We may be sued for infringing or misappropriating the intellectual property rights of third parties, and if we are,

such litigation could be costly and time consuming and could prevent or delay us from developing or

commercializing our drug candidates.

Our commercial success will also depend on our ability to develop products and technologies that do not

infringe the patents or other rights of third parties. It is important for the success of our business that we are able to

use our products and conduct research and development efforts leading to commercialization of our products

without infringing patents or other third-party rights.

We continue to carry out, as we have done to date, the preliminary studies that we consider necessary in view

of the above risks, before investing in the development of our various products and technologies. With the help of

intellectual property consulting and law firms, we monitor our competitors’ activity (particularly with respect to

patent filings).

We therefore cannot guarantee with certainty that:

•there are no prior patents or other intellectual property rights of third parties covering certain of our

products, methods, technologies, results or activities and that, consequently, third parties might bring

an action for infringement or violation of their rights against us with a view to obtaining damages and

interest and/or the cessation of our activities in the manufacture and/or commercialization of products,

methods and the like thus disputed;

•there are no trademark rights or other prior rights of third parties that could be the basis of an

infringement or liability action against us; and

•our domain names are not subject, on the part of third parties who have prior rights (for example

trademark rights), to a Uniform Domain-Name Dispute-Resolution Policy (“UDRP”) or similar policy,

or an infringement action.

In the event of intellectual property litigation, we may have to:

•stop developing, making, selling, offering for sale or using the product or products that depended on

the disputed intellectual property;

•obtain a license from the holder of the intellectual property rights, however, such a license may be

unobtainable or only be obtainable under unfavorable economic conditions for us; or

•revise the design of some of our products/technologies or, in the case of trademark applications,

rename our products to avoid infringing the intellectual property rights of third parties, which may

prove impossible or time-consuming and expensive, and could impact our marketing efforts.

Litigation can also result in an order to pay damages (including treble damages) and being subject to

injunctions.

Patent terms may be inadequate to protect our competitive position on our drugs for an adequate amount of time,

and we may seek to rely, but may not be able to rely, on other forms of protection, such as regulatory exclusivity.

Given the amount of time required for the development, testing and regulatory review of new drug candidates,

patents protecting such candidates might expire before or shortly after such candidates are commercialized. For

example, the certain patents protecting obefazimod’s composition of matter expire in 2030 and the certain patents

protecting obefazimod methods of use expire in 2035 which pose a risk to its successful commercialization. We

expect to seek extensions of patent terms in the United States and, if available, in other countries where we are

prosecuting patents. In the United States, the Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration Act of 1984

permits a patent term extension of up to five years beyond the normal expiration of the patent, which is limited to the

approved indication (or any additional indications approved during the period of extension). However, the applicable

authorities, including the FDA and the USPTO in the United States, and any equivalent regulatory authority in other

countries, may not agree with our assessment of whether such extensions are available, and may refuse to grant

extensions to our patents, or may grant more limited extensions than we request. We may also seek to rely on other

forms of protection, such as regulatory exclusivity, but there can be no assurance that such other forms of protection

will be available or sufficient.

We will not seek to protect our intellectual property rights in all jurisdictions throughout the world and we may

not be able to adequately enforce our intellectual property rights even in the jurisdictions where we seek

protection.

Filing, prosecuting and defending patents on our drug candidates in all countries and jurisdictions throughout

the world would be prohibitively expensive, and our intellectual property rights in some countries outside the United

States could be less extensive than those in the United States, assuming that rights are obtained in the United States.

Competitors may use our technologies in jurisdictions where we do not pursue and obtain patent protection to

develop their own products and further, may export otherwise infringing products to territories where we have patent

protection, but enforcement is not as strong as that in the United States. These products may compete with our drugs

and our patents or other intellectual property rights may not be effective or sufficient to prevent them from

competing. Even if we pursue and obtain issued patents in particular jurisdictions, our patent claims or other

intellectual property rights may not be effective or sufficient to prevent third parties from so competing.

In addition, the laws of some foreign countries do not protect intellectual property rights to the same extent as

the federal and state laws in the United States. Many companies have encountered significant problems in protecting

and defending intellectual property rights in certain foreign jurisdictions. The legal systems of some countries,

particularly developing countries, do not favor the enforcement of patents and other intellectual property protection,

especially those relating to biopharmaceuticals or biotechnologies. This could make it difficult for us to stop the

infringement of our patents, if obtained, or the misappropriation of our other intellectual property rights. For

example, many foreign countries have compulsory licensing laws under which a patent owner must grant licenses to

third parties. In addition, many countries limit the enforceability of patents against third parties, including

government agencies or government contractors. In these countries, patents may provide limited or no benefit.

Patent protection must ultimately be sought on a country-by-country basis, which is an expensive and time-

consuming process with uncertain outcomes. Accordingly, we may choose not to seek patent protection in certain

countries, and we will not have the benefit of patent protection in such countries.

Proceedings to enforce our patent rights in foreign jurisdictions could result in substantial costs and divert our

efforts and attention from other aspects of our business, could put our patents at risk of being invalidated or

interpreted narrowly, could put our patent applications at risk of not being issued and could provoke third parties to

assert claims against us. We may not prevail in any lawsuits that we initiate and the damages or other remedies

awarded, if any, may not be commercially meaningful. In addition, changes in the law and legal decisions by courts

in the United States and foreign countries may affect our ability to obtain adequate protection for our technology and

the enforcement of our intellectual property. In addition, monitoring the unauthorized use of our products and

technology and the infringement of our intellectual property rights is challenging. We cannot guarantee with

certainty that we will be able to prevent, take legal action against and obtain compensation for infringement,

misappropriation or unauthorized use of our products and technologies, particularly in foreign countries where our

rights are less well protected because of the territorial scope of intellectual property rights. Accordingly, our efforts

to enforce our intellectual property rights around the world may be inadequate to obtain a significant commercial

advantage from the intellectual property that we develop or license.

Further, in Europe, a new unitary patent system took effect June 1, 2023, which significantly impacts

European patents, including those granted before the introduction of such a system. Under the unitary patent system,

European applications have the option, upon grant of a patent, of becoming a Unitary Patent which will be subject to

the jurisdiction of the Unitary Patent Court (the "UPC"). As the UPC is a new court system, there is currently little

precedent for the court, increasing the uncertainty of any litigation. Patents granted before the implementation of the

UPC will have the option of opting out of the jurisdiction of the UPC and remaining as national patents in the UPC

countries. Patents that remain under the jurisdiction of the UPC will be potentially vulnerable to a single UPC-based

revocation challenge that, if successful, could invalidate the patent in all countries who are signatories to the UPC.

We cannot predict with certainty the long-term effects of these changes.

In addition, geo-political actions in the United States and in foreign countries could increase the uncertainties

and costs surrounding the prosecution or maintenance of our patent applications and the maintenance, enforcement

or defense of our issued patents. For example, the United States and foreign government actions related to Russia’s

invasion of Ukraine may limit or prevent filing, prosecution, and maintenance of patent applications in Russia.

Government actions may also prevent maintenance of issued patents in Russia. These actions could result in

abandonment or lapse of our patents or patent applications, resulting in partial or complete loss of patent rights in

Russia. If such an event were to occur, it could have a material adverse effect on our business. In addition, a decree

was adopted by the Russian government in March 2022, allowing Russian companies and individuals to exploit

inventions owned by patentees from the United States without consent or compensation. Consequently, we would

not be able to prevent third parties from practicing our inventions in Russia or from selling or importing products

made using our inventions in and into Russia. Accordingly, our competitive position may be impaired, and our

business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects may be adversely affected.

If our trademarks and trade names are not adequately protected by us or our partners that develop trademarks

for our future products, then we may not be able to build name or brand recognition in our markets of interest,

and our business may be adversely affected.

Our registered or unregistered trademarks and trade names and the registered or unregistered trademarks and

trade names that our partners will develop may be challenged, infringed, diluted, circumvented or declared generic

or determined to be infringing on other marks. We and our partners may not be able to protect our rights to these

trademarks and trade names, which we need to build name and brand recognition among potential partners or

customers in our markets of interest. We expect to rely on our partners to protect the trade names and trademarks

that they will develop, and they may not adequately protect such tradenames and trademarks, and we may have little

or no recourse in respect thereof. At times, competitors may adopt trademarks and trade names similar to ours,

thereby impeding our ability to build brand identity and possibly leading to market confusion. During the trademark

registration process, we may receive Office Actions from the USPTO or from comparable agencies in foreign

jurisdictions objecting to the registration of our trademark. Although we would be given an opportunity to respond

to those objections, we may be unable to overcome such rejections. In addition, in the USPTO and in comparable

agencies in many foreign jurisdictions, third parties are given an opportunity to oppose pending trademark

applications and/or to seek the cancellation of registered trademarks. Opposition or cancellation proceedings may be

filed against our trademark applications or registrations, and our trademark applications or registrations may not

survive such proceedings. In addition, there could be potential trademark infringement claims brought by owners of

other registered trademarks or trademarks that incorporate variations of our registered or unregistered trademarks.

Over the long term, if we are unable to establish name and brand recognition based on our trademarks, then we may

not be able to compete effectively and our business may be adversely affected.

Obtaining and maintaining patent protection depends on compliance with various procedural, document

submission, fee payment and other requirements imposed by governmental patent agencies, and our patent

protection could be reduced or eliminated for non-compliance with these requirements.

Periodic maintenance fees, renewal fees, annuity fees and various other governmental fees on patents and

applications are required to be paid to the USPTO and various governmental patent agencies outside of the United

States in several stages over the lifetime of the patents and applications. The USPTO and various non-U.S.

governmental patent agencies require compliance with a number of procedural, documentary, fee payment and other

similar provisions during the patent application process and after a patent has issued. There are situations in which

non-compliance can result in abandonment or lapse of the patent or patent application, resulting in partial or

complete loss of patent rights in the relevant jurisdiction.

If we are unable to protect the confidentiality of our trade secrets and know-how, our business and competitive

position could be harmed.

In addition to seeking patent protection for our drug candidates, we also rely on trade secrets, including

unpatented know-how, technology and other proprietary information, to establish and maintain our competitive

position.

It is also important for us to protect against the unauthorized use and disclosure of our confidential

information, know-how and trade secrets. Unpatented and/or unpatentable technologies, processes, methods, know-

how and data are considered trade secrets that we seek to protect, in part, by entering into non-disclosure and

confidentiality agreements with parties who have access to them, such as our employees, collaborators, consultants,

advisors, university and/or institutional researchers and other third parties. We also have entered or seek to enter into

confidentiality and invention or patent assignment agreements with our employees, advisors and consultants.

In the context of collaboration, partnership or research contracts, or other types of cooperation between us and

researchers from academic institutions, and with other public or private entities, subcontractors, or any co-

contracting third parties, various information and/or products may be entrusted to them in order to conduct certain

tests and clinical trials. In such cases, we require that confidentiality agreements be signed. Furthermore, as a general

rule, we take care that the collaboration or research contracts that we are party to give us access to full ownership or

co-ownership of results and/or inventions resulting from the collaboration, or to an exclusive license based on these

results and/or inventions resulting from the collaboration.

Despite these efforts, counterparties may breach our agreements and disclose our proprietary information,

including our trade secrets, and we may not be able to obtain adequate remedies for such breaches. Our trade secrets

may also be obtained by third parties by other means, such as breaches of our physical or computer security systems.

Enforcing a claim that a party illegally disclosed or misappropriated a trade secret is difficult, expensive and time-

consuming, and the outcome is unpredictable. In addition, some courts inside and outside the United States are less

willing or unwilling to protect trade secrets. Moreover, if any of our trade secrets were to be lawfully obtained or

independently developed by a competitor, we would have no right to prevent them, or those to whom they

communicate it, from using that technology or information to compete with us. If any of our trade secrets were to be

disclosed to, or independently developed by, a competitor, our competitive position would be harmed and our

business may be adversely affected.

There can be no assurance that the agreements put in place to protect our technology and trade secrets and/or

the know-how being used will provide the protection sought or will not be violated, that we will have appropriate

solutions for such violations, or that our trade secrets will not be disclosed to or independently developed by our

competitors. In the context of contracts that we enter into with third parties, we sometimes take the precaution of

providing that they are not authorized to use third-party services or that they may only do so with our prior approval.

However, it cannot be ruled out that some of these co-contractors may nevertheless use third parties. In this event,

we have no control over the conditions under which third parties with which we do not contract protect their

confidential information, irrespective of whether we provide in our agreements with our co-contractors that they

undertake to pass on confidentiality obligations to their own co-contractors.

Such contracts therefore expose us to the risk of having the third parties concerned (i) claim the benefit of

intellectual property rights on our inventions or other intellectual property rights, (ii) fail to ensure the

confidentiality of unpatented innovations or improvements of our confidential information and know-how,

(iii) disclose our trade secrets to our competitors or independently develop these trade secrets and/or (iv) violate

such agreements, without our having an appropriate solution for such violations.

Consequently, our rights to our confidential information, trade secrets and know-how may not confer the

expected protection against competition and we cannot guarantee with certainty that:

•our knowledge and trade secrets will not be obtained, stolen, circumvented, transmitted or used

without our authorization;

•our competitors have not already developed similar technologies or products, or ones similar in nature

or purpose to ours;

•no co-contracting party will claim the benefit of all or part of the intellectual property rights relating to

inventions, knowledge or results that we hold in our own right or in co-ownership, or for which we

would be entitled to a license; or

•our employees will not claim rights or payment of additional compensation or fair price for inventions

in the creation of which they participated.

The occurrence of one or more of these risks could have a material adverse effect on our business, outlook,

financial position, income and growth.

Intellectual property rights do not address all potential threats to our competitive advantage.

The degree of future protection afforded by our intellectual property rights is uncertain because intellectual

property rights have limitations, and may not adequately protect our business, or permit us to maintain our

competitive advantage. The following examples are illustrative.

•Competitors may be able to formulate compositions that are similar to ours but that are not covered by

our intellectual property rights.

•Competitors may independently develop similar or alternative compositions or otherwise circumvent

any of our applications or registrations without infringing our intellectual property rights.

•We or any of our collaboration partners might not have been the first to conceive and reduce to

practice the inventions covered by the patents or patent applications that we own, license or will own

or license.

•We or any of our collaboration partners might not have been the first to file patent applications

covering certain of the patents or patent applications that we or they own or have licensed, or will own

or will have licensed.

•It is possible that any pending patent applications that we have filed, or will file, will not lead to issued

patents.

•Issued patents that we own may not provide us with any competitive advantage, or may be held invalid

or unenforceable, as a result of legal challenges by our competitors.

•Our competitors might conduct research and development activities in countries where we do not have

patent rights, or in countries where research and development safe harbor laws exist, and then use the

information learned from such activities to develop competitive products for sale in our major

commercial markets.

•Ownership of our patents or patent applications may be challenged by third parties.

•We may infringe on the patents of third parties or pending or future applications of third parties, if

issued, and the patents of third parties or pending or future applications of third parties, if issued, may

have an adverse effect on our business.

Risks Related to Legal and Compliance

Our business is subject to a restrictive and changing regulatory framework.

One of the major issues for a growing company like ours is to successfully develop, alone or with the help of

partners, products incorporating our technologies in an increasingly restrictive regulatory environment. The

pharmaceutical industry faces constant changes in its legal and regulatory environment and increased oversight by

the competent authorities, such as the National Agency for Medicines and Health Products Safety (“ANSM”) in

France and other national competent authorities of EU Member States and the EMA in the European Union, the

FDA in the United States or the PMDA in Japan, and other regulatory authorities in the rest of the world. At the

same time, the public is demanding more guarantees and transparency regarding drug safety and efficacy. This may

at any time lead to a more restrictive regulatory environment for our drug candidates which may have a material

adverse effect on business, financial position, income, growth and outlook.

Health authorities oversee preclinical studies, clinical trials, pharmaceutical operations of companies, and drug

manufacturing, commercialization and distribution. This increasing stringency of the legislative and regulatory

framework is common worldwide; however, requirements may vary from country to country. In particular, health

authorities, especially the ANSM, EMA, FDA and PMDA, have imposed increasingly burdensome requirements in

terms of the volume and quality of data required to demonstrate the efficacy and safety of a product. These increased

requirements may have thus reduced the number of products authorized in comparison to the number of applications

filed. The risk/benefit ratio of products on the market is also subject to continuous monitoring and periodic review

after their authorization. The delayed discovery of problems not identified at the research and development or initial

assessment stage can lead at any time to marketing restrictions, suspension of the marketing or withdrawal of the

products from the market, and to an increased risk of litigation.

Therefore, the authorization process is long and expensive; it can take many years and the result is not

predictable and likely to continuously evolve. Insofar as new legal or regulatory provisions would result in an

increase in the requirements and associated costs for obtaining and maintaining product marketing authorizations or

would limit the targeted indications for a product that a product targets or the economic value of a new product to its

inventor, the growth prospects for the pharmaceutical industry, and us, could be reduced. If we experience delays

completing, or if we terminate early, any of our clinical trials, or if we are required to conduct additional clinical

trials, the commercial prospects for our drug candidates may be harmed and our ability to generate product revenue

will be delayed. The occurrence of one or more of these risks could have a material adverse effect on our business,

outlook, financial position, income and growth.

We are subject to healthcare laws and regulations which may require substantial compliance efforts and could

expose us to criminal sanctions, civil and administrative penalties, contractual damages, reputational harm and

diminished profits and future earnings, among other penalties.

Healthcare providers, including physicians, and others will play a primary role in the recommendation and

prescription of our products, if approved. Our arrangements with such persons and third-party payors and our

general business operations will expose us to broadly applicable fraud and abuse and other healthcare laws and

regulations that may constrain the business or financial arrangements and relationships through which we research,

market, sell and distribute our drugs, if we obtain marketing approval. Restrictions under applicable U.S. federal,

state and foreign healthcare laws and regulations include, but are not limited to, the following:

•the U.S. federal Anti-Kickback Statute, which prohibits, among other things, persons or entities from

knowingly and willfully soliciting, offering, receiving or providing remuneration, including any

kickback, bribe or rebate, directly or indirectly, in cash or in kind, to induce or reward, or in return for,

either the referral of an individual for, or the purchase or lease, order or recommendation of, any item,

good, facility or service, for which payment may be made under federal healthcare programs such as

Medicare and Medicaid. A person or entity does not need to have actual knowledge of the statute or

specific intent to violate it in order to have committed a violation;

•U.S. federal civil and criminal false claims laws and civil monetary penalties laws, including the civil

False Claims Act (“FCA”), which impose criminal and civil penalties, including those from civil

whistleblower or qui tam actions, against individuals or entities for, among other things, knowingly

presenting, or causing to be presented, claims for payment that are false or fraudulent or making a false

statement to avoid, decrease, or conceal an obligation to pay money to the federal government. For

example, pharmaceutical companies have been prosecuted under the FCA in connection with their

alleged off-label promotion of drugs, purportedly concealing price concessions in the pricing

information submitted to the government for government price reporting purposes, and allegedly

providing free product to customers with the expectation that the customers would bill federal health

care programs for the product. In addition, the government may assert that a claim including items and

services resulting from a violation of the federal Anti-Kickback Statute constitutes a false or fraudulent

claim for purposes of the FCA;

•the U.S. federal Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (“HIPAA”), which

created additional federal criminal statutes that impose criminal and civil liability for, among other

things, executing or attempting to execute a scheme to defraud any healthcare benefit program or

knowingly and willingly falsifying, concealing or covering up a material fact or making false

statements relating to healthcare matters. Similar to the federal Anti-Kickback Statute, a person or

entity does not need to have actual knowledge of the healthcare fraud statute implemented under

HIPAA or specific intent to violate it in order to have committed a violation;

•HIPAA, as amended by the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act

(“HITECH”) and its implementing regulations, which impose certain requirements on covered entities

and their business associates, as well as their covered subcontractors, including mandatory contractual

terms, with respect to safeguarding the privacy, security and transmission of individually identifiable

health information;

•federal and state consumer protection and unfair competition laws, which broadly regulate marketplace

activities and activities that potentially harm consumers;

•U.S. federal transparency requirements under the Physician Payments Sunshine Act, enacted as part of

the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, as amended by the Health Care and Education

Reconciliation Act, or collectively the (“ACA”), that require applicable manufacturers of covered

drugs, devices, biologics and medical supplies for which payment is available under Medicare,

Medicaid or the Children’s Health Insurance Program, with specific exceptions, to track and annually

report to Concerned Member States (“CMS”) payments and other transfers of value provided to

physicians, certain other healthcare providers (such as physicians assistants and nurse practitioners),

and teaching hospitals, and require certain manufacturers and group purchasing organizations to report

annually certain ownership and investment interests held by physicians or their immediate family

members; and

•analogous state or foreign laws and regulations, such as state and foreign anti-kickback and false

claims laws, which may apply to items or services reimbursed by any third-party payor, including

commercial insurers, state and foreign marketing and/or transparency laws applicable to manufacturers

that may be broader in scope than the U.S. federal requirements, state and foreign laws that require

regulatory licenses to manufacture or distribute our products commercially and/or the registration of

pharmaceutical sales representatives in the jurisdiction, state and foreign laws that require

biopharmaceutical companies to comply with the biopharmaceutical industry’s voluntary compliance

guidelines and the relevant compliance guidance promulgated by the government and state and foreign

laws governing the privacy and security of health information in certain circumstances, many of which

differ from each other in significant ways and may not have the same effect as HIPAA, thus

complicating compliance efforts.

Ensuring that our business arrangements with third parties comply with applicable healthcare laws and

regulations will likely be costly. It cannot be excluded that governmental authorities will conclude that our business

practices do not comply with current or future statutes, regulations or case law involving applicable fraud and abuse

or other healthcare laws and regulations. If our operations were found to be in violation of any of these laws or any

other governmental regulations that may apply to us, we may be subject to significant civil, criminal and

administrative penalties, damages, fines, disgorgement, imprisonment, possible exclusion from government funded

healthcare programs, such as Medicare and Medicaid, contractual damages, reputational harm, diminished profits

and future earnings and curtailment of our operations, any of which could substantially disrupt our operations. If the

physicians or other providers or entities with whom we expect to do business are found not to be in compliance with

applicable laws, they may be subject to criminal, civil or administrative sanctions, including exclusions from

government funded healthcare programs. We may incur significant costs achieving and maintaining compliance with

applicable federal and state privacy, security, and fraud laws. Any action against us for violation of these laws, even

if we successfully defend against it, could cause us to incur significant legal expenses and divert our management’s

attention from the operation of our business.

Current and future health reform measures could adversely affect our business operations.

In the United States and some foreign jurisdictions there have been, and we expect there will continue to be,

several legislative and regulatory changes and proposed reforms of the healthcare system to contain costs, improve

quality, and expand access to care. For example, in March 2010, President Obama signed the ACA into law, which

substantially changed the way healthcare is financed by both governmental and private insurers and continues to

significantly impact the United States pharmaceutical industry.

There have been judicial, congressional and executive branch challenges to certain aspects of the ACA. For

example, on July 4, 2025, the One Big Beautiful Bill Act, or OBBBA, was signed into law, which narrowed access

to ACA marketplace exchange enrollment and declined to extend the ACA enhanced advanced premium tax credits

that expired at the end of 2025, which, among other provisions in the law, are anticipated to reduce the number of

Americans with health insurance. The OBBBA also is expected to reduce Medicaid spending and enrollment by

implementing work requirements for some beneficiaries, capping state-directed payments, reducing federal funding,

and limiting provider taxes used to fund the program. Congress is considering proposed legislation intended to

further reduce healthcare costs with alternatives to replace the expired ACA subsidies. We expect that additional

U.S. federal healthcare reform measures will be adopted in the future.

Other legislative changes have been proposed and adopted in the United States since the ACA was enacted.

For example, on August 2, 2011, the Budget Control Act of 2011 was signed into law which among other things, led

to aggregate reductions in Medicare payments to providers. These reductions went into effect on April 1, 2013 and

will remain in effect until 2032, unless additional Congressional action is taken.

The current U.S. presidential administration is pursuing policies to reduce regulations and expenditures across

government. These actions, presently directed by executive orders or memoranda from the Office of Management

and Budget, may propose policy changes that create additional uncertainty for our business. For example, the current

administration has announced agreements with pharmaceutical companies that require the drug manufacturers to

offer, through a direct-to-consumer platform (TrumpRx), U.S. patients and Medicaid programs prescription drug

Most-Favored Nation pricing equal to or lower than those paid in other developed nations, with additional mandates

for direct-to-patient discounts and repatriation of foreign revenues. Other recent actions and proposals include, for

example (1) reducing agency workforce and cut programs; (2) directing HHS and other agencies to lower

prescription drug costs through a variety of initiatives; (3) imposing tariffs on imported pharmaceutical products;

and (4) as part of the Make America Healthy Again Commission’s Strategy Report released in September 2025,

working across government agencies to increase enforcement on direct-to-consumer pharmaceutical advertising.

Additionally, the current administration recently called on Congress to enact “The Great Healthcare Plan,” to codify

and expand Most-Favored Nation pricing, lower government subsidies to private insurance companies, increase

healthcare price transparency, expand pharmaceutical drugs available for over-the-counter purchase, and enact

restrictions on pharmacy benefit manager payment methodologies, among other things. These actions and policies

may significantly reduce U.S. drug prices, potentially impacting manufacturers’ global pricing strategies and

profitability, while increasing their operational costs and compliance risks. In June 2024, in Loper Bright

Enterprises v. Raimondo, the U.S. Supreme Court greatly reduced judicial deference to regulatory agencies, which

could increase successful legal challenges to federal regulations affecting our operations.

At the state level, legislatures have increasingly passed legislation and implemented regulations designed to

control pharmaceutical and biological product pricing, including price or patient reimbursement constraints,

discounts, restrictions on certain product access and marketing cost disclosure and transparency measures, and, in

some cases, designed to encourage importation from other countries and bulk purchasing.

We expect that other healthcare reform measures may be adopted in the future, which may result in more

rigorous coverage criteria and in additional downward pressure on the price that we receive for any approved

product. Any reduction in reimbursement from Medicare or other government programs may result in a similar

reduction in payments from private payors. The implementation of cost containment measures or other healthcare

reforms may prevent us from being able to generate revenue, attain profitability, or commercialize our drug

candidates.

In addition, on December 11, 2025, the European Commission, the Parliament and the European Council

reached a political agreement on a comprehensive overhaul of EU pharmaceutical legislation (the “Pharma

Package”). The reform has been under negotiation since the European Commission submitted its proposal in April

2023. This package - comprised of a new directive and regulation to replace existing legislation – aims to modernize

the EU framework. The political agreement is still subject to formal approval by the European Parliament and

Council. If approved in the form proposed, the Pharma Package will, among other changes, reduce the baseline

market protection period by one year, with limited opportunities for extensions; reshape the incentives regime for

orphan medicinal products; and expand the Bolar exemption. A decrease in market exclusivity opportunities for our

product candidates in the EU, combined with the expanded Bolar exemption, could open them to generic or

biosimilar competition earlier than under the current regime, potentially impacting reimbursement status and the

commercial prospects of our product candidates.

We are subject to anti-corruption laws, as well as export control laws, customs laws, sanctions laws and other

laws governing our operations. If we fail to comply with these laws, we could be subject to civil or criminal

penalties, other remedial measures and legal expenses, which could adversely affect our business, results of

operations and financial condition.

We are subject to other laws and regulations governing our international operations, including regulations

administered by the governments of the United States, and authorities in the European Union and in Japan, including

applicable export control regulations, economic sanctions on countries and persons, customs requirements and

currency exchange regulations, collectively referred to as the trade control laws.

We are also subject to anti-corruption laws, including the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977, as

amended (“FCPA”), which prohibits any U.S. individual or business from paying, offering, or authorizing payment

or offering of anything of value, directly or indirectly, to any foreign official, political party, or candidate for the

purpose of influencing any act or decision of the foreign entity in order to assist the individual or business in

obtaining or retaining business, and other state and national anti-bribery and anti-money laundering laws in the

countries in which we conduct activities, including the French anti-corruption laws:

•Article 433-1 of the French Criminal Code (bribery of domestic public officials);

•Article 433-2 of the French Criminal Code (influence peddling involving domestic public officials);

•Article 434-9 of the French Criminal Code (bribery of domestic judicial staff);

•Article 434-9-1 of the French Criminal Code (influence peddling involving domestic judicial staff);

•Articles 435-1 and 435-3 of the French Criminal Code (bribery of foreign or international public

officials);

•Articles 435-7 and 435-9 of the French Criminal Code (bribery of foreign or international judicial

staff);

•Articles 435-2, 435-4, 435-8 and 435-10 of the French Criminal Code (active and passive influence

peddling involving foreign or international public officials and foreign or international judicial staff);

•Articles 445-1 and 445-2 of the French Criminal Code (bribery of private individuals); and

•French Law No. 2016-1691 of December 9, 2016 on Transparency, the Fight Against Corruption and

the Modernization of the Economy (Sapin 2 Law), which provides for numerous new obligations for

large companies such as the obligation to draw up and adopt a code of conduct defining and

illustrating the different types of behavior to be proscribed as being likely to characterize acts of

corruption or influence peddling, to set up an internal warning system designed to enable the

collections of reports from employees relating to the existence of conduct or situations contrary to the

company’s code of conduct, to set up accounting control procedures, whether internal or external,

designed to ensure that the books, registers and accounts are not used to conceal acts of corruption or

influence peddling, to set up a disciplinary system for sanctioning company employees in the event of

a breach of the company’s code of conduct or a system for monitoring and evaluating the measures

implemented.

The FCPA also obligates companies whose securities are listed in the United States to comply with accounting

provisions requiring the company to maintain books and records that accurately and fairly reflect all transactions of

the corporation, including international subsidiaries, and to devise and maintain an adequate system of internal

accounting controls for international operations. Activities that violate the FCPA, even if they occur wholly outside

the United States, can result in criminal and civil fines, imprisonment, disgorgement, oversight, and debarment from

government contracts. The scope and enforcement of these laws is uncertain and subject to rapid change.

Responding to investigations can be both resource and time consuming and can divert management’s attention from

the business. Any such investigation or settlement could increase our costs or otherwise have a material adverse

effect on our business, outlook, financial position, income and growth.

The FCPA and other anti-corruption laws are interpreted broadly and prohibit companies and their employees,

agents, contractors, and other collaborators from authorizing, promising, offering, or providing, directly or

indirectly, improper payments or anything else of value to recipients in the public or private sector. We may engage

third parties to sell our products outside the United States, to conduct clinical trials and/or to obtain necessary

permits, licenses, patent registrations, and other regulatory approvals. We have direct or indirect interactions with

officials and employees of government agencies or government-affiliated hospitals, universities, and other

organizations. We can be held liable for the corrupt or other illegal activities of our employees, agents, contractors,

and other collaborators, even if we do not explicitly authorize or have actual knowledge of such activities.

There is no complete assurance that we will be effective in ensuring our compliance with all applicable anti-

corruption laws, including the FCPA, the French anti-corruption laws or other legal requirements, including trade

control laws. If we are not in compliance with the FCPA, the French anti-corruption laws and other anti-corruption

laws or trade control laws, we may be subject to criminal and civil penalties, disgorgement and other sanctions and

remedial measures and legal expenses, which could have an adverse impact on our business, financial condition,

results of operations and liquidity. Likewise, any investigation of any potential violations of the FCPA, the French

anti-corruption laws, other anti-corruption laws or trade control laws by U.S. or other authorities could also have an

adverse impact on our reputation, our business, results of operations and financial condition.

In addition, changes in our products and drug candidates or changes in applicable export or import laws and

regulations may create delays in the introduction or provision of our products and drug candidates in other

jurisdictions, prevent others from using our products and drug candidates or, in some cases, prevent the export or

import of our products and drug candidates to certain countries, governments or persons altogether. Any limitation

on our ability to export or provide our products and drug candidates could adversely affect our business, financial

condition and results of operations.

Product liability and other lawsuits could divert our resources, result in substantial liabilities and reduce the

commercial potential of our drug candidates.

The risk that we may be sued on product liability claims is inherent in the development and commercialization

of our drug candidates. Side effects of, or manufacturing defects in, drugs that we develop could result in the

deterioration of a patient’s condition, injury or even death. For example, our liability could be sought after by

patients participating in the clinical trials of the drug candidates tested, who suffer from unexpected side effects

resulting from the administration of these drugs. In addition, we could face liability due to undetected side-effects

caused by the interaction of our drugs with other drugs following release of the drug candidate to the market. Once a

product is approved for sale and commercialized, the likelihood of product liability lawsuits increases. Criminal or

civil proceedings might also be filed against us by patients, regulatory authorities, biopharmaceutical companies and

any other third party using or marketing our drugs. Physicians and patients may not comply with any warnings that

identify known potential adverse effects and patients who should not use our drug candidates. These actions could

include claims resulting from actions by our partners, licensees and subcontractors, over which we have little or no

control. These lawsuits may divert our management from pursuing our business strategy and may be costly to

defend. In addition, if we are held liable in any of these lawsuits, we may incur substantial liabilities, may be forced

to limit or forgo further commercialization of the affected products and may suffer damage to our reputation.

We maintain product liability insurance coverage for our clinical trials at levels which we believe are

appropriate for our clinical trials. Nevertheless, we cannot guarantee that the insurance policy taken out or the

indemnification (that may be contractually limited) granted by our subcontractors will be sufficient to cover the

claims that could be brought against us or losses we may suffer.

If our liability, or that of our partners, licensees and subcontractors, was thereby activated, if we or our

partners, licensees and subcontractors were unable to obtain and maintain appropriate insurance coverage at an

acceptable cost or protect ourselves in any way against liability claims, this would seriously affect the

commercialization of our products and, more generally, have a material adverse effect on our business, income,

financial position and outlook for growth.

We and the third parties with whom we work are subject to stringent and evolving U.S. and foreign laws,

regulations, rules, contractual obligations, industry standards, policies and other obligations related to data

privacy and security. Our (or the third parties with whom we work) actual or perceived failure to comply with

such obligations could lead to regulatory investigations or actions; litigation (including class claims) and mass

arbitration demands; fines and penalties; disruptions of our business operations; reputational harm; loss of

revenue or profits; and other adverse business consequences.

In the ordinary course of business, we (and others on our behalf) collect, receive, store, process, generate, use,

transfer, archive, disclose, make accessible, protect, secure, dispose of, transmit, and share (collectively, process)

personal data and other sensitive information, including proprietary and confidential business data, trade secrets,

intellectual property, sensitive third-party data, personal data/personal information (including data we collected

about trial participants in connection with clinical trials), business plans, transactions, and financial information

(collectively, sensitive data).

Our data processing activities subjects us to numerous data privacy and security obligations, such as various

laws, regulations, guidance, industry standards, external and internal privacy and security policies, contractual

requirements, and other obligations relating to data privacy and security. New data privacy and security laws may be

proposed or enacted.

In the United States, federal, state, and local governments have enacted numerous data privacy and security

laws, including data breach notification laws, personal data privacy laws, consumer protection laws (e.g., Section 5

of the Federal Trade Commission Act), and other similar laws (e.g., wiretapping laws). For example, the California

Consumer Privacy Act of 2018 (“CCPA”) requires businesses to provide specific disclosures in privacy notices and

honor requests of California residents to exercise certain privacy rights. The CCPA provides for fines and allows

private litigants affected by certain data breaches to recover significant statutory damages.

Numerous other states have also passed comprehensive privacy laws, and similar laws are being considered in

several other states, as well as at the federal and local levels. While the CCPA and other comprehensive U.S. state

privacy laws exempt some data processed in the context of clinical trials, these developments may further

complicate compliance efforts and may increase legal risk and compliance costs for us and the third parties upon

whom we rely.

Outside the United States, an increasing number of laws, regulations, and industry standards may govern data

privacy and security. For example, among other laws, the European Union’s Regulation (EU) 2016/679 of 27 April

2016 on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of

such data, as amended (“EU GDPR”), the United Kingdom’s GDPR (“UK GDPR”) (collectively, the EU GDPR and

the UK GDPR are the “GDPR”), Brazil’s General Data Protection Law (Lei Geral de Proteção de Dados Pessoais, or

“LGPD”) (Law No. 13,709/2018), Canada’s Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act

(“PIPEDA”), and China’s Personal Information Protection Law (“PIPL”) impose strict requirements for processing

personal data. In Europe, the Network and Information Security Directive (“NIS2”) regulates resilience and incident

response capabilities of entities operating in a number of sectors, including the health sector. Non-compliance with

NIS2 may lead up to administrative fines of a maximum of 10 million Euros or up to 2% of the total worldwide

revenue of the preceding fiscal year.

The collection and use of personal health data in the European Union and the United Kingdom is governed by

the provisions of the GDPR. Under the GDPR, companies may face temporary or definitive bans on data processing

and other corrective actions; fines of up to €20 million under the EU GDPR, 17.5 million pounds sterling under the

UK GDPR or, in each case, 4% of annual global revenue, whichever is greater; or private litigation related to

processing of personal data brought by classes of data subjects or consumer protection organizations authorized at

law to represent their interests. We also engage in clinical trial activities in other foreign jurisdictions.

In addition, we may be unable to transfer personal data from Europe and other jurisdictions to the United

States or other third party countries in which local data privacy laws are less stringent due to limitations on cross-

border data flows. Europe and other jurisdictions have enacted laws requiring data to be localized or limiting the

transfer of personal data to other countries. In particular, the European Economic Area ("EEA") and the United

Kingdom (“UK”) have significantly restricted the transfer of personal data to countries whose privacy laws it

believes are inadequate. Other jurisdictions may adopt or have adopted similarly stringent data localization and

cross-border data transfer laws. Although there are currently various mechanisms that may be used to transfer

personal data from the EEA and UK to the United States in compliance with law, such as the EU-U.S. Trans-

Atlantic Data Privacy Framework, the UK’s International Data Transfer Agreement, or the EEA and UK’s standard

contractual clauses, these mechanisms are subject to legal challenges, and there is no assurance that we can satisfy or

rely on these measures to lawfully transfer personal data to the United States or other third party countries. If there is

no lawful manner for us to transfer personal data from the EEA, the UK, or other jurisdictions to the United States,

or if the requirements for a legally-compliant transfer are too onerous, we could face significant adverse

consequences, including the interruption or degradation of our operations, the need to relocate part of or all of our

business or data processing activities to other jurisdictions at significant expense, increased exposure to regulatory

actions, substantial fines and penalties, the inability to transfer data and work with partners, vendors and other third

parties, and injunctions against our processing or transferring of personal data necessary to operate our business.

Some European regulators have prevented companies from transferring personal data out of Europe for allegedly

violating the EU GDPR’s cross-border data transfer limitations.

Additionally, the U.S. Department of Justice issued a rule entitled the Preventing Access to U.S. Sensitive

Personal Data and Government-Related Data by Countries of Concern or Covered Persons, which places additional

restriction on certain data transactions involving countries of concern (e.g., China, Russia, Iran) and covered persons

that may impact certain business activities such as vendor engagements, sale or sharing of data, employment of

certain individuals, and investor agreements. Violations of the rule could lead to significant civil and criminal fines

and penalties. The rule applies regardless of whether data is anonymized, key-coded, pseudonymized, de-identified

or encrypted, which presents particular challenges for companies like ours and may impact our ability to transfer

data in connection with certain transactions or agreements.

In addition to data privacy and security laws, we are contractually subject to industry standards adopted by

industry groups and may become subject to such obligations in the future. Depending upon the context, we may also

be bound by other contractual obligations related to data privacy and security, and our efforts to comply with such

obligations may not be successful.

We publish and may publish privacy policies, marketing materials, whitepapers, and other statements, such as

compliance with certain certifications or self-regulatory principles, concerning data privacy and security. Regulators

in the United States are increasingly scrutinizing these statements, and if these policies, materials or statements are

found to be deficient, lacking in transparency, deceptive, unfair, misleading, or misrepresentative of our practices,

we may be subject to investigation, enforcement actions by regulators, or other adverse consequences.

Our employees and personnel use artificial intelligence (including generative AI, agentic AI, or machine

learning – collectively “AI”) and/or automated decision-making technologies to perform their work, and the

disclosure and use of personal data in AI technologies is subject to various privacy laws and other privacy

obligations. Governments have passed and are likely to pass additional laws and regulations regulating AI and/or

automated decision-making technologies. Our use of this technology could result in additional compliance costs,

regulatory investigations and actions, and lawsuits.

Obligations related to data privacy and security are quickly changing, becoming increasingly stringent, and

creating regulatory uncertainty. Additionally, these obligations may be subject to differing applications and

interpretations, which may be inconsistent or conflict among jurisdictions. Preparing for and complying with these

obligations requires us to devote significant resources and may necessitate changes to our services, information

technologies, systems, and practices and to those of any third parties that process personal data on our behalf.

We may at times fail (or be perceived to have failed) in our efforts to comply with our data privacy and

security obligations. Moreover, despite our efforts, our personnel or third parties with whom we work may fail to

comply with such obligations, which could negatively impact our business operations. If we or the third parties with

whom we work fail, or are perceived to have failed, to address or comply with applicable data privacy or security

obligations, we could face significant consequences, including but not limited to: government enforcement actions

(e.g., investigations, fines, penalties, audits, inspections, and similar); litigation (including class-action claims); and

mass arbitration demands; additional reporting requirements and/or oversight; bans on processing personal data; and

orders to destroy or not use personal data. Any of these events could have a material adverse effect on our

reputation, business, or financial condition, including but not limited to: loss of customers; inability to process

personal data or to operate in certain jurisdictions; limited ability to develop or commercialize our products;

expenditure of time and resources to defend any claim or inquiry; adverse publicity; or substantial changes to our

business model or operations.

Risks Related to Ownership of Our ADSs and Our Status as a Non-U.S. Company with Foreign Private

Issuer Status

If we do not achieve our projected development and commercialization goals in the timeframes we announce and

expect, our business will be harmed, and the price of our securities could decline as a result.

We sometimes estimate for planning purposes the timing of the accomplishment of various scientific, clinical,

regulatory and other product development objectives. These milestones may include our expectations regarding the

commencement or completion of scientific studies, clinical trials, the submission of regulatory filings, or

commercialization objectives. From time to time, we may publicly announce the expected timing of some of these

milestones, such as the completion of an ongoing clinical trial, the initiation of other clinical programs, receipt of

marketing approval, or a commercial launch of a product. The achievement of many of these milestones may be

outside of our control. All of these milestones are based on a variety of assumptions which may cause the timing of

achievement of the milestones to vary considerably from our estimates, including:

•our available capital resources or capital constraints we experience;

•the rate of progress, costs and results of our clinical trials and research and development activities,

including the extent of scheduling conflicts with participating clinicians and collaborators, and our

ability to identify and enroll patients who meet clinical trial eligibility criteria;

•our receipt of approvals by the European Commission, FDA and other regulatory agencies and the

timing thereof;

•other actions, decisions or rules issued by regulators;

•our ability to access sufficient, reliable and affordable supplies of compounds and raw materials used

in the manufacture of our drug candidates;

•the efforts of our collaborators with respect to the commercialization of our products; and

•the securing of, costs related to, and timing issues associated with, product manufacturing as well as

sales and marketing activities.

If we fail to achieve announced milestones in the timeframes we expect, the commercialization of our drug

candidates may be delayed, our business and results of operations may be harmed, and the trading price of the ADSs

may decline as a result.

We may be a “passive foreign investment company” for U.S. federal income tax purposes, which could result in

adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences to U.S. investors.

Generally, if, for any taxable year, at least 75% of our gross income is passive income (“income test”), or at

least 50% of the value of our assets (based on an average of the quarterly values of the assets during a taxable year)

is attributable to assets that produce passive income or are held for the production of passive income, including cash,

we would be characterized as a passive foreign investment company (“PFIC”) for U.S. federal income tax purposes.

For purposes of these tests, passive income includes, among other things, dividends, interest, and gains from the sale

or exchange of investment property and rents or royalties other than rents or royalties which are received from

unrelated parties in connection with the active conduct of a trade or business. Cash and cash equivalents are

generally treated as passive assets. Goodwill is treated as an active asset to the extent associated with business

activities that produce active income. For purposes of the PFIC rules, a non-U.S. corporation that owns, directly or

indirectly, at least 25% by value of the equity interests of another corporation or partnership is treated as if it held its

proportionate share of the assets of the other corporation or partnership, and received directly its proportionate share

of the income of the other corporation or partnership. Equity interests of less than 25% by value in any other

corporation or partnership are treated as passive assets, regardless of the nature of the other corporation or

partnership’s business.

If we are a PFIC for any taxable year in which a U.S. Holder (as defined in Item 10.E. Taxation—Material

U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations for U.S. Holders) holds an ADS, certain adverse U.S. federal income tax

consequences could apply to such U.S. Holder including increased tax liability on disposition gains and certain

“excess distributions” and additional reporting requirements. See Item 10.E. Taxation—Material U.S. Federal

Income Tax Considerations for U.S. Holders—Passive Foreign Investment Company Rules.

Based on our analysis of our financial statements, activities and relevant market and shareholder data, we do

not believe that we were a PFIC for the taxable year ended December 31, 2025. The determination of whether we

are a PFIC is a fact-intensive determination made on an annual basis and the applicable law is subject to varying

interpretation. Whether we are a PFIC for any taxable year will depend on the composition of our income and the

composition, nature and value of our assets from time to time (including the value of our goodwill, which may be

determined by reference to the value of our ADSs, which could fluctuate considerably). We currently do not

generate product revenues and therefore we may be a PFIC for any taxable year in which we do not generate

sufficient amounts of non-passive income to offset our passive income. As a result, there can be no assurance that

we will not be treated as a PFIC for the current or any future taxable year and our U.S. counsel expresses no opinion

with respect to our PFIC status for any prior, current or future taxable year. Even if we determine that we are not a

PFIC for a taxable year, there can be no assurance that the Internal Revenue Service (the "IRS") will agree with our

conclusion and that the IRS would not successfully challenge our position. Each U.S. holder is strongly urged to

consult its tax advisor regarding these issues and any available elections to mitigate such tax consequences.

The rights of shareholders in companies subject to French corporate law differ in material respects from the

rights of shareholders of corporations incorporated in the United States.

We are a French company with limited liability. Our corporate affairs are governed by our by-laws and by the

laws governing companies incorporated in France. The rights of shareholders and the responsibilities of members of

our Board are in many ways different from the rights and obligations of shareholders in companies governed by the

laws of U.S. jurisdictions. For example, in the performance of its duties, our Board is required by French law to

consider the interests of our company, its shareholders, its employees and other stakeholders, rather than solely our

shareholders and/or creditors. It is possible that some of these parties will have interests that are different from, or in

addition to, your interests as a shareholder or holder of ADSs.

You may face difficulties protecting your interests, and your ability to protect your rights through the U.S. federal

courts may be limited because we are incorporated under the laws of France, all of our assets are in the

European Union and a majority of our directors and executive officers reside outside the United States.

We are constituted under the laws of France. A majority of our officers and directors reside outside the

United States. In addition, a substantial portion of their assets and our assets are located outside of the United States.

As a result, you may have difficulty serving legal process within the United States upon us or any of these persons.

You may also have difficulty enforcing, both in and outside of the United States, judgments you may obtain in

U.S. courts against us or these persons in any action, including actions based upon the civil liability provisions of

U.S. Federal or state securities laws. Furthermore, there is substantial doubt as to the enforceability in France against

us or against any of our directors and officers who are not residents of the United States, in original actions or in

actions for enforcement of judgments of U.S. courts, of liabilities based solely upon the civil liability provisions of

the U.S. federal securities laws. In addition, shareholders in French corporations may not have standing to initiate a

shareholder derivative action in U.S. federal courts.

As a result, our public shareholders may have more difficulty in protecting their interests through actions

against us, our management, our directors or our major shareholders than would shareholders of a corporation

incorporated in a jurisdiction in the United States.

The dual listing of our ordinary shares and the ADSs may adversely affect the liquidity and value of the ADSs.

Our ordinary shares are listed on Euronext Paris and our ADSs are listed on the Nasdaq Stock Market. Trading

of the ADSs or ordinary shares in these markets will take place in different currencies (U.S. dollars on Nasdaq and

euros on Euronext Paris), and at different times (resulting from different time zones, different trading days and

different public holidays in the United States and France). The trading prices of our ordinary shares on these two

markets may differ due to these and other factors. Any decrease in the price of our ordinary shares on Euronext Paris

could cause a decrease in the trading price of the ADSs on Nasdaq. Investors could seek to sell or buy our ordinary

shares to take advantage of any price differences between the markets through a practice referred to as arbitrage.

Any arbitrage activity could create unexpected volatility in both our share prices on one exchange, and the ordinary

shares available for trading on the other exchange. In addition, holders of ADSs will not be immediately able to

surrender their ADSs and withdraw the underlying ordinary shares for trading on the other market without effecting

necessary procedures with the depositary. This could result in time delays and additional cost for holders of ADSs.

We cannot predict the effect of this dual listing on the value of our ordinary shares and the ADSs. However, the dual

listing of our ordinary shares and the ADSs may reduce the liquidity of these securities in one or both markets and

may adversely affect the development of an active trading market for the ADSs in the United States.

Our by-laws and French corporate law contain provisions that may delay or discourage a takeover attempt.

Provisions contained in our by-laws and French corporate law could make it more difficult for a third party to

acquire us, even if doing so might be beneficial to our shareholders. In addition, provisions of our by-laws impose

various procedural and other requirements, which could make it more difficult for shareholders to effect certain

corporate actions. These provisions include the following:

•under French law, the owner of 90% of the share capital or voting rights of a public company listed on

a regulated market in a Member State of the European Union or in a state party to the EEA Agreement,

including from the main French stock exchange, has the right to force out minority shareholders

following a tender offer made to all shareholders;

•under French law, a non-resident of France as well as any French entity controlled by non-residents of

France may have to file a declaration for statistical purposes with the Bank of France (Banque de

France) within 20 working days following the date of certain direct foreign investments in us,

including any purchase of our ADSs. In particular, such filings are required in connection with

investments exceeding €15 million that lead to the acquisition of at least 10% of our share capital or

voting rights or cross such 10% threshold. See “Limitations Affecting Shareholders of a French

Company”;

•under French law, certain foreign investments in companies incorporated under French laws are

subject to the prior authorization from the French Minister of Economy, where all or part of the

target’s business and activity relate to a strategic sector, such as energy, transportation, the protection

of public health, telecommunications, research and development in biotechnologies, etc.;

•a merger (i.e., in a French law context, a share for share exchange following which our company

would be dissolved into the acquiring entity and our shareholders would become shareholders of the

acquiring entity) of our company into a company incorporated in the European Union would require

the approval of our Board as well as a two-thirds majority of the votes held by the shareholders

present, represented by proxy or voting by mail at the relevant meeting;

•a merger of our company into a company incorporated outside of the European Union would require

100% of our shareholders to approve it;

•under French law, a cash merger is treated as a share purchase and would require the consent of each

participating shareholder;

•our shareholders have granted and may grant in the future our Board broad authorizations to increase

our share capital or to issue additional ordinary shares or other securities, such as warrants, to our

shareholders, the public or qualified investors, including as a possible defense following the launching

of a tender offer for our shares;

•our shareholders have preferential subscription rights on a pro rata basis on the issuance by us of any

additional securities for cash or a set-off of cash debts, which rights may only be waived by the

extraordinary general meeting by a two-thirds majority vote of our shareholders or on an individual

basis by each shareholder;

•our Board has the right to appoint directors to fill a vacancy created by the resignation or death of a

director, subject to the approval by the shareholders of such appointment at the next shareholders’

meeting, which prevents shareholders from having the sole right to fill vacancies on our Board;

•our Board can be convened by our chairman, including upon request from our Chief Executive Officer

(directeur général), if the positions of Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of the Board are not held

by the same person, or, when no board meeting has been held for more than two consecutive months,

from directors representing at least one-third of the total number of directors;

•our Board meetings can only be regularly held if at least half of the directors attend either physically or

by way of videoconference or teleconference enabling the directors’ identification and ensuring their

effective participation in the Board’s decisions;

•our shares are registered or bearer, if the legislation so permits, according to the shareholder’s choice;

•approval of at least a majority of the votes held by shareholders present, represented by a proxy, or

voting by mail at the relevant ordinary shareholders’ general meeting is required to remove directors

with or without cause;

•advance notice is required for nominations to the Board or for proposing matters to be acted upon at a

shareholders’ meeting, except that a vote to remove and replace a director can be proposed at any

shareholders’ meeting without notice;

•our by-laws can be changed in accordance with applicable French laws and regulations;

•the crossing of certain thresholds must be disclosed and can impose certain obligations (including

filing a mandatory public tender offer);

•transfers of shares shall comply with applicable insider trading rules and regulations and, in particular,

with the EU Market Abuse Directive and Regulation dated April 16, 2014; and

•pursuant to French law, the sections of our by-laws relating to the number of directors and election and

removal of a director from office, may only be modified by a resolution adopted by two-thirds of the

votes of our shareholders present, represented by a proxy or voting by mail at the meeting.

Existing and potential investors in our ordinary shares or ADSs may have to request the prior authorization from

the French Ministry of Economy prior to acquiring an interest in our ordinary shares or ADSs.

Under French law, direct and indirect acquisition of control of all or part of a branch of activity, or, acting

alone or in concert, of more than 25% (10% for investments made by non-EU/EEA investors in companies like ours

whose shares are admitted to trading on a French or EU regulated market) of voting rights of a French company

deemed to be active in a strategic industry, by foreign investors is subject to prior authorization of the French

Ministry of Economy pursuant to Articles L. 151-1 et seq. and R. 151-1 et seq. of the French Monetary and

Financial Code. Industries essential to the protection of public health and research and development activities in

biotechnologies are among the categories which fall within the scope of this regulation.

If necessary to protect strategic assets, the ministry may oppose to the transaction or condition its

authorization upon the commitment of the investor to certain structural and behavioral remedies that aim at

maintaining strategic activities, knowledge, MAs and intellectual property in France.

If an investment requiring the prior authorization of the French Minister of Economy is completed without

such authorization having been granted, the French Minister of Economy might order the relevant investor to

(i) submit a request for authorization, (ii) have the situation prior to the completion of the investment restored at its

own expense or (iii) amend the investment. Non-compliance with the authorization requirement or breach to the

conditions imposed may expose the relevant investor to a criminal fine which cannot exceed the greater of: (i) twice

the amount of the relevant investment, (ii) 10% of the annual turnover before tax of the target company and (iii)

€5 million (for an entity) or €1 million (for an individual). The French Minister of Economy may also adopt

precautionary measures it deems necessary to protect strategic sovereign assets, including the suspension of voting

rights or the prohibition or limitation of the distribution of dividends and remuneration attached to shares whose

ownership by the investor should have been subject to prior authorization.

The non-EU/EEA investors in French companies whose shares are admitted to trading on a French or EU

regulated market reaching the 10% voting rights threshold benefit from a “fast-track procedure” pursuant to which

the investor is exempt from the authorization request sets forth in Article R. 151-5 of the Monetary and Financial

Code, provided that the investment project has been the subject of a prior simplified notification to the French

Minister of Economy, and the French Minister of Economy did not oppose to the transaction or request to follow the

standard authorization process, the transaction can proceed as from ten working days following notification.

Failure to comply with such measures could result in significant consequences in the concerned investment.

Such measures could also delay or discourage a takeover or more broadly a foreign investment attempt, and we

cannot predict whether these measures will result in a lower or more volatile market price of our ADSs.

You may not be able to exercise your right to vote the ordinary shares underlying your ADSs.

Holders of ADSs may exercise voting rights with respect to the ordinary shares represented by the ADSs only

in accordance with the provisions of the deposit agreement. The deposit agreement provides that, upon receipt of

notice of any meeting of holders of our ordinary shares, the depositary will fix a record date for the determination of

ADS holders who shall be entitled to give instructions for the exercise of voting rights. Upon timely receipt of notice

from us, if we so request, the depositary shall distribute to the holders as of the record date (i) the notice of the

meeting or solicitation of consent or proxy sent by us and (ii) a statement as to the manner in which instructions may

be given by the holders.

Purchasers of ADSs may instruct the depositary of their ADSs to vote the ordinary shares underlying their

ADSs. Otherwise, purchasers of ADSs will not be able to exercise voting rights unless they withdraw the ordinary

shares underlying the ADSs they hold. However, a holder of ADSs may not know about the meeting far enough in

advance to withdraw those ordinary shares. If we ask for a holder of ADSs’ instructions, the depositary, upon timely

notice from us, will notify him or her of the upcoming vote and arrange to deliver our voting materials to him or her.

We cannot guarantee to any holder of ADSs that he or she will receive the voting materials in time to ensure that he

or she can instruct the depositary to vote his or her ordinary shares or to withdraw his or her ordinary shares so that

he or she can vote them. If the depositary does not receive timely voting instructions from a holder of ADSs, it may

give a proxy to a person designated by us to vote the ordinary shares underlying his or her ADSs. In addition, the

depositary and its agents are not responsible for failing to carry out voting instructions or for the manner of carrying

out voting instructions. This means that a holder of ADSs may not be able to exercise his or her right to vote, and

there may be nothing he or she can do if the ordinary shares underlying his or her ADSs are not voted as he or she

requested.

Purchasers of ADSs are not holders of our ordinary shares.

A holder of ADSs will not be treated as one of our shareholders and will not have direct shareholder rights.

French law governs our shareholder rights. The depositary will be the holder of the ordinary shares underlying ADSs

held by purchasers of ADSs. Purchasers of ADSs will have ADS holder rights. The deposit agreement among us, the

depositary and purchasers of ADSs, as ADS holders, and all other persons directly and indirectly holding ADSs, sets

out ADS holder rights, as well as the rights and obligations of the depositary.

A double voting right is attached to each registered ordinary share (except treasury shares) that is held in the

name of the same shareholder for at least two years. However, the ordinary shares underlying our ADSs will not be

entitled to double voting rights as the depositary will hold the ordinary shares underlying our ADSs in bearer form.

The right as a holder of ADSs to participate in any future preferential subscription rights or to elect to receive

dividends in shares may be limited, which may cause dilution to the holdings of purchasers of ADSs.

According to French law, if we issue additional securities for cash, current shareholders will have preferential

subscription rights for these securities on a pro rata basis unless they waive those rights at an extraordinary meeting

of our shareholders by a two-thirds majority vote or individually by each shareholder. However, ADS holders will

not be entitled to exercise or sell such rights unless we register the rights and the securities to which the rights relate

under the Securities Act or an exemption from the registration requirements is available. In addition, the deposit

agreement provides that the depositary will not make rights available to purchasers of ADSs unless the distribution

to ADS holders of both the rights and any related securities are either registered under the Securities Act or

exempted from registration under the Securities Act. Further, if we offer holders of our ordinary shares the option to

receive dividends in either cash or shares, under the deposit agreement the depositary may require satisfactory

assurances from us that extending the offer to holders of ADSs does not require registration of any securities under

the Securities Act before making the option available to holders of ADSs. We are under no obligation to file a

registration statement with respect to any such rights or securities or to endeavor to cause such a registration

statement to be declared effective. Moreover, we may not be able to establish an exemption from registration under

the Securities Act. Accordingly, ADS holders may be unable to participate in our rights offerings or to elect to

receive dividends in shares and may experience dilution in their holdings. In addition, if the depositary is unable to

sell rights that are not exercised or not distributed or if the sale is not lawful or reasonably practicable, it will allow

the rights to lapse, in which case you will receive no value for these rights.

Purchasers of ADSs may be subject to limitations on the withdrawal of the underlying ordinary shares.

Temporary delays in the cancellation of ADSs and withdrawal of the underlying ordinary shares may arise

because the depositary has closed its transfer books or we have closed our transfer books, the transfer of ordinary

shares is blocked to permit voting at a shareholders’ meeting or we are paying a dividend on our ordinary shares. In

addition, a holder of ADSs may not be able to cancel his or her ADSs and withdraw the underlying ordinary shares

when he or she owes money for fees, taxes and similar charges and when it is necessary to prohibit withdrawals in

order to comply with any laws or governmental regulations that apply to ADSs or to the withdrawal of ordinary

shares or other deposited securities.

ADS holders may not be entitled to a jury trial with respect to claims arising under the deposit agreement, which

could result in less favorable outcomes to the plaintiffs in any such action.

The deposit agreement governing the ADSs representing our ordinary shares provides that, to the fullest extent

permitted by law, ADS holders waive the right to a jury trial of any claim they may have against us or the depositary

arising out of or relating to our shares, the ADSs or the deposit agreement, including any claim under the U.S.

federal securities laws.

If we or the depositary opposed a jury trial demand based on the waiver, the court would determine whether

the waiver was enforceable based on the facts and circumstances of that case in accordance with the applicable state

and federal law. To our knowledge, the enforceability of a contractual pre-dispute jury trial waiver in connection

with claims arising under the federal securities laws has not been finally adjudicated by the United States Supreme

Court. However, we believe that a contractual pre-dispute jury trial waiver provision is generally enforceable,

including under the laws of the State of New York, which govern the deposit agreement, by a federal or state court

in the City of New York, which has non-exclusive jurisdiction over matters arising under the deposit agreement. In

determining whether to enforce a contractual pre-dispute jury trial waiver provision, courts will generally consider

whether a party knowingly, intelligently and voluntarily waived the right to a jury trial. We believe that this is the

case with respect to the deposit agreement and the ADSs. It is advisable that you consult legal counsel regarding the

jury waiver provision before entering into the deposit agreement.

If you or any other holders or beneficial owners of ADSs bring a claim against us or the depositary in

connection with matters arising under the deposit agreement or the ADSs, including claims under federal securities

laws, you or such other holder or beneficial owner may not be entitled to a jury trial with respect to such claims,

which may have the effect of limiting and discouraging lawsuits against us and the depositary. If a lawsuit is brought

against either or both of us and the depositary under the deposit agreement, it may be heard only by a judge or

justice of the applicable trial court, which would be conducted according to different civil procedures and may result

in different outcomes than a trial by jury would have, including results that could be less favorable to the plaintiffs in

any such action.

Nevertheless, if this jury trial waiver provision is not permitted by applicable law, an action could proceed

under the terms of the deposit agreement with a jury trial. No condition, stipulation or provision of the deposit

agreement or ADSs serves as a waiver by any holder or beneficial owner of ADSs or by us or the depositary of

compliance with U.S. federal securities laws and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder.

As a foreign private issuer, we are exempt from a number of rules under the U.S. securities laws and are

permitted to file less information with the SEC than a U.S. public company. This may limit the information

available to holders of ADSs.

We are a foreign private issuer, as defined in the SEC’s rules and regulations and, consequently, we are not

subject to all of the disclosure requirements applicable to public companies organized within the United States. For

example, we are exempt from certain rules under the Exchange Act that regulate disclosure obligations and

procedural requirements related to the solicitation of proxies, consents or authorizations applicable to a security

registered under the Exchange Act, including the U.S. proxy rules under Section 14 of the Exchange Act. In

addition, our officers and directors are exempt from the “short-swing” profit recovery provisions of Section 16 of the

Exchange Act and related rules with respect to their purchases and sales of our securities. Moreover, while we make

annual and semi-annual filings with respect to our listing on Euronext Paris, we are not required to file periodic

reports and financial statements with the SEC as frequently or as promptly as U.S. public companies and are not

required to file quarterly reports on Form 10-Q or current reports on Form 8-K under the Exchange Act.

Accordingly, there will be less publicly available information concerning our company than there would be if we

were not a foreign private issuer.

As a foreign private issuer, we are permitted, and we expect, to follow certain home country practices in relation

to corporate governance matters that differ significantly from Nasdaq’s corporate governance standards. These

practices may afford less protection to shareholders than they would enjoy if we complied fully with the corporate

governance standards of the Nasdaq Global Market.

As a foreign private issuer listed on the Nasdaq Global Market, we are subject to Nasdaq’s corporate

governance standards. However, Nasdaq rules provide that foreign private issuers are permitted to follow home

country corporate governance practices in lieu of Nasdaq’s corporate governance standards, with certain exceptions,

as long as notification is provided to Nasdaq of the intention to take advantage of such exemptions. We intend to

rely on exemptions for foreign private issuers and follow French corporate governance practices in lieu of Nasdaq’s

corporate governance standards, to the extent possible. Certain corporate governance practices in France, which is

our home country, may differ significantly from Nasdaq corporate governance standards. For example, as a French

company, neither the corporate laws of France nor our by-laws require a majority of our directors to be independent

and we can include non-independent directors as members of our remuneration committee, and our independent

directors are not required to hold regularly scheduled meetings at which only independent directors are present.

We are also exempt from provisions set forth in Nasdaq rules which require an issuer to provide in its by-laws

for a generally applicable quorum, and that such quorum may not be less than one-third of the outstanding voting

stock. Consistent with French law, our by-laws provide that a quorum requires the presence of shareholders having

at least (i) 20% of the shares entitled to vote in the case of an ordinary shareholders’ general meeting or at an

extraordinary shareholders’ general meeting where shareholders are voting on a capital increase by capitalization of

reserves, profits or share premium, or (ii) 25% of the shares entitled to vote in the case of any other extraordinary

shareholders’ general meeting. If a quorum is not present, the meeting is adjourned. There is no quorum requirement

when an ordinary general meeting is reconvened, but the reconvened meeting may consider only questions which

were on the agenda of the adjourned meeting. When an extraordinary general meeting is reconvened, the quorum

required is 20% of the shares entitled to vote, except where the reconvened meeting is considering capital increases

through capitalization of reserves, profits or share premium. For these matters, no quorum is required at the

reconvened meeting. If a quorum is not present at a reconvened meeting requiring a quorum, then the meeting may

be adjourned for a maximum of two months.

As a foreign private issuer, we are required to comply with Rule 10A-3 of the Exchange Act, relating to audit

committee composition and responsibilities. Under French law, the audit committee may only have an advisory role

and appointment of our statutory auditors, in particular, must be decided by the shareholders at our annual meeting.

Therefore, our shareholders may be afforded less protection than they otherwise would have under Nasdaq’s

corporate governance standards applicable to U.S. domestic issuers. For an overview of our corporate governance

practices, see “Part II—Item 16G—Corporate Governance.”

We are an “emerging growth company” under the JOBS Act and will be able to avail ourselves of reduced

disclosure requirements applicable to emerging growth companies, which could make our ADSs less attractive to

investors.

We are an “emerging growth company,” as defined in the JOBS Act, and we intend to take advantage of

certain exemptions from various reporting requirements that are applicable to other public companies that are not

“emerging growth companies”, including not being required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of

Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (“Sarbanes-Oxley Act”), and exemptions from the requirements

of holding a nonbinding advisory vote on executive compensation and shareholder approval of any golden parachute

payments not previously approved. In addition, Section 107 of the JOBS Act also provides that an emerging growth

company can take advantage of the extended transition period provided in Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act,

for complying with new or revised accounting standards. We will not take advantage of the extended transition

period provided under Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act for complying with new or revised accounting

standards. Since IFRS makes no distinction between public and private companies for purposes of compliance with

new or revised accounting standards, the requirements for our compliance as a private company and as a public

company are the same.

We cannot predict if investors will find our ADSs less attractive because we may rely on these exemptions. If

some investors find our ADSs less attractive as a result, there may be a less active trading market for our ADSs and

the price of our ADSs may be more volatile. We may take advantage of these reporting exemptions until we are no

longer an emerging growth company. We will remain an emerging growth company until the earliest of (1) the last

day of the fiscal year in which we have total annual gross revenue of $1.235 billion or more; (2) the last day of our

fiscal year following the fifth anniversary of the date of the completion of our U.S. initial public offering and listing

on Nasdaq; (3) the date on which we have issued more than $1.0 billion in nonconvertible debt during the previous

three years; and (4) the date on which we are deemed to be a large accelerated filer under the rules of the SEC.

We may lose our foreign private issuer status in the future, which could result in significant additional cost and

expense.

While we currently qualify as a foreign private issuer, the determination of foreign private issuer status is

made annually on the last business day of an issuer’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter and,

accordingly, the next determination will be made with respect to us on June 30, 2026. In the future, we could lose

our foreign private issuer status if we fail to meet the requirements necessary to maintain our foreign private issuer

status as of the relevant determination date. We will remain a foreign private issuer until such time that more than

50% of our outstanding voting securities are held by U.S. residents and any of the following three circumstances

applies: (i) the majority of our executive officers or directors are U.S. citizens or residents; (ii) more than 50% of our

assets are located in the United States; or (iii) our business is administered principally in the United States. For

additional information relating to our principal shareholders, see "Item 7.A Major Shareholders".

The regulatory and compliance costs to us under U.S. securities laws as a U.S. domestic issuer may be

significantly more than costs we incur as a foreign private issuer. If we are not a foreign private issuer, we will be

required to file periodic reports and registration statements on U.S. domestic issuer forms with the SEC, which are

more detailed and extensive in certain respects than the forms available to a foreign private issuer. We would be

required under current SEC rules to prepare our financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, rather than

IFRS, and modify certain of our policies to comply with corporate governance practices associated with U.S.

domestic issuers. Such conversion of our financial statements to U.S. GAAP would involve significant time and

cost. In addition, we may lose our ability to rely upon exemptions from certain corporate governance requirements

on U.S. stock exchanges that are available to foreign private issuers such as the ones described herein and

exemptions from procedural requirements related to the solicitation of proxies.

General Risk Factors

We may not be successful in obtaining or maintaining necessary rights to product components and processes for

our development pipeline through acquisitions and in-licenses.

The growth of our business may depend in part on our ability to acquire, in-license or use third-party

proprietary rights. For example, our drug candidates may require specific formulations to work effectively and

efficiently, we may develop drug candidates containing our compounds and pre-existing pharmaceutical compounds,

or we may be required by the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities to provide a companion diagnostic

test or tests with our drug candidates, any of which could require us to obtain rights to use intellectual property held

by third parties. In addition, with respect to any patents we may co-own with third parties, we may require licenses

to such co-owner’s interest to such patents. We may be unable to acquire or in-license any compositions, methods of

use, processes or other third-party intellectual property rights from third parties that we identify as necessary or

important to our business operations. In addition, we may fail to obtain any of these licenses at a reasonable cost or

on reasonable terms, if at all. Were that to happen, we may need to cease use of the compositions or methods

covered by those third-party intellectual property rights, and may need to seek to develop alternative approaches that

do not infringe on those intellectual property rights, which may entail additional costs and development delays, even

if we were able to develop such alternatives, which may not be feasible. Even if we are able to obtain a license, it

may be non-exclusive, which means that our competitors may also receive access to the same technologies licensed

to us. In that event, we may be required to expend significant time and resources to develop or license replacement

technology.

Additionally, we sometimes collaborate with academic institutions to accelerate our preclinical research or

development under written agreements with these institutions. In certain cases, these institutions provide us with an

option to negotiate a license to any of the institution’s rights in technology resulting from the collaboration. Even if

we hold such an option, we may be unable to negotiate a license from the institution within the specified timeframe

or under terms that are acceptable to us. If we are unable to do so, the institution may offer the intellectual property

rights to others, potentially blocking our ability to pursue our program.

The licensing and acquisition of third-party intellectual property rights is a competitive area, and companies

that may be more established or have greater resources than we do may also be pursuing strategies to license or

acquire third-party intellectual property rights that we may consider necessary or attractive in order to commercialize

our drug candidates. More established companies may have a competitive advantage over us due to their size, cash

resources and greater clinical development and commercialization capabilities. In addition, companies that perceive

us to be a competitor may be unwilling to assign or license rights to us. There can be no assurance that we will be

able to successfully complete these types of negotiations and ultimately acquire the rights to the intellectual property

surrounding the additional drug candidates that we may seek to develop or market. If we are unable to successfully

obtain rights to required third-party intellectual property or to maintain the existing intellectual property rights we

have, we may have to abandon development of certain programs and our business financial condition, results of

operations and prospects could suffer.

The market price of our equity securities may be volatile, and purchasers of our ADSs could incur substantial

losses.

The market price for our ADSs may be volatile. The stock market in general and the market for

biopharmaceutical companies in particular have experienced extreme volatility that has often been unrelated to the

operating performance of particular companies. As a result of this volatility, investors may not be able to sell their

ADSs at or above the price originally paid for the security. The market price for our ADSs and ordinary shares may

be influenced by many factors, including:

•actual or anticipated fluctuations in our financial condition and operating results;

•actual or anticipated changes in our growth rate relative to our competitors;

•competition from existing products or new products that may emerge;

•announcements by us or our competitors of significant acquisitions, strategic partnerships, joint

ventures, collaborations, or capital commitments;

•failure to meet or exceed financial estimates and projections of the investment community or that we

provide to the public;

•issuance of new or updated research or reports by securities analysts;

•fluctuations in the valuation of companies perceived by investors to be comparable to us;

•share price and volume fluctuations attributable to inconsistent trading volume levels of our shares;

•additions or departures of key management or scientific personnel;

•lawsuits threatened or filed against us, disputes or other developments related to proprietary rights,

including patents, litigation matters, and our ability to obtain patent protection for our technologies;

•changes to coverage policies or reimbursement levels by commercial third-party payors and

government payors and any announcements relating to coverage policies or reimbursement levels;

•announcement or expectation of additional debt or equity financing efforts;

•sales of our ordinary shares or ADSs by us, our insiders or our other shareholders; and

•general economic and market conditions.

These and other market and industry factors may cause the market price and demand for our ADSs to fluctuate

substantially, regardless of our actual operating performance, which may limit or prevent investors from readily

selling their ADSs and may otherwise negatively affect the liquidity of the trading market for our ADSs.

If securities or industry analysts do not publish research or publish inaccurate or unfavorable research about our

business, the price of our ADSs and their trading volume could decline.

The trading market for our ADSs depends in part on the research and reports that securities or industry

analysts publish about us or our business. If no or few securities or industry analysts cover our company, the trading

price for our ADSs would be negatively impacted. If one or more of the analysts who covers us downgrades our

equity securities or publishes incorrect or unfavorable research about our business, the price of our ADSs would

likely decline. If one or more of these analysts ceases coverage of our company or fails to publish reports on us

regularly, or downgrades our securities, demand for our ADSs could decrease, which could cause the price of our

ADSs or their trading volume to decline.

The requirements of being a U.S. public company may strain our resources and divert management’s attention.

We are required to comply with various corporate governance and financial reporting requirements under the

Sarbanes-Oxley Act, the Exchange Act, Nasdaq listing rules, and the rules and regulations adopted by the SEC and

the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board, in addition to operating as a dual-listed company in France.

Further, compliance with various regulatory reporting requires significant commitments of time from our

management and our directors, which reduces the time available for the performance of their other responsibilities.

Our failure to track and comply with the various rules may materially adversely affect our reputation, ability to

obtain the necessary certifications to financial statements, lead to additional regulatory enforcement actions, and

could adversely affect the value of our ordinary shares or ADSs.

We may be at an increased risk of securities class action litigation.

Historically, securities class action litigation has often been brought against a company following a decline in

the market price of its securities. This risk is especially relevant for us because biotechnology and biopharmaceutical

companies have experienced significant share price volatility in recent years. If we were to be sued, it could result in

substantial costs, which could be insufficiently covered by insurance, and a diversion of management’s attention and

resources, which could harm our business.

We do not currently intend to pay dividends on our securities and, consequently, your ability to achieve a return

on your investment will depend on appreciation in the price of the ordinary shares and our ADSs. In addition,

French law may limit the amount of dividends we are able to distribute.

We have never declared or paid any cash dividends on our ordinary shares and do not currently intend to do so

for the foreseeable future. We currently intend to invest our future earnings, if any, to fund our growth. Therefore,

you are not likely to receive any dividends on your ADSs for the foreseeable future and the success of an investment

in ADSs will depend upon any future appreciation in its value. Consequently, investors may need to sell all or part

of their holdings of ADSs after price appreciation, which may never occur, as the only way to realize any future

gains on their investment. There is no guarantee that the ADSs will appreciate in value or even maintain the price at

which our shareholders have purchased them. Investors seeking cash dividends should not purchase our ADSs.

Furthermore, certain of our debt instruments restrict the payment of dividends or require consent to pay dividends.

See “Item 8.A Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information—Dividend Policy.”

Further, under French law, the determination of whether we have been sufficiently profitable to pay dividends

is made on the basis of our statutory financial statements prepared and presented in accordance with accounting

standards applicable in France. In addition, payment of dividends may subject us to additional taxes under French

law. Therefore, we may be more restricted in our ability to declare dividends than companies not based in France.

In addition, exchange rate fluctuations may affect the amount of euros that we are able to distribute, and the

amount in U.S. dollars that our shareholders receive upon the payment of cash dividends or other distributions we

declare and pay in euros, if any. These factors could harm the value of our ADSs, and, in turn, the U.S. dollar

proceeds that holders receive from the sale of our ADSs.

Item 4.Information on the Company.

A.History and Development of the Company

Our legal and commercial name is Abivax SA. We were incorporated as a société anonyme (limited liability

company) under the laws of France on December 4, 2013 for a period of 99 years until December 22, 2112, subject

to extension or early dissolution and registered at the Paris Trade and Company Register on December 27, 2013

under the number 799 363 718. Our principal executive offices are located at 7-11 boulevard Haussmann 75009

Paris, France, and our telephone number is +33 (0) 1 53 83 09 63. We have one wholly owned subsidiary, Abivax

LLC, a Delaware limited liability company, formed on March 20, 2023. Our agent for service of process in the

United States is CT Corporation System, 1015 15th Street N.W., Suite 1000, Washington, D.C. 20005.

We have been listed on Euronext Paris since June 2015. In October 2023, we completed the initial public

offering of our ordinary shares in the form of ADSs on the Nasdaq Global Market, raising approximately $235.8

million in gross proceeds (equivalent to approximately €223.3 million based on the exchange rate then in effect),

inclusive of proceeds from our concurrent private placement of ordinary shares in certain jurisdictions outside of the

United States.

We did not incur any material capital expenditures for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023

other than in the ordinary course of business, as described below in Item 5—Operating and Financial Review and

Prospects.

The SEC maintains an Internet site that contains reports, proxy information statements and other information

regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC. The address of that site is http://www.sec.gov. Our website

address is www.abivax.com. The reference to our website is an inactive textual reference only and information

contained in, or that can be accessed through, our website or any other website cited in this annual report is not part

of this annual report.

B.Business Overview

Overview

We are a clinical-stage biotechnology company focused on developing therapeutics that harness the body’s

natural regulatory mechanisms to stabilize the immune response in patients with chronic inflammatory diseases. We

focus on indications where existing treatments have left patients with significant unmet needs, and where we believe

our investigational agents have the potential to be meaningfully differentiated from currently available therapies.

Our initial focus is on inflammatory bowel diseases ("IBD"), chronic conditions involving inflammation of the

gastrointestinal tract, of which the two most common forms are ulcerative colitis ("UC") and Crohn’s disease

("CD").

We believe our lead drug candidate, obefazimod, is differentiated from competing approaches for the

treatment of IBD via its novel mechanism of action ("MOA"). Obefazimod was demonstrated to specifically

enhance the expression of a single micro-RNA, miR-124, which plays a critical role in the regulation of the

inflammatory response. In the context of inflammation, miR-124 is a natural regulator of the inflammatory response,

controlling progression of inflammation and restoring homeostasis of the immune system, without causing broader

immunosuppression. In contrast to currently available advanced therapies, prescribed post-conventional therapies,

some of which target only a single cytokine or pathway, miR-124 modulates the expression of several key cytokines

and pathways. Modulating multiple inflammatory pathways simultaneously may lead to more durability of efficacy

results over the long-term, which is critical in lifelong conditions such as IBD, potentially differentiating

obefazimod from currently available IBD treatments.

Our Pipeline

Our lead drug candidate, obefazimod, is currently in Phase 3 clinical development for the treatment of

moderately to severely active UC. We are continuing to develop obefazimod for the treatment of CD and are

evaluating potential combination therapy opportunities in IBD to pursue. In parallel, we are in the process of

strengthening our development portfolio by generating follow-on compounds based on our miR-124 platform and

assessing external early drug candidates in IBD. The chart below sets forth details of our pipeline:

1 Under evaluation based on induction and maintenance Phase 3 clinical trials.

Our Strategy

Our primary goal is to develop and commercialize obefazimod for the treatment of IBD, starting with

moderately to severely active UC and CD. We focus on indications with high unmet needs with substantial

commercial potential. To achieve our goal, we are pursuing the following key elements of our strategy:

•Advance obefazimod through pivotal clinical trials and establish obefazimod as a potential preferred

advanced therapy for IBD.

We believe that the strength of the induction data we have generated in July 2025 in our Phase 3 clinical

trials, with a pooled 16.4% placebo-adjusted clinical remission rate after 8 weeks of treatment, and a highly

differentiated placebo adjusted clinical response rate across all lines of bio-naïve and bio-refractory

patients, including JAK resistant patients, with no major safety concerns, uniquely positions obefazimod as

a potential highly competitive advanced therapy choice for moderately to severely active UC, if approved.

We also believe that the strength of the maintenance data demonstrated in our Phase 2b trial (as evidenced

by a clinical remission rate of 53%, clinical response rate of 73% and no new adverse safety signals

observed from our two-year Phase 2b open label maintenance trial), should they be confirmed in our

ongoing Phase 3 maintenance trial, could further position obefazimod as a potential treatment of choice for

all UC patient treatment lines.

Based on the positive clinical data generated in our UC trials, preclinical studies in dextran sulfate sodium

("DSS") mouse model which provide support for pursuing further development in CD, and underlying

biological and mechanistic rationale, we also initiated a Phase 2b clinical trial in patients with CD in the

fourth quarter of 2024, with a planned top-line induction data read-out in the fourth quarter of 2026. CD

causes long-lasting inflammation and ulcers in the digestive tract, with fibrosis and structuring, playing a

key role in disease progression. It differs from UC in that it affects the entire thickness of the bowel wall

and all parts of the digestive tract from mouth to anus. However, CD shares many of the underlying

pathophysiological processes and clinical manifestations of UC, and, as a result, the current treatment

paradigm of CD is similar to UC, as described further below.

In addition, we believe that obefazimod’s clinical profile observed to date lends itself to potential

combinations with existing or new therapies, which we are exploring.

•Potential combination therapy in IBD with obefazimod.

Currently available therapies have limited efficacy and durability that wane over time, have extensive pre-

initiation requirements, carry significant safety and tolerability challenges (such as black box safety

warnings), and many of them are injectable biologics. We believe several of obefazimod’s attributes make

it a potentially attractive candidate to pair with other advanced treatments. First, the oral route of

administration is preferred by a majority of patients, potentially resulting in higher levels of medication

adherence. Further, obefazimod’s proposed MOA harnesses the body’s natural regulatory mechanisms to

stabilize the immune response in patients with chronic inflammatory diseases. The novel MOA of

obefazimod potentially lends itself as complementary to other oral or injectable agents with the potential of

improving the induction and remission efficacy over monotherapy. We have initiated a formal process

evaluating oral and injectable combination therapy candidate with obefazimod in UC. In September 2024,

we announced initial preclinical combination data of obefazimod combined with etrasimod in a mouse

model of IBD. The results showed that treatment with the combination improved the response on body

weight protection and Disease Activity Index, and a synergistic and statistically significant reduction of

several cytokines (TNFa, IL-17, IL-6, IFNg) in the blood compared to each drug alone. Beyond this current

S1P opportunity, we are also investigating potential synergies with agents resulting from several other

MOAs (a4b7, IL-23, PDE-4 and ahR).

Additional preclinical data to support our decision-making on a combination agent, which would also be

based on an evaluation of our induction and maintenance data from our Phase 3 clinical trials, is expected

in 2026.

•Leverage library of miR-124 enhancers to expand our pipeline in chronic inflammatory diseases.

Based on the mechanistic concept of obefazimod, we have launched a research and development program

to generate new potential drug candidates to strengthen our intellectual property portfolio on the miR-124

platform and to identify additional drug candidates from our proprietary small molecule library that

includes additional miR-124 enhancers. We expect to announce an obefazimod follow-on candidate

selection in 2026.

We may also consider R&D portfolio additions anytime, with compounds resulting from external scientific

and medical partnerships in chronic inflammatory diseases.at preclinical or clinical stage.

•Opportunistically evaluate strategic partnerships to maximize the value of obefazimod and our

therapeutic pipeline.

We have discovered and are developing obefazimod as an innovative medicinal product and we currently

hold its worldwide rights. We intend to retain worldwide development and commercialization rights for

obefazimod. For certain geographies, we may opportunistically enter into strategic partnerships to

accelerate development activities in order to realize the commercial potential of obefazimod as well as

other assets in our pipeline. In connection with any potential strategic partnership, we plan to pursue and

receive upfront funding, milestone payments and future royalties for these agreements.

Our Lead Drug Candidate for the Treatment of Inflammatory Diseases: Obefazimod

Obefazimod is an oral small molecule drug candidate in clinical development for the treatment of moderately

to severely active UC and CD. We believe that obefazimod is the only small molecule drug candidate in clinical

development with a mechanism of action that was demonstrated to specifically enhance the expression of a single

micro-RNA, miR-124, which plays a critical role in the regulation of the inflammatory response.

Our Market Opportunity: UC and CD

The estimated market opportunity for UC was approximately $9.2 billion in worldwide sales in 2025 and is

expected to reach $21.8 billion in worldwide sales in 2032. In the United States, UC sales were approximately $6.0

billion in 2025 and are expected to reach $14.9 billion by 2032. The UC market has seen tremendous growth which

is expected to continue. From 2020 to 2025, U.S. advanced therapy usage has increased by approximately 96% from

approximately 138,000 advanced therapy patients in 2020 to approximately 271,000 advanced therapy patients in

2025. Recent and future anticipated growth stems from recent launches in UC, increased advanced therapy use, and

differentiated MOA currently in the pipeline. We currently estimate that approximately 300,000 moderate-to-severe

UC patients in the United States, out of an estimated 500,000 patients, are on conventional therapy or steroids only,

and a safe, efficacious, oral therapy will have the unique ability to further penetrate this patient segment. We believe

the potential for oral agents to gain significant market share is supported by physician and patient preference for the

convenience of oral administration over injectable agents, increasing demand for therapies with long-term efficacy

profiles and the opportunity for potent and well-tolerated oral agents to expand the overall segment of the

moderately to severely active UC population undergoing treatment.

The estimated market opportunity for CD was approximately $15.2 billion in worldwide sales in 2025 and is

expected to reach $19.4 billion in worldwide sales in 2032. In 2025, approximately $10.5 billion of sales were

generated from the United States. Similar to the UC market, we believe oral agents represent a significant

commercial opportunity, particularly if such therapeutics can provide long-term safety and efficacy profiles

comparable to injectable agents. We currently estimate that there are approximately 480,000 moderate-to-severe CD

patients in the United States, out of an estimated 800,000 patients.

Summary of Obefazimod’s Mechanism of Action

We believe our lead drug candidate, obefazimod, is differentiated from competing approaches for the

treatment of IBD via its novel MOA. It has been demonstrated that obefazimod enhances the expression of a single

micro-RNA, miR-124, which plays a critical role in the regulation of the inflammatory response. In the context of

inflammation, miR-124 is a natural regulator of the inflammatory response, controlling progression of inflammation

and restoring homeostasis of the immune system, without causing broader immunosuppression. Once expressed,

micro-RNA interact with specific mRNA targets and decrease their translation into proteins to regulate specific

pathways. miR-124 is known to have an effect on two key immune cells, Th17 cells and macrophages, which causes

reductions in both cell populations in the gut, as well as decreases in key related cytokines such as IL-17 and IL-6.

IL-23, and TNFα. In addition, we now have pre-clinical evidence that obefazimod has an effect on fibroblasts and

other fibrosis-related cell types. We know that miR-124 can target both TGF-β pathways and matrix

metalloproteinases ("MMPs"), and this can potentially have an anti-fibrotic effect, as illustrated in the images below.

Overview of Our Completed Phase 3 ABTECT Induction Trials and Ongoing Phase 3 ABTECT Maintenance

Trial

We initiated our pivotal Phase 3 clinical trials of obefazimod for the treatment of moderately to severely active

UC in October 2022, which consists of two induction trials (ABTECT-1 and ABTECT-2) and one ABTECT

maintenance trial. In July 2025, we announced the top-line data from the two ABTECT induction trials. Overall,

1,275 patients were randomized and 1,272 patients were treated in ABTECT-1 (N=636) and ABTECT-2 (N=636).

Below are the trial designs of our ABTECT induction and maintenance trials.

In both trials, baseline demographics and disease characteristics were similar between groups; 45% and 49%

of patients had inadequate response to one or more advanced therapies. A slightly more severe and refractory

population were randomized to the 25 mg group in ABTECT-2 compared to ABTECT-1. Overall this was a highly

refractory patient population with approximately 21% of advanced therapy inadequate responders having previously

failed a JAK inhibitor.

In the pooled analysis of ABTECT trials, a significantly higher proportion of patients receiving obefazimod 50

mg (20.8%) or obefazimod 25 mg (17.6%) versus placebo (4.4%) achieved clinical remission (obefazimod 50 mg-

placebo difference: 16.4%, p<0.0001; obefazimod 25 mg-placebo difference: 13.2%, p<0.0001) and met all key

secondary endpoints in both trials. A significantly higher proportion of patients receiving obefazimod 50 mg

(ABTECT-1: 21.7%, ABTECT-2: 19.8%) versus placebo (2.5% and 6.3%) achieved clinical remission (obefazimod

50 mg-placebo difference: ABTECT-1: 19.3%, p<0.0001; ABTECT-2: 13.4%, p=0.0001) and met all key secondary

endpoints in both trials. In ABTECT-1, a significantly higher proportion of patients receiving obefazimod 25 mg

versus placebo achieved clinical remission (obefazimod 25 mg -placebo difference: 21.4%, p<0.0001) and met all

key secondary endpoints. These results are shown in the charts below.

Notes:

(a) % Difference is for ABX464 minus placebo and is based on estimated common risk difference using the Mantel-Haenszel weights adjusting

for the randomization stratification factors: inadequate response to advanced therapies (yes/no), Baseline oral corticosteroids usage (yes/no). P-

values are two sided. NRI is used for subjects with missing outcome at Week 8 and subjects reporting any IE prior to Week 8.

(b) Clinical remission is defined as SFS = 0 or 1, and RBS = 0 and MES = 0 or 1 (MES of 1 modified to exclude friability).

Endoscopic improvement is defined as MES = 0 or 1 (MES of 1 modified to exclude friability).

Clinical response is defined as a reduction from Baseline in MMS >= 2 points and a relative reduction from Baseline in MMS >= 30%, and a

reduction from Baseline in RBS >= 1 point and/or RBS = 0 or 1. HEMI is defined as MES = 0 or 1 and Geboes Index score <3.1

The overall rates of serious adverse events and treatment emergent adverse events ("TEAEs") leading to study

drug discontinuation for patients treated with obefazimod were similar to placebo. Proportions of patients who

reported at least one TEAE in ABTECT-1 were 59.4%, 46.9%, and 53.2% for obefazimod 50 mg, obefazimod 25

mg, and placebo, respectively. For ABTECT-2, TEAEs occurred in 61.0%, 50.9%, and 48.4% for obefazimod 50

mg, obefazimod 25 mg, and placebo, respectively. The most frequent TEAE was headache (obefazimod 50 mg:

20.8-25.8%; obefazimod 25 mg: 14.5-15.6%; placebo: 5.7%). The headaches were mild, transient, short in duration

and not a barrier to treatment, as evidenced by a low discontinuation rate of 1.6%. No signal was observed for

serious, severe, or opportunistic infections or malignancies. No clustering of serious TEAEs was observed; only

worsening of UC and pneumonia were reported more than once in any individual treatment arm.

Obefazimod’s tolerability profile indicates potentially important clinical differentiation. As of the data cutoff

date (September 30, 2025), 1,372 patients have received obefazimod in all completed and ongoing clinical trials

across all indications, including 324 patients for longer than one year. Additionally, 1,163 patients have received

only blinded obefazimod or placebo in the ABTECT program or Phase 2b clinical trial in CD.

We also conducted sub-group analyses for efficacy endpoints at week 8 for patients with and without prior

inadequate response to advanced therapies (AT-IR-Yes, AT-IR-No). In a pooled analysis of ABTECT-1 and

ABTECT-2, a higher proportion of the AT-IR-Yes subgroup receiving obefazimod 50 mg achieved all efficacy

measures relative to placebo including clinical remission (obefazimod 50 mg – placebo difference: 10.1%). In the

AT-IR-Yes subgroup, the difference from placebo across all efficacy measures was lower for patients receiving

obefazimod 25 mg relative to obefazimod 50 mg. In the AT-IR-No subgroup, larger proportions achieved all

efficacy measures relative to placebo including clinical remission (obefazimod 50 mg – placebo difference: 22.4%).

In the AT-IR-No subgroup, obefazimod 50 mg and obefazimod 25 mg performed similarly in the pooled analysis

across efficacy measures. In the subset of patients who failed JAKi, higher proportions of patients receiving

obefazimod 50 mg or obefazimod 25 mg achieved clinical response vs. placebo. The difference from placebo in

clinical response for obefazimod 50 mg was >25% across lines of treatment, from AT-IR-No through 4+ AT-IRs as

seen below.

Pooled Clinical Response by Number of prior AT Fail.gif

Notes:

(a) % Difference is for ABX464 minus placebo and is based on estimated common risk difference using the Mantel-Haenszel weights adjusting

for the randomization stratification factors: inadequate response to advanced therapies (yes/no), Baseline oral corticosteroids usage (yes/no). P-

values are two sided. NRI is used for subjects with missing outcome at Week 8 and subjects reporting any IE prior to Week 8.

(b) Clinical response is defined as a reduction from Baseline in MMS >= 2 points and a relative reduction from Baseline in MMS >= 30%, and a

reduction from Baseline in RBS >= 1 point and/or RBS = 0 or 1

We expect to report top-line data from our Phase 3 ABTECT maintenance trial in late second quarter of 2026.

Subject to positive data, we currently expect to submit our NDA with the FDA in the fourth quarter of 2026.

Overview of Our Completed Maintenance Phase 2b Clinical Trial of Obefazimod for the Treatment of UC

Of the 222 patients who completed our 16-week Phase 2b induction trial, 217 patients (98%) enrolled in the

subsequent open-label maintenance trial to evaluate the long-term safety and efficacy profile of obefazimod for up to

two years, irrespective of treatments or treatment outcome during the induction phase.

At week 48, of those 217 patients who received a 50 mg once-daily oral dosing with obefazimod, 178 patients

(82%) had clinical response, 119 patients (55%) were in clinical remission, 133 patients (61%) had endoscopic

improvement and 72 patients (33%) had endoscopic remission. Among the 98 bio-refractory patients, 66 patients

(67%) had a clinical response, 38 patients (39%) were in clinical remission, 46 patients (47%) had endoscopic

improvement and 20 patients (20%) had endoscopic remission at week 96. These results demonstrate potential for

long-term clinical remission and clinical response of obefazimod in patients who were refractory to conventional

treatments, as well as patients who had previously failed treatment with biologics and/or JAK inhibitors.

Of the patients included in the maintenance trial, 164 patients (76%) completed two years of once-daily oral

dosing with 50 mg obefazimod. Thirty patients dropped out during the first year of treatment. Six patients did not

qualify for the second year due to non-response after the first year of treatment, and 17 patients dropped out during

the second year. These patients were all considered as treatment failures in the intent-to-treat analysis.

Of all 217 patients who entered the Phase 2b open-label maintenance trial, regardless of their status at the end

of the 8-week induction period, 119 patients (55%) achieved clinical remission at week 48 and 114 patients (53%)

achieved clinical remission at week 96. Among the 124 patients who achieved clinical response at the end of the 8-

week induction period of the double-blind trial, 82 patients (66%) achieved clinical remission at week 48,

mimicking the re-randomization of responders approach typically utilized in Phase 3 maintenance trials, and 74

patients (60%) achieved clinical remission at week 96. This comparison is shown below:

Clinical Remission Among All Patients and Week 8 Responders (ITT Analysis).gif

Notes:

1. 217/222 eligible patients enrolled into open-label maintenance trial.

2. Irrespective of the outcome at the end of the 8-week induction phase.

3. n = Number of patients that met the respective endpoint.

4. N = Number of patients in the relevant analysis set.

5. 124 patients achieved clinical response at end of the 8-week induction phase.

6. 93 patients did not achieve clinical response at end of the 8-week induction phase.

Overview of Our Completed Phase 2 Open-Label Trial to Evaluate Long-Term Safety and Efficacy of

Obefazimod at 25 mg in UC

In this open-label maintenance trial, patients who had completed the four-year Phase 2a or 2-year Phase 2b

open label maintenance trials, where they had received 50 mg of once-daily obefazimod, were given the opportunity

to continue receiving obefazimod at a reduced dose of 25 mg daily for up to five additional years (provided they met

the eligibility criteria of Mayo Endoscopic Subscore = 0 or 1). A total of 130 patients entered the trial, as of

September 11, 2024, the data cut-off date, 113 patients have been evaluated out to 48 weeks and 74 patients have

undergone the full 96-week evaluation.

At study baseline, 89% (116/130) of patients were in clinical remission. At weeks 48 and 96 of treatment, 84%

(95/113) and 87% (64/74) of patients evaluated were in clinical remission, respectively. Similarly, 92% (119/130) of

patients were in symptomatic remission at study baseline. At weeks 48 and 96, 91% (103/113) and 92% (68/74) of

patients evaluated were in symptomatic remission, respectively. Similar trends were observed with other efficacy

analyses.

The safety results were consistent with previous trials, with no new safety signals detected. Patient retention

rates were high, with only 12% (16/130) of patients discontinuing in the first year and 5% (6/114) discontinuing

during the second year of treatment. Thirty-three patients had not reached week 96 as of September 11, 2024, the

data cutoff date.

Overview of Our Ongoing Phase 2b Crohn's Disease Trial (ENHANCE-CD)

We have also initiated a Phase 2b clinical trial of obefazimod in patients with CD. Our Investigational New

Drug ("IND") application for a Phase 2b clinical trial in patients with CD (trial design shown below) was cleared by

the FDA in the fourth quarter of 2023, and we initiated enrollment in October 2024. We intend to announce Phase

2b induction trial top-line results in the fourth quarter of 2026 with the objective to demonstrate clinical response

and a tolerability profile consistent with that already observed in our clinical trials for moderately to severely active

UC. Based on the results from this Phase 2b clinical trial, if positive, we intend to proceed to a Phase 3 clinical trial.

Below is the design of our Phase 2b trial:

Existing UC Therapies and Their Limitations

The current UC treatment approach is influenced by multiple factors, including disease severity, previous

response to treatment, side effects and co-morbidities. Both existing conventional therapies as well as advanced

therapies, including approved products and drug candidates in development, face significant room for improvement

in efficacy, safety and tolerability, and convenience from dosing and route of administration standpoints as

discussed below.

Conventional Therapies for UC

Aminosalicylates (5-ASAs) are used as a first-line therapy in mildly to moderately active UC. Corticosteroids

are used primarily during induction therapy and are effective for reducing symptoms, but do not address mucosal

healing which limit their ability to modify and improve the underlying cause of disease. In addition, there are safety

considerations with extended corticosteroid use, including lowered quality of life, bone loss, weight gain and

cardiovascular complications. As a result, corticosteroids are used primarily as a bridge to manage symptoms until

immunomodulators or biologic agents become effective and enable mucosal healing. Oral immunosuppressants (e.g.

azathioprine, 6-mercatopurine and methotrexate) have not been effective as induction agents and are generally used

for steroid-sparing or as an adjunctive therapy for reducing immunogenicity against biologic agents. Oral

immunosuppressants are also associated with known toxicities such as drops in white blood cell counts and

increased risk for infection.

Given the above insufficiencies of these conventional therapies, patients suffering from mild UC may evolve

towards moderate and severe forms requiring the use of advanced therapies.

Advanced Therapies for UC

Advanced therapies for UC include biological agents as well as emerging oral molecules. Biological agents

such as TNF-alpha inhibitors (including infliximab, adalimumab and golimumab), IL-12/23 inhibitors (such as

ustekinumab) or IL-23 inhibitors (mirikizumab, guselkumab, risankizumab), specifically block certain inflammatory

factors involved in UC. Biological agents also include gut-specific anti-integrin antibodies (such as vedolizumab and

natalizumab). Current oral therapies that target inflammatory pathways include JAK inhibitors (such as tofacitinib

and upadacitinib), as well as agents that reduce the trafficking of inflammatory cells, such as S1P receptor agonists

(e.g., ozanimod and etrasimod).

However, these therapies often only have moderate efficacy that may wane over time, as patients stop

responding or do not respond at all to these treatments and thus require new therapeutic management options. For

patients who do not or no longer respond to treatment, or experience complications, surgical treatment may be

necessary. Approximately 10% to 30% of UC patients require surgery over their lifetime.

In addition, while TNF-alpha inhibitors and JAK inhibitors and newer biological agents, including anti-

integrin antibodies, IL-12/23 inhibitors and IL-23 inhibitors, have generally improved the care of moderate to

severely active IBD, these are all anti-inflammatory agents with safety and tolerability concerns. These include

increased risks for cancers, infections and blood clots due to their systemic impact and resulting effects on the

immune system outside of the GI tract. In addition, prolonged treatment with biological therapies can lead to anti-

drug antibody development by patients’ immune systems which may lead to gradual waning of therapeutic efficacy

and patients needing to switch to other biological agents. Furthermore, biological agents require injections or

intravenous infusions, resulting in patient inconvenience and burden, which often negatively impacts patient

compliance. Injections can also lead to injection-related events such as sciatica, neuralgia, neuropathic pain and

peripheral neuropathy.

In September 2021, the FDA published strict warnings about increased risk of serious heart-related events,

cancer, blood clots and death for JAK inhibitors that treat certain chronic inflammatory conditions (including UC).

In January 2023, the EMA stated recommendations to minimize the risk of serious side effects with JAK inhibitors

used to treat several chronic inflammatory disorders, noting that these side effects include cardiovascular conditions,

blood clots, cancer and serious infections which were adopted by the European Commission in March 2023.

Recently, there have been efforts to develop drug candidates targeting novel mechanisms, such as S1P

receptor agonists and TL1A inhibitors. S1P agonists, while offering convenient oral dosing, have not achieved

meaningful commercial adoption. Ozanimod and etrasimod work by blocking the capacity of lymphocytes to egress

from lymph nodes, thereby reducing the number of lymphocytes in peripheral blood, which can lead to increased

susceptibility to infections. Furthermore, ozanimod, in its UC Study 1 which assessed efficacy during the induction

period, achieved 18% clinical remission in all patients compared to 6% for placebo at week 10. For patients with

prior exposure to TNF inhibitors, only 10% of patients achieved clinical remission compared to 5% for placebo.

TL1A inhibitors have garnered interest from those seeking newer targets and agents with differentiated clinical

profiles. Merck-Prometheus and Pfizer-Roivant have generated promising early Phase 2 data in both biologic-

experienced and biologic-naïve patients, and have recently initiated Phase 3 clinical trials.

In summary, we believe that there is significant unmet medical need in the UC treatment paradigm due to

imperfect existing therapies with unfavorable clinical characteristics and limited efficacy that frequently wanes over

time.

Obefazimod is being developed as a once-daily, oral medication which, combined with its observed

tolerability to date, would represent a meaningfully differentiated clinical profile from existing therapies. We believe

this may position obefazimod as a potential first-line advanced therapy choice for both prescribers and patients, if

approved.

Phase 3 Clinical Trials and Regulatory Pathway in UC

We are working with IQVIA, a global premier contract research organization, to conduct the Phase 3 clinical

trials with obefazimod in moderately to severely active UC, following consultations with regulatory agencies,

including FDA, EMA, CDE and PMDA.

These pivotal Phase 3 clinical trials consist of two induction trials (ABTECT-1 and ABTECT-2) and the

subsequent ABTECT maintenance trial investigating obefazimod at doses of 25 mg and 50 mg across 36 countries

in North America, Latin America, Europe and Asia Pacific, involving 1,275 moderately to severely active UC

patients in over 600 sites. Each of the trials were randomized, double-blind and placebo-controlled, using

independent and central review of the video-taped endoscopies with the primary endpoint of clinical remission

according to the Modified Mayo Score assessed at week 8 (induction) and at the end of the 44-week maintenance

trial (total 52 weeks), as recommended by the FDA.

The Modified Mayo Score evaluates UC disease activity, based on three parameters: stool frequency, rectal

bleeding and endoscopic evaluation. Each parameter of the score ranges from zero (normal or inactive disease) to

three (severe activity). The patient rates stool frequency score (“SFS”) and rectal bleeding score (“RBS”) daily. The

endoscopy subscore is evaluated by a central reader (who is blinded to any clinical information about the patient)

from an endoscopy that is performed at the trial site. The inclusion criteria based on FDA guidance for moderately to

severely active UC is active disease defined by a Modified Mayo Score ≥ 5 with (RBS) ≥ 1 and endoscopy subscore

of 2 or 3 (confirmed by central reader). The primary endpoint for induction and maintenance is clinical remission

defined as SFS of 0 or 1 and not greater than baseline and RBS = 0 and endoscopy subscore of 0 or 1. At week 8,

secondary endpoints include endoscopic improvement, clinical response, symptomatic remission and histologic-

endoscopic mucosal improvement (“HEMI”). At week 44 of the maintenance trial, secondary endpoints include

endoscopic improvement, symptomatic remission, corticosteroid-free clinical remission, sustained clinical

remission, HEMI and endoscopic remission. After week 44, a long-term extension trial will follow for eligible and

willing subjects for an additional for up to 4 years, or until the commercialization of obefazimod, whichever occurs

first.

Enrollment of the first patient under this program in the United States occurred on October 11, 2022. Top-line

data from the ABTECT-1 and ABTECT-2 induction trials were announced in July 2025, and top-line data from the

ABTECT maintenance trial is expected to be announced in late second quarter of 2026.

Additional Clinical Trials Completed with Obefazimod

In addition, three Phase 1 clinical trials have been completed in 2025 to assess the tolerability and safety

profile of obefazimod: (i) two drug-drug interaction trials, for the purposes of providing further information on any

possible interactions of obefazimod with other drugs, for which we enrolled 24 and 36 healthy volunteers

respectively; and (ii) a trial in participants with mild and moderate hepatic impairment compared to matched control

normal liver function participants, for the purposes of assessing pharmacokinetics, safety and tolerability in this

population, for which we enrolled 30 participants. The results of these Phase 1 clinical trials provide supportive data

for our further clinical development and New Drug Application (“NDA”) submission. Furthermore, additional Phase

1 clinical trials to support NDA submission are ongoing. While we have decided not to pursue additional clinical

work in rheumatoid arthritis ("RA") at this point, we have completed a Phase 2a clinical trial in patients with RA,

where we saw encouraging proof-of-concept data supporting obefazimod’s potential role in addressing inflammatory

conditions beyond IBD.

Potential Combination Therapy for the Treatment of IBD with Obefazimod as the Cornerstone

Despite the development of various advanced targeted therapies for IBD over the past 20 years, a single agent

with transformational efficacy remains elusive. Although cross-trial efficacy comparisons must be interpreted with

caution, induction of clinical remission rates have currently reached a placebo-adjusted therapeutic ceiling up to

30%. Improved efficacy of combination therapy with thiopurines and TNF-alpha inhibitors has been well described

(SONIC and UC-SUCCESS) but did not breach the aforementioned efficacy ceiling. Emerging data utilizing dual

advanced targeted therapy affecting complementary mechanisms of action indicate a potential path to higher

efficacy rates. The first trial utilizing this strategy (VEGA) randomized patients to three parallel treatment groups:

(1) dual combination therapy with guselkumab (IL-23 inhibitor) plus golimumab (TNF-alpha inhibitor); (2)

guselkumab alone; or (3) golimumab alone. At the end of the 12-week induction period, a greater proportion of

patients randomized to dual combination therapy achieved clinical remission (approximately 47%) compared to

either monotherapy treatment arms (guselkumab at approximately 25%; golimumab at approximately 24%).

Importantly, adverse events, serious adverse events and infection rates were comparable among treatment groups.

J&J has progressed these findings and initiated a fixed-dose combination phase 2 clinical trial of guselkumab plus

golimumab (JNJ-4804) in UC/CD.

We believe synergistic improvements that may be achieved with advanced combination therapy should be

balanced with patient adherence to multiple biologic injections and safety considerations associated with immune

suppression. Several of obefazimod’s attributes make it a potentially attractive candidate to pair with other advanced

treatments. First, the oral route of administration is preferred by a majority of patients, potentially resulting in higher

levels of medication adherence. Further, obefazimod’s proposed mechanism of action harnesses the body’s natural

regulatory mechanisms to stabilize the immune response in patients with chronic inflammatory diseases. The novel

mechanism of action of obefazimod potentially lends itself as complementary to other oral or injectable agents with

the potential of improving the induction and remission efficacy over monotherapy. We believe the current clinical

results we have observed with obefazimod including a lack of safety signals up to 96 weeks of treatment support

development as an agent to be used in potential combination therapy.

We have initiated a formal process evaluating oral and injectable combination therapy candidate with

obefazimod in UC. In September 2024, we announced results of initial preclinical combination data of obefazimod

combined with etrasimod in a mouse model of IBD. The results showed that treatment with the combination

improved the response on body weight protection and Disease Activity Index with a synergistic and statistically

significant reduction of several cytokines (TNFa, IL-17, IL-6, IFNg) in the blood compared to each drug alone.

Additional preclinical data to support our decision-making on a combination agent is expected by the end of 2026.

Follow-On Compounds Program

Based on the mechanistic concept of obefazimod, a research and development program is currently ongoing to

generate new potential drug candidates to strengthen our intellectual property portfolio on the miR-124 platform.

The first follow-on drug candidate is expected to be selected in 2026.

Additional Ongoing Pre-Clinical Research

A major complication of chronic inflammation in IBD is fibrosis, particularly in CD. To date, no efficacious

anti-fibrotic treatment for IBD patients is available. As miR-124 is reduced in fibrotic tissue and can suppress TGF-

β, a central driver of fibrogenesis, we assessed whether obefazimod-mediated miR-124 induction affects collagen

deposition and fibrotic markers in preclinical models.

Two sets of experiments were performed to assess the anti-fibrotic effects of obefazimod: (1) in vitro fibrosis

was evaluated in the Scar-in-a-Jar ("SiaJ") model using human small-intestinal fibroblasts, stimulated with an IBD-

fibrotic cytokine cocktail ("IBD-FC"). Nintedanib, omipalisib and upadacitinib were used as comparators. Readouts

included cytotoxicity, PRO-C3, and α-SMA; and (2) in vivo effects were assessed in the chronic TNBS-colitis

mouse model, where obefazimod (100 mg/kg) or control (vehicle or thalidomide) were administered orally either

from day 5 (anti-inflammatory + fibrosis-preventive effect) or from day 20 (early-onset anti-fibrotic effect). Disease

activity, body weight, colon parameters, histology and collagen deposition were analyzed.

Our results were as follows: in vitro, obefazimod induced a statistically significant 50% reduction in PRO-C3

at day 12, compared with the IBD-FC condition and upadacitinib (live-cell–adjusted, p<0.0001 vs. IBD-FC).

Notably, the IBD-FC SiaJ assay showed pathway specificity: nintedanib showed no activity, while omipalisib did

(as shown below). Additionally, cell-number–adjusted analysis showed significant α-SMA reduction by obefazimod

indicating a strong inhibition of fibroblast activation (p< 0.0001 vs. IBD-FC, as shown below). In vivo, the known

anti-inflammatory effects of obefazimod were confirmed in the chronic colitis model under both dosing schedules.

Moreover, results from this initial experiment showed a reduction in the fibrosis score and collagen deposition was

reduced by approximately 52% with day 5 dosing and approximately 42% with day 20 dosing in the Sirius Red

assay, whereas thalidomide as a positive control achieved approximately 24%. These data support an anti-fibrotic

effect of obefazimod in two well-established models, inhibiting collagen deposition and fibroblast activation. Initial

in vivo mouse data, aligned with the in vitro findings, indicate that obefazimod may act in a unique way on both

intestinal inflammation and fibrosis. We believe these promising results provide a strong rationale to further

investigate obefazimod’s anti-fibrotic potential in our ongoing Phase 2b CD trial. These results below were

presented at ECCO 2026.

Notes: Obefazimod treatment initiated on either day 5 (anti-inflammatory + fibrosis-preventive effect) or from day 20 (early-onset anti-fibrotic

effect); ***p<0.001, ****p<0.0001 one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparisons test

Manufacturing and Supply

Obefazimod

Our lead compound, obefazimod, is manufactured using commercially available, widely used raw materials

and common chemical engineering and synthetic processes. The historical volatility in the prices of these raw

materials has not had a material impact on our operating results. Obefazimod is formulated as an oral solid capsule.

We have successfully scaled-up active pharmaceutical ingredients and drug product processes, and we have a large

supply of active pharmaceutical ingredients and capsules available for clinical trials.

We outsource all manufacturing operations and rely on European and North American third-party CMOs to

supply clinical trials and finalize the development of obefazimod. These operations are designed to be in compliance

with the standards imposed by Good Manufacturing Practice (“GMP”). We believe our outsourcing strategy and

internal organization allow us to focus our resources on the development of different drug candidates and the

management of third parties, without investing in expensive manufacturing facilities and equipment. All third parties

are assessed under our quality system and agreements are in place to compel compliance and we maintain

agreements with manufacturers which include confidentiality and intellectual property provisions to protect

proprietary rights.

We are in the process of further optimizing and scaling up our supply chain for obefazimod to ensure capacity

for our expected commercial supply, if the FDA or foreign regulatory authority approved. In addition, we are in

process of establishing a second source manufacturer for obefazimod to ensure continuity of product supply.

Competition

We compete with companies that have drugs on the market or are developing drug candidates for chronic IBD.

The biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries are highly competitive and subject to significant and rapid

technological change, as researchers learn more about chronic IBD and develop new technologies and treatments.

Significant competitive factors in our industry include: (i) product efficacy and safety; (ii) quality and breadth

of an organization’s technology; (iii) skill of an organization’s employees and its ability to recruit and retain key

employees; (iv) timing and scope of regulatory approvals; (v) government reimbursement rates for, and the average

selling price of, pharmaceutical products; (vi) the availability of raw materials and qualified manufacturing capacity;

(vii) manufacturing costs; intellectual property and patent rights and their protection; and (viii) sales and marketing

capabilities. Our competitors in the chronic inflammatory disease field are primarily large pharmaceuticals

companies including, but not limited to, AbbVie, Johnson & Johnson, Takeda, Pfizer and Eli Lilly. Merck, Roche,

and Teva/Sanofi are all potential future competitors based on recent acquisitions of TL1A molecules. Several lines

of research are being developed to improve the treatment of IBD. Many companies are working to develop new,

more effective and better tolerated treatments with more practical formulations, especially small molecules

administered orally, better accepted than monoclonal antibodies that require administration by injection or

intravenous infusions.

The molecules on the market and in development have various mechanisms of action and are primarily:

(i) TNF-alpha inhibitors; (ii) IL-12/23 inhibitors; (iii) anti-integrin antibodies; (iv) IL-23 inhibitors; (v) JAK

inhibitors; (vi) S1P receptor agonists; or (vii) TL1A inhibitors.

In the TNF-alpha treatment class, Remicade® (Janssen) was first approved by the FDA in 1998. In 2012, the

European Commission approved AbbVie’s Humira® for the treatment of pediatric patients aged six to 17 years with

severe active CD who have an inadequate response, are intolerant or have contraindications to conventional therapy.

IL-12/23 inhibitors entered the UC market in 2019 as ustekinumab (Johnson & Johnson’s Stelara®). In 2021,

AbbVie filed an authorization application with FDA and EMA for risankizumab (Anti-IL-23—Skyrizi®) for the

treatment of moderately to severely active CD and in 2024 it was approved for UC.

The anti-integrin class is currently represented by vedolizumab/Entyvio® and natalizumab/Tysabri®. We are

also aware of Morphic Therapeutic’s MORF-057 and Protagonist Therapeutics/Johnson & Johnson’s PN-943

currently in development. The anti-integrin drugs work by preventing the leukocytes to move from the blood vessels

to sites of inflammation. They block the action of integrin on the surface of circulating immune cells and endothelial

cell adhesion molecules, thereby inhibiting the interactions between leukocytes and intestinal blood vessels.

Natalizumab and vedolizumab block alpha4-integrin and alpha4beta7-integrin respectively. These drugs are

injectable (Humanized mAb).

In 2021, Eli Lilly reported that mirikizumab (Anti-IL-23) generated data in a Phase 3 maintenance trial in

patients with UC that led to European Commission and FDA approvals for UC. Regulatory filings have also been

submitted for CD. All these drugs are injectable (Humanized mAb). Abbvie received FDA approval in moderately to

severely active UC for Skyrizi in June 2024 and J&J received FDA approval for Tremfya in September 2024. IL-23

is a regulator of T-helper (Th)-17 cell. IL-23 prevents regulatory T-cell response in the intestine, and therefore

increases inflammation in the gut. Anti-interleukins targeting the IL-23 have been shown to be effective for

induction and maintenance of remission in patients with moderate-severe UC.

The JAK correspond to four intracellular tyrosine kinases: JAK1, JAK2, JAK3 and tyrosine kinase 2.

Inhibition of the JAK-STAT signal channel makes it possible to block the production of pro-inflammatory

cytokines, including TNF-alpha, to block other pathways of inflammation and to regulate innate and adaptive

immunity. Thus, several cytokines and several inflammation pathways are blocked simultaneously, unlike TNF-

alpha inhibitors, which only have a single target. In September 2021, FDA published a black box warning, requiring

pharmaceutical companies to provide a warning for increased risk of serious cardiac events, cancer, blood clots and

death linked to JAK inhibitor treatments used for the treatment of certain IBD, including UC. Consequently, these

treatments are only accessible to patients who do not respond to any other available treatment and who have certain

well-defined conditions. In the JAK inhibitor class, to our knowledge the following products are authorized or in

advanced development:

•Pfizer’s tofacitinib (Xeljanz®) is a non-selective JAK inhibitor. It obtained marketing approval in UC

in June 2018. In September 2021, the FDA concluded that there was a high risk of serious side effects

following a randomized clinical trial conducted to assess the safety of tofacitinib. Consequently, the

molecule will be used as a third line treatment in patients who meet specific criteria.

•Gilead and Galapagos’ filgotinib (Jyseleca®) is a selective JAK1 inhibitor. Since November 2021,

filgotinib has been approved for the treatment of UC in the European Union (the “EU”). Authorization

requests have also been submitted to the UK Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency

(“MHRA”) and the Japanese PMDA for the treatment of moderately to severely active UC. In January

2024, Alfasigma acquired the rights to filgotinib from Galapagos.

•AbbVie’s upadacitinib (Rinvoq®), which is also a selective JAK1 inhibitor, was approved by the FDA

in March 2022 for the treatment of moderately to severely active UC. European Commission

authorization for the treatment of moderately to severely active UC was granted in July 2022. Rinvoq

was then approved in moderately to severely active CD in 2023.

S1P receptor agonists allow sequestration of activated lymphocytes in lymph nodes and thus reduce their

circulation in the GI tract. Ozanimod (Zeposia®) is a S1P receptor modulator that is selective for the S1P1 and S1P5

receptors. It was approved by the FDA and European Commission for the treatment of moderately to severely active

UC in 2021. In March 2024, BMS announced that ozanimod failed their first Phase 3 induction clinical trial for CD.

In October 2023, Pfizer announced approval of Velsipity for moderately to severely active UC. Phase 2/3 CD

Velsipity clinical trials are underway. In addition, in October 2023, Ventyx Biosciences announced results from its

Phase 2 clinical trial of VTX002 in UC. However, further development is contingent on finding a strategic partner to

advance VTX002 to Phase 3 clinical trials.

We are also aware of other types of treatments currently under various stages of development, such as

NImmune Biopharma’s omilancor (a Lanthionine Synthetase C-Like 2 activator) as well as tyrosine kinase 2

inhibitors from Bristol Myers Squibb’s Sotyktu (deucravacitinib – approved in the EU) and Ventyx Biosciences’

VTX 958.

Furthermore, TL1A inhibitors have garnered interest from those seeking newer targets and agents with

differentiated clinical profile. Merck-Prometheus and Pfizer-Roivant have generated promising early Phase 2 data in

both biologics-experienced and biologics-naïve patients, and have recently initiated Phase 3 clinical trials.

Market acceptance of our drug candidates will depend on a number of factors, including: (i) potential

advantages over existing or alternative therapies or tests; (ii) the actual or perceived safety of similar classes of

products; (iii) the effectiveness of our sales, marketing, and distribution capabilities; and (iv) the scope of any

approval provided by the FDA or foreign regulatory authorities.

We anticipate that we will face intense and increasing competition as new drugs and therapies enter the market

and advanced technologies become available.

Government Regulation

Companies operating in the pharmaceutical industry are subject to increased scrutiny by the competent

authorities and must deal with an ever-changing and increasingly restrictive legal and regulatory environment.

The development of drugs involves several stages: research and development, preclinical tests, clinical trials,

authorization, manufacturing, commercialization and post-marketing surveillance.

All of these stages are subject to specific requirements that impose substantial and onerous constraints,

compliance with which is ensured by various national (in France, the ANSM), regional (in the EU, the EMA and the

national competent authorities of EU Member States) or federal (in the United States, the FDA) authorities.

Failure to comply with these regulations may be subject to fines, to the suspension, variation or withdrawal of

the authorizations and certifications required to perform pharmaceutical activities, to the seizure or withdrawal of

products from the market, or to partial or total suspension of their manufacturing. Regulatory authorities may also

withdraw marketing authorizations (“MAs”) previously granted, reject MA applications (“MAAs”) and initiate legal

proceedings whose outcome remains uncertain.

Although the regulatory constraints may differ from a country to another, development of therapeutic products

for human use must comply with requirements shared by all developed countries. The steps to be completed before

obtaining an MA in the EU and in the United States are generally as follows:

•conduct of preclinical laboratory tests and studies in animals, in accordance with Good Laboratory

Practice (“GLP”);

•conduct of clinical trials in humans to demonstrate the safety and efficacy of the product for each

considered indication, in accordance with Good Clinical Practice (“GCP”), after authorization by a

competent authority and a positive ethics committee opinion;

•if trial results are positive, preparation and submission of an MAA to the competent authority, in order

to market the product;

•inspection by the competent authority of the manufacturing facilities in which the product and/or its

ingredients are manufactured to assess compliance with Good Manufacturing Practices (“GMP”);

•inspection by the competent authority of establishments distributing medicinal products in order to

assess their compliance with Good Distribution Practice (“GDP”); and

•if needed, commitment by the applicant to comply with post-MA requirements.

Due to these regulatory constraints, the development and approval process of a drug candidate for

commercialization, which varies according to its nature, complexity and novelty, usually extends over several years.

EU Regulation

Preclinical Studies

Within all EU Member States, preclinical studies include laboratory evaluation of the composition, purity and

stability of the active pharmaceutical ingredient and the formulated product, as well as studies to evaluate the

tolerance (toxicological studies), activity and behavior of the product candidate in vitro and in animals (in vivo).

The conduct of preclinical studies is subject to legal and regulatory provisions. Non-clinical studies are

performed to demonstrate the health or environmental safety of new chemical or biological substances. Non-clinical

(pharmaco-toxicological) studies must be conducted in compliance with GLP, as set forth in EU Directive 2004/10/

EC (unless otherwise justified for certain particular medicinal products – e.g., radio-pharmaceutical precursors for

radio-labelling purposes). In particular, non-clinical studies, both in vitro and in vivo, must be planned, performed,

monitored, recorded, reported and archived in accordance with the GLP principles, which define a set of rules and

criteria for a quality system for the organizational process and the conditions for non-clinical studies. These GLP

standards reflect the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development requirements.

Preclinical studies are a prerequisite for the initiation of clinical trials in humans: all the results of these trials

are submitted to the regulatory authorities at the same time as the application to initiate clinical trials. However,

while preclinical tests must be performed prior to conducting clinical trials in humans, certain long-term preclinical

tests, such as tests on reproductive toxicity and carcinogenicity, may continue after the submission of an application

to initiate clinical trials.

Clinical Trials in Humans

The various phases of clinical trials in the EU are subject to significant regulatory controls. They must be

conducted in accordance with EU and national regulations, the standards adopted by the International Conference on

Harmonization (“ICH”) and GCP.

Directive no. 2001/20/EC on the conduct of clinical trials sought to harmonize the regulatory framework for

clinical trials in the EU, setting out common rules for the monitoring and authorization of clinical trials in the EU.

To reduce disparities between the transpositions by the Member States, Regulation 536/2014 on clinical trials on

medicinal products for human use and repealing Directive 2001/20/EC, was adopted on April 16, 2014. This

regulation aims to further harmonize and streamline the clinical trial authorization process, improve their

supervision, simplify adverse event reporting procedures and increase the transparency of clinical trials. This

regulation became applicable on January 31, 2022. Following a three-year transition period, all clinical trials

(including those ongoing and whose conduct was authorized in accordance with Directive no. 2001/20/EC), are fully

subject to the provisions of the Regulation 536/2014 since January 31, 2025 and must have been brought into

compliance with the legal framework it provides. Failing this, the trial loses its authorization and must be stopped.

Under the clinical trials regulation, the sponsor may submit its application for a clinical trial authorization to

one or several Member States, in which case the evaluation of Part I of the dossier (scientific part) is carried out

according to a coordinated procedure. In this framework, the sponsor must submit a single application for

authorization via the portal associated with the EU database (“CTIS”), comprising a common scientific part

evaluated jointly by all the EU Member States in which the trial will be carried out (with one of the Member States

concerned acting as rapporteur Member State) and a national part covering the ethical aspects of the trial, evaluated

independently by each Member State.

The conclusion of the rapporteur Member State with regard to Part I of the assessment report is deemed to be

the conclusion of all Member States concerned. However, the Member States concerned may disagree with this

conclusion for a number of limited reasons, for example when they consider that participation in the clinical trial

would lead to a subject receiving a treatment inferior to that of normal clinical practice on their territory. The

Member State concerned may then refuse the conduct of the clinical trial on its territory.

A “single” decision covering the conclusions of the Part I and Part II evaluations is issued by each of the

Member States concerned and is notified to the sponsor on the dedicated European portal.

The sponsor of a clinical trial conducted in the EU notifies through the EudraVigilance database without delay

and at the latest within the deadlines set by the clinical trials regulation, of all relevant information on suspected

serious and unexpected adverse reactions to the investigational medicinal product. If the competent bodies

concerned consider that the adverse effects outweigh the benefits for the participants, they may require the

immediate suspension or early termination of the trial at any time.

In addition, the sponsor must submit through CTIS once a year, for the duration of the clinical trial, an Annual

Safety Report (ASR) for each investigational drug used in the clinical trial.

Finally, the EU framework applicable to clinical trials has also been significantly strengthened with

Regulation (EU) 2016/679 of the European Parliament and of the Council of April 27, 2016, on the protection of

natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data, and repealing

Directive 95/46/EC (General Data Protection Regulation, “GDPR”), which entered into force on May 25, 2018. This

regulation has significantly increased EU citizens’ rights by giving them more control over their personal data. Thus,

depending on the type of personal data processing carried out during clinical trials and the nature of such trials, it

might be necessary to carry out formalities by the local Data Protection Authority, in addition to seeking formal

informed consent which must be obtained from each clinical trial subject.

Responsibility of the Sponsor and Insurance Obligation of the Sponsor

In the EU, the sponsor shall indemnify the subjects of the trial in case of damage arising as a consequence of

their participation in the research, unless he proves that the damage does not result from his fault or the fault of any

other person intervening in the trial. In the EU, Member States generally require a sponsor to have an insurance

covering its civil liability and the liability of any person intervening in the research. In addition, any breach to the

provisions concerning clinical trials may lead to significant administrative, criminal and/or reputational penalties.

Marketing Approval

Within the EU, marketing of medicinal products is governed by EU regulations (including but not limited to

Directive 2001/83/EC and Regulation 726/2004/EU).

On April 26, 2023, the European Commission issued proposals for a revision of the current legal framework

aiming at granting timely access to patients for safe, effective and affordable medicines and at enhancing supply of

medicines (namely, the pharma package). On December 11, 2025, the European Parliament and the EU Council

reached political agreement on the reform. The new legal framework, which will significantly amend some of the

general principles described above, notably timelines and market exclusivity periods, will enter into force in 2026

and will become fully applicable in 2028 after a transition phase.

In the EU, medicinal product candidates can only be commercialized after obtaining an MA. To obtain

regulatory approval of a product candidate under EU regulatory systems, we must submit an MAA. The process for

doing this depends, among other things, on the nature of the medicinal product. There are two types of MAs:

•“Centralized MAs” are granted by the European Commission through the centralized procedure based

on the opinion of the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (“CHMP”) of the EMA. The

MA issued under this procedure is valid in all EU Member States.

•The centralized procedure is compulsory for some types of medicinal products such as biotechnology

products, designated orphan medicinal products, products containing a new active substance indicated

for the treatment of AIDS, cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, diabetes or autoimmune and viral

diseases, advanced therapy medicinal products (such as gene therapy, somatic cell therapy and tissue

engineered products). The centralized procedure is optional for products containing a new active

substance that has not yet been authorized in the EU or for products which present a significant

therapeutic, scientific or technical innovation or are of interest for the public health in the EU.

•“National MAs” are issued at a national level by the competent authorities of the concerned Member

States. They are valid only on their territory. National MAs can be issued for products that do not fall

within the mandatory scope of the centralized procedure. Medicinal products which have not received

a national MA in any of the Member States, may be authorized through the decentralized procedure.

This procedure enables the simultaneous issuance of national MAs in several EU countries. Under the

decentralized procedure, an identical dossier is submitted to the competent authorities of each of the

Member States in which an MA is sought. One of these Member States is designated by the applicant

to act as the Reference Member State (“RMS”). The competent authority of the RMS drafts an

assessment report and prepares an SmPC, a package leaflet and a draft labelling, which are sent to the

other Member States involved in the procedure, known as the Concerned Member States (“CMS”), for

approval. If no CMS raises any objections based on a potential serious risk to public health, a national

MA is granted for the product in all Member States involved in the procedure (i.e., in the RMS and the

CMS).

Where a product has already been authorized for marketing in an EU Member State, this national MA

can be recognized in another Member State through the mutual recognition procedure. In this

procedure, the Member State which issued the initial MA, known as the RMS, must prepare an

assessment report on the medicinal product or update any existing report. This report is sent to the

CMS, together with the approved SmPC and the labelling and package leaflet. Unless an objection

based on a potential serious risk to public health is raised, the CMS issue(s) a national MA for the

product, the terms of which are identical to the MA granted by the RMS.

Depending on the procedure used, the EMA or the national competent authority(ies) must, before granting a

MA, make an assessment of the benefit/risk ratio of the product based on scientific criteria of quality, safety of use

and efficacy. Under the centralized procedure the maximum timeframe for the evaluation of an MAA by the EMA is

210 days, excluding clock stops. In exceptional cases, the CHMP might perform an accelerated review of an MAA

in no more than 150 days (not including clock stops). Innovative products that target an unmet medical need and are

likely to be of major public health interest may be eligible for a number of expedited development and review

programs, such as the Priority Medicines (“PRIME”) scheme, which provides incentives similar to the breakthrough

therapy designation in the U.S. This program was launched by the EMA in March 2016, and aims at enhancing the

EMA’s support for the development of medicines that target unmet medical needs. It is based on increased

interaction through early dialogue with companies developing promising medicines, to optimize their development

plans and speed up their evaluation to help them reach patients earlier. More specifically, product developers that

benefit from PRIME access can benefit from early and proactive regulatory dialogue with the EMA and frequent

discussions on clinical trial designs and other development program elements. Importantly, a dedicated contact and

rapporteur from the CHMP is appointed early in the PRIME scheme facilitating increased understanding of the

product at EMA’s committee level. A team of multidisciplinary experts at the EMA is also composed to provide

guidance on the overall development and regulatory strategies. Thus, PRIME access is intended at speeding up the

assessment process of MAAs, without guarantee as to the outcome of the process.

Moreover, in the EU, a conditional MA may be granted by the European Commission for a period of one year

and is renewable annually.

A conditional MA is granted in the absence of sufficient clinical data to obtain an ordinary MA if the

following requirements are met: (i) the medicinal product is intended to treat, prevent or diagnose a fatal or seriously

debilitating disease, (ii) it fulfils to an unmet medical need, (iii) its benefit/risk ratio is, on the basis of the available

data, positive, (iv) it is likely that the applicant will be able to provide the required comprehensive post-MA clinical

data and (v) in terms of public health, the benefits of the product’s immediate availability to patients outweigh the

risks inherent to the lack of sufficient clinical data.

The granting of a conditional MA is accompanied by specific obligations, in particular relating to the

completion of clinical trials, the performance of new studies and the collection of pharmacovigilance data in order to

confirm the benefit/risk ratio of the product. Once the pending studies are provided, it can become an unconditional

MA.

MAs may also be granted under exceptional circumstances to medicinal products for which a complete

evaluation file cannot be provided when the product’s indication is too rarely encountered and prevents the provision

of comprehensive evidence, when the current state of scientific knowledge prevents the provision of such data or

when the collection of the necessary data would be unethical. This MA is close to the conditional MA as it is

reserved to medicinal products to be approved for severe diseases or unmet medical needs and the applicant does not

hold the complete data set legally required for the grant of an ordinary MA. However, unlike the conditional MA,

the applicant will not have to provide the missing data later. However, although the MA “under exceptional

circumstances” is granted for the standard validity period of 5-year, the risk-benefit balance of the medicinal product

is reviewed annually and the MA is withdrawn in case the risk-benefit ratio is no longer favorable.

Despite the granting of a MA, both the MA holder and the competent authorities may decide at any time to

withdraw (voluntarily or compulsorily) a product from the market or a MA, when it appears that the product

presents more risks than benefits for the patients.

Data and Marketing Exclusivity

In the EU, new products authorized for marketing on the basis of a complete file (i.e., reference products)

generally receive eight years of data exclusivity and an additional two years of market exclusivity upon granting of

the MA. The data exclusivity period prevents generic and biosimilar applicants from relying on the preclinical and

clinical trial data contained in the dossier of the reference product when applying for a generic or biosimilar MA in

the EU during a period of eight years from the date on which the reference product was first authorized in the EU.

The market exclusivity period prevents generic or biosimilar from being commercialized in the EU until ten years

have elapsed from the first MA of the reference product in the EU. The ten-year market exclusivity period can be

extended to a maximum of eleven years if, during the first eight years of those ten years, the MA holder obtains an

authorization for one or more new therapeutic indications, which, during the scientific evaluation prior to their

authorization, are held to bring a significant clinical benefit in comparison with existing therapies. The pharma

package will amend these principles: data exclusivity period will be granted for eight years, and may be extended for

one additional year when the product addressed an unmet medical need at the time of the MA or, under specific

circumstances, for medicinal products containing new actives substances, and for another additional one year when

the MAH obtains a MA for one or more new therapeutic indications, during the regulatory data protection, which,

during the scientific evaluation prior to their authorization, are held to bring a significant clinical benefit in

comparison with existing therapies. In addition, the market exclusivity duration will be reduced as a principle to one

year after the expiry of the data exclusivity period, and it can also be reduced if the company does not launch the

product in all countries which so request.

Pediatric Development

In the EU, MAAs for new medicinal products must include the results of studies conducted in the pediatric

population, in compliance with a Pediatric Investigation Plan (“PIP”) agreed with the EMA’s Pediatric Committee

(“PDCO”). The PIP sets out the timing and measures proposed to generate data to support a pediatric indication of

the medicinal product for which MA is being sought. The PDCO can grant a deferral of the obligation to implement

some or all of the measures of the PIP until there are sufficient data to demonstrate the efficacy and safety of the

product in adults. Further, the obligation to provide pediatric clinical trial data can be waived by the PDCO when

these data is not needed or appropriate because the product is likely to be ineffective or unsafe in children, the

disease or condition for which the product is intended occurs only in adult populations, or when the product does not

represent a significant therapeutic benefit over existing treatments for pediatric patients. Once the MA is obtained in

all the EU member states and study results are included in the product information, even when negative, the product

is eligible for six months’ supplementary protection certificate extension (if any is in effect at the time of approval)

or, in the case of orphan pharmaceutical products, a two-year extension of the orphan market exclusivity is granted.

The pharma package removes the possibility to obtain a two-year extension of orphan market exclusivity for

conducting research in compliance with a PIP.

Manufacturing and Distribution-related Requirements

To ensure patients’ safety, the manufacturing, distribution and import of active pharmaceutical ingredients and

finished products into the EU are also subject to extensive requirements and both MA holders, manufacturers and

distributors of medicinal products are subject to comprehensive regulatory oversight by the EMA, the European

Commission and/or the competent regulatory authorities of the Member States.

Medicines (including their active substances) must be manufactured in accordance with GMP requirements.

These regulations govern manufacturing processes and procedures, and notably provide for requirements relating to

the implementation of quality systems to control and ensure the quality of materials and products. Manufacturing

activities must be performed only within companies holding valid licenses from the competent regulatory authorities

of the Member States which is issued following an inspection of the concerned facilities. In addition, routine

inspections are conducted on a regularly basis to ensure that compliance is maintained.

Distributors must also comply with very strict requirements, including good distribution practices (“GDP”).

These regulations provide for strict requirements including the implementation of an effective quality system and

adequate procedures to ensure the quality of the products all over the distribution chain and efficiently respond to

claims, recalls, and risks of falsification, or the use of appropriate facilities, equipment and personnel. Similarly to

manufacturing, distribution activities are subject to a prior approval from the competent regulatory authorities of the

Member States which is issued following an inspection of the concerned facilities which aims at ensuring that the

establishment complies with the applicable regulations. Routine inspections are also conducted on a regularly basis.

Finally, the import of active pharmaceutical ingredients and medicines into the EU must also be authorized in

advance, in order to ensure that the products are manufactured and distributed in accordance with standards at least

equivalent to those existing for the EU market.

Failure to comply with the above requirements may be sanctioned by the suspension or withdrawal of the

manufacturing/distribution/import authorization, civil, criminal or administrative penalties, or the withdrawal of the

concerned active ingredients and finished products from the market.

Post-Approval Requirements

Pharmacovigilance Requirements

The MA holder must establish and maintain a pharmacovigilance system and designate a Qualified Person

Responsible for Pharmacovigilance (“QPPV”) who is responsible for the establishment and maintenance of that

system, and oversees the safety profiles of medicinal products and any emerging safety concerns. The main

obligations of the QPPV include prompt reporting of suspected serious adverse reactions to competent authorities

and submission of periodic pharmacovigilance update reports (“PSURs”).

All new MAA must include a risk management plan (“RMP”) describing the risk management system that the

company will put in place and setting out measures to prevent or minimize the risks associated with the medicinal

product. The regulatory authorities may also issue an MA subject to the fulfillment of specific obligations. These

risk reduction measures or post-authorization obligations may consist, in particular, of reinforced safety monitoring,

more frequent submission of PSURs, the conduct of additional clinical trials or the performance of post-

authorization safety studies. The pharma package will limit the RMP requirement for generic and biosimilar

products, as well as for hybrid and bio-hybrid medicinal products.

Advertising Requirements

In the EU, the advertising and promotion of medicinal products is also subject to laws concerning promotion

of medicinal products, interactions with healthcare professionals, misleading and comparative advertising and unfair

commercial practices. The general principles applicable to the advertising of medicines, which is broadly defined as

any form of door-to-door information, canvassing activity or inducement designed to promote the prescription,

supply, sale or consumption of medicinal products, are established by EU directive.

Any advertising or promotion of a medicinal product must comply with its approved SmPC. Consequently,

any promotion of off-label promotion is prohibited. Indeed, the advertising must encourage the proper use of

medicines by presenting them objectively without exaggeration and thus, must not be misleading. Direct-to-

consumer advertising of prescription medicines is also prohibited in the EU. Although general requirements for

advertising and promotion of medicinal products are established under EU directives, the details are governed by

regulations in each Member State and can differ from one country to another.

Depending on the Member States, advertising-related regulatory requirements may be sanctioned notably by

the suspension or withdrawal of regulatory authorizations, medicinal products recalls, medicinal products seizures,

operating restrictions and even criminal and/or civil prosecution and significant financial sanctions.

The aforementioned EU rules are generally applicable in the European Economic Area (“EEA”) which

consists of the 27 EU member states plus Norway, Liechtenstein and Iceland.

Coverage and Reimbursement

In the EU, pricing and reimbursement systems widely vary from one country to another and remain

exclusively the responsibility of the Member States.

Thus, Member States may restrict the range of medicines for which their national health insurance system

provides reimbursement and control their price, provided that time limits for review of a reimbursement application

provided in Directive 89/105/EEC of 21 December 1988 must be complied with.

Some Member States use a system of positive and negative lists, whereby medicines can only be marketed

after a reimbursement price has been agreed. Others may require additional studies comparing the cost-effectiveness

of a medicinal product to existing therapies in order to obtain approval for reimbursement or pricing. Finally,

Member States can agree to a set price or, instead, allow companies to set their own prices while having their profits

monitored and controlled (e.g., control of the quantity of prescriptions).

Over the last few years, many EU Member States have increased the amount of rebates applied to medicinal

products, and these efforts may continue as Member States exercise greater control over their healthcare spending

due to often large debts. The downward pressure on healthcare costs in general, including medicinal products subject

to mandatory prescription, has become considerable. Changing political, economic and regulatory conditions can

complicate price negotiations. This price negotiation can continue after reimbursement has been achieved and is

generally subject to periodic reviews. Finally, reference prices used by various EU Member States and parallel trade

(i.e., arbitrage by distributors between low and high price Member States) may also lead to further price reductions.

On December 13, 2021, Regulation No 2021/2282 on Health Technology Assessment (“HTA Regulation”)

amending Directive 2011/24/EU, was adopted. While the HTA Regulation entered into force in January 2022 it has

only started to apply from January 12, 2025. Implementation is progressive. To date, it only applies to drugs

containing new active substances for the treatment of cancer and advanced therapy drugs. This regulation intends to

boost cooperation among EU Member States in assessing health technologies, in order to speed up the availability of

innovative products on the EU market. The HTA Regulation permits EU Member States to use common HTA tools,

methodologies, and procedures across the EU. It also provides for joint clinical assessment of the innovative health

technologies at the EU level, joint scientific consultations whereby developers can seek advice from HTA

authorities, and identification of emerging health technologies to identify promising technologies early. Nonetheless,

individual EU Member States continue to be responsible for assessing non-clinical (e.g., economic, social, ethical)

aspects of health technology, and making decisions on pricing and reimbursement, provided they take into

consideration the joint clinical assessment conducted at the EU level.

Other Healthcare Laws

Relationships between the pharmaceutical industry and healthcare professionals are subject to national

restrictions and regulations in order to avoid any incentive to use or prescribe health products that is not exclusively

justified by the patient’s state of health and profile.

For example, in France, relations between the industry and healthcare professionals practicing in France are

governed by the “anti-gift” and “transparency” laws.

By way of principle, under the French anti-gift law, persons providing health services, manufacturing or

marketing healthcare products, regardless of their nationality and of the effective marketing of their health products

on the French market, are prohibited from promising or offering advantages of any kind whatsoever, in cash or in

kind, either directly or indirectly, to healthcare professionals practicing in France, students intending to enter such

professions or associations of these individuals, including learned societies and national professional councils.

The list of benefits that do that do not qualify as “advantages” under the anti-kickback regulation is very

limited and includes, for example, benefits that relate to the exercise of the beneficiary’s profession and of negligible

value, which may not exceed the amounts provided for by a Ministerial Order.

By way of exception, above-mentioned health stakeholders may provide advantages to the healthcare

professionals/associations mentioned above, subject to the conclusion of a written agreement and to a prior

declaration to or approval from the authority or board to which the concerned beneficiary belongs, depending on the

amount of advantages granted.

This exception is however limited to specific situations mainly including:

•The remuneration, compensation and expenses for research activities, research promotion, scientific

evaluation, consultancy, provision of services or commercial promotion, provided that the

remuneration is proportionate to the service provided and that the compensation or expenses do not

exceed the costs actually incurred by the persons concerned;

•Donations and gifts, in cash or in kind, exclusively intended to finance research activities, the

promotion of research or scientific evaluation; or

•Hospitality offered during events of an exclusively professional or scientific nature, or during events

promoting healthcare products or services, provided that this hospitality is of a reasonable level,

strictly limited to the main purpose of the event and to healthcare professionals (excluding students);

When failing to comply with this regulation, in addition to a significant risk to their reputation, the companies

and professionals concerned may be subject to significant criminal penalties and, in the case of the latter,

disciplinary penalties.

The French transparency provision, for its part, provides citizens with access to certain information on a

website so that they can more objectively assess the direct and indirect relationships between health actors (i.e., a

broad list including healthcare professionals, associations of healthcare professionals, students, associations of users

of the health system, health establishments, academic institutions, foundations, learned societies and societies or

advisory bodies involved in the health product or health services sector, etc.) and companies producing or marketing

health products or providing services associated with these products. Under the terms of this regulation, the

companies concerned must disclose the main information relating to their relationships with healthcare

professionals, such as compensation or benefits paid, and agreements entered into. Companies that knowingly fails

to disclose such information may be subject to criminal penalties.

UK Regulation

Since the end of the Brexit transition period on January 1, 2021, Great Britain (“GB”) (England, Scotland and

Wales) has not been directly subject to EU laws. However, under the terms of the Ireland/Northern Ireland Protocol,

EU laws have generally applied to Northern Ireland. On February 27, 2023, the UK government and the European

Commission reached a political agreement on the so-called “Windsor Framework” which is intended to revise the

Ireland/Northern Ireland Protocol in order to address some of the perceived shortcomings in its operation. The

agreement was adopted at the Withdrawal Agreement Joint Committee on March 24, 2023. If the changes are

adopted in the form proposed, medicinal products to be placed on the market in the UK will be authorized solely in

accordance with UK laws. Northern Ireland would be reintegrated back into a UK-only regulatory environment

under the authority of the MHRA with respect to all medicinal products. The implementation of the Windsor

Framework would occur in various stages, with new arrangements relating to the supply of medicines into Northern

Ireland anticipated to take effect in 2025.

The EU laws that have been transposed into United Kingdom (“UK”) law through secondary legislation

remain applicable in Great Britain. However, new EU legislation that was either adopted or entered into application

after Brexit such as the EU CTR is not applicable in Great Britain. The UK regulatory framework in relation to

clinical trials is derived from previously existing EU legislation (as implemented into UK law, through secondary

legislation). On January 17, 2022, the UK MHRA launched an 8-week consultation on reframing the UK legislation

for clinical trials. The consultation closed on March 14, 2022, and aims to streamline clinical trial approvals, enable

innovation, enhance clinical trials transparency, enable greater risk proportionality and promote patient and public

involvement in clinical trials. The outcome of the consultation is being closely watched and will determine whether

the UK chooses to align with the (EU) CTR or diverge from it. Under the terms of the Ireland/Northern Ireland

Protocol, provisions of the EU CTR which relate to the manufacture and import of investigational medicinal

products and auxiliary medicinal products currently apply in Northern Ireland.

Since January 1, 2021, the MHRA has been the sole regulatory of medicines and medical devices in GB and

for medicinal products that are not authorized through the centralized procedure in Northern Ireland. The MHRA

has introduced changes to national licensing procedures, including procedures to prioritize access to new medicines

that will benefit patients, including a 150-day assessment and a rolling review procedure. All existing EU MAs for

centrally authorized products were automatically converted or grandfathered into UK MAs, effective in GB (only),

free of charge on January 1, 2021, unless the MA holder opted-out. In order to use the centralized procedure to

obtain an MA that will be valid throughout the EEA, companies must be established in the EEA. Therefore, since

Brexit, companies established in the UK can no longer use the EU centralized procedure for authorization of

medicinal products intended to be marketed in the UK. In order to obtain a UK MA to commercialize products in the

UK, an applicant must be established in the UK and must follow one of the UK national authorization procedures or

one of the remaining post-Brexit international cooperation procedures to obtain an MA to commercialize products in

the UK. Until December 31, 2023, the MHRA may rely on a decision taken by the European Commission on the

approval of a new (centralized procedure) MA when reviewing an application for authorization of a medicinal

product to be supplied in GB. Depending on the nature and intended therapeutic purpose of the medicinal product,

the MHRA may, alternatively, use its own decentralized or mutual recognition procedures which enable the MHRA

to have regard to MAs approved in EU Member States, Iceland, Liechtenstein, and Norway when granting an MA in

the UK or GB. From the first quarter of 2024, a new international recognition framework should be in place with an

aim to extend the countries whose assessments the MHRA will take into account. The UK government will need to

adopt new legislation to introduce this route.

There is no pre-MA orphan designation procedure. Applications for orphan designation are made at the same

time as an application for MA and the MHRA will review applications for orphan designation in parallel to the

corresponding MA application. The criteria are essentially the same, but have been tailored for the market (i.e., the

prevalence of the condition in GB, rather than the EU, must not be more than five in 10,000). Should an orphan

designation be granted, the period or market exclusivity will be set from the date of first approval of the product in

GB.

U.S. Government Regulation

In the United States, the FDA regulates drugs under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, (“FDCA”)

and its implementing regulations. The process of obtaining regulatory approvals and the subsequent compliance with

applicable federal, state, and local statutes and regulations requires the expenditure of substantial time and financial

resources. Failure to comply with the applicable U.S. requirements at any time during the product development

process, approval process, or after approval, may subject an applicant to a variety of administrative or judicial

sanctions, such as the FDA’s refusal to approve pending NDAs, withdrawal of an approval, imposition of a clinical

hold on a clinical trial, issuance of warning letters, product recalls, product seizures, total or partial suspension of

production or distribution, injunctions, fines, refusals of government contracts, restitution, disgorgement or civil or

criminal penalties.

The process required by the FDA before a drug may be marketed in the United States generally involves the

following:

•Completion of preclinical laboratory studies, animal studies and formulation studies in compliance

with the FDA’s GLP regulations, and other applicable regulations;

•Submission to the FDA of an IND which must become effective before human clinical trials may

begin;

•Approval by the Institutional Review Board (“IRB”) or ethics committee, at each clinical site before

each trial may be initiated;

•Performance of adequate and well-controlled human clinical trials, in accordance with GCP

requirements to establish the safety and effectiveness of the proposed drug product for each indication;

•Submission to the FDA of an NDA;

•Satisfactory completion of an FDA advisory committee review, if applicable;

•Satisfactory completion of an FDA inspection of the manufacturing facility or facilities at which the

product is produced to assess compliance with current good manufacturing practice (“cGMP”)

requirements and to assure that the facilities, methods and controls are adequate to preserve the drug’s

identity, strength, quality and purity, and of potential inspection of selected clinical investigation sites

to assess compliance with GCPs; and

•FDA review and approval of the NDA.

Preclinical Studies and INDs

Preclinical studies include laboratory evaluation of product chemistry, toxicity and formulation, as well as

animal studies to assess potential safety and efficacy. An IND sponsor must submit the results of the preclinical

studies, together with manufacturing information, analytical data and any available clinical data or literature, among

other things, to the FDA as part of an IND. Some preclinical studies may continue even after the IND is submitted.

An IND automatically becomes effective 30 days after receipt by the FDA, unless before that time the FDA raises

concerns or questions related to one or more proposed clinical trials and places the clinical trial on a clinical hold. In

such a case, the IND sponsor and the FDA must resolve any outstanding concerns before the clinical trial can begin.

As a result, submission of an IND may not result in the FDA allowing clinical trials to commence.

Clinical Trials

Clinical trials involve the administration of the investigational drug to human patients under the supervision of

qualified investigators in accordance with GCP requirements, which include, among other things, the requirement

that all research subjects provide their informed consent in writing for their participation in any clinical trial. Clinical

trials are conducted under protocols detailing, among other things, the objectives of the trial, the parameters to be

used in monitoring safety and the effectiveness criteria to be evaluated. A protocol for each clinical trial and any

subsequent protocol amendments must be submitted to the FDA as part of the IND. In addition, the IRB(s)

competent for the institution(s) participating in the clinical trial must review and approve the plan for any clinical

trial before it commences. Information about certain clinical trials must be submitted within specific timeframes to

the National Institutes of Health for public dissemination on their www.clinicaltrials.gov website.

While the IND is active, progress reports detailing the results of the clinical trials and nonclinical studies

performed since the last progress report, among other information, must be submitted at least annually to the FDA

and written IND safety reports must be submitted to the FDA and investigators for serious and unexpected suspected

adverse events, findings from other studies suggesting a significant risk to humans exposed to the same or similar

drugs, findings from animal or in vitro testing suggesting a significant risk to humans, and any clinically important

increased incidence of a serious suspected adverse reaction compared to that listed in the protocol or investigator

brochure. Furthermore, the FDA or the sponsor may suspend or terminate a clinical trial at any time on various

grounds, including a finding that the research patients are being exposed to an unacceptable health risk. Similarly, an

IRB can suspend or terminate approval of a clinical trial if the clinical trial is not being conducted in accordance

with the IRB’s requirements or if the drug has been associated with unexpected serious harm to patients. In addition,

some clinical trials are overseen by an independent group of qualified experts organized by the sponsor, known as a

data safety monitoring board or committee. Depending on its charter, this group may determine whether a trial may

move forward at designated check points based on access to certain data from the trial.

For purposes of FDA approval, human clinical trials are generally conducted in three sequential phases that

may overlap or be combined:

•Phase 1: The drug candidate is initially introduced into healthy human subjects and tested for safety,

dosage tolerance, absorption, metabolism, distribution and excretion and, if possible, to gain an early

indication of its effectiveness.

•Phase 2: The drug candidate is administered to a limited patient population with a specified disease or

condition to identify possible adverse effects and safety risks, to preliminarily evaluate the efficacy of

the drug candidate for specific targeted diseases and to determine dosage tolerance and appropriate

dosage.

•Phase 3: The drug candidate is administered to an expanded patient population to further evaluate

dosage, to provide substantial evidence of efficacy and to further test for safety, generally at multiple

geographically dispersed clinical trial sites. These clinical trials are intended to establish the overall

risk-benefit ratio of the drug candidate and provide an adequate basis for product labeling.

Post-approval trials, sometimes referred to as Phase 4 studies, may be conducted after initial marketing

approval. These trials are used to, among other things, gain additional experience from the treatment of patients in

the intended therapeutic indication. In certain instances, the FDA may mandate the performance of Phase 4 clinical

trials as a condition of approval of an NDA.

Concurrent with clinical trials, companies usually complete additional animal studies and must also develop

additional information about the chemistry and physical characteristics of the drug and finalize a process for

manufacturing the product in commercial quantities in accordance with GMPs. The manufacturing process must be

capable of consistently producing quality batches of the drug candidate and, among other things, the manufacturer

must develop methods for testing the identity, strength, quality and purity of the final drug. In addition, appropriate

packaging must be selected and tested, and stability studies must be conducted to demonstrate that the drug

candidate does not undergo unacceptable deterioration over its shelf life.

Marketing Approval

Assuming successful completion of the required clinical testing, the results of the preclinical studies and

clinical trials, together with detailed information relating to the product’s chemistry, manufacture, controls and

proposed labeling, among other things, are submitted to the FDA as part of an NDA requesting approval to market

the product for one or more indications. In most cases, the submission of an NDA is subject to a substantial

application user fee. Under the Prescription Drug User Fee Act guidelines that are currently in effect, the FDA has a

goal of ten months from the date of “filing” of a standard NDA for a new molecular entity to review and act on the

submission. This review typically takes twelve months from the date the NDA is submitted to FDA because the

FDA has approximately two months to make a “filing” decision.

In addition, under the Pediatric Research Equity Act of 2003, as amended and reauthorized, certain NDAs or

supplements to an NDA must contain data that are adequate to assess the safety and effectiveness of the drug for the

claimed indications in all relevant pediatric subpopulations, and to support dosing and administration for each

pediatric subpopulation for which the product is safe and effective. The FDA may, on its own initiative or at the

request of the applicant, grant deferrals for submission of some or all pediatric data until after approval of the

product for use in adults, or full or partial waivers from the pediatric data requirements.

The FDA also may require submission of a Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy (“REMS”) plan to ensure

that the benefits of the drug outweigh its risks. The REMS plan could include Medication Guides (FDA approved

patient labeling to be provided to patients when the drug is dispensed), physician communication plans, assessment

plans, or Elements to Assure Safe Use, such as restricted distribution methods, patient registries, or other risk

minimization tools.

The FDA conducts a preliminary review of all NDAs within the first 60 days after submission, before

accepting them for filing, to determine whether they are sufficiently complete to permit substantive review. The

FDA may request additional information rather than accept an NDA for filing. In this event, the application must be

resubmitted with the additional information. The resubmitted application is also subject to review before the FDA

accepts it for filing. Once the submission is accepted for filing, the FDA begins an in-depth substantive review. The

FDA reviews an NDA to determine, among other things, whether the drug is safe and effective and whether the

facility in which it is manufactured, processed, packaged or held meets standards designed to assure the product’s

continued safety, quality and purity.

The FDA may refer an application for a novel drug to an Advisory Committee. An Advisory Committee is a

panel of independent experts, including clinicians and other scientific experts, that reviews, evaluates and provides a

recommendation as to whether the application should be approved and under what conditions. The FDA is not

bound by the recommendations of an Advisory Committee, but it considers such recommendations carefully when

making decisions.

Before approving an NDA, the FDA typically will inspect the facility or facilities where the commercial

product would be manufactured. The FDA will not approve an application unless it determines that the

manufacturing processes and facilities are in compliance with cGMP requirements and adequate to assure consistent

production of the product within required specifications. Additionally, before approving an NDA, the FDA may

inspect one or more clinical trial sites to verify the clinical data submitted in the NDA, and to assure compliance

with GCP requirements.

After evaluating the NDA and all related information, including the Advisory Committee recommendation, if

any, and inspection reports regarding the manufacturing facilities and clinical trial sites, the FDA may issue an

approval letter, or, in some cases, a Complete Response Letter. An approval letter authorizes commercial marketing

of the drug with specific prescribing information for specific indications. A Complete Response Letter indicates that

the review cycle of the application is complete, and the application will not be approved in its present form, and

describes the specific deficiencies in the NDA identified by the FDA and may require additional clinical data, such

as an additional clinical trial or other significant and time-consuming requirements related to clinical trials,

nonclinical studies or manufacturing. If a CRL is issued, the sponsor must resubmit the NDA, addressing all of the

deficiencies identified in the letter, or withdraw the application. Even if such data and information are submitted, the

FDA may decide that the NDA does not satisfy the criteria for approval.

Even if the FDA approves a product, it may limit the approved indications for use of the product, require that

contraindications, warnings or precautions be included in the product labeling, require that post-approval studies,

including Phase 4 clinical trials, be conducted to further assess a drug’s safety after approval, require testing and

surveillance programs to monitor the product after commercialization, or impose other conditions, including

distribution and use restrictions or other risk management mechanisms under a REMS, which can materially affect

the potential market and profitability of the product. The FDA may at any time prevent or limit further marketing of

a product based on the results of post-marketing studies or surveillance programs. After initial approval, some types

of changes to the approved product, such as adding new indications, manufacturing changes, and additional labeling

claims, are subject to further testing requirements and FDA review and approval.

Post-Approval Requirements

Drugs manufactured or distributed pursuant to FDA approvals are subject to pervasive and continuing

regulation by the FDA, including, among other things, requirements relating to recordkeeping, periodic reporting,

product sampling and distribution, the submission of advertising and promotion, and reporting of adverse

experiences with the product. After approval, most changes to the approved product, such as adding new indications

or other labeling claims are subject to prior FDA review and approval. There also are continuing, annual program

user fee requirements for any marketed products, as well as new application fees for certain supplemental

applications.

The FDA may impose a number of post-approval requirements as a condition of approval of an NDA. For

example, the FDA may require post-marketing testing, including Phase 4 clinical trials, and surveillance to further

assess and monitor the product’s safety and effectiveness after commercialization.

In addition, drug manufacturers and other entities involved in the manufacture and distribution of approved

drugs are required to register their establishments with the FDA and state agencies, and are subject to periodic

unannounced inspections by the FDA and these state agencies for compliance with cGMP requirements. Changes to

the manufacturing process are strictly regulated and often require prior FDA approval before being implemented.

FDA regulations also require manufacturers to investigate and correct of any deviations from cGMP requirements

and impose reporting and documentation requirements upon the sponsor and any third-party manufacturers that the

sponsor may decide to use. Accordingly, manufacturers must continue to expend time, money, and effort in the area

of production and quality control to maintain cGMP compliance.

Once an approval is granted, the FDA may withdraw the approval if compliance with regulatory requirements

and standards is not maintained or if problems occur after the product reaches the market. Later discovery of

previously unknown problems with a product, including adverse events of unanticipated severity or frequency, or

with manufacturing processes, or failure to comply with regulatory requirements, may result in mandatory revisions

to the approved labeling to add new safety information; imposition of post-market studies or clinical trials to assess

new safety risks; or imposition of distribution or other restrictions under a REMS program.

Other potential consequences include, among other things:

•Restrictions on the marketing or manufacturing of the product, complete withdrawal of the product

from the market or product recalls;

•Fines, warning letters or holds on post-approval clinical trials;

•Refusal of the FDA to approve pending NDAs or supplements to approved NDAs, or suspension or

revocation of product approvals;

•Product seizure or detention, or refusal to permit the import or export of products; or

•Injunctions or the imposition of civil or criminal penalties.

The FDA strictly regulates marketing, labeling, advertising and promotion of products that are placed on the

market. Drugs may be promoted only for the approved indications and in accordance with the provisions of the

approved labeling. The FDA and other agencies actively enforce the laws and regulations prohibiting the promotion

of unapproved uses (“off-label” uses), and a company that is found to have improperly promoted off-label uses may

be subject to significant liability. Physicians may prescribe legally available products for uses that are not described

in the product’s labeling and that differ from those tested by us and approved by the FDA. The FDA does not

regulate the behavior of physicians in their choice of treatments. The FDA does, however, restrict manufacturer’s

communications on the subject of off-label use of their products.

Marketing Exclusivity

Market exclusivity provisions under the FDCA can delay the submission or the approval of certain marketing

applications. The FDCA provides a five-year period of non-patent data exclusivity within the United States to the

first applicant to obtain approval of an NDA for a new chemical entity. A drug is a new chemical entity if the FDA

has not previously approved any other new drug containing the same active moiety, which is the molecule or ion

responsible for the action of the drug substance. During the exclusivity period, the FDA may not accept for review

an abbreviated new drug application (“ANDA”), or an NDA submitted under Section 505(b)(2) (“505(b)(2) NDA”)

submitted by another company for another drug based on the same active moiety, regardless of whether the drug is

intended for the same indication as the original innovative drug or for another indication, where the applicant does

not own or have a legal right of reference to all the data required for approval. However, an application may be

submitted after four years if it contains a certification of patent invalidity or non-infringement to one of the patents

listed with the FDA by the innovator NDA holder.

The FDCA alternatively provides three years of marketing exclusivity for an NDA, or supplement to an

existing NDA if new clinical investigations, other than bioavailability studies, that were conducted or sponsored by

the applicant are deemed by the FDA to be essential to the approval of the application, for example new indications,

dosages or strengths of an existing drug. This three-year exclusivity covers only the modification for which the drug

received approval on the basis of the new clinical investigations and does not prohibit the FDA from approving

ANDAs or 505(b)(2) NDAs for drugs containing the active agent for the original indication or condition of use.

Five-year and three-year exclusivity will not delay the submission or approval of a full NDA. However, an applicant

submitting a full NDA would be required to conduct, or obtain a right of reference to, all of the preclinical studies

and adequate and well-controlled clinical trials necessary to demonstrate safety and effectiveness.

Pediatric exclusivity is another type of marketing exclusivity available in the United States. Pediatric

exclusivity provides for an additional six months of marketing exclusivity attached to another period of exclusivity if

a sponsor conducts clinical trials in children in response to a written request from the FDA. The issuance of a written

request does not require the sponsor to undertake the described clinical trials.

Coverage and Reimbursement

Sales of our drug candidates, if approved, will depend, in part, on the extent to which such products will be

covered by third-party payors, such as government health care programs, commercial insurance and managed

healthcare organizations. These third-party payors determine which medications they will cover and establish

reimbursement levels. In addition, these third-party payors are increasingly limiting coverage or reducing

reimbursements for medical products and services. In the United States, no uniform policy of coverage and

reimbursement for products exists among third-party payors. Therefore, coverage and reimbursement for products

can differ significantly from payor to payor. In addition, the U.S. government and state legislatures have continued

implementing cost-containment programs, including price controls, restrictions on reimbursement and requirements

for substitution of generic products. For example, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (“HHS”)

imposes rebates on Medicare Part B and Medicare Part D products to penalize price increases that outpace inflation

on an annual basis. HHS has also been empowered to negotiate the price of certain single-source drugs that have

been on the market for at least seven (7) years under Medicare as part of the Medicare Drug Price Negotiation

Program. Each year up to twenty (20) products will be selected by HHS for the Medicare Drug Price Negotiation

Program. Products subject to the Medicare Drug Price Negotiation Program are expected to experience a significant

reduction in reimbursement from the Medicare program on a per unit basis. Patients who are prescribed medications

for the treatment of their conditions, and their prescribing physicians, generally rely on third-party payors to

reimburse all or part of the costs associated with their prescription drugs. Patients are unlikely to use our products

unless coverage is provided and reimbursement is adequate to cover all or a significant portion of the cost of our

products. As a result, adoption of price controls and cost-containment measures, and adoption of more restrictive

policies in jurisdictions with existing controls and measures, could further limit our net revenue and results.

Decreases in third-party reimbursement for our drug candidates or a decision by a third-party payor to not cover our

drug candidates could reduce physician usage of our drug candidates, once approved, and have a material adverse

effect on our sales, results of operations and financial condition. Additionally, we or our collaborators may develop

companion diagnostic tests for use with our drug candidates. We or our collaborators will be required to obtain

coverage and reimbursement for these tests separate and apart from the coverage and reimbursement we seek for our

drug candidates, once approved. Similar challenges to obtaining coverage and reimbursement, applicable to

pharmaceutical or biological products, will apply to companion diagnostics.

Other Healthcare Laws

We will also be subject to other healthcare regulation and enforcement by the U.S. federal government and the

states in which we will conduct our business once our drug candidates are approved. Failure to comply with these

laws, where applicable, can result in the imposition of significant administrative, civil, and criminal penalties. The

laws that may affect our ability to operate in the United States include:

•The federal healthcare programs’ Anti-Kickback Statute, which prohibits, among other things, persons

from knowingly and willfully soliciting, receiving, offering or paying remuneration, directly or

indirectly, in exchange for or to induce either the referral of an individual for, or the purchase, order or

recommendation of, any good or service for which payment may be made under federal healthcare

programs such as the Medicare and Medicaid programs;

•Federal false claims act laws, including the civil False Claims Act, which prohibit, among other things,

individuals or entities from knowingly presenting, or causing to be presented, claims for payment from

Medicare, Medicaid, or other third-party payors that are false or fraudulent;

•The federal health care fraud statutes, which created additional federal criminal statutes that impose

criminal and civil liability for, among other things, executing or attempting to execute a scheme to

defraud any healthcare benefit program or knowingly and willingly falsifying, concealing or covering

up a material fact or making false statements relating to healthcare matters;

•The Physician Payments Sunshine Act, which requires manufacturers of drugs, devices, biologics, and

medical supplies to report annually to the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, information

related to payments and other transfers of value to physicians (defined to include doctors, dentists,

optometrists, podiatrists and chiropractors), other health care professionals (such as physicians

assistants and nurse practitioners), and teaching hospitals, as well as and ownership and investment

interests held by physicians and their immediate family members;

•The U.S. federal Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (“HIPAA”), which

created additional federal criminal statutes that impose criminal and civil liability for, among other

things, executing or attempting to execute a scheme to defraud any healthcare benefit program or

knowingly and willingly falsifying, concealing or covering up a material fact or making false

statements relating to healthcare matters; and

•HIPAA, as amended by the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act

(“HITECH”), which governs the conduct of covered entities, business associates, and their covered

subcontractors regarding certain electronic healthcare transactions and protects the security and

privacy of protected health information.

In addition, many states have similar laws and regulations, such as anti-kickback and false claims laws that

may be broader in scope and may apply regardless of payor, in addition to items and services reimbursed under

Medicaid and other state programs. Further, certain states require certain regulatory licenses to manufacture or

distribute products commercially and/or the registration of pharmaceutical sales representatives in the jurisdiction,

state laws that require pharmaceutical companies to comply with the pharmaceutical industry’s voluntary

compliance guidelines and the relevant compliance guidance promulgated by the federal government; drug

manufacturers to report information related to payments and other transfers of value to physicians and other

healthcare providers or marketing expenditures; and the reporting of information related to drug pricing. Certain

states have also enacted legislation to govern the privacy and security of health information, many of which differ

from each other in significant ways and often are not preempted by HIPAA, thus complicating compliance efforts.

Additionally, to the extent that our product is sold in a foreign country, we may be subject to similar foreign laws.

Violation of any of these laws or any other governmental regulations, may result in significant civil, criminal and

administrative penalties, damages, fines, disgorgement, imprisonment, possible exclusion from government funded

healthcare programs, such as Medicare and Medicaid, contractual damages, reputational harm, and diminished

profits and future earnings.

Healthcare Reform

The enactment of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, as amended by the Health Care and

Education Reconciliation Act, or collectively the (“ACA”) has substantially changed healthcare financing and

delivery by both governmental and private insurers, and significantly impacted the pharmaceutical industry.

Since its enactment, there have been judicial and congressional challenges to certain aspects of the ACA. For

example, on July 4, 2025, the One Big Beautiful Bill Act, or OBBBA, was signed into law, which narrowed access

to ACA marketplace exchange enrollment and declined to extend the ACA enhanced advanced premium tax credits

that expired at the end of 2025, which, among other provisions in the law, are anticipated to reduce the number of

Americans with health insurance. The OBBBA also is expected to reduce Medicaid spending and enrollment by

implementing work requirements for some beneficiaries, capping state-directed payments, reducing federal funding,

and limiting provider taxes used to fund the program. Congress is considering proposed legislation intended to

further reduce healthcare costs with alternatives to replace the expired ACA subsidies.

Other legislative changes have been proposed and adopted since the ACA was enacted. For example, on

August 2, 2011, the Budget Control Act of 2011 was signed into law which among other things, led to aggregate

reductions in Medicare payments to providers. These reductions went into effect on April 1, 2013, and, due to

subsequent legislative amendments, will remain in effect until 2032 unless additional Congressional action is taken.

In addition, there has been heightened governmental scrutiny over the manner in which manufacturers set

prices for their marketed products. For example, there have been several U.S. presidential executive orders,

congressional inquiries and proposed and enacted legislation at the federal and state designed to, among other things,

bring more transparency to drug pricing, review the relationship between pricing and manufacturer patient programs,

and reform government program reimbursement methodologies for drug products. The current U.S. presidential

administration is pursuing policies to reduce regulations and expenditures across government. These actions,

presently directed by executive orders or memoranda from the Office of Management and Budget, may propose

policy changes that create additional uncertainty for our business. For example, the current administration has

announced agreements with pharmaceutical companies that require the drug manufacturers to offer, through a direct-

to-consumer platform (TrumpRx), U.S. patients and Medicaid programs prescription drug Most-Favored Nation

pricing equal to or lower than those paid in other developed nations, with additional mandates for direct-to-patient

discounts and repatriation of foreign revenues. Other recent actions and proposals include, for example (1) reducing

agency workforce and cut programs; (2) directing HHS and other agencies to lower prescription drug costs through a

variety of initiatives; (3) imposing tariffs on imported pharmaceutical products; and (4) as part of the Make America

Healthy Again Commission’s Strategy Report released in September 2025, working across government agencies to

increase enforcement on direct-to-consumer pharmaceutical advertising. Additionally, the current administration

recently called on Congress to enact “The Great Healthcare Plan,” to codify and expand Most-Favored Nation

pricing, lower government subsidies to private insurance companies, increase healthcare price transparency, expand

pharmaceutical drugs available for over-the-counter purchase, and enact restrictions on pharmacy benefit manager

payment methodologies, among other things. These actions and policies may significantly reduce U.S. drug prices,

potentially impacting manufacturers’ global pricing strategies and profitability, while increasing their operational

costs and compliance risks. In June 2024, in Loper Bright Enterprises v. Raimondo, the U.S. Supreme Court greatly

reduced judicial deference to regulatory agencies, which could increase successful legal challenges to federal

regulations affecting our operations.

At the state level, legislatures are increasingly passing legislation and implementing regulations designed to

control pharmaceutical and biological product pricing, including price or patient reimbursement constraints,

discounts, restrictions on certain product access and marketing cost disclosure and transparency measures, and, in

some cases, designed to encourage importation from other countries and bulk purchasing.

We expect that additional U.S. healthcare reform measures will be adopted in the future, any of which could

limit the amounts that the U.S. federal government will pay for healthcare products and services, which could result

in reduced demand for our drug candidates or additional pricing pressures.

Intellectual Property

Our success will depend upon our ability to obtain and maintain patents and other intellectual property for our

drug candidates in the United States and internationally, including composition-of-matter, pharmaceutical

composition, synthesis process, method of manufacture and method of treatment for an obefazimod's intellectual

property protection in the United States to 2039, as well as patent and other intellectual property and proprietary

protection for our novel discoveries and other important technology inventions and know-how.

One of our strategies is also to generate new intellectual property through the protection of potential follow-on

compounds.

In addition to patents, we rely upon unpatented trade secrets, know-how, and continuing technological

innovation to develop and maintain our competitive position. We protect our proprietary information, in part, using

confidentiality agreements with our commercial partners, collaborators, employees and consultants and invention

assignment agreements with our employees. We also have confidentiality agreements or invention assignment

agreements with our commercial partners and selected consultants. Despite these measures, any of our intellectual

property and proprietary rights could be challenged, invalidated, circumvented, infringed or misappropriated, or

such intellectual property and proprietary rights may not be sufficient to permit us to take advantage of current

market trends or otherwise to provide competitive advantages. In addition, such confidentiality agreements and

invention assignment agreements can be breached and we may not have adequate remedies for any such breach. For

more information, please see “Risk Factors—Risks Related to Intellectual Property.”

The term of individual patents depends upon the legal term of the patents in the countries in which they are

obtained. In most countries in which we are seeking patent protection for our drug candidates, the patent term is 20

years from the earliest date of filing a non-provisional patent application. In the United States, the term of a patent

may be lengthened by a patent term adjustment, which provides for term extension in the case of administrative

delays at the United States Patent and Trademark Office in granting a patent, or may be shortened if a patent is

terminally disclaimed over another patent with an earlier expiration date. Furthermore, in the United States, the term

of a patent covering an FDA approved drug may be eligible for patent term extension (“PTE”) under the Hatch-

Waxman Amendments as compensation for the loss of patent term during the FDA regulatory review process. The

period of extension may be up to five years beyond the expiration of the patent but cannot extend the term of a

patent beyond a total of 14 years from the date of product approval. Only one patent covering a single FDA-

approved product among those eligible for an extension may be extended. In the future, if any of our drug candidates

receives FDA approval, we expect to apply for a PTE, if available, to extend the term of a patent covering such

approved drug product. We also expect to seek PTEs in any jurisdictions where they are available, however, there is

no guarantee that the applicable authorities, including the FDA, will agree with our assessment of whether such an

extension should be granted, and even if granted, the length of such an extension. See “Item 3.D. Risk Factors—

Risks Related to Intellectual Property — Our ability to commercialize our drug candidates may decrease if we are

unable to protect our intellectual property rights or if these rights are insufficient for our purposes."

Patents

All the patents and patent applications covering obefazimod are co-owned with the French National Centre for

Scientific Research (the “CNRS”), the University of Montpellier, and the Institut Curie, except U.S. patent

10,464,903, U.S. patent 10,745,357, U.S. patent applications 18/729,018, U.S. patent application 18/893,339, U.S.

patent application 18/832,670 and U.S. patent application 19/149,308, as described below.

Obefazimod

As of December 31, 2025, the principal patent rights related to obefazimod, include:

•U.S. patent 10,017,498, which is directed to the composition of matter of obefazimod generically and

specifically and to a pharmaceutical composition comprising it. This patent is also granted in Europe

and several other countries (Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, Hong Kong, India, Japan, South Korea,

Mexico, Russia, South Africa) and has an expiry date of 2030, not including patent term adjustment or

any potential PTE.

•U.S. patent 10,975,063, which is directed specifically to obefazimod (composition of matter), free base

and salts of obefazimod, a pharmaceutical composition comprising it, a process for preparing it and a

method for treating HIV infection. This patent has an expiry date of 2030, not including patent term

adjustment or any potential PTE.

•U.S. patent 10,435,370, which is directed to methods of treating inflammatory diseases including UC

and CD by obefazimod generically and specifically. This patent is also granted in Europe and several

other countries (Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, Hong Kong, India, Japan, South Korea, Mexico,

Russia, South Africa).

•U.S. continuation patent 11,649,211 is directed to the method of treating inflammatory diseases

including UC and CD by obefazimod specifically. Divisional U.S. patents protect methods of treating

additional inflammatory diseases (U.S. patent 10,981,874 and U.S. patent 11,649,210). These patents

have an expiry date of 2035, not including patent term adjustment or any potential PTE.

•U.S. patent 10,464,903 and U.S. patent 10,745,357, which are directed to a synthesis process for

manufacturing obefazimod and derivatives thereof, a polymorphic form of the free base of obefazimod

and crystalline forms of various salts of obefazimod. These patents have an expiry date of 2037, not

including patent term adjustment or any potential PTE. A corresponding European patent has also been

granted. These patents are solely owned by us.

•Further indications are also protected by other patents: U.S. patent 9,145,367, which is directed to the

method of treating AIDS by obefazimod generically and specifically. This patent is also granted in

Europe and several other countries and has an expiry date of 2030. U.S. patent 9,108,919, which is

directed to the method of treating cancer by obefazimod generically and specifically. This patent is

also granted in Europe and several other countries and has an expiry date of 2030. Another patent

application published under US2019/17416679, directed to a method of treating cancer, has been filed

worldwide in 2019, with patents granted or patent applications pending in other countries. U.S. patent

10,806,729, which is directed to the method of treating HIV resistant patients by obefazimod

generically and specifically. This patent is also granted in some countries in Europe and has an expiry

date of 2036.

•U.S. patent applications 17/416,856, now granted under U.S. 11,992,499, continuation application

18/635,542 and divisional application 18/635,693, which are respectively directed to the method of

treating other inflammatory diseases by obefazimod specifically and generically or its N-glucuronide

metabolite have been filed in 2019, as well as counterpart applications and granted patents in other

countries.

•U.S. patent application 17/796,834, which is directed to the amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) of

obefazimod, its method of preparation, pharmaceutical composition and method of treating

inflammatory disease, cancer and viral diseases therewith has been filed in 2021, as well as counterpart

applications in other countries.

•U.S. patent application 17/793,133, which is directed to co-crystals and salts of obefazimod,

pharmaceutical composition and method of treating inflammatory disease, cancer and viral diseases

therewith has been filed in 2021, as well as counterpart applications in other countries.

•U.S. patent application 18/284,253, which is directed to a synthesis process for manufacturing

obefazimod and derivatives thereof and was filed in 2022, as well as counterpart applications in other

countries.

•U.S. patent applications 18/729,018 and continuation in part application 18/893,339, which are

directed to combinations products with obefazimod and etrasimod or ozanimod were respectively filed

in 2023 and 2024, as well as counterpart applications in other countries.

•U.S. patent application 18/832,670, which is directed to combinations products with obefazimod and

Rinvoq, filed in 2023, as well as counterpart applications in other countries.

•U.S. patent application 19/149,308, which is directed to obefazimod for treatment of ulcerative colitis,

was filed in 2024, as well as counterpart applications in other countries.

Item 5.Operating and Financial Review and Prospects

You should read the following discussion of our financial condition and results of operations in conjunction

with our financial statements and the related notes thereto included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 20-F.

In addition to historical information, the following discussion and analysis contains forward-looking statements that

reflect our plans, estimates and beliefs. Our actual results and the timing of events could differ materially from those

anticipated in the forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause or contribute to these differences include

those discussed below and elsewhere in this annual report, particularly in the sections titled “Item 3.D—Risk

Factors” and “Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements.”

Overview

We are a clinical-stage biotechnology company focused on developing therapeutics that harness the body’s

natural regulatory mechanisms to stabilize the immune response in patients with chronic inflammatory diseases.

We focus on indications where existing treatments have left patients with significant unmet needs, and where

we believe our investigational agents have the potential to be meaningfully differentiated from currently available

therapies. Our initial focus is on inflammatory bowel diseases (“IBD”), chronic conditions involving inflammation

of the gastrointestinal tract, of which the two most common forms are ulcerative colitis ("UC") and Crohn's disease

("CD").

We believe our lead drug candidate, obefazimod, is differentiated from competing approaches for the

treatment of IBD via its novel mechanism of action. Obefazimod was demonstrated to specifically enhance the

expression of a single micro-RNA, miR-124, which plays a critical role in the regulation of the inflammatory

response. In the context of inflammation, miR-124 is a natural regulator of the inflammatory response, controlling

progression of inflammation and restoring homeostasis of the immune system, without causing broader

immunosuppression. In contrast to currently available advanced therapies, prescribed post-conventional therapies,

some of which target only a single cytokine or pathway, miR-124 modulates the expression of several key cytokines

and pathways. Modulating multiple inflammatory pathways simultaneously may lead to more durability of efficacy

results over the long-term, which is critical in lifelong conditions such as IBD, potentially differentiating

obefazimod from currently available IBD treatments.

Obefazimod is currently in Phase 3 clinical development for the treatment of moderately to severely active

UC. We are continuing to develop obefazimod for the treatment of CD and are evaluating additional potential

inflammatory indications to pursue, subject to the availability of necessary resources and funding. In parallel, we are

in the process of generating follow-on compounds based on our miR-124 platform.

We were incorporated as a société anonyme on December 4, 2013 and, in 2014, we acquired Splicos,

Wittycell and Zophis by means of a universal transfer of assets and liabilities (Transmission Universelle du

Patrimoine (“TUP”)). We have been listed on Euronext Paris since June 26, 2015, and on the Nasdaq Global Market

since October 24, 2023.

On March 20, 2023, our United States-based subsidiary Abivax LLC (the “Subsidiary”) was formed as a

limited liability company under the laws of the State of Delaware. The Subsidiary hosts our operations in the United

States. We have prepared audited consolidated statements of financial position of the Company and the Subsidiary

as of December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, and the related consolidated statements of income (loss), comprehensive

income (loss), changes in shareholders’ equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended

December 31, 2025, including the related notes (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”).

As of December 31, 2025, the Subsidiary’s contribution to our consolidated results of operations was a net operating

loss of €(246.1) million.

Since our inception in 2013, we have devoted substantially all of our efforts to organizing and staffing our

company, business planning, raising capital, establishing our intellectual property portfolio, acquiring or discovering

drug candidates, research and development activities for obefazimod and other compounds, establishing

arrangements with third parties for the manufacture of our drug candidates and component materials, and providing

general and administrative support for these operations. We do not have any products approved for sale and have not

generated any revenue from product sales or otherwise. We do not expect to generate significant revenue from

product sales or royalties unless and until our drug candidates are approved for marketing and successfully

commercialized.

We have incurred significant operating losses since inception, and we expect to continue to incur significant

expenses and operating losses for the foreseeable future. Our ability to generate product revenue sufficient to

achieve profitability will depend heavily on the successful development and eventual commercialization of

obefazimod and any future drug candidates. For the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023 we reported net

losses of €336.1 million, €176.2 million and €147.7 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2025, we carried

forward accumulated tax losses of €912.9 million. We expect to continue to incur net operating losses for at least the

next several years, and we do not anticipate achieving profitability in the future unless we obtain regulatory

approvals necessary to commercialize obefazimod and any additional drug candidates that we may pursue in the

future. We expect that our research and development expenses, general and administrative expenses, and capital

expenditures will increase substantially in connection with our ongoing activities, particularly if and as we:

•continue to advance our existing drug candidates through clinical development;

•timely and successfully complete clinical development of obefazimod, our clinical-stage drug

candidate;

•seek and maintain regulatory and marketing approvals for obefazimod and any future drug candidates

for which we successfully complete clinical trials;

•continue the preclinical and clinical development of our drug candidates;

•expand the scope of our current clinical trials for our drug candidates;

•begin new clinical trials for our drug candidates;

•develop, scale and validate our commercial manufacturing capabilities for our drug candidates;

•establish a sales, marketing and distribution infrastructure to commercialize any drugs for which we

may obtain regulatory and marketing approval for which we have not entered into a collaboration with

a third-party;

•seek to discover, identify and validate additional drug candidates;

•acquire or in-license other drug candidates and technologies;

•make milestone, royalty or other payments under in-license or collaboration agreements;

•obtain, maintain, protect, enforce and expand our intellectual property portfolio;

•manufacture, or have manufactured, non-clinical, clinical and potentially commercial supplies of

obefazimod and any future drug candidates;

•attract new and retain existing clinical, scientific, operational, financial and management personnel;

and

•incur additional legal, accounting, and other costs associated with operating as a dual-listed French and

U.S. public company.

Our net losses may fluctuate significantly from period to period, depending on the timing of expenditures

related to our research and development activities.

We will not generate revenue from product sales unless and until we successfully complete clinical

development and obtain regulatory approval for a drug candidate. In particular, following the issuance of royalty

certificates in September 2022 and other royalties that may become payable under our royalty agreements, the

payment of royalties in the event of commercialization of obefazimod would result in a decrease in cash flows

generated by sales of the product, which could have an unfavorable impact on our financial position, particularly at

the beginning of the commercialization phase. In addition, if we obtain regulatory approval for a drug candidate and

do not enter into a third-party commercialization partnership, we expect to incur significant expenses related to

developing our commercialization capability to support product sales, marketing, manufacturing and distribution

activities.

As a result, we will need substantial additional funding to support our continuing operations and pursue our

growth strategy. Until such time as we can generate significant revenue from product sales, if ever, we expect to

finance our operations through equity offerings, debt financings or other capital sources, which could include

collaborations, strategic alliances or additional licensing arrangements. We may be unable to raise additional funds

or enter into such arrangements when needed, on favorable terms, or at all. Our failure to raise capital or enter into

such agreements as, and when, needed, could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations

and financial condition, including requiring us to have to delay, reduce or eliminate product development or future

commercialization efforts. The amount and timing of our future funding requirements will depend on many factors,

including the successful advancement of obefazimod or any future drug candidates. Our ability to raise additional

funds may also be adversely impacted by potential worsening global economic conditions and disruptions to and

volatility in the credit and financial markets in the United States and worldwide, such as those resulting from the

ongoing war in Ukraine.

Due to the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with development of treatment of chronic

inflammatory diseases, we are unable to predict the timing or amount of increased expenses or when or if we will be

able to achieve or maintain profitability. Even if we are able to generate product sales, we may not become

profitable. If we fail to become profitable or are unable to sustain profitability on a continuing basis, then we may be

unable to continue our operations at planned levels and be forced to reduce or terminate our operations.

Principal Factors Affecting Our Results of Operations

The following factors have affected, and we expect will continue to affect, our results of operations.

Research and Development Activities

Research and development activities are central to our business. Since our inception, most of our resources

have been allocated to research and development and it accounts for the majority of our operating expenses. For the

year ended December 31, 2025, research and development expenses accounted for 71% of our total operating

expenses, as compared to 79% and 78% for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 respectively. Drug

candidates in later stages of clinical development generally have higher development costs than those in earlier

stages of clinical development, primarily due to the increased size and duration of later-stage clinical trials.

Accordingly, we expect that our research and development expenses to remain in line with current spending in the

foreseeable future as we seek to advance the development of our drug candidates. The successful development of

our drug candidates remains highly uncertain.

At this time, we cannot accurately determine or estimate the nature, timing and costs of the research and

development activities that will be necessary to complete the remainder of the development of obefazimod, and we

may never succeed in obtaining regulatory approval for obefazimod or any future drug candidates we may develop.

The duration, costs and timing of clinical trials and the development of our drug candidates will depend on

numerous risks and uncertainties associated with clinical development, including risks and uncertainties related to:

•the scope, progress, outcome and expenses of our clinical trials and other research and development

activities;

•the length of time required to enroll suitable patients and successful patient enrollment in, and the

initiation and completion of, clinical trials;

•the results of our clinical trials;

•the timing, receipt and terms of any marketing approvals from applicable regulatory authorities;

•the establishment of commercial manufacturing capabilities or making arrangements with third-party

manufacturers;

•the expense of filing, prosecuting, maintaining, defending and enforcing patent claims and other

intellectual property rights;

•changing government regulation;

•launching commercial sales of our drug candidates, if and when approved, whether alone or in

collaboration with others;

•maintaining a continued acceptable safety profile of the drug candidates following regulatory approval;

•the ability to market, commercialize and achieve market acceptance for obefazimod or any other drug

candidate that we may develop in the future; and

•significant competition and rapidly changing technologies within the biopharmaceutical industry.

A change in the outcome of any of these variables with respect to the development of any of our drug

candidates could significantly change the costs and timing associated with the development of that drug candidate.

The actual probability of success for our drug candidates will be affected by a variety of factors, including the safety

and efficacy of our drug candidates, investment in our clinical programs, manufacturing capability and competition

with other products and drug candidates. As a result of these variables, we are unable to determine the duration and

completion costs of our research and development projects or when and to what extent we may generate revenue

from the commercialization and sale of our drug candidates.

Marketing Approval and Market Acceptance of our Drug Candidates

We may never succeed in achieving marketing approval for any of our drug candidates. We may obtain

unexpected and/or negative results from our clinical trials. We may elect to discontinue, delay or modify the

development plan and clinical trials of some drug candidates or focus on others. A change in the outcome of any of

these factors with respect to the development of drug candidates that we are developing could result in a significant

change in the costs and timing associated with the development of such drug candidates. For example, if the EMA or

the FDA or other regulatory authority were to require us to conduct non-clinical studies and clinical trials beyond

those that we currently anticipate will be required for the completion of clinical development, or if we experience

significant delays in enrollment in any clinical trials, we could be required to spend significant additional financial

resources and time on the completion of clinical development of our drug candidates.

Equity and Debt Financing

At this stage, we have not generated any revenue from sales of products or otherwise, and we do not expect to

do so unless and until we successfully complete development of, obtain marketing approval for, and successfully

commercialize, one or more of our drug candidates. Until such time that we can generate substantial revenue from

sales of products, if ever, we expect to finance our operating activities through a combination of equity offerings,

debt financings and government or other third-party funding. However, we may be unable to raise additional funds

or enter into such arrangements when needed on favorable terms, or at all, which would have a negative impact on

our financial condition and could force us to delay, limit, reduce or terminate our development programs or

commercialization efforts or grant to others the rights to develop or market drug candidates that we would otherwise

prefer to develop and market ourselves. Failure to receive additional funding could cause us to cease operations, in

part or in full.

Acquisition of Prosynergia

On April 1, 2022, we acquired 100% of the share capital of Prosynergia with the aim of strengthening our

research and development portfolio, for an amount of €3.25 million. On December 12, 2022, we completed the

merger with Prosynergia through a TUP and all of Prosynergia’s assets and liabilities were transferred to us.

Following the merger, Prosynergia was dissolved. Accordingly, as Prosynergia was dissolved in December 2022, we

did not prepare consolidated financial statements as of December 31, 2022.

Impact of the Russia-Ukraine War on our Business

The Russia-Ukraine war continues. The conflict has already had major implications for the global economy

and the rate of inflation, particularly in relation to the supply of energy, raw materials and food products. It has also

caused intense volatility on the financial markets.

Given these developments, we have decided not to include Russia and Belarus in our global Phase 3 clinical

trials for obefazimod in UC. However, the global scale of this conflict cannot be predicted at this stage. We,

therefore, cannot rule out an adverse impact of this conflict on our business, including in terms of access to raw

materials, logistics, the performance of clinical trials and in relation to any future financing we may seek.

The long-term safety and efficacy extension of the Phase 2b maintenance trial of obefazimod in moderately to

severely active UC is our only clinical trial with patients currently enrolled in Ukraine. The Phase 2b 12-month

assessment was carried out in all the Ukrainian patients before the war broke out and these patients are therefore

included in the one-year maintenance results that were reported on April 6, 2022. Ukrainian patients who completed

the two-year Phase 2b maintenance trial have been transitioned to the long-term safety and efficacy trial that is still

on-going. None of these sites are located in the Crimea Region of Ukraine, the so-called Donetsk People’s Republic,

or the so-called Luhansk People’s Republic. We have a few sites active in the western part of Ukraine in the

ABTECT Phase 3 clinical trials.

Together with our CRO, we are making considerable efforts to ensure the follow-up of patients who are

unable to come to the study centers. Monitoring takes place through a remote monitoring system that was

established and used successfully during the COVID-19 pandemic.

A.Operating Results

Comparison of Years Ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025

The following table sets forth our results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and

2025.


(In thousands of euros) . . . . . . . . . .	Year ended December 31, 2023	Year ended December 31, 2024	Year ended December 31, 2025	2024 vs 2023 Change	2025 vs 2024 Change
Other operating income . . . .	4,621	12,449	4,570	169%	(63)%
Total operating income . . . .	4,621	12,449	4,570	169%	(63)%
Sales and marketing expenses	(6,431)	(5,954)	(5,194)	(7)%	(13)%
Research and development expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .	(103,176)	(146,532)	(177,761)	42%	21%
General and administrative expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .	(22,390)	(32,946)	(67,670)	47%	105%
Total Operating expenses . .	(131,997)	(185,433)	(250,626)	40%	35%
Operating loss . . . . . . . . . . .	(127,376)	(172,984)	(246,056)	36%	42%
Financial expenses . . . . . . . .	(27,875)	(16,991)	(112,307)	(39)%	561%
Financial income . . . . . . . . .	7,511	13,732	28,110	83%	105%
Financial loss . . . . . . . . . . . .	(20,364)	(3,258)	(84,198)	(84)%	2484%
Net loss before tax . . . . . . . .	(147,740)	(176,242)	(330,254)	19%	87%
Income Tax . . . . . . . . . . . . . .	—	—	(5,848)	—%	—%
Net loss for the period . . . . .	(147,740)	(176,242)	(336,102)	19%	91%

Total Operating Income

For the year ended December 31, 2025, our total operating income was €4.6 million, as compared to €12.4

million for the year ended December 31, 2024, a decrease of €(7.9) million, or (63)%, as detailed below.

For the year ended December 31, 2024, our total operating income was €12.4 million, as compared to €4.6

million for the year ended December 31, 2023, an increase of €7.8 million, or 169%, as detailed below.

Other Operating Income

The following table sets forth our other operating income for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and

2025.


(In thousands of euros) . . . . .	Year ended December 31, 2023	Year ended December 31, 2024	Year ended December 31, 2025	2024 vs 2023 Change	2025 vs 2024 Change
CIR (Research Tax Credits) . . .	4,493	6,651	3,061	48%	(54)%
Subsidies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .	81	4,140	—	5017%	(100)%
Depositary service fees . . . . . . .	—	1,634	1,509	—%	(8)%
Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .	47	23	—	(52)%	(100)%
Total other operating income	4,621	12,449	4,570	169%	(63)%

For the year ended December 31, 2025, our other operating income was €4.6 million, as compared to €12.4

million for the year ended December 31, 2024, a decrease of €(7.9) million, or (63)%. This variation is primarily

due to a decrease in subsidies by €(4.1) million and a decrease in research tax credits by €(3.6) million or (54)%.

For the year ended December 31, 2024, our other operating income was €12.4 million, as compared to €4.6

million for the year ended December 31, 2023, an increase of €7.8 million, or 169%. This increase was primarily

due to an increase in subsidies of €4.1 million or 5,017%, an increase in research tax credits of €2.2 million or 48%,

and an increase in depositary service fees of €1.63 million.

Research Tax Credits ("CIR")

For the year ended December 31, 2025, we recognized research tax credits for our research and development

projects of €3.1 million, as compared to €6.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, a decrease of €(3.6)

million, or (54)%. Although research and development expenses for the year ended December 31, 2025 increased by

21% as compared to the year ended December 31, 2024, the €(3.6) million decrease in research tax credits was

mainly driven by (i) the maximum amount of eligible outsourced research and development expenses being capped,

(ii) a decrease in internal research and development costs (for €2.6 million), (iii) the reimbursement of the CARENA

and RNP-VIR conditional advances, deducted from the 2024 CIR calculation (for €0.6 million) and (iv) a change in

the CIR regulation related to eligible expenses (for €0.4 million).

For the year ended December 31, 2024, we recognized research tax credits for our research and development

projects of €6.7 million, as compared to €4.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, an increase of

€2.2 million, or 48%. The increase corresponds to an additional CIR payment received in 2024 related to the 2021

tax year, for an amount of €1.0 million, and an increase in the CIR for the tax year 2024 as compared to the tax year

2023 of €1.1 million, or 26%. This increase is mainly due to the reimbursements of conditional advances and

overpayment of conditional advances made to Bpifrance in relation to the RNP-VIR and CARENA projects,

following the termination of both projects (see Bpifrance - Conditional Advances and Subsidies within the

"Liquidity and Capital Resources" section).

Subsidies

For the year ended December 31, 2025, our subsidy income was nil, as compared to €4.1 million for the year

ended December 31, 2024. The subsidy income recognized in 2024 was related to the RNP-VIR and CARENA

conditional advances granted by Bpifrance between 2013 and 2019. Following the termination of both projects, in

June 2024, Bpifrance agreed to waive 60% of the remaining conditional advances and accrued interests, resulting in

a non-cash subsidy income of €4.1 million (see Bpifrance - Conditional Advances and Subsidies within the

"Liquidity and Capital Resources" section).

For the year ended December 31, 2024, our subsidy income was €4.1 million as compared to €0.1 million for

the year ended December 31, 2023. The increase is related to the RNP-VIR and CARENA conditional advances

granted by Bpifrance between 2013 and 2019, as explained above.

Depositary Service Fees

As part of our depositary agreement with Citibank (which is acting as our exclusive depositary for our

publicly listed ADSs), we are entitled to receive a portion of the fees collected by Citibank on ADS transactions

(e.g., issuance, cancellation and depositary service fees).

For the year ended December 31, 2025, our income related to depositary service fees was €1.5 million, as

compared to €1.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, a decrease of €(0.1) million, or (8)%. The 2025

fees mainly reflect the large number of transactions that occurred over the second half of 2025, following the

announcement of the results from our Phase 3 ABTECT trials and the completion of our follow-on offering of

ordinary shares in the form of ADSs on the Nasdaq Global Market in July 2025 (the “July 2025 Nasdaq Offering”).

The 2024 fees were related to the higher number of transactions following our U.S. initial public offering on the

Nasdaq Global Market completed in October 2023.

We did not recognize any income related to depositary service fees for the year ended December 31, 2023.

Total Operating Expenses

For the year ended December 31, 2025, our total operating expenses were €250.6 million, as compared to

€185.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, an increase of €65.2 million, or 35%. This increase was

primarily due to an increase in research and development expenses of €31.2 million, or 21.3% and an increase in

general and administrative expenses of €34.7 million, or 105.4%, each as described below.

For the year ended December 31, 2024, our total operating expenses were €185.4 million, as compared to

€132.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, an increase of €53.4 million, or 40%. This increase was

primarily due to an increase in research and development expenses of €43.4 million, or 42% and an increase in

general and administrative expenses of €11 million, or 47%, each as described below.

Sales and Marketing Expenses

Sales and marketing expenses consist primarily of personnel expenses, including share-based compensation

expenses, for employees engaged in sales and marketing activities, as well as consulting costs associated with

market research in preparation for our potential future sales and commercialization efforts in the U.S.

For the year ended December 31, 2025, our total sales and marketing expenses were €5.2 million, as compared

to €6.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, a decrease of €(0.8) million, or (13)%. The decrease is driven

by one-time costs of €1.8 million that were incurred in 2024 for our corporate re-branding, including its new

website, largely offset by an increase in personnel costs of €1.0 million, of which €0.3 million relate to employer

taxes and social contributions related to our AGAs, resulting predominantly from the increase in our share price

during the second half of 2025.

For the year ended December 31, 2024, our total sales and marketing expenses were €6.0 million as compared

to €6.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, a decrease of €(0.5) million, or (7)%. The decrease was

primarily driven by the reduction in the headcount of our Sales and Marketing department part-way through 2024.

Research and Development Expenses

The following table sets forth our research and development expenses by drug candidate and therapeutic

indication for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023.


(In thousands of euros) . . . . . . . . .	Year ended December 31, 2023	Year ended December 31, 2024	Year ended December 31, 2025	2024 vs 2023 Change	2025 vs 2024 Change
OBEFAZIMOD . . . . . . . . .	97,490	142,678	171,574	46%	20%
Ulcerative Colitis . . . . .	83,788	115,818	117,405	38%	1%
Crohn's Disease . . . . . .	2,735	7,354	17,554	169%	139%
Obefazimod Other Indications . . . . . . . . . .	169	474	4,596	181%	870%
Transversal Activities . .	10,798	19,032	32,018	76%	68%
Others . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .	5,686	3,854	6,187	(32)%	61%
Research and Development expenses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .	103,176	146,532	177,761	42%	21%

For the year ended December 31, 2025, our research and development expenses were €177.8 million, as

compared to €146.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, an increase of €31.2 million, or 21%. This

increase was primarily due to a €13.0 million, or 68%, increase in transversal activities related to increased

chemistry, manufacturing and controls ("CMC") and supply chain costs related to the progression of clinical trials

and anticipation of future commercial launch, a €10.2 million, or 139%, increase in expenses related to our CD

clinical program, resulting from the progression of our Phase 2b CD trial, a €1.6 million, or 1%, increase in expenses

related to our UC clinical program resulting from our continued progression of our UC clinical program and the

Phase 3 induction trials data read-out during the second half of 2025, and a €4.1 million, or 870%, increase in

expenses related to new indications (including the combination therapy) for obefazimod. In addition, a sharp rise in

employer tax and social contributions related to our stock-based compensation ("AGAs"), in turn predominantly

attributable to the increase in our share price during the second half of 2025, contributed to the overall increase in

research and development expenses across all destinations for the year ended December 31, 2025 as compared to

year ended December 31, 2024, in an amount of €20.1 million.

For the year ended December 31, 2024, our research and development expenses were €146.5 million, as

compared to €103.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, an increase of €43.4 million, or 42%. This

increase was primarily due to a €32.0 million, or 38%, increase in expenses related to our UC clinical program,

driven by the progression of Phase 3 clinical trials for obefazimod in UC (where Phase 3 clinical trial costs were

significantly higher than in Phase 2), a €8.2 million, or 76%, increase in transversal activities related to the overall

expansion of the research and development headcount to support our organizational growth and the issuance of new

equity awards to officers and employees in research and development and a €4.6 million increase in expenses related

to our CD clinical program, driven by planning costs incurred for the Phase 2b CD trial.

General and Administrative Expenses

The following table sets forth our operating expenses for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025.


(In thousands of euros)	Year ended December 31, 2023	Year ended December 31, 2024	Year ended December 31, 2025	2024 vs 2023 Change	2025 vs 2024 Change
Personnel costs . . . . . . . . . . .	13,104	19,434	52,817	48%	172%
Consulting and professional fees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .	6,393	7,990	9,984	25%	25%
Other general and administrative expenses . . . .	2,893	5,522	4,870	91%	(12)%
General and administrative expenses . . .	22,390	32,946	67,670	47%	105%

For the year ended December 31, 2025, our general and administrative expenses were €67.7 million, as

compared to €32.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, an increase of €34.7 million, or 105%. This

increase was primarily due to an increase in personnel costs of €33.4 million, or 172%, mainly explained by the

increase in employer taxes and social contributions related to our AGAs by €27.3 million resulting predominantly

from the increase in our share price during the second half of 2025 and to a lesser degree by an increase in

consulting and professional fees of €2.0 million, or 25%, driven by an increase in legal and professional fees and

costs associated with building our infrastructure to support future growth in our operations.

For the year ended December 31, 2024, our general and administrative expenses were €32.9 million, as

compared to €22.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, an increase of €10.6 million, or 47%. This

increase was primarily due to an increase in personnel costs of €6.3 million, or 48%. This increase in personnel costs

represents the full year impact of the build out of our G&A organization (increased headcount and equity-based

compensation costs) which started in late 2023 to support the expansion of the company, as well as increased legal

and professional fees and other costs associated with operating as a dual-listed public company.

Operating Income (Loss)

For the year ended December 31, 2025, our operating loss was €246.1 million, as compared to an operating

loss of €173.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, an increase of €73.1 million, or 42%. This increase

was primarily due to an increase of €31.2 million in research and development expenses and an increase of

€34.7 million in general and administrative expenses. There expenses were offset, to a lesser degree, by a €(0.8)

million decrease in sales and marketing expenses.

For the year ended December 31, 2024, our operating loss was €173.0 million, as compared to an operating

loss of €127.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, an increase of €45.6 million, or 36%. This increase

was primarily due to an increase of €43.4 million in research and development expenses and an increase of €10.6

million in general and administrative expenses. These expenses were offset, to a lesser degree, by a €(0.5) million

decrease in sales and marketing expenses.

Financial Income (Loss)

For the year ended December 31, 2025, our financial loss was €84.2 million, as compared to a financial loss of

€3.3 million and a €20.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

For the year ended December 31, 2025, our financial loss was mainly driven by (i) increases in the fair values

of the senior convertible notes (the "Heights Convertible Notes") issued pursuant to the subscription agreement

entered into in August 2023 with entities affiliated with Heights Capital Management (the "Heights Financing") and

the warrants issued in August 2023 to Kreos Capital and Claret European Growth Capital (the “Kreos / Claret

BSA") of €36.0 million and €29.9 million, respectively (predominantly driven by the increase in our share price and

the remeasurement of these instruments prior to their conversion into ordinary shares), (ii) foreign exchange losses

of €13.4 million (including the €9.6 million non-cash impact of the revaluation of U.S. dollar-denominated cash and

cash equivalents as of December 31, 2025), (iii) interests of €17.2 million in relation to our royalty certificates, (iv)

interest expenses of €11.1 million in relation to the first tranche of senior secured convertible bonds with warrants

attached in the Kreos / Claret Financing (the “Kreos / Claret OCABSA”), the second and third tranches of senior

secured bonds in the Kreos / Claret Financing and the senior convertible notes in the Heights Financing (the

"Heights Convertible Notes") and (v) a €3.8 million loss on derecognition on the Kreos / Claret Tranches B and C.

These costs were partially offset mainly by (i) foreign exchange gains of €11.9 million (including the €10.7

million gain related to our July 2025 Nasdaq Offering), (ii) interest income of €5.6 million and fair value changes of

€4.7 million in relation to the invested proceeds from our U.S. initial public offering and listing on Nasdaq and (iii) a

decrease in derivatives fair value by €3.6 million.

For the year ended December 31, 2024, our financial loss was mainly driven by (i) interest expenses of €11.5

million in relation to the first tranche of senior secured convertible bonds with warrants attached in the Kreos /

Claret Financing (the “Kreos / Claret OCABSA”), the second and third tranches of senior secured bonds in the

Kreos / Claret Financing (drawn on March 28, 2024 and June 21, 2024, respectively) and the senior convertible

notes in the Heights Financing (the "Heights Convertible Notes"), (ii) a €1.5 million increase in the fair value of the

Kreos / Claret Minimum Return Indemnifications and (iii) transaction costs amounting to €1.6 million.

These costs were partially offset mainly by (i) an interest income of €8.2 million in relation to the invested

proceeds from our U.S. initial public offering and listing on Nasdaq, and (ii) foreign exchange gains of €2.7 million

(including the €1.7 million non-cash impact of the revaluation of U.S. dollar-denominated cash and cash equivalents

as of December 31, 2024).

For the year ended December 31, 2023, our net financial loss was mainly driven by (i) interest expenses of

€3.9 million in relation to the Kreos / Claret OCABSA and the Heights Convertible Notes, (ii) a €8.9 million

expense in relation to our royalty certificates, a (iii) €3.0 million increase in the fair value of derivatives, transaction

costs amounting to €1.9 million, (iv) a net €3.2 million loss on derecognition of the OCEANE bonds and the

recognition of the Heights convertible notes, and (v) and foreign exchange losses of €5.6 million (including the €3.2

million non-cash impact of the year-end revaluation of U.S. dollar-denominated cash and cash equivalents).

These costs were partially offset by (i) an interest income of €2.4 million in relation to the invested proceeds

from our U.S. initial public offering and listing on Nasdaq, (ii) a decrease in the fair value of the Heights

Convertible Notes by €3.2 million and a (iii) decrease in derivatives fair value by €1.0 million.

Income Taxes

For the year ended December 31, 2025, our deferred income tax charge was €(5.8) million, as compared to

€— for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023.

This increase is explained by the net deferred tax liability of €5.8 million recognized in our consolidated

statements of financial position as of December 31, 2025.

The deferred tax liability resulted from the significant taxable temporary difference arising from our royalty

certificates as of December 31, 2025, which in turn resulted from the difference between (i) the amount already

deducted from our taxable income as of December 31, 2025 (based on the certificates' fair value minus their

subscription price) and (ii) the amount of the related financial liability recognized in our Statements of Financial

Position at that date (measured at amortized cost using the original effective interest rate).

Further explanation on the calculation of the deferred tax liability is disclosed in Note 22 to our financial

statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2025, appearing elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 20-

The deferred tax expense is non-cash for the year ended December 31, 2025.

Net Loss

For the year ended December 31, 2025, our net loss for the period was €336.1 million, as compared to

€176.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, an increase of €159.9 million, or 91%.

For the year ended December 31, 2024, our net loss for the period was €176.2 million, as compared to

€147.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, an increase of €28.5 million, or 19%.

B.Liquidity and Capital Resources

Sources of Liquidity

We have incurred substantial operating losses since inception and expect to continue to incur significant

operating losses for the foreseeable future and may never become profitable. For the years ended December 31,

2025, 2024 and 2023, we reported net losses of €336.1 million, €176.2 million and €147.7 million, respectively. As

of December 31, 2025, we carried forward accumulated tax losses of €912.9 million.

Since inception, we have financed our operations primarily through the issuance of ordinary shares, as well as

bank borrowings and loans, receipt of research tax credits and subsidiaries, and sales of royalty certificates, for gross

aggregate proceeds of €1,194.7 million, of which €130.0 million of gross proceeds were from our offerings of

ordinary shares on Euronext Paris in February 2023, €223.3 million of gross proceeds were from our offering of

ordinary shares in the form of ADSs on the Nasdaq Global Market in our U.S. initial public offering as well as

ordinary shares in Europe (including France) and countries outside of the United States in a concurrent private

placement in October 2023, €637.5 million of gross proceeds were from our offering of ordinary shares in the form

of ADSs on the Nasdaq Global Market in the July 2025 Nasdaq Offering, bank borrowings and structured loans of

€175.0 million, reimbursements of CIR in an amount of €41.2 million, subsidies received from Bpifrance (including

€21.3 million of subsidies and €1.8 million of conditional advances) and royalty certificates in an amount of

€2.9 million.

In addition, on November 19, 2024, we entered into an equity distribution agreement with Piper Sandler & Co.

(“Piper Sandler”) allowing us to issue and sell from time to time, in one or more "at the market" offerings through

Piper Sandler acting as sales agent, ordinary shares in the form of ADSs, with aggregate gross sales proceeds of up

to $150.0 million (the "ATM Program"). To date, we have not sold any ADSs pursuant to the ATM Program.

Based on our existing cash and cash equivalents and other short-term investments of €530.4 million as of

December 31, 2025, we expect, as of the date of issuance of the consolidated financial statements included in this

Annual Report on Form 20-F, to be able to fund our forecasted cash flow requirements into the fourth quarter of

2027, allowing us to reach 12 months of expected cash runway following the planned new drug application ("NDA")

submission of obefazimod for UC, assuming positive results from its Phase 3 maintenance trial. Our forecasted cash

flow requirements take into account our assumption of continued R&D expenditure related to the continuation of the

Phase 3 clinical trials of obefazimod in UC, progression of the Phase 2b clinical trials for CD and the initial stages of

the scale up of the commercial organization as we prepare for a potential launch of obefazimod in UC.

Based on the above, management has concluded that its existing cash, cash equivalents and other short-term

investments are sufficient to fund its operating and capital expenditure requirements for a period greater than 12

months from the date of issuance of the financial statements accompanying this annual report, and the

accompanying financial statements have been prepared on a going concern basis.

Capital Increases

Our operations have been financed primarily by capital increases from our founders and investors, net

proceeds from the initial public offering of our ordinary shares on Euronext Paris in France in 2015, and additional

follow-on capital increases, including the initial public offering of our ordinary shares in the form of ADSs on the

Nasdaq Global Market in 2023 and our July 2025 Nasdaq Offering. We have not yet commercialized any of our

drug candidates, which are in various phases of clinical development, and we do not expect to generate revenue from

sales of any products in 2026, if at all. Until such time as we can generate significant revenue from product sales, if

ever, we expect to finance our operations through the sale of equity, debt financings or other capital sources,

including potential collaborations with other companies or other strategic transactions.

The following table sets forth our main capital increases carried out during the years ended December 31,

2023, 2024 and 2025:


(In thousands of euros) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .	Gross proceeds amount
Capital increase from issuance of ordinary shares - February 23, 2023 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .	130,000
Initial Public Offering (Nasdaq) - October 24, 2023 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .	223,300
Capital increase from issuance of ordinary shares - July 24, 2025 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .	637,500

On March 1, 2023, we received gross proceeds of €130.0 million from the issuance of 20,000,000 ordinary

shares at a subscription price of €6.50 per share. The proceeds were primarily used to finance the progress of

obefazimod clinical trials in chronic inflammatory diseases and for general corporate purposes (research and

development expenses and loans maturities payments).

On October 24, 2023, we received gross proceeds of €223.3 million from the issuance of 20,325,500 ordinary

shares (including ordinary shares in the form of ADSs) at a price of €10.99 per share in connection with our U.S.

initial public offering. The proceeds were primarily used to finance the progress of obefazimod clinical trials in

chronic inflammatory diseases and for general corporate purposes (research and development expenses and loans

maturities payments).

On July 28, 2025, we received gross proceeds of €637.5 million from the issuance of 11,679,400 ADSs at a

price of $64.00 per ADS (corresponding to €54.58 per ordinary share, based on the exchange rate of €1.00 =

$1.1726 as published by the European Central Bank on July 23, 2025) in connection with our July 2025 Nasdaq

Offering. The proceeds were primarily used to finance the progress of obefazimod clinical trials in chronic

inflammatory diseases and for general corporate purposes (research and development expenses and loans maturities

payments).

Research Tax Credits

From our inception to December 31, 2025, we have benefited from refunds of CIRs in a total amount of €41.2

million. In November 2024, we received CIRs of €4.5 million with respect to the year ended December 31, 2023. In

June 2025, we received CIRs of €5.7 million with respect to the year ended December 31, 2024.

Bpifrance—Conditional Advances and Subsidies

We have received several conditional advances and subsidies from Bpifrance since our inception. Funds

received from Bpifrance in the form of conditional advances are recognized as financial liabilities, as we have a

contractual obligation to reimburse Bpifrance for such conditional advances in cash based on a repayment schedule.

Each award of an advance is made to help fund a specific development milestone. Subsidies are non-repayable

grants, which are recognized in the financial statements when there exists reasonable assurance that we will comply

with the conditions attached to the subsidies and the subsidies will be received.

The following table sets forth the funds received from Bpifrance as of December 31, 2025, in relation to

contracts that were ongoing or terminated during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2024:


		As of December 31, 2025
(In thousands of euros)	Contract status	Amount collected
Conditional advances .......................		€1,802
Carena (1) ..........................................	Stopped	€234
RNP-VIR (2) .......................................	Stopped	€1,178
Ebola .................................................	Stopped	€390
Subsidies ............................................		€5,875
Carena (1) ..........................................	Stopped	€3,140
RNP-VIR (2) .......................................	Stopped	€2,735
Ebola ..................................................	Stopped	€—

Total ...................................................		€7,677

(1)Following termination of the project due to technical failure in June 2024, the repayment of an amount of conditional advance of €2.0

million (excluding accrued interests) was waived by Bpifrance and therefore reclassified as a subsidy.

(2)Following the termination of the project due to technical failure in June 2024, the repayment of an amount of conditional advance of

€1.8 million (excluding accrued interests) was waived by Bpifrance and therefore reclassified as a subsidy.

Bpifrance—CARENA Contract

As part of the development of therapeutic and diagnostic solutions targeting alternative splicing and RNA

interference in the fields of virology (HIV-AIDS, HTLV-1) and metabolism (obesity), SPLICOS, which we acquired

in October 2014, entered into a Master Support Agreement and a conditional advance contract on December 2013

for the “CARENA” Strategic Industrial Innovation Project (“CARENA project”), with Bpifrance. Under this

contract, we were eligible to receive up to €3.8 million in conditional advances to develop a therapeutic HIV

treatment program with obefazimod. As of December 31, 2024, we had received €3.4 million of conditional

advances and subsidies.

In June 2024, the Company and Bpifrance agreed to terminate the project due to technical failure. Bpifrance

granted an additional amount of €1.1 million payable to the Company to reimburse additional expenses incurred as

part of the project, and agreed to waive 60% of the remaining conditional advance of €3.3 million and accrued

interests, for which we recognized a subsidy income of €2.3 million in the aggregate. We repaid the outstanding

amounts during the second half of 2024.

Bpifrance—RNP-VIR Contract

As part of the CARENA project, focused on the clinical development of a drug molecule and demonstrating

the validity of an innovative therapeutic approach targeting viral RNPs, we entered into a Master Support

Agreement with Bpifrance, as well as a beneficiary agreement dated March 21, 2017, with conditional advances for

the “RNP-VIR” structuring research and development project for competitiveness. Under the RNP-VIR contract, we

were eligible to receive up to €6.3 million in conditional advances to develop methods for the discovery of new

molecules for the treatment of viral infectious diseases through the development of the “Modulation of RNA

biogenesis” platform. As of December 31, 2024, we had received €3.9 million of conditional advances and

subsidies.

In June 2024, the Company and Bpifrance agreed to terminate the project due to technical failure. Bpifrance

claimed the reimbursement of €1.2 million corresponding to overpayments of conditional advances and subsidies

(for which we had not incurred the corresponding R&D expenses) and agreed to waive 60% of the remaining

advances of €3.0 million and accrued interests, for which the we recognized a subsidy income of €1.9 million in the

aggregate. We repaid the outstanding amounts during the second half of 2024.

Bpifrance—Ebola

The Bpifrance and Occitanie Region joint support agreement was entered into on June 2, 2017 and provides

for conditional advances for a total amount of €0.4 million (€0.1 million from the Languedoc Roussillon Midi

Pyrénées Region and €0.3 million from Bpifrance) for the Ebola program. All funds under this contract were

received. In September 2019, we terminated this program due to the imminent licensing of a competing vaccine for

this indication, as well as changes in the macroeconomic climate for public funding. The reimbursement of the

conditional advance was spread over the period from September 2019 to June 2024.

Indebtedness

For a description of material financing agreements, see "Item 10.C. Material Contracts."

Historical Changes in Cash Flows

The following table sets forth our cash inflows and outflows for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and

2025.


(In thousands of euros) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .	Year ended December 31, 2023	Year ended December 31, 2024	Year ended December 31, 2025	2024 vs 2023 Change	2025 vs 2024 Change
Net cash flows used in operating activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .	(97,130)	(154,072)	(161,129)	59%	5%
Net cash flows (used in) provided by investing activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .	(8,095)	15,762	(8,193)	(295)%	(152)%
Net cash flows provided by financing activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .	335,290	28,207	547,307	(92)%	1840%
Effect of movements in exchange rates on cash held . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .	(5,072)	2,382	(10,251)	(147)%	(530)%
Revaluation of cash equivalents measured at fair value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .	—	—	4,730	—%	—%
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .	224,992	(107,720)	372,464	(148)%	(446)%
Cash and cash equivalents at the beginning of the period . . . . . . . . . . . .	26,950	251,942	144,221	835%	(43)%
Cash and cash equivalents at the end of the period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .	251,942	144,221	516,685	(43)%	258%

Operating Activities

For the year ended December 31, 2025, cash used in operating activities was €(161.1) million, as compared to

€(154.1) million for the year ended December 31, 2024, a decrease of €7.1 million, or 5%.

For the year ended December 31, 2024, cash used in operating activities was €(154.1) million, as compared to

€(97.1) million for the year ended December 31, 2023, an increase of €(56.9) million, or 59%.

For the year ended December 31, 2025, cash used in operating activities was predominantly related to

payments for the progression of our UC and CD trials and personnel, legal, professional and infrastructure costs

associated with operating as a dual-listed public company. The increase was mostly driven by the increase in our

operating loss (as explained above), partly offset by changes in our working capital requirements, from €0.5 million

for the year ended December 31, 2024 to €4.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2025.

For the year ended December 31, 2024, cash used in operating activities is attributable to increased R&D

spend driven by the progression of the UC Phase 3 clinical trial and the initiation of the Phase 2b CD trial, the full

year impact of increased legal and professional fees and other infrastructure costs associated with operating as a

dual-listed public company and changes in working capital.

For the year ended December 31, 2023, cash used in operating activities is attributable to increased R&D

spend driven by the progression of the UC Phase 3 clinical trial, increased headcount to support the expansion of the

overall organization, including a newly created sales and marketing department, increased legal and professional

fees and other infrastructure costs associated with operating as a dual-listed public company and changes in working

capital.

Investing Activities

For the year ended December 31, 2025, cash used in investing activities was €8.2 million and was mainly due

to an investment in 9- and 12-month term deposits, partially offset by the interests received from our cash and cash

equivalents and short-term investments of €5.5 million.

For year ended December 31, 2024, cash from investing activities was €15.8 million and was mainly due to

the payment of the our 6-month term deposit of €9.0 million and from interests received from cash, cash equivalents

and short-term investments of €8.2 million.

For the year ended December 31, 2023, cash used in investing activities was €8.1 million and was mainly due

to a €9.0 million investment in a 6-month term deposit and the payment of additional long-term CRO advances

amounting to €1.6 million, partially offset by interests received amounting to €2.4 million.

Financing Activities

For the year ended December 31, 2025, cash from financing activities was €547.3 million, which mainly

consisted of net proceeds from our July 2025 Nasdaq Offering of €607.2 million as well as cash received from

exercises of share warrants of €5.8 million, partially offset by debt repayments of €59.6 million (of which €2.1

million related to tranche A of the Kreos / Claret Financing and €53.9 million related to tranches B and C (of which

€33.8 million correspond to the full prepayment of the outstanding balance and related fees as of December 23,

2025), €2.2 million related to the Heights convertible notes and €2.5 million related to the State-guaranteed loan

(Prêt garanti par l'Etat, or "PGE")), and interest payments of €6.5 million.

For the year ended December 31, 2024, cash from financing activities was €28.2 million, which mainly

consisted of drawdowns on tranche B (in an amount of €25 million) and tranche C (in an amount of €25 million) of

the senior secured non-convertible bonds from the Kreos / Claret Financing, net of disbursed transaction costs and

deposits (in an amount of €2.6 million in the aggregate), partially offset by repayments of €13.2 million (of which

€8.8 million related to the Heights convertible notes and €2.7 million related to conditional advances) and interest

payments of €7.7 million.

For the year ended December 31, 2023, cash from financing activities was €335.3 million, which consisted of

net proceeds from our offering of ordinary shares on Euronext Paris of €123.3 million (after deducting transaction

costs of €6.7 million), net proceeds from our offering of ordinary shares and ADSs of €202.0 million (after

deducting transaction costs of €21.3 million) from our U.S. initial public offering and listing on Nasdaq and

concurrent private placement (after deducting transaction costs and underwriting commissions of €28.1 million), net

proceeds from the August 2023 drawdown of the first tranches of the Kreos / Claret Financing and the Heights

Financing, collectively amounting to €27.2 million (net of repayments of all outstanding amounts that remained due

under the 2018 venture loan agreement with Kreos Capital ("First KC Agreement"), the 2020 bonds issue agreement

with Kreos Capital ("Second KC Agreement") and the OCEANE bonds), partially offset by repayments under the

notes issued under the First KC Agreement and Second KC Agreement (in an amount of €5.0 million), PGE (in an

amount of €1.3 million) and interest paid (in an amount of €5.3 million).

Material Cash Requirements

Contractual Obligations and Loans

The following table sets forth aggregate information about material contractual obligations as of December 31,

2025.

The commitment amounts in the table below are associated with contracts that are enforceable and legally

binding and that specify all significant terms, including fixed or minimum services to be used, fixed, minimum or

variable price provisions, and the approximate timing of the actions under the contracts. Future events could cause

actual payments to differ from these estimates. All amounts except the retirement benefits in the table below are

presented gross and are undiscounted.


	As of December 31, 2025	As of December 31, 2025	As of December 31, 2025
	Less than	More than
(In thousands of euros) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .	1 year	1 year	Total
Lease obligations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .	1,340	566	1,906
Retirement benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .	—	627	627
Off-balance sheet obligations . . . . . . . . .	205,131	—	205,131
Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .	206,471	1,193	207,664

In the ordinary course of our business, we regularly use the services of subcontractors and enter into research

and partnership arrangements with various CROs and with public-sector partners or subcontractors, who conduct

clinical trials and studies in relation to the drug candidates. Off-balance sheet obligations in the table above are

commitments related to these research and partnership agreements. They are classified at less than one year maturity

in the absence of a fixed schedule in contracts, in case of multiple-year contracts, such as CRO contracts. CRO

contracts include payments that are conditional to the completion of future development milestones. The majority of

the commitments with our CROs are cancellable under certain circumstances such as insolvency, study put on hold

by competent authorities, breach in regulations or negligence in the provision of the services.

Our material cash requirements in the above table do not include potential future royalty payments related to

the royalty certificates, amounting to 2% of the future net sales of obefazimod (worldwide and for all indications).

The amount of royalties that may be paid under the royalty certificates is capped at €172.0 million in the aggregate.

Royalty payments are expected to take place before the expiry date of the certificates, which is 15 years after their

issuance date (September 2, 2037).

As of December 31, 2025, our contractual obligations were €207.7 million comprising off-balance sheet

obligations of €205.1 million with respect to purchase obligations, lease obligations of €1.9 million and retirement

benefits obligations of €0.6 million.

Operating Capital and Capital Expenditures Requirements

We have incurred substantial operating losses since inception and expect to continue to incur significant

operating losses for the foreseeable future and may never become profitable. For the year ended December 31, 2025,

we recorded a net loss of €336.1 million. Until such time as we can generate significant revenue from product sales,

if ever, we expect to continue to finance our operations from the sale of additional equity or debt financings, or other

capital which comes in the form of strategic collaborations, licensing, or other arrangements.

Our present and future funding requirements will depend on many factors, including, among other things:

•the size, progress, timing, and completion of our preclinical studies and clinical trials;

•the number of potential new drug candidates we identify and decide to develop;

•the costs involved in filing patent applications and maintaining and enforcing patents or defending

against claims or infringements raised by third parties;

•the time and costs involved in obtaining regulatory approval for our drug candidates and any delays we

may encounter as a result of evolving regulatory requirements or adverse results with respect to any of

these drug candidates;

•selling and marketing activities undertaken in connection with the anticipated commercialization of

obefazimod and any other current or future drug candidates and costs involved in the creation of an

effective sales and marketing organization;

•the amount of revenue, if any, we may derive either directly or in the form of milestones or royalty

payments from our existing or future partnership or collaboration agreements; and

•the severity, duration and impact of the Russia/Ukraine war, which may continue to adversely impact

our business and clinical trials.

See “Risk Factors—Risks Related to our Financial Position and Need for Additional Capital” for additional

risks associated with our substantial capital requirements.

C.Research and Development, Patents and Licenses, Etc.

For a discussion of our research and development activities, see “Item 4.B—Business Overview” and “Item

5.A—Operating Results.”

D.Trend Information

For a discussion of trends, see “Item 4.B—Business Overview,” “Item 5.A—Operating Results” and “Item

5.B—Liquidity and Capital Resources.”

E.Critical Accounting Estimates

100

Our audited financial statements as of, and for the years ended, December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023 were

prepared in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards (“IFRS”), as issued by the International

Accounting Standards Board (“IASB”), and IFRS as adopted by the European Union ("EU") regulation n°1606/2022

of July 19, 2022.

A description of accounting policies and estimates along with a description of the recently-issued accounting

pronouncements that may potentially impact our financial position and results of operations is disclosed in Notes 4

and 2 respectively to our financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2025, appearing elsewhere

in this Annual Report on Form 20-F. We applied the amendment to IAS 21 The Effects of Changes in Foreign

Exchange Rates – Lack of Exchangeability that is effective as of December 31, 2025.

We did not have to change our accounting policies or make retrospective adjustments as a result of adopting

this standard. The impacts resulting from the application of this amendment are described in Note 2 to our financial

statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2025, appearing elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 20-

We did not elect for early application of the new standards, amendments and interpretations, which were

issued but not mandatory as of December 31, 2025. Our assessment of the impacts resulting from the application of

these recently issued accounting pronouncements is described in Note 2 to our financial statements as of and for the

year ended December 31, 2025, appearing elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 20-F.

101

Item 6.Directors, Senior Management and Employees

A.Directors and Senior Management

The following table sets forth the name, age and position of each of our executive officers and directors as of

the date of this Annual Report on Form 20-F. The business address of our executive officers and directors is our

principal executive offices located at 7-11 boulevard Haussmann, 75009 Paris, France.


Name	Age	Position(s)
Executive Officers

Marc de Garidel ..........................	68	Chief Executive Officer and Director
Didier Blondel ............................	63	Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer and Board Secretary
Fabio Cataldi ...............................	59	Chief Medical Officer

Directors*

Sylvie Grégoire ...........................	64	Board Chair, Independent Director, Chair of the Nomination and Governance Committee, Member of the Audit Committee
June Lee ......................................	60	Independent Director, Chair of the Remuneration Committee, Chair of the Science and Clinical Committee
Troy Ignelzi ................................	58	Independent Director, Chair of the Audit Committee, Member of the Remuneration Committee
Corinna zur Bonsen-Thomas ......	66	Independent Director, Member of the Audit Committee, Member of Nomination and Governance Committee
Camilla Soenderby ......................	54	Independent Director, Chair of the Commercial Committee, Member of the Remuneration Committee, Member of the Science and Clinical Committee, Member of the Nomination and Governance Committee
Dominik Höchli ..........................	58	Independent Director, Member of the Science and Clinical Committee, Member of the Commercial Committee

*Independence criteria assessed in accordance with the definition provided in the Middlenext Code of Corporate

Governance. Marc de Garidel is also a director but is listed with the Executive Officers.

Executive Officers

Marc de Garidel has served as our Chief Executive Officer since May 5, 2023 and Interim Chairman of the

Board from May 5, 2023 to July 2024. He is currently the Chief Executive Officer and member of our Board and has

more than 40 years of experience in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology sector, including 12 years of experience

as Chief Executive Officer of pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies. Between July 2021 and April 2023, he

served as Chief Executive Officer of CinCor Pharma and led its successful sale for up to $1.8 billion, subject to the

achievement of certain milestones, to AstraZeneca in February 2023. Between September 2020 and May 2021,

Mr. de Garidel served as Chief Executive Officer of AZTherapies. From April 2018 until August 2020, he was Chief

Executive Officer of Corvidia Therapeutics and led its sale to Novo Nordisk for $2.1 billion in total consideration.

Mr. de Garidel was the Chief Executive Officer of Ipsen between November 2010 and July 2016, overseeing the

development of its U.S. presence. Prior to that, he worked for Amgen and Eli Lilly in jobs of increasing

responsibilities and in various markets, including the United States and Europe. Mr. de Garidel has served as

chairman of the board of directors of Ipsen since 2010 and has been a member of the board of directors of Claris Bio

since 2020. He holds a degree in Civil Engineering from the Ecole des Travaux Publics in Paris, a Master’s degree

in International Management from Thunderbird Global School Management and an executive MBA from Harvard

Business School. We believe that Mr. de Garidel is qualified to serve on our Board because of his experience as an

executive and member of the boards of companies in the life sciences industry.

Didier Blondel has served as our Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer and Board Secretary since

January 2017. From January 2012 to December 2016, he was Chief Financial Officer at Sanofi Pasteur MSD, a

Lyon-based joint-venture between Sanofi and Merck and a European leader in human vaccines. Prior to that, over a

102

20-year period, Mr. Blondel held a wide range of senior finance positions at Sanofi, in Commercial Operations and

then research and development, where he became global research and development Chief Financial Officer. He

started his career as an auditor at PricewaterhouseCoopers, after graduating with a Master’s degree in Business and

Administration from the Commercial Institute of Nancy, a leading French business school. Mr. Blondel also holds a

Master’s degree in Finance and Accounting from Nancy II University, as well as a Graduate Diploma in Finance and

Accounting.

Fabio Cataldi has served as our Chief Medical Officer since July 2024. Dr. Cataldi has over 20 years of

experience in the development and commercialization of innovative therapies. He brings deep clinical, medical and

scientific knowledge and expertise in immunology and gastroenterology, having served in senior research and

development roles at Arena Pharmaceuticals, AbbVie, Shire, Pfizer, Biogen and Novartis. Most recently, he held the

role of CMO at Landos Biopharma until the successful sale to AbbVie. Dr. Cataldi currently manages our clinical

operations, clinical development, pharmacovigilance and medical affairs. Dr. Cataldi holds an M.D. in Medicine and

Surgery from the Seconda Università degli Studi di Napoli.

Directors

Sylvie Grégoire has served as Chair of our Board and independent director since July 2024. Dr. Grégoire is a

distinguished pharmaceutical and biotech executive with over 30 years in international leadership roles. Her

expertise encompasses late-stage development, financial raises and commercial expansion. Dr. Grégoire is the Co-

Founder and was Executive Chair of the Board at EIP Pharma Inc., based in Boston, MA. Under her leadership, EIP

Pharma transitioned into CervoMed, a publicly listed company on NASDAQ (CRVO), developing the first disease-

modifying treatment for Dementia with Lewy Bodies. Dr. Grégoire has previously served on the board of Cubist,

Glycofi, Vifor Pharma, Revvity, Novo Nordisk and chaired the board of IDM Pharma, Corvidia and CervoMed. Dr.

Grégoire is currently a member of the board of CervoMed and F2G Ltd. Dr. Grégoire holds a Science College

degree from Séminaire de Sherbrooke in Canada, a BA in Pharmacy from Laval University in Canada, and a

Pharmacy Doctorate degree from the State University of New York at Buffalo. We believe that Dr. Grégoire is

qualified to serve on our Board because of her experience as an executive and member of the boards of companies in

the life sciences industry.

June Lee has served as one of our independent directors since July 2023. Dr. Lee has served as a venture

partner at 5AM Venture Management, LLC since July 2022. Dr. Lee was most recently Founder and Chief

Executive Officer of Esker Therapeutics until September 2021. Dr. Lee previously served as the Executive Vice

President and Chief Development Officer of MyoKardia, Inc. from January 2019 to June 2020, and was the Chief

Operating Officer from February 2017 until January 2019, and the Chief Development Officer from October 2017 to

January 2019. From April 2011 until February 2017, Dr. Lee served on the faculty of the University of California,

San Francisco, or UCSF, where she was director of the Catalyst program at the Clinical and Translational Science

Institute and a professor in the School of Medicine, and was responsible for overall strategy and operations for

enabling and supporting translational research at the university. Catalyst is an internal UCSF accelerator for

therapeutics, devices, diagnostics, and digital health technologies. Prior to UCSF, Dr. Lee was a disease area lead,

early clinical development, at Genentech, Inc. from 2006 to 2011, where she was responsible for all strategy and

activities as well as management of staff, budget, and resource allocation in the early clinical development group in

multiple therapeutic areas. Dr. Lee served as a Medical Director in the clinical development group at Genentech, Inc.

from 2004 to 2006, where she was responsible for clinical activities for licensed product of the company. She

currently serves on Johns Hopkins University Center for Therapeutic Translation’s Advisory Board, serves on the

board of directors of Tenaya Therapeutics Inc, Eledon Pharmaceuticals Inc. and GenEdit, is a member of the

Scientific Advisory Board for Foresite Labs, and previously served as a member of the board of directors of CinCor

Pharma, Inc. and Renasant Bio. Dr. Lee holds a B.A. in chemistry from Johns Hopkins University and an M.D. from

the University of California, Davis. We believe that Dr. Lee is qualified to serve on our Board because of her

experience as an investor and member of the boards of companies in the life sciences industry.

Troy Ignelzi has served as one of our independent directors since July 2023. Mr. Ignelzi has served as the

Chief Financial Officer of Rapport Therapeutics, Inc. since October 2023. Prior to that, Mr. Ignelzi served as the

Chief Financial Officer of Karuna Therapeutics, Inc. from March 2019 to October 2023 until its sale to Bristol

Myers Squibb. Prior to his position at Karuna Therapeutics, Mr. Ignelzi was the Chief Financial Officer of

scPharmaceuticals Inc. from March 2016 to February 2019, and provided consulting services to scPharmaceuticals

Inc. in February and March 2016. Mr. Ignelzi previously served as Chief Financial Officer and as a member of the

executive leadership teams at Juventas Therapeutics Inc., a privately held biotechnology company, from October

2014 to February 2016. From October 2013 to October 2014, Mr. Ignelzi served as Senior Vice President—

Operations and Business Development of Pharmalex GmbH. Prior to Pharmalex, Mr. Ignelzi was Vice President—

Business Development at Esperion Therapeutics, Inc., a public pharmaceutical company, from January 2009 to

September 2013. Mr. Ignelzi served as Vice President, Business Development & Strategic Planning at Insys

Therapeutics, Inc., a specialty pharmaceutical company, from February 2007 to February 2009. Previously, Mr.

Ignelzi had served as a specialty senior sales representative at Eli Lilly from February 2002 to August 2005. Mr.

Ignelzi currently serves as a member of the board of directors of Contineum Therapeutics, Inc. and previously

served as a member of the board of directors of CinCor Pharma, Inc. and Vedanta Biosciences, Inc. Mr. Ignelzi has a

103

B.S. in accounting from Ferris State University. We believe that Mr. Ignelzi is qualified to serve on our Board

because of his experience as an executive and member of the boards of companies in the life sciences industry.

Corinna zur Bonsen-Thomas served as our Chair between August 2022 and May 2023 and has served as one

of our independent directors since June 2017. Since April 2020, Ms. zur Bonsen-Thomas has held the position of

Managing Director and Chief Executive Officer of RetInSight GmbH, a company which she co-founded in

April 2020 and specializes in ophthalmic imaging. Ms. zur Bonsen-Thomas was General Counsel for Smart

Reporting GmbH from February 2017 to December 2022. From 1999 to 2015, she served as a member of the

Supervisory Board of Baxter AG, an Austrian company. She has more than thirty years of international professional

experience in the pharmaceutical, biopharmaceutical, medical and biotechnology industries. Ms. zur Bonsen-

Thomas received her First Law State Examination from Ludwig Maximilian Universitaet and her Second Law State

Examination from the Bavarian Ministry of Justice. We believe that Ms. zur Bonsen-Thomas is qualified to serve on

our Board because of her extensive professional experience in the life sciences industry.

Camilla Soenderby has served as one of our independent directors since March 2024. She brings 25 years of

international leadership experience from leading biopharma companies in Europe, the US, and Asia. Currently, Ms.

Soenderby is a member of the Board of Directors for the investment company BB Biotech and the biotech company,

F2G, and previously served on the Board of Directors of the biotechnology company Affibody. In addition, she is a

member of Novo Holdings Advisory Group and industrial advisor for the private equity group EQT. Formally, Ms.

Soenderby was a corporate officer at Takeda leading global portfolio commercialization in her role as Chief Patient

Value and Product Strategy Officer for Takeda Pharmaceutical Co Ltd. Ms. Soenderby led and oversaw Global

Product Strategy at Shire until its acquisition by Takeda. Prior to joining Shire, Ms. Soenderby was Region Head for

Roche Pharma with profit and loss responsibility for 11 countries in Europe. Prior to that, she worked as General

Manager for Abbott (now AbbVie), first for Sweden and later for the United Kingdom. She also held several

operational and strategic roles of increasing responsibility at Schering Plough in Asia Pacific, including General

Manager for Taiwan. Ms. Soenderby began her career as a management consultant at McKinsey & Company

focusing on the healthcare industries. Ms. Soenderby holds a Master's degree from the University of Copenhagen.

We believe that Ms. Soenderby is qualified to serve on our Board because of her extensive experience as an

executive and as a member of the boards of companies in the life sciences industry.

Dominik Höchli has served as one of our independent directors since April 2025. He is a member of both the

Clinical and Science Committee as well as the Commercial Committee. Dr. Höchli brings over two decades of

leadership experience in global biopharma, most notably a 20-year tenure at AbbVie/Abbott, where he served as

Vice President of Global Marketing for Immunology and later as Head of Global Medical Affairs. In addition to his

experience at AbbVie, Dr. Höchli served as Interim CEO of Catapult Therapeutics, a hematology-oncology

company, from 2021 to 2024. He is also the founder of Abinode, a pharmaceutical strategy consulting firm, and

currently serves on the Board of Directors at Molecular Partners AG, where he is a member of both the Audit

Committee and the Research & Development Committee. Dr. Höchli received his medical degree (M.D.) from the

University of Bern in Switzerland. We believe Dr. Höchli is qualified to serve on our Board because of his extensive

experience as an executive and as a member of the boards of companies in the life sciences industry.

Family Relationships

There are no family relationships among any of our executive officers or directors.

104

B.Compensation

Compensation of Chief Executive Officer

The following table sets out the compensation awarded to our Chief Executive Officer in the applicable

period:


	Year ended December 31,
	2024	2025
	(€)	(€)
Marc de Garidel—Chief Executive Officer from May 5, 2023 and Chairman from May 5, 2023 until July 11, 2024
Fixed compensation ...................................................................................	577,500	600,600
Variable annual compensation(1) (2) .............................................................	—	300,300
Variable multi-year compensation .............................................................	—	—
Exceptional variable compensation ...........................................................	—	150,150
Remuneration allocated due to mandate as director .................................	—	—
Benefits in kind ...........................................................................................	53,442	97,264

Total ..........................................................................................................	630,942	1,148,314

(1)Variable compensation paid for the financial year corresponds to the amount due for the previous year.

(2) Variable annual compensation for 2024 has be granted under an equity plan in 2025.

The aggregate compensation paid and benefits in-kind granted by us to our current executive officers and

directors, including share-based compensation and vestings, for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 were

€24.8 million and €19.1 million, respectively. For both years, we did not allocate any amounts to be set aside or

accrued to provide pension, retirement or similar benefits to our directors or executive officers.

Compensation of Directors

The following table sets out the compensation awarded to our directors other than our Chief Executive Officer

during the year ended December 31, 2025:


Name	Gross Fees Earned (€)
Sylvie Grégoire(1) ...................................................................................................	143,750
June Lee ..................................................................................................................	127,500
Troy Ignelzi ............................................................................................................	128,750
Corinna zur Bonsen-Thomas ..................................................................................	115,000
Sofinnova Partners (permanent representative to the Board: Kinam Hong)(2) .......	—
Camilla Soenderby ..................................................................................................	118,750
Dominik Höchli(3) ...................................................................................................	86,250
Total .......................................................................................................................	720,000

(1) Sylvie Gregoire was appointed chair of the Board in June 2025.

(2) Sofinnova Partners resigned from the Board effective March 19, 2026.

(3) Dominik Höchli was appointed to the Board in June 2025.

106

(1)Acquisition Periods shall be as follows:

•For 212,738 Free Shares 2023-1: the Acquisition Period shall end on the first (1st) anniversary of the

allocation date;

•For 638,214 Free Shares 2023-1: the Free Shares 2023-1 shall progressively be definitively acquired

on a monthly basis over a period of three (3) years starting after the first (1st) anniversary of the

allocation date (i.e. 17,728 Free Shares 2023-1 per month except for the last month of the three-year

period where 17,734 Free Shares 2023-1 shall be acquired). The duration of the Acquisition Period of

these Free Shares 2023-1 shall be calculated accordingly;

•For 212,738 Free Shares 2023-1: the Acquisition Period shall end on the latest date between (i) the

first (1st) anniversary of the allocation date, and (ii) the date on which a specific performance

condition is fulfilled (condition 1);

•For 106,369 Free Shares 2023-1: the Acquisition Period shall end on the latest date between (i) the

first (1st) anniversary of the allocation date, and (ii) the date on which a specific performance

condition is fulfilled (condition 2);

•For 106,369 Free Shares 2023-1: the Acquisition Period shall end on the latest date between (i) the

first (1st) anniversary of the allocation date, and (ii) the date on which a specific performance

condition is fulfilled (condition 3);

•For 106,368 Free Shares 2023-1: the Acquisition Period shall end on the first (1st) anniversary of the

allocation date subject to the completion, prior to such date, of a specific performance condition

(condition 4).

(2) Acquisition Periods shall be as follows:

• For 50% of the Free Shares (rounded down to the closest unit): the Acquisition Period shall end on the

second (2nd) anniversary of the allocation date;

• For 25% of the Free Shares (rounded down to the closest unit): the Acquisition Period shall end on the

third (3rd) anniversary of the allocation date;

• For the remainder of the Free Shares: the Acquisition Period shall end on the fourth (4th) anniversary

of the allocation date.

(3) Acquisition Periods shall be as follows:

• For 230,500 of the Free Shares 2025-1 (rounded down to the closest unit): the Acquisition Period

shall end on the second (2nd) anniversary of the allocation date;

• For 115,250 of the Free Shares 2025-1 (rounded down to the closest unit): the Acquisition Period

shall end on the third (3rd) anniversary of the allocation date;

• For 115,250 of the Free Shares 2025-1: the Acquisition Period shall end on the fourth (4th)

anniversary of the allocation date.

• For 475,000 of the Free Shares 2025-1: the shares will be definitively acquired on the latest date

between (i) February 6, 2027 and (ii) the date on which a specific performance condition is fulfilled.

Provisions or Allocations to Pay Pensions, Retirement or Other Benefits for Directors and Management

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2025, none of the amounts set aside or accrued to provide pension,

retirement or similar benefits to our employees was attributable to our administrative, supervisory or management

bodies. We have not set aside any provisions to pay pensions, retirement and other benefits for corporate directors.

The directors’ compensation does not include any profit-sharing plans.

Employment Agreements

We have entered into employment agreements with each of our executive officers, except for our Chief

Executive Officer, who is a corporate officer (mandataire social) with whom we have entered into a management

contract. We have also entered into a management contract with Ms. Sylvie Grégoire.

Our Chief Executive Officer has been appointed for a term lasting until the end of the Board meeting

following the general meeting of shareholders held to approve the financial statements for the year ending December

31, 2026. He was also appointed as Chairman of the Board for a term lasting until the end of the Board meeting

following the general meeting of shareholders held to approve the financial statements for the year ending December

31, 2024; however, Mr. de Garidel resigned from his office as Chairman of the Board on July 11, 2024. In case of

termination of the Chief Executive Officer as a result of (i) non-renewal, (ii) revocation except for gross negligence

or willful misconduct and/or (iii) resignation justified by invalidity or health issues or Mr. de Garidel’s definitive

retirement (a “Qualifying Departure”), Mr. de Garidel shall be entitled to a severance payment equal to 12 months of

the higher of either (i) the monthly average fixed remuneration and variable remuneration received by Mr. de

107

Garidel during the 12-month period preceding the effective date of the Qualifying Departure, or (ii) the monthly

average fixed remuneration received by Mr. de Garidel during the 12-month period preceding the effective date of

the Qualifying Departure plus 1/12th of the variable remuneration for the financial year immediately preceding the

date of the Qualifying Departure, irrespective of the date of payment of that variable remuneration.

Dr. Grégoire was appointed, effective on July 11, 2024, as Chairperson of the Board. We entered into a

management contract with Ms. Sylvie Grégoire to set forth the terms and conditions of her office. For the duration

of the contract and a period of twelve (12) months maximum from the effective date of the termination of her

functions as Chairperson, Dr. Grégoire is bound by non-compete and non-solicitation undertakings. It is specified

that the compensation for the undertakings set forth above is included in the compensation paid to Dr. Grégoire

during the term of her office as Chairperson and that no additional compensation shall be paid to Dr. Grégoire in

connection therewith (including after the term of her office as Chairperson). The corporate office of Dr. Grégoire

terminates in accordance with the applicable law and the provisions of the by-laws of the Company.

Each of our executive officers has agreed to maintain the confidentiality of any confidential information, both

during and after the employment/management agreement expires or is earlier terminated. In addition, they are

subject to loyalty and confidentiality obligations and certain of them are bound by a non-solicitation covenant that

prohibits such executive officer from soliciting our customers, or soliciting or hiring our executive employees and

those of our employees working in the same team as our executive officer, during his or her employment/office and

for one year after the termination of his or her employment/office.

Free Shares (AGA)

On February 6, 2025, Mr. de Garidel, Mr. Didier Blondel, and Mr. Fabio Cataldi were allocated 1,846,000 free

shares (AGA) in the aggregate, the vesting of which is subject to a presence condition. Subject to remaining

employed with us, each such officer or employee’s free shares (AGA) will be vested as follows: (i) 50% at the end

of a two-year period from the allocation date, (ii) 25% at the end of a three-year period from the allocation date and

(iii) 25% at the end of a four-year period from the allocation date.

On February 6, 2025, Mr. de Garidel, Mr. Didier Blondel, and Mr. Fabio Cataldi were further allocated 70,139

free shares (AGA) in the aggregate, the vesting of which is subject to a presence condition. Subject to remaining

employed with us, each such officer or employee’s free shares (AGA) will be fully vested at the end of a two-year

period from the allocation date.

On February 6, 2025, Dr. Grégoire was allocated 30,500 free shares (AGA), the vesting of which is subject to

a presence condition. Subject to remaining Chairman of the Board, free shares (AGA) will be vested as follows: (i)

50% at the end of a two-year period from the allocation date, (ii) 25% at the end of a three-year period from the

allocation date and (iii) 25% at the end of a four-year period from the allocation date.

On August 1, 2025, Mr. de Garidel, Mr. Didier Blondel, and Mr. Fabio Cataldi were allocated 280,000 free

shares (AGA) in the aggregate, the vesting of which is subject to a presence condition. Subject to remaining

employed with us, each such officer or employee’s free shares (AGA) will be vested as follows: (i) 50% at the end

of a two-year period from the allocation date, (ii) 25% at the end of a three-year period from the allocation date and

(iii) 25% at the end of a four-year period from the allocation date.

Equity Incentives

We believe our ability to grant equity incentives is a valuable and necessary compensation tool that allows us

to attract and retain the best personnel for positions of substantial responsibility, provides additional incentives to

employees and promotes the success of our business. Due to French corporate law and tax considerations, we have

historically granted several different equity incentive instruments to our executive officers, Board members and

employees, including founder's share warrants (BCE), share warrants (BSA) and free shares (AGA).

Our Board's authority to grant these equity incentive instruments and the aggregate amount authorized to be

granted under these instruments must be approved by a two-thirds majority of the votes held by our shareholders

present, represented or voting by authorized means, at the relevant extraordinary shareholders’ meeting. Once

approved by our shareholders, our Board can grant share warrants (BSA) for up to 18 months, and stock options

and/or free shares (AGA) for up to 38 months from the date of the applicable shareholders’ approval. The authority

of our Board to grant equity incentives may be extended or increased only by extraordinary shareholders’ meetings.

As a result, we typically request that our shareholders authorize new pools of equity incentive instruments at every

annual shareholders’ meeting.

Founder's Share Warrants (BCE)

Founder’s share warrants (BCE) have traditionally been granted to certain of our employees who were French

tax residents because the warrants carry favorable tax and social security treatment for French tax residents. Similar

108

to options, founder’s share warrants (BCE) entitle a holder to exercise the warrant for the underlying vested shares at

an exercise price per share determined by our Board and at least equal to the fair market value of an ordinary share

on the date of grant. However, unlike options, the exercise price per share is fixed as of the date of implementation

of the plans pursuant to which the warrants may be granted, rather than as of the date of grant of the individual

warrants.

Our shareholders, or pursuant to delegations granted by our shareholders, our Board, determines the recipients

of the warrants, the dates of grant, the number and exercise price of the founder’s share warrants (BCE) to be

granted, the number of shares issuable upon exercise and certain other terms and conditions of the founder’s share

warrants (BCE), including the period of their exercisability and their vesting schedule.

As of February 28, 2026, we had several types of founder’s share warrants (BCE) oustanding as follows:


Category	BCE- 2017-1	BCE- 2017-2	BCE- 2017-4	BCE- 2017-5	BCE-2018-4

Expiration date	23/01/2027	20/11/2027	20/11/2027	20/11/2027	14/05/2028
Subscription or purchase price (€)	0	0	0	0	0
Exercise price per share (€)	6.39	11.14	11.14	11.14	7.33
Exercise conditions	Achievement of objectives Note (1)	Achievement of objectives Note (2)	Achievement of objectives Note (3)	Achievement of objectives Note (4)	Achievement of objectives Note (5)
Number of shares subscribed	33,687	0	33,687	23,843	8,422
Beneficiaries (remaining number of shares that can be subscribed)
Marc de Garidel
Other	33,687	112,500	33,687	16,844	8,421
Cumulative number of cancelled or lapsed BCEs	0	37,500	0	26,687	0
BCEs outstanding as of 28/02/2026	33,687	112,500	33,687	16,844	8,421
BCEs exercisable at 28/02/2026*	33,687	112,500	33,687	16,844	8,421

* The number of shares to which the exercise of the BSAs and BCEs entitles the holder has been multiplied by 100 for all BSAs and BCEs

issued prior to the division by 100 of the nominal value of the shares, decided by our general meeting on February 20, 2015. According the

exercise conditions provided in the notes below and assuming that performance objectives have been achieved.

(1) 33,687 BCE-2017-1 are exercisable subject to a service condition, which is fully fulfilled on the date hereof, 16,844 BCE-2017-1 are

exercisable exclusively in the event of achievement of the qualitative objectives (non-market conditions) set by the Board, and 16,843

BCE-2017-1 are exercisable exclusively in the event of achievement of the quantitative targets (market conditions) set by the Board.

(2) 75,000 BCE-2017-2 are exercisable subject to a service condition, which is fully fulfilled on the date hereof: and 75,000 BCE-2017-2 are

exercisable exclusively in the event of the achievement of qualitative objectives (non-market conditions) set by the Board.

(3) 33,687 BCE-2017-4 are exercisable subject to a service condition, which is fully fulfilled on the date hereof, and 33,687 BCE-2017-4 are

exercisable exclusively in the event of the achievement of qualitative objectives (non-market conditions) set by the Board.

(4) 16,843 BCE-2017-5 are exercisable subject to a service condition, which is fully fulfilled on the date hereof, and 16,844 BCE-2017-5 are

exercisable exclusively in the event of the achievement of qualitative objectives (non-market conditions) set by the Board.

(5) 8,422 BCE-2018-4 are exercisable subject to a service condition, which is fully fulfilled on the date hereof, and 8,421 BCE-2018-4 are

exercisable exclusively in the event of the achievement of qualitative objectives (non-market conditions) set by the Board.

General note: all of our BCE plans provide for specific cases of acceleration resulting in the exercise of said BCEs in

the event of the occurrence of specific events and in particular in the event of a change of control of us.

109

Share Warrants (BSA)

Share warrants (BSA) have historically been granted to our non-employee directors and consultants that

regularly work in partnership with us. Similar to options, share warrants (BSA) entitle a holder to exercise the

warrant for the underlying vested shares at an exercise price per share determined by our Board and at least equal to

the fair market value of an ordinary share on the date of grant. However, unlike options, the exercise price per share

is fixed as of the date of implementation of the plans pursuant to which the warrants may be granted, rather than as

of the date of grant of the individual warrants.

As of February 28, 2026, we had several types of share warrants (BSA) outstanding as follows:



Category	BSA-2018- 1	BSA 2024-1	BSA 2024-2	BSA-2025-1	BSA-2025-2	BSA 2025-3	BSA 2026-1
Date of general meeting	23/06/2017	5/6/2023	5/6/2023	30/05/2024	30/05/2024	30/05/2024	06/06/2025
Date of Board meeting	22/01/2018	28/3/2024	28/3/2024	8/1/2025	8/1/2025	01/05/2025	05/02/2026
Date of decision of the Chief Executive Officer		4/4/2024	4/4/2024	13/01/2025	13/01/2025	01/05/2025	12/02/2026
Total number of shares that may be subscribed or purchased (*) :
Corinna zur Bonsen-Thomas ..................		19,455		25,000
June Lee ....................................................		19,455		25,000			7,414
Troy Ignelzi ...............................................		19,455		25,000
Camilla Soenderby ...................................			19455	25,000			7,661
Dominik Höchli ........................................						39,370	2,471
Others ........................................................	49,200	0	0		25,000		5,931

(*) The number of shares to which the exercise of the BSAs and BCEs entitles the holder has been multiplied by 100 for all BSAs and BCEs

issued prior to the division by 100 of the nominal value of the shares, decided by our general meeting on February 20, 2015. Consequently, BSA

2014-3, BSA 2014-4 and BSA 2014-5 have a warrant to share ratio of 1:100.



Category	BSA-2018-1	BSA 2024-1	BSA 2024-2	BSA-2025-1	BSA-2025-2	BSA-2025-3	BSA-2026-1
Starting date for exercising options ..........................................	22/01/2018	1/1/2025	1/4/2025	1/1/2026	1/1/2026	5/1/2026	2/1/2027
Expiry date. .................................	22/01/2028	4/4/2034	4/4/2034	13/01/2035	13/01/2035	5/1/2036	2/12/2036
Expiry date. .................................
Subscription or purchase price (€) ..................................................	0.9	2.57	2.57	2	2	1.27	20.23
Exercise price per share (€) ........	8.05	13.1	13.1	6.63	6.63	6.40	99.63
Terms of exercise .........................	Note (1)	Note (2)	Note (3)	Note (4)	Note (5)	Note (6)	Note (7)
Number of shares subscribed .....	16,400	4,863	0	0	0	0	0
Cumulative number of BSA cancelled or lapsed ......................	16,400	0	0	0	0	0	0
BSAs as of February 28, 2026 ....	16,400	53,502	19,455	100,000	25,000	39,370	23,477
BSA potentially exercisable as of February 28 2026,* .................	16,400	24,318	4,863	25000	6,250	0	0

(*) The number of shares to which the exercise of the BSAs and BCEs entitles the holder has been multiplied by 100 for all BSAs and BCEs

issued prior to the division by 100 of the nominal value of the shares, decided by our general meeting on February 20, 2015. According to the

exercise conditions provided in the notes below and assuming that the objectives have been achieved.

(1) Progressive vesting in time fully vested on the date hereof.

(2) Progressive vesting in time.

(3) Progressive vesting in time.

(4) Progressive vesting in time.

(5) Progressive vesting in time.

(6) Progressive vesting in time.

(7) Progressive vesting in time.

General note: all of our BSA plans provide for specific cases of acceleration resulting in the exercise of said BSAs in

the event of the occurrence of specific events and in particular in the event of a change of control of us.

Free Shares (AGA)

110

Free ordinary shares (AGA) are employee equity incentive instruments pursuant to which the beneficiaries are

granted, for free, the possibility to receive our ordinary shares under certain conditions.

As of February 28, 2026, we had issued free shares (AGA) as follows:


Plan name	Free ordinary share plan AGA 2023-1
General Meeting date	June 5, 2023
Board of Directors decision	July 11, 2023
Free ordinary shares granted by the Board of Directors	1,382,796
Marc de Garidel	1,382,796
Sylvie Grégoire	0
Didier Blondel	0
Fabio Cataldi	0
Others	0
Duration of vesting period	•212,738 Free Shares 2023-1 shall vest on July 11, 2024; •638,214 Free Shares 2023-1 shall progressively be definitively acquired on a monthly basis over a period of three (3) years starting after July 11, 2024 (i.e. 17,728 Free Shares 2023-1 per month except for the last month of the three-year period where 17,734 Free Shares 2023-1 shall be acquired). The duration of the acquisition period of these Free Shares 2023-1 shall be calculated accordingly; •212,738 Free Shares 2023-1 shall vest on the latest date between (i) July 11, 2024, and (ii) the date of receipt by the Company of a Marketing Authorization for one of its products in a first indication in the United States of America prior to June 30, 2026; •106,369 Free Shares 2023-1 shall vest on the latest date between (i) July 11, 2024, and (ii) the date of the successful completion of the initial public offering of the Company’s shares (or depositary receipts representing any such shares) on the NASDAQ stock exchange in New York allowing the Company to raise an amount of gross proceeds at least equal to one hundred million dollars ($100,000,000) on or before June 30, 2024; •106,369 Free Shares 2023-1 shall vest on the latest date between (i) July 11, 2024, and (ii) the date on which that the market capitalization of the Company remains superior or equal to one billion euros (€1,000,000,000) for a consecutive period of at least three (3) months prior to December 31, 2024; •106,368 Free Shares 2023-1 shall vest on July 11, 2024 subject to the completion, prior to such date, of a M&A transaction in which the valuation of the Company is at least equal to one billion euros (€1,000,000,000) on a fully diluted basis.
Date of availability	All ordinary shares vesting before July 11, 2025 shall be subject to a lock-up period ending on July 11, 2025. Ordinary shares vesting after July 11, 2025 are not subject to a lock-up period.
Free ordinary shares fully vested as of February 28, 2026	638,211
Free ordinary shares being vested as of February 28, 2026	531,848

111


Free ordinary shares lapsed as of February 28, 2026	212,737
Employment conditions	For all of the ordinary shares, the vesting is subject to the beneficiary of the plan retaining, on an ongoing basis, the status of corporate officer or employee of the Company and/or one of its direct and/or indirect subsidiaries, as applicable.


Plan name	Free ordinary share plan AGA 2023-2
General Meeting date	June 5, 2023
Board of Directors decision	July 11, 2023
Free ordinary shares granted by the Board of Directors	100,000
Marc de Garidel	0
Sylvie Grégoire	0
Didier Blondel	0
Fabio Cataldi	0
Others	100,000
Duration of vesting period	•25% of the ordinary shares allocated shall vest on July 11, 2024; and •75% of the ordinary shares allocated shall vest on the latest date between (i) July 11, 2024, and (ii) the date of receipt by the Company, prior to the June 30, 2025, of positive induction data (positive primary endpoint and favorable safety as solely assessed by the Board of Directors) for its phase 3 clinical trials for obefazimod in the field of ulcerative colitis allowing continuation of the phase 3 trials towards NDA submission to the FDA.
Date of availability	All ordinary shares vesting before July 11, 2025 shall be subject to a lock-up period ending on July 11, 2025. Ordinary shares vesting after July 11, 2025 are not subject to a lock-up period.
Free ordinary shares fully vested as of February 28, 2026	25,000
Free ordinary shares being vested as of February 28, 2026	0
Free ordinary shares lapsed as of February 28, 2026	75,000
Employment conditions	None

113


Plan name	Free ordinary share plan AGA 2023-4
General Meeting date	June 5, 2023
Board of Directors decision	September 28, 2023
Free ordinary shares granted by the Board of Directors	254,250
Marc de Garidel	0
Sylvie Grégoire	0
Didier Blondel	60,000
Fabio Cataldi	0
Others	194,250
Duration of vesting period	•50% of the ordinary shares allocated shall vest on September 28, 2025; •25% of the ordinary shares allocated shall vest on September 28, 2026; and •25% of the ordinary shares allocated shall vest on September 28, 2027. The acquisition of the Free Shares 2023-4 is subject to the successful completion of the initial public offering of the Company’s shares (or depositary receipts representing any such shares) on the NASDAQ stock exchange in New York allowing the Company to raise an amount of gross proceeds at least equal to two hundred million dollars ($200,000,000) on or before the first anniversary of the allocation date.
Date of availability	The ordinary shares are not subject to a lock-up period once vested.
Free ordinary shares fully vested as of February 28, 2026	108,500
Free ordinary shares being vested as of February 28, 2026	89,750
Free ordinary shares lapsed as of February 28, 2026	56,000
Employment conditions	For all of the ordinary shares, the vesting is subject to the beneficiary of the plan retaining, on an ongoing basis, the status of corporate officer or employee of the Company and/or one of its direct and/or indirect subsidiaries, as applicable.

114


Plan name	Free ordinary share plan AGA 2023-5
General Meeting date	June 5, 2023
Board of Directors decision	December 1, 2023
Free ordinary shares granted by the Board of Directors	132,750
Marc de Garidel	0
Sylvie Grégoire	0
Didier Blondel	0
Fabio Cataldi	0
Others	132,750
Duration of vesting period	•50% of the ordinary shares allocated shall vest on December 1, 2025; •25% of the ordinary shares allocated shall vest on December 1, 2026; and •25% of the ordinary shares allocated shall vest on December 1, 2027.
Date of availability	The ordinary shares are not subject to a lock-up period once vested.
Free ordinary shares fully vested as of February 28, 2026	27,625
Free ordinary shares being vested as of February 28, 2026	27,625
Free ordinary shares lapsed as of February 28, 2026	77,500
Employment conditions	For all of the ordinary shares, the vesting is subject to the beneficiary of the plan retaining, on an ongoing basis, the status of corporate officer or employee of the Company and/or one of its direct and/or indirect subsidiaries, as applicable.


Plan name	Free ordinary share plan AGA 2024-1
General Meeting date	June 5, 2023
Board of Directors decision	February 1, 2024
Free ordinary shares granted by the Board of Directors	1,549,125
Marc de Garidel	400,000
Sylvie Grégoire	—
Didier Blondel	120,000
Fabio Cataldi	—
Others	1,029,125
Duration of vesting period	•50% of the ordinary shares allocated shall vest on February 1, 2026; •25% of the ordinary shares allocated shall vest on February 1, 2027; and •25% of the ordinary shares allocated shall vest on February 1, 2028.
Date of availability	The ordinary shares are not subject to a lock-up period once vested.
Free ordinary shares fully vested as of February 28, 2026	610,752
Free ordinary shares being vested as of February 28, 2026	610,478
Free ordinary shares lapsed as of February 28, 2026	327,625
Employment conditions	For all of the ordinary shares, the vesting is subject to the beneficiary of the plan retaining, on an ongoing basis, the status of corporate officer or employee of the Company and/or one of its direct and/or indirect subsidiaries, as applicable.

116


Plan name	Free ordinary share plan AGA 2024-3
General Meeting date	June 5, 2023
Board of Directors decision	May 23, 2024
Free ordinary shares granted by the Board of Directors	38,500
Marc de Garidel	—
Sylvie Grégoire	—
Didier Blondel	—
Fabio Cataldi	—
Others	38,500
Duration of vesting period	•50% of the ordinary shares allocated shall vest on May 23, 2026; •25% of the ordinary shares allocated shall vest on May 23, 2027; and •25% of the ordinary shares allocated shall vest on May 23, 2028.
Date of availability	The ordinary shares are not subject to a lock-up period once vested.
Free ordinary shares fully vested as of February 28, 2026	0
Free ordinary shares being vested as of February 28, 2026	25,500
Free ordinary shares lapsed as of February 28, 2026	13,000
Performance and employment conditions	For all of the ordinary shares, the vesting is subject to the beneficiary of the plan retaining, on an ongoing basis, the status of corporate officer or employee of the Company and/or one of its direct and/or indirect subsidiaries, as applicable.


Plan name	Free ordinary share plan AGA 2024-4
General Meeting date	May 30, 2024
Board of Directors decision	July 11, 2024
Free ordinary shares granted by the Board of Directors	93,000
Marc de Garidel	—
Sylvie Grégoire	—
Didier Blondel	—
Fabio Cataldi	—
Others	93,000
Duration of vesting period	•50% of the ordinary shares allocated shall vest on July 11, 2026; •25% of the ordinary shares allocated shall vest on July 11, 2027; and •25% of the ordinary shares allocated shall vest on July 11, 2028.
Date of availability	The ordinary shares are not subject to a lock-up period once vested.
Free ordinary shares fully vested as of February 28, 2026	0
Free ordinary shares being vested as of February 28, 2026	93,000
Free ordinary shares lapsed as of February 28, 2026	0
Performance and employment conditions	For all of the ordinary shares, the vesting is subject to the beneficiary of the plan retaining, on an ongoing basis, the status of corporate officer or employee of the Company and/or one of its direct and/or indirect subsidiaries, as applicable.

118


Plan name	Free ordinary share plan AGA 2024-6
General Meeting date	May 30, 2024
Board of Directors decision	July 11, 2024
Free ordinary shares granted by the Board of Directors	20,000
Marc de Garidel	—
Sylvie Grégoire	—
Didier Blondel	—
Fabio Cataldi	—
Others	20,000
Duration of vesting period	•50% of the ordinary shares allocated shall vest on July 11, 2025; and •50% of the ordinary shares allocated shall vest on the latest date between July 11, 2025 and the date on which the performance condition is fulfilled
Date of availability	Each ordinary share vesting before July 11, 2026 shall be subject to a lock-up period ending on July 11, 2026. Ordinary shares vesting after July 11, 2026 are not subject to a lock-up period.
Free ordinary shares fully vested as of February 28, 2026	10,000
Free ordinary shares being vested as of February 28 2026	10,000
Free ordinary shares lapsed as of February 28, 2026	0
Performance and employment conditions	Performance condition to be fulfilled relates to the publication of a scientific article on obefazimod's mechanism of action authored by the beneficiary in a reputable journal prior to July 11, 2027. No employment condition.


Plan name	Free ordinary share plan AGA 2024-7
General Meeting date	May 30, 2024
Board of Directors decision	September 5, 2024
Free ordinary shares granted by the Board of Directors	198,000
Marc de Garidel	—
Sylvie Grégoire	—
Didier Blondel	—
Fabio Cataldi	150,000
Others	48,000
Duration of vesting period	•50% of the ordinary shares allocated shall vest on September 5, 2026; •25% of the ordinary shares allocated shall vest on September 5, 2027; and •25% of the ordinary shares allocated shall vest on September 5, 2028.
Date of availability	The ordinary shares are not subject to a lock-up period once vested.
Free ordinary shares fully vested as of February 28, 2026	0
Free ordinary shares being vested as of February 28, 2026	198,000
Free ordinary shares lapsed as of February 28, 2026	0
Performance and employment conditions	For all of the ordinary shares, the vesting is subject to the beneficiary of the plan retaining, on an ongoing basis, the status of corporate officer or employee of the Company and/or one of its direct and/or indirect subsidiaries, as applicable.

119


Plan name	Free ordinary share plan AGA 2025-1
General Meeting date	May 30, 2024
Board of Directors decision	February 6, 2025
Free ordinary shares granted by the Board of Directors	4,319,500
Marc de Garidel	936,000
Sylvie Grégoire	—
Didier Blondel	480,000
Fabio Cataldi	430,000
Others	2,473,500
Duration of vesting period	•50% of the ordinary shares allocated shall vest on February 6, 2027; •25% of the ordinary shares allocated shall vest on February 6, 2028; and •25% of the ordinary shares allocated shall vest on February 6, 2029.
Date of availability	The ordinary shares are not subject to a lock-up period once vested.
Free ordinary shares fully vested as of February 28, 2026	0
Free ordinary shares being vested as of February 28, 2026	4,102,000
Free ordinary shares lapsed as of February 28, 2026	217,500
Performance and employment conditions	For all of the ordinary shares, the vesting is subject to the beneficiary of the plan retaining, on an ongoing basis, the status of corporate officer or employee of the Company and/or one of its direct and/or indirect subsidiaries, as applicable.


Plan name	Free ordinary share plan AGA 2025-2
General Meeting date	May 30, 2024
Board of Directors decision	February 6, 2025
Free ordinary shares granted by the Board of Directors	123,102
Marc de Garidel	47,052
Sylvie Grégoire	—
Didier Blondel	15,939
Fabio Cataldi	7,148
Others	52,963
Duration of vesting period	100% of the ordinary shares allocated shall vest on February 6, 2027.
Date of availability	The ordinary shares are not subject to a lock-up period once vested.
Free ordinary shares fully vested as of February 28, 2026	0
Free ordinary shares being vested as of February 28, 2026	123,102
Free ordinary shares lapsed as of February 28, 2026	0
Performance and employment conditions	For all of the ordinary shares, the vesting is subject to the beneficiary of the plan retaining, on an ongoing basis, the status of corporate officer or employee of the Company and/or one of its direct and/or indirect subsidiaries, as applicable.

120


Plan name	Free ordinary share plan AGA 2025-3
General Meeting date	May 30, 2024
Board of Directors decision	February 6, 2025
Free ordinary shares granted by the Board of Directors	17,625
Marc de Garidel	—
Sylvie Grégoire	—
Didier Blondel	—
Fabio Cataldi	—
Others	17,625
Duration of vesting period	•50% of the ordinary shares allocated shall vest on February 6, 2027; •25% of the ordinary shares allocated shall vest on February 6, 2028; and •25% of the ordinary shares allocated shall vest on February 6, 2029.
Date of availability	The ordinary shares are not subject to a lock-up period once vested.
Free ordinary shares fully vested as of February 28, 2026	0
Free ordinary shares being vested as of February 28, 2026	17,625
Free ordinary shares lapsed as of February 28, 2026	0
Performance and employment conditions	For all of the ordinary shares, the vesting is subject to the beneficiary of the plan retaining, on an ongoing basis, the status of corporate officer or employee of the Company and/or one of its direct and/or indirect subsidiaries, as applicable.


Plan name	Free ordinary share plan AGA 2025-4
General Meeting date	May 30, 2024
Board of Directors decision	February 6, 2025
Free ordinary shares granted by the Board of Directors	30,500
Marc de Garidel	—
Sylvie Grégoire	30,500
Didier Blondel	—
Fabio Cataldi	—
Others	—
Duration of vesting period	•50% of the ordinary shares allocated shall vest on February 6, 2027; •25% of the ordinary shares allocated shall vest on February 6, 2028; and •25% of the ordinary shares allocated shall vest on February 6, 2029.
Date of availability	The ordinary shares are not subject to a lock-up period once vested.
Free ordinary shares fully vested as of February 28, 2026	0
Free ordinary shares being vested as of February 28, 2026	30,500
Free ordinary shares lapsed as of February 28, 2026	0
Performance and employment conditions	For all of the ordinary shares, the vesting is subject to the beneficiary of the plan retaining, on an ongoing basis, the status of corporate officer or employee of the Company and/or one of its direct and/or indirect subsidiaries, as applicable.

125


Plan name	Free ordinary share plan AGA 2026-1
General Meeting date	June 6, 2025
Board of Directors decision	February 5, 2026
Free ordinary shares granted by the Board of Directors	47,500
Marc de Garidel	—
Sylvie Grégoire	—
Didier Blondel	—
Fabio Cataldi	—
Others	47,500
Duration of vesting period	•50% of the ordinary shares allocated shall vest on February 5, 2028; •25% of the ordinary shares allocated shall vest on February 5, 2029; and •25% of the ordinary shares allocated shall vest on February 5, 2030.
Date of availability	The ordinary shares are not subject to a lock-up period once vested.
Free ordinary shares fully vested as of February 28, 2026	0
Free ordinary shares being vested as of February 28, 2026	47,500
Free ordinary shares lapsed as of February 28, 2026	0
Performance and employment conditions	For all of the ordinary shares, the vesting is subject to the beneficiary of the plan retaining, on an ongoing basis, the status of corporate officer or employee of the Company and/or one of its direct and/or indirect subsidiaries, as applicable.

General note: all of our AGA plans provide for specific cases of acceleration resulting in the vesting of said AGAs

in the event of the occurrence of specific events and in particular in the event of a change of control of us.

C.Board Practices

Board Composition

Our Board currently consists of seven members. The rules of procedure of our Board set the principles guiding

the composition of the Board. The most recent version of this document was adopted by our Board in April 2021

and subsequently amended in September 2023.The Board has established three permanent, specialized committees

to assist the Board in its work: (1) the audit committee, (2) the remuneration committee and (3) the nomination and

governance committee. The Board has also established two ad hoc committees: (1) the scientific and clinical

committee and (2) the commercial committee. Subject to available exemptions, the composition and functioning of

all of our committees will comply with applicable requirements of the French Commercial Code, the Exchange Act,

the Nasdaq Global Market and SEC rules and regulations.

In accordance with French law, committees of our Board only have an advisory role and can only make

recommendations to our Board. As a result, decisions will be made by our Board taking into account non-binding

recommendations of the relevant Board committee. Since July 2024, our Board has been chaired by Dr. Grégoire.

Our Chief Executive Officer, Mr. de Garidel, represents us vis-à-vis third parties in his capacity as Chief Executive

Officer.

All members of the Board may serve for a maximum of four years, expiring at the end of the shareholders’

meeting called to approve the financial statements from the previous year and held during the year in which the term

expires. Members of the Board may be re-elected. They may be dismissed at any time by a decision of the ordinary

general meeting of shareholders. The composition of our Board is described below:

126


	Current Position	Year of Initial Appointment	Term Expiration Year(1)
Sylvie Grégoire	Chair	2024	2026
Marc de Garidel	Director	2023	2029
Corinna zur Bonsen-Thomas	Director	2017	2029
June Lee	Director	2023	2026
Troy Ignelzi	Director	2023	2026
Camilla Soenderby	Director	2024	2029
Dominik Höchli	Director	2025	2029

(1) The mandates expire at the annual shareholders’ meeting approving the financial statements closed on December

31 of the previous year.

During the fiscal year ended December 31, 2025, the Board met eleven times.

Non-voting Board Members / Observers

Pursuant to our by-laws, the General Meeting or the Board may appoint non-voting board members (or

observers). There is currently no Board observer in office.

Director Independence

As a foreign private issuer, under the listing requirements and rules of Nasdaq, we are not required to have

independent directors on our Board, except to the extent that our audit committee is required to be consistent with

independence requirements. In determining whether a director is an independent director, our Board considers the

relationships that each non-employee director has with the Board and all other facts and circumstances that our

Board deems relevant in determining the director’s independence, including the number of ordinary shares

beneficially owned by the director and his or her affiliated entities, if any.

Based upon information requested from, and provided by, each director concerning such director’s

background, employment and affiliations, including family relationships, our Board has determined that all of our

directors, except for Marc de Garidel, qualify as “independent directors” as defined under applicable rules of the

Nasdaq Global Market and the independence requirements contemplated by the Exchange Act.

Furthermore, our Board has determined that, under the criteria of the Middlenext Code of Corporate

Governance, five of our directors are “independent directors”: Sylvie Grégoire, June Lee, Troy Ignelzi, Corinna zur

Bonsen-Thomas, and Camilla Soenderby. The Middlenext Code sets out the five following criteria justifying the

independence of directors, characterized by the absence of any significant financial, contractual or family

relationship likely to affect their independence of judgment:

•they must not be a salaried employee or corporate officer of us or our group and must not have held

such a position within the last five years;

•they must not be in a significant business relationship with us or our group (e.g., client, supplier,

competitor, provider, creditor, banker, etc.) within the last two years;

•they must not be a reference shareholder or hold a significant number of voting rights;

•they must not have close relationships or family ties with any of our corporate officer or reference

shareholder; and

•they must not have been our auditor within the last six years.

Conflicts of Interest Among the Management and Supervisory Bodies and Executive Management

Our Chairperson and Chief Executive Officer, our Chief Financial Officer and Board Secretary and our

directors are direct or indirect shareholders or holders of securities giving access to our share capital. See

“Compensation and Benefits—Compensation of Chief Executive Officer.”

Service Agreements Entered into with Board Members

There are no existing service contracts between the Company or its subsidiaries on the one hand, and any

Board member on the other, providing for benefits upon termination of service as a board member.

Board Committees

Audit Committee

127

Mission and Responsibilities

The audit committee monitors issues relating to the elaboration and control of accounting and financial

information as provided for by French law and by our by-laws and by the rules of procedure of the Board. It then

formulates recommendations to the Board in its task of permanent control of our management. It also issues

recommendations in relation to the proposed statutory auditors.

The audit committee is responsible for:

•monitoring the preparation and development of accounting and financial information and, where

appropriate, formulating recommendations in this respect to ensure its accuracy;

•reviewing the efficiency of the internal control and risk management systems;

•ensuring proper legal oversight of the preparation of the annual financial statements and financial

statements by the statutory auditors; and

•selecting and ensuring the independence of the statutory auditors.

The audit committee is also responsible for approving:

•non-audit services provided by the statutory auditors (including the permitted level of fees); and

•all budgets for statutory audits and other engagements provided by the statutory auditors.

The audit committee further controls the services provided by the auditors in relation to what is permitted by

law or regulation.

The audit committee is responsible for formulating recommendations regarding the statutory auditors

proposed for nomination by the General Meeting of Shareholders and/or during the renewal of their term.

Within this context, the audit committee may examine our annual financial statements in the form that they are

presented to the Board, hear the opinions of the statutory auditors and the finance director and receive

communications in relation to their analysis work and their conclusions.

The audit committee may use external experts at our expense, after approval of the chairperson of the Board or

the audit committee or of the Chief Executive Officer, and render any expert reports to the Board.

The audit committee may hear any director and carry out any internal or external audit on any subject it

considers relevant to its mission. The chairperson of the audit committee shall inform the Board in advance. In

particular, the audit committee has the power to interview the persons involved in the preparation of the accounts or

in their control (administrative and financial director and the main managers of the financial department).

Composition and Compensation

The audit committee and chairperson of the audit committee are appointed by the Board from members of the

Board, excluding executive directors, with finance or accounting skills and at least one member must be independent

in accordance with the provisions of the Middlenext Code. Members of the audit committee are appointed for a

fixed period of time, which may not exceed the duration of their terms of office as director and may be revoked by

the Board at any time and without reason. Appointments are renewable without limitation. The audit committee is

currently composed of three members and members receive no compensation other than attendance fees. Their

duties on the audit committee may be taken into account in determining the allocation of such attendance fees.

The current members of the audit committee are Troy Ignelzi, Corinna zur Bonsen-Thomas and Sylvie

Grégoire. The current chairperson of the audit committee is Mr. Ignelzi.

The committee may invite any person, internal or external to us, to take part in its meetings and its work.

Our Board has determined that each of the members of our audit committee is independent within the meaning

of the applicable listing rules and the independence requirements contemplated by Rule 10A-3. Committee members

must be competent in financial or accounting matters and at least one member must be independent in accordance

with the provisions of the Middlenext Code. Our Board has further determined that Mr. Ignelzi is an “audit

committee financial expert” as defined by SEC rules and regulations and that Mr. Ignelzi qualifies as financially

sophisticated under the applicable exchange listing rules.

Conditions of Functioning

The audit committee meets when the chairperson of the audit committee, at least two members of the audit

committee, the chairperson of the Board or the Chief Executive Officer deems useful and at least twice per year,

particularly before publication of the financial statements. The committee may be convened by any means 24 hours

128

before the meeting by the chairperson of the audit committee or of the Board or any individual to whom one of them

shall have delegated the necessary authority. The committee meets at the registered office or in any other place

specified in the notice of the meeting. It may also meet by video conference or by any means of telecommunication

as specified in the internal regulation of the Board.

To deliberate validly, at least half of the members of the committee must be present. At meetings, one member

of the audit committee may be represented by another audit committee member and the audit committee’s

recommendations are adopted by simple majority. Upon completion of each meeting, if the members deem it

necessary, meeting minutes may be prepared. The chairperson of the audit committee regularly reports to the Board

on the committee’s work and immediately report any difficulty encountered.

Remuneration Committee

Mission and Responsibilities

The remuneration committee makes recommendations to the Board in relation to compensation for, executive

directors and the operational and functional management, and with regard to compensation policy and internal profit

sharing. In particular, the remuneration committee:

•provides recommendations and proposals to the Board concerning compensation, retirement and

provident scheme, supplementary pension benefits, benefits in kind, various financial rights of our

managers and executive officers, the allocation of share warrants (BSA), founder’s share warrants

(BCE), free shares (AGA), share subscription or share purchase options, for the benefit of our

employees, managers or consultants and, where applicable, its subsidiaries, in accordance with legal

provisions;

•defines the methods for determining the variable portion of the compensation of corporate officers and

monitors its application;

•proposes a general policy for awarding share warrants (BSA), founder’s share warrants (BCE), free

shares (AGA) and options to subscribe or purchase shares, and determines the frequency thereof,

depending on the categories of beneficiaries;

•examines the system of for the allocation of directors’ fees among the members of the Board,

particularly according to their participation in our committees; and

•expresses its opinion to senior management about the compensation of the principal senior executives.

Composition and Compensation

The remuneration committee is currently composed of three members. The chairperson of the remuneration

committee and the committee’s members are appointed by the Board from members of the Board. Members are

appointed for a fixed period of time, which may not exceed, as applicable, the duration of their term of office as

director and may be revoked by the Board at any time and without reason. Their appointments shall be renewable

without limitation.

The chairperson of the Board, if not a member of the remuneration committee, may be invited to participate in

the remuneration committee’s meetings. The remuneration committee shall invite him/her to present its proposals.

He/she shall not have the right to vote and shall not be present during the deliberations relating to his/her own

situation.

The current members of the remuneration committee are June Lee, Camilla Soenderby, and Troy Ignelzi. The

current chairperson of the remuneration committee is Dr. Lee.

The remuneration committee may invite any person, internal or external to us, to take part in its meetings and

its work.

Remuneration committee members shall receive no compensation other than attendance fees. Their duties on

the remuneration committee may be taken into consideration in determining the allocation of such attendance fees.

Conditions of Functioning

The remuneration committee meets when the chairperson of the remuneration committee, at least two

members of the remuneration committee, the chairperson of the Board or the Chief Executive Officer deems useful

and at least once a year. The remuneration committee may be convened by any means, 24 hours before the meeting,

by the chairperson of the remuneration committee or of the Board, or any individual to whom one of them shall have

delegated the authority necessary for the convocation.

129

The committee meets at the registered office or in any other place specified in the notice of the meeting. It

may also meet by video conference or by any means of telecommunication, as specified in the internal regulation of

the Board.

To deliberate validly, at least half of the members of the committee must be present. A member of the

remuneration committee may be represented by another remuneration committee member and the remuneration

committee’s recommendations are adopted by simple majority. Upon completion of each meeting, if the members

deem it necessary, meeting minutes may be prepared.

The remuneration committee chairperson reports regularly to the Board on the remuneration committee’s

work and shall immediately report any difficulty encountered.

Nomination and Governance Committee

Mission and Responsibilities

The nomination and governance committee makes recommendations to the Board in relation to the nomination

of executive directors and governance matters. In particular, the nomination and governance committee:

•provides recommendations and proposals to the Board concerning the appointment, in particular in the

research of a balanced representation of men and women on the Board, of our managers and executive

officers, in accordance with legal provisions;

•discusses each independent director’s qualifications upon his or her nomination and during the exercise of

his or her term of office, as applicable; and

•oversees the Board’s governance policies and practices.

Composition and Compensation

The nomination and governance committee is currently composed of three members. The chairperson of the

nomination and governance and the committee’s members are appointed by the Board from members of the Board.

Members are appointed for a fixed period of time, which may not exceed, as applicable, the duration of their term of

office as director and may be revoked by the Board at any time and without reason. Their appointments shall be

renewable without limitation.

The chairperson of the Board, if not a member of the nomination and governance committee, may be invited

to participate in the nomination and governance committee’s meetings. The nomination and governance committee

shall invite him/her to present its proposals. He/she shall not have the right to vote and shall not be present during

the deliberations relating to his/her own situation.

The current members of the nomination and governance committee are Sylvie Gregoire, Camilla Soenderby,

and Corinna Thomas. The current chairperson of the nomination and governance committee is Dr. Gregoire.

The nomination and governance committee may invite any person, internal or external to us, to take part in its

meetings and its work.

Nomination and governance committee members shall receive no compensation other than attendance fees.

Their duties on the nomination and governance committee may be taken into consideration in determining the

allocation of such attendance fees.

Conditions of Functioning

The nomination and governance committee meets when the chairperson of the nomination and governance

committee, at least two members of the nomination and governance committee, the chairperson of the Board or the

Chief Executive Officer deems useful and at least once a year. The nomination and governance committee may be

convened by any means, 24 hours before the meeting, by the chairperson of the nomination and governance

committee or of the Board, or any individual to whom one of them shall have delegated the authority necessary for

the convocation.

The committee meets at the registered office or in any other place specified in the notice of the meeting. It

may also meet by video conference or by any means of telecommunication, as specified in the internal regulation of

the Board.

To deliberate validly, at least half of the members of the committee must be present. A member of the

nomination and governance committee may be represented by another nomination and governance committee

member and the nomination and governance committee’s recommendations are adopted by simple majority. Upon

completion of each meeting, if the members deem it necessary, meeting minutes may be prepared.

130

The nomination and governance committee chairperson reports regularly to the Board on the nomination and

governance committee’s work and shall immediately report any difficulty encountered.

Scientific and Clinical Committee

Mission and Responsibilities

The scientific and clinical committee was created by a decision by the Board on September 27, 2018.

The role of the scientific and clinical committee is to:

•examine specific scientific questions submitted to it;

•make recommendations for determining the general guidelines to be adopted in the scientific field; and

•make recommendations for defining our priorities in the field of research and development and the

means for achieving such objectives.

The committee meets at least once a year.

It works in collaboration with the Chief Executive Officer, who may request its opinion on subjects related to

its mission. At the request of the Board, the chairperson of the scientific and clinical committee reports on the

committee’s work to the Board.

Composition

The scientific and clinical committee is composed of at least four members appointed by the Board upon

proposal of the Chief Executive Officer. The members of the scientific and clinical committee do not have to be

members of the Board.

The current members of the scientific and clinical committee are June Lee, Camilla Soenderby, and Dominik

Höchli. Dr. Lee is the current chair of the scientific and clinical committee.

Commercial Committee

Mission and Responsibilities

The commercial committee was created by a decision by the Board on December 11, 2025.

The role of the commercial committee is to:

•Provide strategic advice on the overall commercialization strategy for Abivax' lead product candidate,

obefazimod, and potential future products, from pre-launch planning through launch and subsequent

lifecycle phases;

•Review and advise on launch readiness and execution plans, including market positioning, market

access, pricing and reimbursement, distribution and channel strategy, patient services, commercial

infrastructure, and sales and marketing;

•Review the capabilities of the commercial organization and the adequacy of the resources, systems,

and infrastructure required to support successful product launch and commercialization;

•Review and advise on commercialization strategy in coordination with medical affairs, regulatory,

manufacturing/supply and ensure that the commercialization approach is consistent with the

company’s legal, medical, regulatory, and compliance framework;

•Review the principal assumptions, opportunities, and risks relating to commercialization, including the

competitive landscape and market dynamics, and provide strategic guidance; and

•Advise the Board on strategic commercial matters and decisions requiring Board approval.

The committee meets when the chairperson of the commercial committee, the Board, or the Chief Executive

Officer deems useful and meets at least twice a year.

It works in collaboration with the Chief Executive Officer, who may request its opinion on subjects related to

its mission. At the request of the Board, the chairperson of the commercial committee reports on the committee’s

work to the Board. The committee is advisory only unless the Board has delegated a specific power, and

management remains responsible for execution.

Composition

131

The commercial committee is composed of at least two members appointed by the Board upon proposal of the

Chief Executive Officer. The members of the commercial committee do not have to be members of the Board.

The current members of the commercial committee are Camilla Soenderby and Dominik Hochli. Dr.

Soenderby is the current chair of the commercial committee.

D.Employees

As of December 31, 2025, we had 69 full-time employees, consisting of 49 within the research and

development department 17 within the general administrative department and 3 within the sales and marketing

department. As of December 31, 2025, we had 42 employees located in France and 27 in the United States. Our

employees based in France are subject to the national collective bargaining agreement for the pharmaceutical

industry (the convention collective nationale de l’industrie pharmaceutique). We believe that we maintain good

relations with our employees.

We rely on skilled, experienced and innovative employees to conduct the operations of our company. We are

committed to building an outstanding, committed team and we focus on a culture that values a focus on scientific

innovation, inclusion, collaboration and equity. We focus on recruiting, retaining and developing employees from a

diverse range of backgrounds to conduct our research, development, clinical, commercial, marketing and market

access activities. We recognize that recruiting, motivating and retaining talented employees is vital to our success.

The principal purposes of our equity and cash incentive plans are to attract, retain and reward personnel through the

granting of stock-based and cash-based compensation awards, in order to increase shareholder value and the success

of our company by motivating such individuals to perform to the best of their abilities and achieve our objectives.

We aim to create an equitable, inclusive and empowering environment in which our employees can grow and

advance their careers, with the overall goal of developing, expanding and retaining our workforce to support our

current pipeline and future business goals. Employees are encouraged to attend scientific, clinical and technological

meetings and conferences and have access to broad resources they need to be successful.

E.Share Ownership

For information regarding the share ownership of our directors and executive officers, see “Item 6.B—

Compensation” and “Item 7.A—Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions.”

F.Disclosure of a Registrant’s Action to Recover Erroneously Awarded Compensation

None.

132

Item 7.Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions

A.Major Shareholders

The following table and accompanying footnotes set forth information with respect to the beneficial ownership

of our ordinary shares as of February 28, 2026 for:

•each beneficial owner, known by us, of more than 5% of our outstanding ordinary shares;

•each of our directors and executive officers individually; and

•all of our directors and executive officers as a group.

Beneficial ownership is determined in accordance with the rules of the SEC. These rules generally attribute

beneficial ownership of securities to persons who possess sole or shared voting power or investment power with

respect to those securities and include ordinary shares that can be acquired within 60 days of February 28, 2026. The

percentage ownership information shown in the table below is based upon 79,185,160 ordinary shares outstanding as

of February 28, 2026.

Except as otherwise indicated, all of the shares reflected in the table are ordinary shares and all persons listed

below have sole voting and investment power with respect to the shares beneficially owned by them, subject to

applicable community property laws. The information is not necessarily indicative of beneficial ownership for any

other purpose.

In computing the number of ordinary shares beneficially owned by a person and the percentage ownership of

that person, we deemed outstanding ordinary shares subject to options and warrants held by that person that are

immediately exercisable or exercisable within 60 days of February 28, 2026. We did not deem these shares

outstanding, however, for the purpose of computing the percentage ownership of any other person. Beneficial

ownership representing less than 1% is denoted with an asterisk (*).

133

The information in the table below is based on information known to us or ascertained by us from public

filings made by the shareholders (which may be in the form of ADSs). Except as otherwise indicated in the table

below, addresses of the directors, executive officers and named beneficial owners are in care of Abivax SA,

7-11 boulevard Haussmann, 75009 Paris, France. Our major shareholders do not have any special voting rights.


Name of Beneficial Owner	Number of Ordinary Shares Beneficially Owned	Percentage of Ordinary Shares Benefic ially Owned	Percentage of Voting Power+
Name of Beneficial Owner	Number of Ordinary Shares Beneficially Owned	Percentage of Ordinary Shares Benefic ially Owned	Percentage of Voting Power+
5% Shareholders:
TCG Crossover(1) .....................................................................	6,456,596	8.14%	7.92%
Invus(2) ......................................................................................	6,765,569	8.54%	8.30%
Darwin(3) ..................................................................................	4,260,015	5.37%	5.22%

Directors and Officers:
Marc de Garidel(4) ....................................................................	929,540	1.17%	1.14%
Didier Blondel(5) .......................................................................	121,578	*	*
Fabio Cataldi .............................................................................	—	—	—
Sylvie Grégoire ..........................................................................	—	—	—
June Lee(6) ...............................................................................	15,977	*	*
Troy Ignelzi(7) ...........................................................................	15,977	*	*
Corinna zur Bonsen-Thomas(8) ................................................	15,976	*	*
Camilla Soenderby(9) ................................................................	15,977	*	*
Dominik Höchli .........................................................................	—	—	—
All directors and officers as a group (9 persons) .......................	1,115,025	1.44%	1.40%

*Represents beneficial ownership of less than 1%.

+A double voting right is attached to each registered ordinary share (except treasury share) that is held in the name of the same shareholder

for at least two years.

(1)The information in this footnote is based on a Schedule 13G filed with the SEC on November 14, 2025 by TCG Crossover GPI I, LLC

("TCG Crossover GP I"), TCG Crossover Fund I, L.P. ("TCG Crossover I"), TCG Crossover GPI II ("TCG Crossover GP II"), LLC, TCG

Crossover GPI II, L.P. ("TCG Crossover II") and Chen Yu. Consists of 6,456,596 ordinary shares held by TCG Crossover I and 655,000

ordinary shares held by TCG Crossover II. TCG Crossover GP I is the general partner of TCG Crossover I and may be deemed to have

voting, investment, and dispositive power with respect to these securities. Chen Yu is the sole managing member of TCG Crossover GP I

and may be deemed to share voting, investment and dispositive power with respect to these securities. TCG Crossover GP II is the general

partner of TCG Crossover II and may be deemed to have voting, investment, and dispositive power with respect to these securities. Chen

Yu is the sole managing member of TCG Crossover GP II and may be deemed to share voting, investment and dispositive power with

respect to these securities. The principal business address of each of TCG Crossover GP I, TCG Crossover I, TCG Crossover GP II, TCG

Crossover II and Dr. Yu is 245 Lytton Ave., Suite 350, Palo Alto, CA 94301.

(2)Consists of 3,922,995 ordinary shares directly held by Invus Public Equities, L.P. (“Invus PE”). Invus Public Equities Advisors, LLC

(“Invus PE Advisors”), as the general partner of Invus PE, controls Invus PE and accordingly, may be deemed to beneficially own the

ordinary shares held by Invus PE. Invus Global Management, LLC (“Global Management”), as the managing member of Invus PE

Advisors, controls Invus PE Advisors and, accordingly, may be deemed to beneficially own the ordinary shares that Invus PE Advisors

may be deemed to beneficially own. Sire, L.L.C., (“Siren”), as the managing member of Global Management, controls Global

Management and, accordingly, may be deemed to beneficially own the ordinary shares that Global Management may be deemed to

beneficially own. Mr. Raymond Debbane, as the managing member of Siren, controls Siren and, accordingly, may be deemed to

beneficially own the ordinary shares that Siren may be deemed to beneficially own. The address of each of the entities and the individual

referenced in this footnote is 750 Lexington Avenue, 30th Floor, New York, NY 10022.

(3)Consists of (i) 457,325 ordinary shares resulting from the holding of “right of use over ADR” contracts settled in cash, exercisable until

January 26, 2027, at a price of €63.85, and (ii) 2,036,688 ordinary shares resulting from the holding of cash-settled “right of use over

ADR” contracts, exercisable until August 26, 2027, at a price of €66.57.

(4)Consists of (a) 894,084 ordinary shares held as of February 28, 2026 and (b) 35,456 free shares that vest within 60 days of February 28,

2026.

(5)Consists of (a) 113,156 ordinary shares held as of February 28, 2026 and (b) up to 33,687 ordinary shares issuable upon the exercise of

warrants that are immediately exercisable or exercisable within 60 days of February 28, 2026.

(6)Consists of up to 15,977 ordinary shares issuable upon the exercise of warrants that are immediately exercisable or exercisable within 60

days of February 28, 2026.

(7)Consists of up to 15,977 ordinary shares issuable upon the exercise of warrants that are immediately exercisable or exercisable within 60

days of February 28, 2026.

134

(8)Consists of (a) 4,863 ordinary shares held as of February 28, 2026 and (b) up to 11,113 ordinary shares issuable upon the exercise of

warrants that are immediately exercisable or exercisable within 60 days of February 28, 2026.

(9)Consists of up to 15,977 ordinary shares issuable upon the exercise of options and warrants that are immediately exercisable or

exercisable within 60 days of February 28, 2026.

As of February 28, 2026, to the best of our knowledge, we estimate that 17,527,480 of our outstanding

ordinary shares (including ordinary shares in the form of ADSs) were held by 4 shareholders of record in the United

States. The actual number of holders is greater than the number of record holders, and includes beneficial owners

whose ordinary shares or ADSs are held in street name by brokers and other nominees. This number of holders of

record also does not include holders whose shares may be held in trust by other entities.

B.Related Party Transactions

Since January 1, 2025, we have engaged in the following transactions with our directors, executive officers

and holders of more than 5% of our outstanding voting securities and their affiliates, which we refer to as to our

related parties.

Arrangements with our Directors and Executive Officers

Director and Executive Officer Compensation

We are parties to employment agreements and other compensation arrangements, including equity

compensation arrangements, with our directors and executive officers in the ordinary course of business. See “Item

6.B Compensation and Benefits” for information regarding compensation of the Directors and Executive Officers.

Related Person Transaction Policy

We comply with French law regarding approval of transactions with related parties. In particular, in

accordance with article L.225-38 and seq. of the French Commercial Code, transactions with our general managers,

directors, shareholders holding more than 10% of the voting rights of the company and any company controlling a

shareholder holding more than 10% of our voting rights, other than transactions in the ordinary course of business

and at arm’s length, are (i) subject to a prior approval by the Board, (ii) reported to the statutory auditors who must

then prepare a report on such transaction, and (iii) ratified by the our shareholders at the annual general meeting.

In addition, we have adopted a related-party transaction policy that sets forth our procedures for the

identification, review, consideration and approval or ratification of related-party transactions. For purposes of our

policy only, a related-party transaction is defined as (1) any individual or series of financial transactions,

arrangements or relationships (including any indebtedness or guarantee of indebtedness), in which we and any

related parties are, were or will be participants, or otherwise have a direct or indirect interest, or (2) any agreement

or similar transaction under French law which falls within the scope of Article L. 225-38 of the French Commercial

Code. For purposes of this policy, a related party is any person who is or at any time since the beginning of the our

last fiscal year was, a director, director nominee, executive officer, beneficial owner of more than 5% of any class of

our voting securities or any immediate family member(s) of the foregoing persons, or any firm, corporation or other

entity in which any of the foregoing persons is employed or is a partner or principal or in a similar position or in

which such person has more than a 5% beneficial ownership interest. Under the policy, related-party transactions

must be reported to us by the relevant related parties. If a transaction has been identified as a related-party

transaction, management must present information regarding the related-party transaction to our Board for review,

consideration and approval or ratification. Regarding certain transactions, our Board may appoint an independent

expert whenever the signing of a related person transaction is likely to have a material impact on our balance sheet

or results. In this case, this expert review will be mentioned in the special report of the statutory auditors and

disclosed to the public subject, as the case may be, to any information likely to adversely affect trade secret. Our

Board may also seek the opinion of the audit committee and/or of the independent statutory auditors if there is any

doubt about the qualification of a related person transaction subject to his evaluation. When submitted to our

Board’s review, the persons who have a direct or indirect interest in the transaction shall not participate in its review.

C.Interests of Experts and Counsel

Not applicable.

135

Item 8.Financial Information

A.Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information

Financial Statements

Our consolidated financial statements are included at the end of this Annual Report on Form 20-F, starting at

page F-1.

Legal Proceedings

From time to time, we may be involved in various claims and legal proceedings relating to claims arising out

of our operations. We are not currently a party to any legal proceedings that, in the opinion of our management, are

likely to have a material adverse effect on our business. Regardless of outcome, litigation can have an adverse

impact on us because of defense and settlement costs, diversion of management resources and other factors.

Dividend Policy

We have never declared or paid any cash dividends on our ordinary shares. We do not have any present plan

to pay any cash dividends on our equity securities in the foreseeable future. We currently intend to retain all of our

available funds and any future earnings to operate and expand our business. We do not anticipate paying cash

dividends on our equity securities in the foreseeable future and intend to retain all available funds and any future

earnings for use in the operation and expansion of our business, given our state of development.

Subject to the requirements of French law and our by-laws, dividends may only be distributed from our

distributable profits, plus any amount held in our available reserves, which are those reserves other than the legal

and statutory reserves and the revaluation surplus.

If we pay any dividends, we will pay our ADS holders to the same extent as holders of our ordinary shares,

subject to the terms of the deposit agreement, including deduction in respect of the fees and expenses payable

thereunder. See “Description of American Depositary Shares” for further information. Cash dividends on our

ordinary shares, if any, will be paid in euros and converted into U.S. dollars with respect to ADSs, as provided in the

deposit agreement.

B.Significant Changes

Except as disclosed elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 20-F, no significant changes have occurred.

137

Item 10.Additional Information.

A.Share capital

Not applicable.

B.Memorandum and articles of association

The information set forth in Exhibit 2.1 is incorporated herein by reference.

C.Material contracts

ATM Agreement

On November 19, 2024, we entered into an Equity Distribution Agreement (the “ATM Agreement”) with

Piper Sandler & Co. (“Piper Sandler”) with respect to an equity offering program under which we may offer and sell

ADSs from time to time, through Piper Sandler as sales agent, having an aggregate offering price of up to $150.0

million (subject to French regulatory limits). Sales of the ADSs, if any, may be made in sales deemed to be an “at

the market offering” as defined in Rule 415(a)(4) promulgated under the Securities Act. The ATM Agreement will

terminate upon the earlier of (i) the sale of all ADSs subject to the ATM Agreement and (ii) the termination of the

ATM Agreement as permitted therein. Piper Sandler may terminate the Agreement at any time, and we may

terminate the ATM Agreement at any time upon ten days’ prior notice.

D.Exchange Controls

Under current French foreign exchange control regulations there are no limitations on the amount of cash

payments that we may remit to residents of foreign countries. Laws and regulations concerning foreign exchange

controls do, however, require that all payments or transfers of funds made by a French resident to a non-resident

such as dividend payments be handled by an accredited intermediary. All registered banks and substantially all

credit institutions in France are accredited intermediaries.

E.Taxation

The summary set forth below describes certain French and U.S. federal income tax consequences relating to

the purchase, ownership and disposition of the ADSs to U.S. Holders (as defined below) as of the date hereof. This

summary does not represent a detailed description of the tax consequences applicable to a U.S. Holder that is

subject to special treatment under the U.S. federal tax laws, including, without limitation:

•certain financial institutions;

•traders in securities who use a mark-to-market method of tax accounting;

•dealers in securities or currencies;

•persons holding ADSs as part of a hedging transaction, “straddle,” wash sale, conversion transaction or

integrated transaction or persons entering into a constructive sale with respect to the ADSs;

•regulated investment companies;

•insurance companies;

•real estate investment trusts, grantor trusts or other trusts;

•persons whose “functional currency” for U.S. federal income tax purposes is not the U.S. dollar;

•expatriates of the United States;

•tax exempt entities, including “individual retirement accounts” and “Roth IRAs”;

•entities or arrangements classified as partnerships or other pass-through entities for U.S. federal

income tax purposes (and investors therein);

•persons that received ADSs as compensation for the performance of services;

•persons that own or are deemed to own ten percent or more of our shares (by vote or value); and

138

•persons holding ADSs in connection with a trade or business, permanent establishment, or fixed base

outside the United States.

This summary is for general information only. Prospective Investors considering the purchase,

ownership or disposition of the ADSs are advised to consult their own tax advisers concerning the French and

U.S. federal income tax consequences in light of their particular facts and circumstances, as well as any

consequences arising under the laws of any other taxing jurisdiction.

French Income Tax Considerations

The following describes the material French income tax consequences to U.S. Holders (as defined below) of

purchasing, owning and disposing of our ADSs and, unless otherwise noted, this discussion is the opinion of

Dechert, our French tax counsel, insofar as it relates to matters of French tax law and legal conclusions with respect

to those matters.

This discussion does not purport to be a complete analysis or listing of all potential tax effects of the

acquisition, ownership or disposition of our ADSs to any particular investor, and does not discuss tax considerations

that arise from rules of general application or that are generally assumed to be known by investors. All of the

following is subject to change. Such changes could apply retroactively and could affect the consequences described

below.

In 2011, France introduced a comprehensive set of new tax rules applicable to French assets that are held by or

in foreign trusts. These rules, among other things, provide for the inclusion of trust assets in the settlor’s net assets

for purpose of applying the former French wealth tax (replaced by the French real estate wealth tax as from

January 1, 2018), for the application of French gift and death duties to French assets held in trust, for a specific tax

on capital on the French assets of foreign trusts not already subject to the former French wealth tax (replaced by the

French real estate wealth tax as from January 1, 2018) and for a number of French tax reporting and disclosure

obligations. The following discussion does not address the French tax consequences applicable to ADSs held in

trusts. If ADSs are held in trust, the grantor, trustee and beneficiary are urged to consult their own tax adviser

regarding the specific tax consequences of acquiring, owning and disposing of ADSs.

The description of the French income tax and real estate wealth tax consequences set forth below is based on

the Convention Between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of the French

Republic for the Avoidance of Double Taxation and the Prevention of Fiscal Evasion with Respect to Taxes on

Income and Capital of August 31, 1994 which came into force on December 30, 1995 (as amended by any

subsequent protocols, including the protocol of January 13, 2009, or the "Treaty") and the tax guidelines issued by

the French tax authorities in force as of the date of this Annual Report on Form 20-F.

For the purposes of this discussion, the term “U.S. Holder” means a beneficial owner of ADSs that is (or is

treated as), for U.S. federal income tax purposes: (1) an individual who is a U.S. citizen or resident, (2) a corporation

or other entity that is treated as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes, created or organized in or under

the laws of the United States or any state thereof, including the District of Colombia, (3) otherwise subject to U.S.

federal income taxation or (4) a trust, if a court within the United States is able to exercise primary supervision over

its administration and one or more U.S. persons have the authority to control all of the substantial decisions of such

trust or has a valid election in effect under applicable U.S. Treasury Regulations to be treated as a United States

person.

If a partnership (or any other entity treated as partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes) holds ADSs,

the tax treatment of the partnership and a partner in such partnership generally will depend upon the status of the

partner and the activities of the partnership. If a U.S. Holder is a partnership or a partner in a partnership that holds

ADSs, such holder is urged to consult its own tax adviser regarding the specific tax consequences of acquiring,

owning and disposing of securities.

This discussion applies only to investors that hold our ADSs as capital assets that have the U.S. dollar as their

functional currency, that are entitled to Treaty benefits under the “Limitation on Benefits” provision contained in the

Treaty, and whose ownership of the ADSs is not effectively connected to a permanent establishment or a fixed base

in France. Certain U.S. Holders (including, but not limited to, U.S. expatriates, partnerships or other entities

classified as partnerships for U.S. federal income tax purposes, banks, insurance companies, regulated investment

companies, tax-exempt organizations, financial institutions, persons subject to the alternative minimum tax, persons

who acquired the securities pursuant to the exercise of employee share options or otherwise as compensation,

persons that own (directly, indirectly or by attribution) 5% or more of our voting stock or 5% or more of our

outstanding share capital, dealers in securities or currencies, persons that elect to mark their securities to market for

U.S. federal income tax purposes and persons holding securities as a position in a synthetic security, straddle or

conversion transaction) may be subject to special rules not discussed below.

139

U.S. Holders are urged to consult their own tax advisers regarding the tax consequences of the purchase,

ownership and disposition of securities in light of their particular circumstances, especially with regard to the

“Limitations on Benefits” provision.

Estate and Gift Taxes and Transfer Taxes

In general, a transfer of securities by gift or by reason of death of a U.S. Holder that would otherwise be

subject to French gift or inheritance tax, respectively, will not be subject to such French tax by reason of the

Convention between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of the French Republic

for the Avoidance of Double Taxation and the Prevention of Fiscal Evasion with Respect to Taxes on Estates,

Inheritances and Gifts, dated November 24, 1978 (as amended by any subsequent protocols, including the protocol

of December 8, 2004), unless (i) the donor or the transferor is domiciled in France at the time of making the gift or

at the time of his or her death, or (ii) the securities were used in, or held for use in, the conduct of a business through

a permanent establishment or a fixed base in France.

Financial Transactions Tax

Pursuant to Article 235 ter ZD of the French Tax Code (Code général des impôts) (the “FTC”), purchases of

certain securities issued by a French company, including ordinary shares (which may be in the form of ADSs),

which are listed on a regulated market of the EU or an exchange market formally acknowledged by the AMF (in

each case within the meaning of the French Monetary and Financial Code (the “FMFC”)) are subject in France to a

0.3% tax (increased to 0.4% as from April 1st, 2025) on financial transactions (the “TFT”), provided inter alia that

the issuer’s market capitalization exceeds €1 billion as of December 1 of the year preceding the taxation year.

A list of French relevant companies whose market capitalization exceeds €1 billion as of December 1 of the

year preceding the taxation year is published annually by the French State. The last version of such list was dated

December 17, 2025 (BOI-ANNX-000467). It included Abivax SA as its market capitalization exceeded €1.0 billion.

However, the Nasdaq Global Market, on which ADSs are listed, is not currently acknowledged by the AMF,

but it may change in the future.

As a result, the ADSs are not currently within the scope of the TFT. Under current law, purchases of our

ADSs will not be subject to the TFT as long as the Nasdaq Global Market is not acknowledged by the AMF.

Registration Duties

In the case where the TFT is not applicable, (1) transfers of shares issued by a French company which are

listed on a regulated or organized market within the meaning of the FMFC are subject to uncapped registration

duties at the rate of 0.1% if the transfer is evidenced by a written statement (“acte”) executed either in France or

outside France, whereas (2) transfers of shares issued by a French company which are not listed on a regulated or

organized market within the meaning of the FMFC are subject to uncapped registration duties at the rate of 0.1%

notwithstanding the existence of a written statement.

As ordinary shares of Abivax SA are listed on Euronext Paris, which is a regulated market within the meaning

of the FMFC, their transfer should be subject to uncapped registration duties at the rate of 0.1% only if such transfer

is evidenced by a written agreement. Although the official guidelines published by the French tax authorities are

silent on this point (BOI-ENR-DMTOM-40-10-10-24/04/2024), ADSs should remain outside of the scope of the

aforementioned 0.1% registration duties.

Real Estate Wealth Tax

Since January 1, 2018, the French wealth tax (impôt de solidarité sur la fortune) has been repealed and

replaced by the French real estate wealth tax (impôt sur la fortune immobilière).

The scope of such new tax is narrowed to real estate assets (and certain assets deemed to be real estate assets)

or rights, held directly or indirectly through one or more legal entities and whose net taxable assets amount at least

to €1,300,000.

Broadly, subject to provisions of double tax treaties and to certain exceptions, individuals who are not

residents of France for tax purposes within the meaning of Article 4 B of the FTC, are subject to real estate wealth

tax (impôt sur la fortune immobilière) in France in respect of the portion of the value of their shares of our company

representing real estate assets (Article 965, 2° of the FTC). Some exceptions are provided by the FTC. For instance,

any participations representing less than 10% of the share capital of an operating company and shares representing

real estate for the professional use of the company considered shall not fall within the scope of the French real estate

140

wealth tax (impôt sur la fortune immobilière). Under the Treaty (the provisions of which should be applicable to this

new real estate wealth tax (impôt sur la fortune immobilière) in France), the French real estate wealth tax (impôt sur

la fortune immobilière) will however generally not apply to securities held by an eligible U.S. Holder who is a U.S.

resident, as defined pursuant to the provisions of the Treaty, provided that such (i) U.S. Holder (a) does not own

directly or indirectly more than 25% of the issuer’s financial rights and (b) that the ADSs do not form part of the

business property of a permanent establishment or fixed base in France and (ii) that the issuer’s assets do not consist

in at least 50 percent of real property located in France, or that the issuer’s shares do not derive at least 50 percent of

their value, directly or indirectly, from real property located in France.

U.S. Holders are advised to consult their own tax advisor regarding the specific tax consequences which may

apply to their particular situation with respect to such French real estate wealth tax (impôt sur la fortune

immobilière).

Tax on Patrimonial Holding Companies

The French Finance Act for 2026 introduced a tax on non‑business assets held by patrimonial holding

companies that (i) have their registered office in France and are subject to corporate income tax, or (ii) have their

registered office outside France and are either subject to a tax equivalent to corporate income tax or are companies

limited by shares. The tax base is the sum of the fair market values of certain expressly enumerated assets held by

the company as of the close of the fiscal year for which the tax is due.

U.S. Holders are advised to consult their own tax advisor regarding the specific tax consequences which may

apply to their situation with respect to such tax on patrimonial holding companies

Taxation of Dividends

Dividends paid by a French corporation, when their beneficial owners are not French tax residents, are

generally subject to French withholding tax at a rate of currently (i) 25% for dividends the beneficial owners of

which are legal persons which are not French tax residents, and (ii) 12.8% for dividends the beneficial owners of

which are individuals who are not French tax residents. Dividends paid by a French corporation in a non-cooperative

State or territory, as defined in Article 238-0 A of the FTC, other than those states or territories mentioned in 2° of 2

bis of the same Article 238-0 A will generally be subject to French withholding tax at a rate of 75%. However,

eligible U.S. Holders entitled to Treaty benefits under the “Limitation on Benefits” provision contained in the Treaty

who are U.S. residents, as defined pursuant to the provisions of the Treaty, will not be subject to this 12.8%, 25% or

75% withholding tax rate, but may be subject to the withholding tax at a reduced rate (as described below).

Under the Treaty, the rate of French withholding tax on dividends paid to an eligible U.S. Holder who is a

U.S. resident as defined pursuant to the provisions of the Treaty and the beneficial owner of these dividends, and

whose ownership of the ordinary shares (which may be in the form of ADSs) is not effectively connected with a

permanent establishment or fixed base that such U.S. Holder has in France, is generally reduced to 15%, or to 5% if

such U.S. Holder is a corporation and owns directly or indirectly at least 10% of the share capital of the issuer; such

U.S. Holder may claim a refund from the French tax authorities of the amount withheld in excess of the Treaty rates

of 15% or 5%, if any.

For U.S. Holders that are not individuals but are U.S. residents, as defined pursuant to the provisions of the

Treaty, the requirements for eligibility for Treaty benefits, including the reduced 5% or 15% withholding tax rates

contained in the “Limitation on Benefits” provision of the Treaty, are complicated, and certain technical changes

were made to these requirements by the protocol of January 13, 2009. U.S. Holders are advised to consult their own

tax advisers regarding their eligibility for Treaty benefits in light of their own particular circumstances.

Dividends paid to an eligible U.S. Holder may immediately be subject to the reduced rates of 5% or 15%

provided that:

•such holder establishes before the date of payment that it is a U.S. resident under the Treaty by

completing and providing the depositary with a treaty form (Form 5000) in accordance with French

guidelines (BOI-INT-DG-20-20-20-20-12/09/2012); or

•the depositary or other financial institution managing the securities account in the U.S. of such U.S.

Holder provides the French paying agent with a document listing certain information about the U.S.

Holder and its ordinary shares or ADSs and a certificate (BOI-LETTRE-000138-28/07/2014) whereby

the financial institution managing the U.S. Holder’s securities account in the United States takes full

responsibility for the accuracy of the information provided in the document.

Otherwise, dividends paid to a U.S. Holder, if such U.S. Holder is a legal person, will be subject to French

withholding tax at the rate of 25%, or 75% if paid in a non-cooperative State or territory (as defined in Article 238-0

A of the FTC, but other than those states or territories mentioned in 2° of 2 bis of the same Article 238-0 A), and

then reduced at a later date to 5% or 15%, provided that such holder duly completes and provides the French tax

141

authorities with the treaty forms Form 5000 and Form 5001 before December 31 of the year following the year

during which the dividend is paid (due to recent case law regarding the statute of limitation for filing a withholding

tax claim: U.S. Holders are advised to consult their own tax advisor in this respect).

Certain qualifying pension funds and certain other tax-exempt entities are subject to the same general filing

requirements as other U.S. Holders except that they may have to supply additional documentation evidencing their

entitlement to these benefits.

Since the withholding tax rate applicable under French domestic law to U.S. Holders who are individuals does

not exceed the cap provided in the Treaty (i.e., 15%), the 12.8% rate shall apply, without any reduction provided

under the Treaty.

Besides, please note that pursuant to Article 235 quater of the FTC (introduced by the French finance bill

No. 2019-1479 for 2020) and under certain conditions, a corporate U.S. Holder which is in a tax loss position for the

fiscal year during which the dividend is received may be entitled to a deferral regime, and obtain a withholding tax

refund. The tax deferral ends in respect of the first financial year during which this U.S. Holder is in a profit making

position, as well as in the cases set out in Article 235 quater of the FTC. Finance Bill for 2022 extended the deadline

to claim the refund (December 31 of the second year following the year of payment instead of three months after the

end of the fiscal year following the payment of the income) and clarify the order in which the deferred taxes become

due (the forfeiture of the deferral applies in priority to the oldest withholding taxes). Also, pursuant to newly

introduced Article 235 quinquies of the FTC and under certain conditions, a corporate U.S. Holder may be entitled

to a refund of a fraction of the withholding tax, up to the difference between the withholding tax paid (on a gross

basis) and the withholding tax based on the dividend net of the expenses incurred for the acquisition and

conservation directly related to the income, provided (i) that these expenses would have been tax deductible had the

U.S. Holder been established in France, and (ii) that the tax rules in the United States do not allow the U.S. Holder

to offset the withholding tax.

Tax on Sale or Other Disposition

In general, under the Treaty, a U.S. Holder who is a U.S. resident for purposes of the Treaty will not be

subject to French tax on any capital gain from the redemption (other than redemption proceeds characterized as

dividends under French domestic tax law or administrative guidelines), sale or exchange of ADSs unless the ADSs

form part of the business property of a permanent establishment or fixed base that the U.S. Holder has in France.

Special rules apply to U.S. Holders who are residents of more than one country.

Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations for U.S. Holders

The following is a description of the material U.S. federal income tax consequences to the U.S. Holders

described below of acquiring, owning and disposing of the ADSs. It is not a comprehensive description of all tax

considerations that may be relevant to a particular person’s decision to acquire securities. This discussion applies

only to a U.S. Holder that holds ADSs as “capital assets” (generally, property held for investment) under the U.S.

Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”). In addition, it does not describe all of the tax

considerations that may be relevant in light of a U.S. Holder’s particular circumstances, including U.S. federal estate

and gift taxes, the Medicare contribution tax on net investment income, the alternative minimum tax provisions of

the Code, the special tax accounting rules under Section 451(b) of the Code, any state, local, or non-U.S. tax

considerations, and tax considerations applicable to U.S. Holders subject to special rules, including, without

limitation:

•certain financial institutions;

•traders in securities who use a mark-to-market method of tax accounting;

•dealers in securities or currencies;

•persons holding ADSs as part of a hedging transaction, “straddle,” wash sale, conversion transaction or

integrated transaction or persons entering into a constructive sale with respect to the ADSs;

•regulated investment companies;

•insurance companies;

•real estate investment trusts, grantor trusts or other trusts;

•persons whose “functional currency” for U.S. federal income tax purposes is not the U.S. dollar;

•expatriates of the United States;

•tax exempt entities, including “individual retirement accounts” and “Roth IRAs”;

142

•entities or arrangements classified as partnerships or other pass-through entities for U.S. federal

income tax purposes (and investors therein);

•persons that received ADSs as compensation for the performance of services;

•persons that own or are deemed to own ten percent or more of our shares (by vote or value); and

•persons holding ADSs in connection with a trade or business, permanent establishment, or fixed base

outside the United States.

If an entity or arrangement that is classified as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes holds the

ADSs, the U.S. federal income tax treatment of a partner in that partnership will generally depend on the status of

the partner and the activities of the partnership. Partnerships holding the ADSs and partners in such partnerships are

encouraged to consult their own tax advisers as to the particular U.S. federal income tax consequences of acquiring,

owning, and disposing of the ADSs.

This description is based on the Code, existing, proposed and temporary U.S. Treasury Regulations

promulgated thereunder and administrative and judicial interpretations thereof, in each case as in effect and available

on the date hereof. All of the foregoing is subject to change, which change could apply retroactively, and to differing

interpretations, all of which could affect the tax considerations described below. No rulings have been sought from

the U.S. Internal Revenue Service (the “IRS”), regarding the matters discussed herein and there can be no assurance

that the IRS will not take a contrary position concerning the tax consequences of the acquisition, ownership and

disposition of the ADSs or that such a position would not be sustained. U.S. Holders should consult their own tax

advisers concerning the U.S. federal, state, local and non-U.S. tax consequences of acquiring, owning, and disposing

of the ADSs in their particular circumstances.

As used for purposes of this section “—Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations for U.S. Holders”, a

“U.S. Holder” is a holder who, for U.S. federal income tax purposes, is a beneficial owner of the ADSs that is an

initial purchaser of the ADSs sold in our initial public offering of our ADSs in the United States and is:

•an individual who is a citizen or resident of the United States;

•a corporation, or other entity taxable as a corporation, created or organized in or under the laws of the

United States, any state therein or the District of Columbia;

•an estate whose income is eligible for inclusion in gross income for U.S. federal income tax purposes,

regardless of its source; or

•a trust, if (A) a U.S. court is able to exercise primary supervision over the trust’s administration and

one or more United States persons (as such term is defined under the Code) have authority to control

all substantial decisions of the trust, or (B) the trust has a valid election in place under applicable U.S.

Treasury regulations to treat the trust as a United States person (as such term is defined under the

Code).

The discussion below assumes that the representations contained in the depositary agreement are true and that

the obligations in the deposit agreement and any related agreement will be complied with in accordance with its

terms. For U.S. federal income tax purposes, it is generally expected that a U.S. Holder of ADSs will be treated as

the beneficial owner of the underlying ordinary shares represented by the ADSs. The remainder of this discussion

assumes that a U.S. Holder of our ADSs will be treated in this manner. Accordingly, deposits or withdrawals of

ADSs for ordinary shares will generally not be subject to U.S. federal income tax.

U.S. Holders are encouraged to consult their own tax advisers concerning the U.S. federal, state, local

and foreign tax consequences of acquiring, owning and disposing of the ADSs in their particular

circumstances.

Taxation of Distributions

Subject to the passive foreign investment company (“PFIC”) rules described below, distributions paid on the

ADSs, other than certain pro rata distributions of the ADSs, will generally be treated as dividends to the extent paid

out of our current or accumulated earnings and profits (as determined under U.S. federal income tax principles). We

do not maintain calculations of our earnings and profits under U.S. federal income tax principles, and so we expect

that distributions generally will be reported to U.S. Holders as dividends. Subject to applicable limitations, dividends

paid by a “qualified foreign corporation” are eligible for taxation at a preferential capital gains rate rather than the

marginal tax rates generally applicable to ordinary income provided that certain requirements are met. However, if

we are a PFIC (or treated as a PFIC with respect to the U.S. Holder) for the taxable year in which the dividend is

paid or the preceding taxable year (see discussion below under “Passive Foreign Investment Company Rules”), we

will not be treated as a qualified foreign corporation, and therefore the preferential capital gains tax rate described

143

above will not apply. Each U.S. Holder is advised to consult its tax advisors regarding the availability of the

preferential tax rate on dividends with regard to its particular circumstances.

A non-U.S. corporation (other than a corporation classified as a PFIC for the taxable year in which the

dividend is paid or the preceding taxable year) generally will be considered to be a qualified foreign corporation if:

(i) it is eligible for the benefits of a comprehensive tax treaty with the United States, which the Secretary of Treasury

of the United States determines is satisfactory for purposes of this provision, and which includes an exchange of

information provision; or (ii) with respect to any dividend it pays on shares that are readily tradable on an

established securities market in the United States. We believe that we qualify as a resident of France for the purposes

of, and are eligible for the benefits of, the income tax treaty between France and the United States, which the IRS

has determined is satisfactory for purposes of the qualified dividend rules, and that it includes an exchange of

information provision, although there can be no assurance in this regard. Further, our ADSs will generally be

considered to be readily tradable on an established securities marked in the United States, including the Nasdaq

Global Market. Therefore, subject to the discussion below under “Passive Foreign Investment Company Rules”, if

the income tax treaty between France and the United States is applicable, or if the ADSs are readily tradable on an

established securities market in the United States, dividends paid on the ADSs will generally be “qualified dividend

income” in the hands of individual U.S. Holders, provided that certain conditions are met, including conditions

relating to the holding period and the absence of certain risk reduction transactions.

A U.S. Holder must include the gross amount of a dividend without reduction for amounts withheld by us in

respect of French income taxes (see “Material United States Federal Income and French Tax Considerations—

Certain French Considerations”), even though the U.S. Holder did not in fact receive the amount associated with the

withheld French tax. The amount of the dividend will be treated as foreign-source dividend income to U.S. Holders

and will not be eligible for the dividends-received deduction generally available to U.S. corporations under the

Code. Dividends generally will be included in a U.S. Holder’s income on the date of the U.S. Holder’s receipt (or

deemed receipt) of the dividend. The amount of any distribution of property other than cash (excluding certain pro

rata distributions of ordinary shares or ADSs or rights to acquire ordinary shares or ADSs) will be the fair market

value of such property on the date of the distribution. The amount of any dividend income paid in euros will be the

U.S. dollar amount calculated by reference to the exchange rate in effect on the date of actual or constructive receipt,

regardless of whether the payment is in fact converted into U.S. dollars. If the dividend is converted into U.S. dollars

on the date of receipt, a U.S. Holder should not be required to recognize foreign currency gain or loss in respect of

the dividend income. A U.S. Holder may have foreign currency gain or loss if the dividend is converted into U.S.

dollars after the date of receipt.

Subject to applicable limitations, some of which vary depending upon the U.S. Holder’s particular

circumstances, French income taxes withheld from dividends on the ADSs at a rate not exceeding the rate provided

by the income tax treaty between France and the United States generally will be creditable against the U.S. Holder’s

U.S. federal income tax liability. U.S. Treasury regulations may in some circumstances prohibit a U.S. Holder from

claiming a foreign tax credit with respect to certain foreign taxes that are not creditable under applicable tax treaties.

Dividend distributions with respect to the ADSs generally will be treated as "passive category" income from sources

outside the United States for purposes of determining a U.S. Holder’s U.S. foreign tax credit limitation. The rules

governing foreign tax credits are complex and U.S. Holders should consult their tax advisers regarding the

creditability of foreign taxes in their particular circumstances. In lieu of claiming a foreign tax credit, U.S. Holders

may, at their election, deduct foreign taxes, including any French income tax, in computing their taxable income,

subject to generally applicable limitations under U.S. law. An election to deduct foreign taxes instead of claiming

foreign tax credits applies to all foreign taxes paid or accrued in the taxable year.

Sale or Other Taxable Disposition of the ADSs

A U.S. Holder generally will recognize gain or loss for U.S. federal income tax purposes upon the sale,

exchange or other taxable disposition of the ADSs in an amount equal to the difference between the U.S. dollar

value of the amount realized from such sale or exchange and the U.S. Holder’s tax basis for those ADSs. Subject to

the PFIC rules described below, this gain or loss generally will be a capital gain or loss. The adjusted tax basis in an

ADS generally will be equal to the cost of such ADS. Capital gain from the sale, exchange or other taxable

disposition of ADSs of a non-corporate U.S. Holder is generally eligible for a preferential rate of taxation applicable

to capital gains, if the non-corporate U.S. Holder’s holding period determined at the time of such sale, exchange or

other taxable disposition for such ADSs exceeds one year (i.e., such gain is long-term taxable gain). The

deductibility of capital losses for U.S. federal income tax purposes is subject to limitations under the Code. Any

such gain or loss that a U.S. Holder recognizes generally will be treated as U.S. source income or loss for foreign tax

credit limitation purposes. The deductibility of capital losses is subject to limitations.

For a cash basis taxpayer, units of foreign currency paid or received are translated into U.S. dollars at the spot

rate on the settlement date of the purchase or sale. In that case, no foreign currency exchange gain or loss will result

from currency fluctuations between the trade date and the settlement date of such a purchase or sale. An accrual

basis taxpayer, however, may elect the same treatment required of cash basis taxpayers with respect to purchases

and sales of the ADSs that are traded on an established securities market, provided the election is applied

144

consistently from year to year. Such election may not be changed without the consent of the IRS. For an accrual

basis taxpayer who does not make such an election, units of foreign currency paid or received are translated into

U.S. dollars at the spot rate on the trade date of the purchase or sale. Such an accrual basis taxpayer may recognize

exchange gain or loss based on currency fluctuations between the trade date and the settlement date. Any foreign

currency gain or loss a U.S. Holder realizes will be U.S. source ordinary income or loss.

Passive Foreign Investment Company Rules

Under the Code, we will be a PFIC for any taxable year in which, after the application of certain “look-

through” rules with respect to subsidiaries, either (i) 75% or more of our gross income consists of “passive

income,” (“income test”) or (ii) 50% or more of the average quarterly value of our assets (generally determined on

the basis of a weighted quarterly average) consist of assets that produce, or are held for the production of, “passive

income.” Passive income generally includes dividends, interest, and gains from the sale or exchange of investment

property and rents or royalties other than rents or royalties which are received from unrelated parties in connection

with the active conduct of a trade or business. Passive assets include, among others, cash and assets readily

convertible into cash, while our goodwill and other unbooked intangibles associated with active business activities

may generally be treated as non-passive assets. In addition, for purposes of the above calculations, a non-U.S.

corporation that owns, directly or indirectly, at least 25% by value of the equity interests of another corporation is

treated as if it held its proportionate share of the assets of the other corporation, and received directly its

proportionate share of the income of the other corporation. If a corporation is treated as a PFIC with respect to a U.S.

Holder for any taxable year, the corporation will continue to be treated as a PFIC with respect to that U.S. Holder in

all succeeding taxable years, regardless of whether the corporation continues to meet the PFIC requirements in such

years, unless certain elections are made.

Based on our analysis of our financial statements, activities and relevant market and shareholder data, we do

not believe that we were a PFIC for the taxable year ended December 31, 2025. The determination of whether we

are a PFIC is a fact-intensive determination made on an annual basis and the applicable law is subject to varying

interpretation. Whether we are a PFIC for any taxable year will depend on the composition of our income and the

composition, nature and value of our assets from time to time (including the value or our goodwill, which may be

determined by reference to the value of our ADSs, which could fluctuate considerably). We currently do not

generate product revenues and therefore we may be a PFIC for any taxable year in which we do not generate

sufficient amounts of non-passive income to offset our passive income. As a result, there can be no assurance that

we will not be treated as a PFIC for the current or any future taxable year and our U.S. counsel expresses no opinion

with respect to our PFIC status for any prior, current or future taxable year. Even if we determine that we are not a

PFIC for a taxable year, there can be no assurance that the IRS, will agree with our conclusion and that the IRS

would not successfully challenge our position.

If we are a PFIC for any taxable year during which a U.S. Holder holds the ADSs, the U.S. Holder may be

subject to adverse tax consequences, regardless of whether we remain a PFIC. Generally, gain recognized upon a

disposition (including, under certain circumstances, a pledge) of the ADSs by the U.S. Holder would be allocated

ratably over the U.S. Holder’s holding period for such ADSs. The amounts allocated to the taxable year of

disposition and to years before we became a PFIC (“pre-PFIC Years”) would be taxed as ordinary income. The

amount allocated to each other taxable years would be subject to tax at the highest rate in effect for that taxable year

for individuals or corporations, as appropriate, and would be subject to an interest charge on the resulting tax

deemed deferred with respect to each such other taxable year. Further, to the extent that any distribution received by

a U.S. Holder on its ADSs exceeds 125% of the average of the annual distributions on such ADSs received by the

U.S. Holder during the (i) preceding three years or (ii) the U.S. Holder’s holding period, whichever is shorter, that

distribution would be subject to taxation in the same manner described immediately above with respect to gain on

disposition.

Alternatively, if we are a PFIC and if the ADSs are “regularly traded” on a “qualified exchange,” a U.S.

Holder could make a mark-to-market election that would result in tax treatment different from the general tax

treatment described in the preceding paragraph. The ADSs would be treated as “regularly traded” in any calendar

year in which more than a de minimis quantity of the ADSs are traded on a qualified exchange, including the Nasdaq

Global Market, on at least 15 days during each calendar quarter. The ADSs are listed on the Nasdaq Global Market,

and we expect, although no assurance can be given, that they will be regularly traded on the Nasdaq Global Market.

U.S. Holders should consult with their own tax advisors regarding potential availability of the mark-to-market

election.

If a U.S. Holder makes the mark-to-market election, the U.S. Holder generally will recognize as ordinary

income any excess of the fair market value of the ADSs at the end of each taxable year over their adjusted tax basis,

and will recognize an ordinary loss in respect of any excess of the adjusted tax basis of the ADSs over their fair

market value at the end of the taxable year (but only to the extent of the net amount of income previously included

as a result of the mark-to-market election). If a U.S. Holder makes the election, the U.S. Holder’s tax basis in the

ADSs will be adjusted to reflect these income or loss amounts. Any gain recognized on the sale or other disposition

of ADSs in a year when we are a PFIC will be treated as ordinary income and any loss will be treated as an ordinary

145

loss (but only to the extent of the net amount of income previously included as a result of the mark-to-market

election). If a U.S. Holder makes a mark-to-market election in respect of a corporation classified as a PFIC and such

corporation ceases to be classified as a PFIC, the holder will not be required to take into account the gain or loss

described above during any period that such corporation is not classified as a PFIC.

A timely election to treat a PFIC as a qualified electing fund under Section 1295 of the Code (“QEF Election”)

would result in alternative treatment. If a U.S. Holder makes a QEF Election for the first tax year of such U.S.

Holder’s holding period in which we are classified as a PFIC, then such U.S. Holder generally would not be subject

to the PFIC rules described above. Instead, a U.S. Holder that makes a timely and effective QEF Election will

currently include in gross income such U.S. Holder’s (a) pro rata share of our ordinary earnings as ordinary income

and (b) pro rata share of our net capital gain as long-term capital gain, regardless of whether we have made any

distributions of such earnings or gain. The U.S. Holder’s basis in its ADSs would be increased to reflect the amount

of such income inclusions. Generally, for this purpose, “ordinary earnings” are the excess of our (a) “earnings and

profits” over (b) net capital gain, and “net capital gain” is the excess of our (a) net long-term capital gain over (b) net

short-term capital loss.

A U.S. Holder that has made such a timely and effective QEF Election generally may receive a distribution

tax-free as a return of capital to the extent that such distribution represents “earnings and profits” that were

previously included in income by the U.S. Holder because of such QEF Election and such distribution will reduce

such U.S. holder’s adjusted tax basis in our ADSs to reflect the amount allowed as a tax free distribution because of

such QEF Election. A U.S. Holder that makes a QEF Election would generally recognize capital gain or loss on the

sale, exchange or other taxable disposition of its ADSs.

However, a U.S. Holder will only be able to make a QEF Election if we provide such U.S. Holder with certain

tax information annually, and we may determine not to provide such information. Furthermore, if the IRS

determines that we were a PFIC for a year with respect to which we had determined that we were not (or believed

we were not) a PFIC, it might be too late for a U.S. Holder to make a timely QEF Election, unless the U.S. Holder

qualifies under the applicable Treasury Regulations to make a retroactive (late) election. U.S. Holders should consult

their own tax advisors regarding the making of any such QEF Election.

In addition, if we are a PFIC or, with respect to particular U.S. Holders, are treated as a PFIC for the taxable

year in which we paid a dividend or for the prior taxable year, the preferential rates discussed above with respect to

dividends paid to certain non-corporate U.S. Holders would not apply.

If a U.S. Holder owns ADSs during any year in which we are a PFIC, the holder generally must file an IRS

Form 8621, or such other form as is required by the U.S. Treasury Department, generally with the holder’s federal

income tax return for that year.

U.S. Holders should consult their tax advisers regarding whether we are or may become a PFIC and the

potential application of the PFIC rules.

Information Reporting and Backup Withholding

Payments of distributions and sales proceeds that are made within the United States or through certain U.S.-

related financial intermediaries generally are subject to information reporting, and may be subject to backup

withholding, unless (i) the U.S. Holder is a corporation or other exempt recipient or (ii) in the case of backup

withholding, the U.S. Holder provides a correct taxpayer identification number and certifies that it is not subject to

backup withholding.

Backup withholding is not an additional tax. The amount of any backup withholding from a payment to a U.S.

Holder will be allowed as a credit against the holder’s U.S. federal income tax liability and may entitle it to a refund,

provided that the required information is timely furnished to the IRS.

Information With Respect to Foreign Financial Assets

Certain U.S. Holders who are individuals may be required to report information relating to their ownership of

an interest in certain foreign financial assets, including stock of a non-U.S. person, generally on Form 8938, subject

to exceptions (including an exception for stock held through a U.S. financial institution). In addition, certain U.S.

Holders may be required to file a FinCEN Form 114 (Report of Foreign Bank and Financial Accounts) with the U.S.

Treasury Department each year to report their interest in the ADSs. U.S. Holders should consult their tax advisers

regarding their reporting obligations with respect to the ADSs.

The above description is not intended to constitute a complete analysis of all tax consequences relating

to acquisition, ownership and disposition of the ADSs. You should consult your tax advisor concerning the tax

consequences of your particular situation.

146

F.Dividends and Paying Agent

Not applicable.

G.Statement by Experts

Not applicable.

H.Documents on Display

We are subject to the reporting requirements of the Exchange Act that are applicable to foreign private issuers.

Under the Exchange Act, we file annual reports on Form 20-F and other information with the SEC. We also furnish

to the SEC under cover of Form 6-K material information required to be made public in France, filed with and made

public by any stock exchange on which we are listed or distributed by us to our shareholders. As a foreign private

issuer, we are exempt from, among other things, the rules under the Exchange Act prescribing the furnishing and

content of proxy statements, and our principal shareholders are exempt from the reporting provisions contained in

Section 16 of the Exchange Act.

We maintain a corporate website at www.abivax.com. We make available free of charge on our website our

Annual Reports on Form 20-F and Current Reports on Form 6-K as soon as reasonably practicable after we file them

with the SEC. Information contained on, or that can be accessed through, our website does not constitute a part of

this Annual Report. We have included our website address in this Annual Report solely as an inactive textual

reference.

The Securities and Exchange Commission maintains a website (www.sec.gov) that contains reports and other

information regarding foreign private issuers, such as us, that file electronically with the SEC.

With respect to references made in this Annual Report to any contract or other document of our company,

such references are not necessarily complete and you should refer to the exhibits attached or incorporated by

reference to this Annual Report for copies of the actual contract or document.

I.Subsidiary Information

Not required.

J.Annual Report to Security Holders

To the extent we furnish an annual report to security holders, we will furnish any such report under the cover

of Form 6-K.

148

The following tables set forth the operating expenses we incurred in foreign currencies in the years ended

December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025. Some figures have been rounded. Accordingly, the totals in the tables may not

be the exact sums of component items.


	Year ended December 31, 2023		Year ended December 31, 2024		Year ended December 31, 2025
Currency (thousands)	Foreign currency	Euros	Foreign currency	Euros	Foreign currency	Euros
Australian dollar . . . . .	—	—	6	3	—	—
Brazilian real . . . . . . . .	—	—	—	—	—	—
Canadian dollar . . . . . .	—	—	32	22	(24)	(15)
Chinese yuan renminbi	61	8	—	—	101	12
Czech crown . . . . . . . .	—	—	54	2	50	2
Danish kroner . . . . . . .	120	16	4	1	—	—
Hungarian forints . . . . .	3,517	9	408	1	—	—
Israeli shekel . . . . . . . .	—	—	26	7	6	2
Japanese yen . . . . . . . .	—	—	596	3	12,039	65
Pound sterling . . . . . . .	359	410	1,016	1,214	2,286	2,620
Swedish krona . . . . . . .	350	30	183	16	358	33
Swiss franc . . . . . . . . . .	49	50	234	243	557	598
United States dollar . . .	10,861	10,112	12,031	10,547	20,730	18,356
Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . .	15,317	10,636	14,591	12,060	36,103	21,674

For the year ended December 31, 2025, the total amount of operating expenses we incurred in foreign

currencies was €21.7 million, or 9% of our total operating expenses of €250.6 million in that year.

For the year ended December 31, 2024, the total amount of operating expenses we incurred in foreign

currencies was €12.1 million, or 7% of our total operating expenses of €185.4 million in that year.

For the year ended December 31, 2023, the total amount of operating expenses we incurred in foreign

currencies was €10.6 million, or 8% of our total operating expenses of €132.0 million in that year.

For the years ended December 31, 2025, December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, expenses in U.S. dollars

totaled €18.4 million, €10.5 million and €10.1 million respectively, based on the average annual exchange rate in

effect as of December 31, 2025, December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023. As a result, an adverse 10% change in

the exchange rate for the U.S. dollar against the euro would have resulted in a foreign exchange rate loss of

approximately €2.0 million for 2025, €0,3 million for 2024, €0.4 million for 2023.

Credit Risk

The credit risk related to our cash and cash equivalents is not significant in light of the quality of our co-

contracting financial institutions. As of December 31, 2025, substantially all our cash and cash equivalents were

maintained with two financial institutions in France and in the United States. While our deposit accounts are insured

up to the legal limit, substantially all of our bank deposit balances exceed this insured limit. As of December 31,

2025, we maintained €92.5 million in bank deposit accounts that are in excess of the legally insured limit in five

legally insured financial institutions, in addition to €437.0 million invested in mutual funds and structured notes. We

have not experienced any losses in such accounts and we do not believe we are exposed to any significant credit risk

related to these instruments.

The credit risk related to our other receivables and related account is minimal. In particular, the credit risk

related to advances made to CROs is deemed insignificant due to their credit ratings.

149

Item 12.Description of Securities Other than Equity Securities

A.Debt Securities

Not applicable.

B.Warrants and Rights

Not applicable.

C.Other Securities

Not applicable.

D.American Depositary Shares

Citibank, as depositary, registers and delivers our ADSs. Each ADS represents one ordinary share deposited

with Citibank Europe plc, located at 1 North Wall Quay, Dublin 1 Ireland, or any successor, as custodian for the

depositary. Each ADS will also represent any other securities, cash or other property that may be held by the

depositary. The depositary’s corporate trust offices at which the ADSs will be administered are located at 388

Greenwich Street, New York, New York 10013.

A deposit agreement among us, the depositary and the ADS holders sets out the ADS holder rights as well as

the rights and obligations of the depositary. New York law governs the deposit agreement and the ADSs. A copy of

the deposit agreement is incorporated by reference as an exhibit to this Annual Report on Form 20-F.

Fees and Charges

As an ADS holder, you will be required to pay the following fees under the terms of the deposit agreement:


Service	Fees
Issuance of ADSs (e.g., an issuance of ADS upon a deposit of ordinary shares, upon a change in the ADS(s)- to-ordinary share ratio, or for any other reason), excluding ADS issuances as a result of distributions of ordinary shares)	Up to U.S. 5¢ per ADS issued
Cancellation of ADSs (e.g., a cancellation of ADSs for delivery of deposited property, upon a change in the ADS(s)-to-ordinary share ratio, or for any other reason)	Up to U.S. 5¢ per ADS cancelled
Distribution of cash dividends or other cash distributions (e.g., upon a sale of rights and other entitlements)	Up to U.S. 5¢ per ADS held
Distribution of ADSs pursuant to (i) share dividends or other free share distributions, or (ii) exercise of rights to purchase additional ADSs	Up to U.S. 5¢ per ADS held
Distribution of securities other than ADSs or rights to purchase additional ADSs (e.g., upon a spin-off)	Up to U.S. 5¢ per ADS held
ADS Services	Up to U.S. 5¢ per ADS held on the applicable record date(s) established by the depositary bank
Registration of ADS transfers (e.g., upon a registration of the transfer of registered ownership of ADSs, upon a transfer of ADSs into DTC and vice versa, or for any other reason)	Up to U.S. 5¢ per ADS (or fraction thereof) transferred
Conversion of ADSs of one series for ADSs of another series (e.g., upon conversion of Partial Entitlement ADSs for Full Entitlement ADSs, or upon conversion of Restricted ADSs (each as defined in the Deposit Agreement) into freely transferable ADSs, and vice versa).	Up to U.S. 5¢ per ADS (or fraction thereof) converted

150

As an ADS holder, you will also be responsible to pay certain charges such as:

•taxes (including applicable interest and penalties) and other governmental charges;

•the registration fees as may from time to time be in effect for the registration of ordinary shares on the share

bank or any nominees upon the making of deposits and withdrawals, respectively;

•certain cable, telex and facsimile transmission and delivery expenses;

•the fees, expenses, spreads, taxes and other charges of the depositary bank and/or service providers (which

may be a division, branch or affiliate of the depositary bank) in the conversion of foreign currency;

•the reasonable and customary out-of-pocket expenses incurred by the depositary bank in connection with

compliance with exchange control regulations and other regulatory requirements applicable to ordinary

shares, ADSs and American Depositary Receipts ("ADRs"); and

•the fees, charges, costs and expenses incurred by the depositary bank, the custodian, or any nominee in

connection with the ADR program.

ADS fees and charges for (i) the issuance of ADSs, and (ii) the cancellation of ADSs are charged to the person

for whom the ADSs are issued (in the case of ADS issuances) and to the person for whom ADSs are cancelled (in

the case of ADS cancellations). In the case of ADSs issued by the depositary bank into DTC, the ADS issuance and

cancellation fees and charges may be deducted from distributions made through DTC, and may be charged to the

DTC participant(s) receiving the ADSs being issued or the DTC participant(s) holding the ADSs being cancelled, as

the case may be, on behalf of the beneficial owner(s) and will be charged by the DTC participant(s) to the account of

the applicable beneficial owner(s) in accordance with the procedures and practices of the DTC participants as in

effect at the time. ADS fees and charges in respect of distributions and the ADS service fee are charged to the

holders as of the applicable ADS record date. In the case of distributions of cash, the amount of the applicable ADS

fees and charges is deducted from the funds being distributed. In the case of (i) distributions other than cash and (ii)

the ADS service fee, holders as of the ADS record date will be invoiced for the amount of the ADS fees and charges

and such ADS fees and charges may be deducted from distributions made to holders of ADSs. For ADSs held

through DTC, the ADS fees and charges for distributions other than cash and the ADS service fee may be deducted

from distributions made through DTC, and may be charged to the DTC participants in accordance with the

procedures and practices prescribed by DTC and the DTC participants in turn charge the amount of such ADS fees

and charges to the beneficial owners for whom they hold ADSs. In the case of (i) registration of ADS transfers, the

ADS transfer fee will be payable by the ADS Holder whose ADSs are being transferred or by the person to whom

the ADSs are transferred, and (ii) conversion of ADSs of one series for ADSs of another series, the ADS conversion

fee will be payable by the Holder whose ADSs are converted or by the person to whom the converted ADSs are

delivered.

In the event of refusal to pay the depositary bank fees, the depositary bank may, under the terms of the deposit

agreement, refuse the requested service until payment is received or may set off the amount of the depositary bank

fees from any distribution to be made to the ADS holder. Certain depositary fees and charges (such as the ADS

services fee) may become payable shortly after the closing of the ADS offering. Note that the fees and charges you

may be required to pay may vary over time and may be changed by us and by the depositary bank. You will receive

prior notice of such changes. The depositary bank may reimburse us for certain expenses incurred by us in respect of

the ADR program, by making available a portion of the ADS fees charged in respect of the ADR program or

otherwise, upon such terms and conditions as we and the depositary bank agree from time to time.

Taxes

As an ADS holder, you will be responsible for the taxes and other governmental charges payable on the ADSs

and the securities represented by the ADSs. We, the depositary bank and the custodian may deduct from any

distribution the taxes and governmental charges payable by holders and may sell any and all property on deposit to

pay the taxes and governmental charges payable by holders. You will be liable for any deficiency if the sale

proceeds do not cover the taxes that are due.

The depositary bank may refuse to issue ADSs, to deliver, transfer, split and combine ADRs or to release

securities on deposit until all taxes and charges are paid by the applicable holder. The depositary bank and the

custodian may take reasonable administrative actions to obtain tax refunds and reduced tax withholding for any

distributions on your behalf. However, you may be required to provide to the depositary bank and to the custodian

proof of taxpayer status and residence and such other information as the depositary bank and the custodian may

require to fulfill legal obligations. You are required to indemnify us, the depositary bank and the custodian for any

claims with respect to taxes based on any tax benefit obtained for you.

152

Item 14.Material Modifications to the Rights of Security Holders and Use of Proceeds

Initial Public Offering

On October 24, 2023, we sold 20,325,500 new ordinary shares (the "New Shares"), consisting of a public

offering of 18,699,460 ordinary shares in the form of ADSs, each representing the right to receive one ordinary

share, in the United States (the "U.S. Offering") and a concurrent offering of 1,626,040 ordinary shares in certain

jurisdictions outside of the United States to certain investors (the "European Private Placement" and together with

the U.S. Offering, the "Global Offering"). The offering price was set at $11.60 per ADS in the U.S. Offering and a

corresponding offering price of €10.9864 per ordinary share in the European Private Placement. The aggregate gross

proceeds amounted to approximately $235.8 million, equivalent to approximately €223.3 million (based on the

exchange rate then in effect), before deduction of underwriting commissions and expenses payable by us. All of the

ADSs and ordinary shares in the Global Offering were offered by Abivax.

We incurred aggregate underwriting discounts of approximately $16.5 million and expenses of approximately

$7.0 million, resulting in net proceeds to us of approximately $212.2 million. The effective date of the registration

statement, File No. 333-274780, for our initial public offering was October 19, 2023.

As of the date of this Annual Report on Form 20-F, we have applied all of the proceeds of our Global

Offering. There was no material change in the use of proceeds from the Global Offering from that described in the

final prospectus related to the offering, which we filed with the SEC on October 23, 2023.

2025 Follow-On Offering

On July 23, 2025, we entered into an Underwriting Agreement (the “Underwriting Agreement”) with Leerink

Partners LLC, Piper Sandler & Co. and Guggenheim Securities, LLC, as representatives of the several underwriters

named therein, in connection with the issuance and sale by the Company in a public offering of 11,679,400 ADSs at

a public offering price of $64.00 per ADS. The information contained in the Company’s Report on Form 6-K filed

on July 24, 2025 is incorporated by reference herein.

153

Item 15.Controls and Procedures

Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Our Chief Executive Officer (principal executive officer) and Chief Financial Officer (principal financial

officer), after evaluating the effectiveness of our “disclosure controls and procedures,” as such term is defined in

Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act as of December 31, 2025, have concluded that, as of such

date, our disclosure controls and procedures were not effective as a result of the material weaknesses described

below. We are undertaking the remedial steps to address the material weaknesses in our disclosure controls and

procedures as discussed below.

Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial

reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) and for the assessment of the

effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. Our internal control over financial reporting is designed

to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of consolidated

financial statements for external purposes in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards ("IFRS")

as issued by the International Accounting Standard board ("IASB") and IFRS as adopted by the European Union

("EU").

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect

misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that

controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies

or procedures may deteriorate. Effective internal controls can provide only reasonable assurance with respect to the

preparation and fair presentation of financial statements.

Our management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, assessed

the design and effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2025, using the

criteria established in the Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring

Organizations of the Treadway Commission (“COSO”). Based on this evaluation, management concluded that our

internal control over financial reporting was not effective as of December 31, 2025 due to material weaknesses

described below.

A material weakness is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial

reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of our financial statements will not

be prevented or detected on a timely basis.

The material weaknesses are related to a lack of (i) design and implementation of effective risk assessment

process (Risk Assessment), (ii) formal, documented and implemented processes, controls and review procedures

(Control Activities), (iii) sufficient processes to identify, capture and communicate information necessary to support

the functioning of internal controls over financial reporting (Information and Communication) and (iv) process to

identify, maintain, and develop all control activities (Monitoring Activities). These material weaknesses are

specifically due to a lack of sufficient number of professionals with an appropriate level of internal control

knowledge, training and experience and the need to continue to reinforce our internal control governance (Control

Environment).

Remediation Efforts

In response to the identified material weaknesses, management took a number of actions to improve the

internal control over financial reporting during the year ended December 31, 2025.

These actions include, but are not limited to, the following:

Reinforcing further the finance and accounting resources by:

•Hiring additional qualified finance personnel, focusing on qualifications, certifications and

relevant industry experience; and

•Providing a structured onboarding program for new hires, including an introduction to current

financial systems, company processes, and internal controls.

With the support of our external advisors, we are in the process of designing and implementing measures to

enhance our internal control over financial reporting:

154

•We are currently conducting a comprehensive risk assessment in all areas, including cash management,

financial reporting, compliance with regulations, fraud prevention and operational risks. The risk

assessment will be implemented as a framework, with specific objectives to identify new risks and update

regularly our processes based on emerging risks and/or changes in regulatory requirements,

•We have started designing and implementing processes and controls, including segregation of duties,

approval workflows and reconciliation procedures. In particular, we are implementing additional review

activities within our finance department and introducing further standard operating procedures for the

preparation of the financial statements,

•We are in the process of enhancing our information technology and the set of controls over the systems to

create a more effective control environment, which includes providing training to finance and accounting

personnel on the upgraded systems, focusing on new features, controls, and reporting capabilities.

•We will deploy a more structured internal control governance with strong tone at the top communications

to drive a solid control environment throughout the organization and an annual testing plan that includes

monitoring of the operation of internal controls and addressing control deficiencies.

As of December 31, 2025, management has concluded that, while it has made significant progress to

remediate the previously disclosed material weaknesses, they have not been remediated. With the oversight of senior

management and our audit committee, we continue to strengthen our internal control over financial reporting and are

taking several remedial actions to address the material weaknesses that have been identified.

After giving full consideration to these material weaknesses, and the additional analyses and other procedures

that we performed to ensure that our consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 20-F

were prepared in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), management has concluded

that our consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, our financial position, results of

operations and cash flows for the periods disclosed in conformity with IFRS.

Attestation Report of the Registered Public Accounting Firm

This Annual Report does not include an attestation report of our registered public accounting firm due to a

transition period established by rules of the Securities and Exchange Commission for emerging growth companies

(as defined in Rule 12b-2 under the Exchange Act).

Changes in Control over Financial Reporting

Except as described above in the section titled "Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control Over

Financial Reporting" there has been no change in our internal control over financial reporting during the year ended

December 31, 2025 that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over

financial reporting.

155

Item 16.[Reserved]

Item 16A.Audit Committee Financial Expert

Our Board has determined that each of the members of our audit committee is independent within the meaning

of the applicable listing rules of Nasdaq and the independence requirements contemplated by Rule 10A-3 under the

Exchange Act. Committee members must be competent in financial or accounting matters and at least one member

must be independent in accordance with the provisions of the Middlenext Code. Our Board has further determined

that Mr. Ignelzi is an “audit committee financial expert” as defined by SEC rules and regulations and that Mr.

Ignelzi qualifies as financially sophisticated under the listing rules of Nasdaq.

Item 16B.Code of Ethics

We have adopted a Code of Business Conduct and Ethics, applicable to all of our employees, senior

management and directors, which is available on our website at www.abivax.com. We intend to promptly disclose

(i) the nature of any amendment (other than technical, administrative or other non-substantive amendments) to the

Code of Business Conduct and Ethics that applies to our principal executive officer, principal financial officer,

principal accounting officer or controller, or persons performing similar functions, and relates to any element of the

code of ethics definition enumerated in Item 16B(b) of Form 20-F and (ii) the nature of any waiver, including an

implicit waiver, from a provision of the Code of Business Conduct and Ethics that is granted to one of these

specified individuals that relates to one or more of the elements of the code of ethics definition enumerated in Item

16B(b) of Form 20-F, the name of such person who is granted the waiver and the date of the waiver. The reference

to our website address does not constitute incorporation by reference of the information contained at or available

through our website, and you should not consider it to be a part of this Annual Report.

Item 16C.Principal Accountant Fees and Services


(amounts in thousands of euros)	YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2023	YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2024	YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2025
Audit fees	1,714	1,000	1,095
Audit-related fees	—	76	113
Tax fees	—	—	—
All other fees	492	7	32
Total	2,206	1,083	1,161

Audit Fees

Audit fees include the standard audit work performed each fiscal year necessary to allow the auditor to issue

an opinion on our financial statements and to issue an opinion on the local statutory financial statements. Audit fees

also include services that can be provided only by the external auditor such as reviews of quarterly financial results

and review of our securities offering documents. Fees for the audit of our annual financial statements for the fiscal

years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 were €1.1 million and €1.0 million, respectively.

Audit-Related Fees

“Audit-related Fees” are the aggregate fees for assurance and related services that are reasonably related to the

performance of the audit and are not reported under Audit Fees. The aggregate audit-related fees for the fiscal year

ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 were €113 thousand and €76 thousand respectively.

Tax Fees

None

All Other Fees

The aggregate fees for all other services for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 were €0.1

million and €7 thousand respectively. Other fees relate to other non-audit assurance services.

156

Audit Committee’s Pre-Approval Policies and Procedures

The Audit Committee is responsible for recommending the appointment, replacement, and compensation of

the independent auditors and monitoring the performance of the independent auditors. As part of this responsibility,

the Audit Committee pre-approves all audit and non-audit services performed by the independent auditors in order to

assure that they do not impair the auditor’s independence from the Company in accordance with the Audit

Committee’s pre-approval policy. All fees described in this Item 16C above were pre-approved by the Audit

Committee.

Item 16D.Exemptions from the Listing Standards for Audit Committees

Not applicable.

Item 16E.Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer and Affiliated Purchasers

None.

Item 16F.Change in Registrant’s Certifying Accountant

Not applicable.

Item 16G.Corporate Governance

As a French société anonyme (limited liability company) listed on Euronext Paris, we are subject to various

corporate governance requirements under French law. In particular, we refer to the Code of Corporate Governance

for small and medium-sized firms as published in September 2021 by Middlenext, as amended from time to time. In

addition, as a foreign private issuer listed on the Nasdaq Global Market, we are subject to Nasdaq’s corporate

governance listing standards. Nasdaq’s listing standards provide that foreign private issuers are permitted to follow

home country governance practices in lieu of Nasdaq rules, with certain exceptions. We currently rely on certain

exemptions for foreign private issuers and follow French corporate governance practices in lieu of Nasdaq corporate

governance rules, which would require that (i) a majority of our Board consists of independent directors and (ii) the

quorum for any meeting of the holders of ordinary shares be at least 331/3 % of the company's outstanding ordinary

shares. In addition, under French law, our shareholders, and not our Audit Committee, is directly responsible for the

appointment of our auditors.

Nasdaq rules require that a listed company specify that the quorum for any meeting of the holders of ordinary

shares be at least 331/3 % of the company's outstanding ordinary shares. Consistent with French Law, our by-laws

provide that, for ordinary shareholders’ meetings to be quorate, one-fifth of the holders of shares entitled to voting

rights must be present in person or vote by mail or by proxy or by authorized intermediary or by any means of

telecommunication permitting their identification. An extraordinary shareholders’ meeting is quorate if one-fourth of

the holders of shares entitled to voting rights are present or vote by mail or by proxy or by authorized intermediary

or by any means of telecommunication. As an exception, an extraordinary shareholders’ meeting deciding upon a

share capital increase by capitalization of reserves, profits or share premium as the same quorum requirement as an

ordinary shareholders’ meeting. If the requirements for a quorum are not satisfied, the meeting is adjourned. When

an adjourned ordinary shareholders’ meeting is resumed, there is no quorum requirement. When an adjourned

extraordinary shareholders’ meeting is resumed, there is a quorum of one-fifth of the holders of shares entitled to

voting rights. If a quorum is not present, the reconvened extraordinary shareholders’ meeting may be adjourned for a

maximum of two months. No deliberation by the shareholders may take place without a quorum. For special

meetings of holders of a certain class of shares, the quorum requirement is one-third of the certain class of shares

entitled to voting rights for the meeting convened on the first call, notice and one-fifth of the holders of shares

entitled to voting rights, should the meeting be reconvened.

In addition, we have opted out of shareholder approval requirements for the issuance of securities in

connection with certain events such as the acquisition of stock or assets of another company, the establishment of or

amendments to equity-based compensation plans for employees, a change of control of us and certain private

placements. To this extent, our practice varies from the requirements of Nasdaq Listing Rule 5635, which generally

requires an issuer to obtain shareholder approval for the issuance of securities in connection with such events.

Under French law, the committees of our Board of Directors are advisory only, and where Nasdaq listing rules

would permit or require certain decision-making powers to reside with specific committees of the Board of

Directors, French law vests such authority in our Board of Directors or shareholders. Additionally, under French

corporate law, it is the shareholders vote at the annual general meeting that have the authority to appoint our auditors

upon consideration of the proposal of our Board of Directors, although the charter of the Audit Committee provides

157

that the Audit Committee will review and make recommendations to the Board of Directors with respect to proposed

engagements of the Company’s independent auditors, prior to the commencement of such engagements.

We may choose to take advantage of additional exemptions and follow home country practices in lieu of

Nasdaq rules in the future.

Item 16H.Mine Safety Disclosure

Not applicable.

Item 16I.Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections

Not applicable.

Item 16J.Insider Trading Policies

Our board of directors has adopted a Code of Market Conduct that governs the purchase, sale, and other

dispositions of our securities by directors, senior management, and employees that is reasonably designed to

promote compliance with applicable insider trading laws, rules and regulations, and any listing standards applicable

to us. A copy of our Code of Market Conduct is filed as Exhibit 11.1 to this Annual Report on Form 20-F.

Item 16K.Cybersecurity

Risk Management and Strategy

We have implemented and maintain various information security processes designed to identify, assess and

manage material risks from cybersecurity threats to our critical information systems, third party hosted services,

communications systems, hardware and software, and our critical data (including intellectual property, confidential

information that is proprietary, strategic or competitive in nature, and data related to our clinical trials and products)

(collectively, “Information Systems and Data”).

Our Chief Financial Officer as well as our external Data Protection Officer (“DPO”) and Information

Technology Director (“IT Director”), and other independent service providers help identify, assess and manage the

our cybersecurity threats and risks. Individuals in these roles identify and assess risks from cybersecurity threats by

monitoring and evaluating our threat environment using various methods including, for example, maintaining

manual and automated tools, conducting scans of our threat environment, and conducting vulnerability assessments.

Depending on the environment, we implement and maintain various technical, physical, and organizational

measures, processes, standards and policies designed to manage and mitigate material risks from cybersecurity

threats to our Information Systems and Data. These measures, processes, standards, and policies include, for

example: incident response plans and policies, personnel training, phishing test campaigns, penetration testing,

system backups, cybersecurity insurance, network security controls, segmentation for certain systems and data

access controls and physical security controls.

Our assessment and management of material risks from cybersecurity threats are integrated into our overall

risk management processes. For example, our external DPO and IT Director work with management in an effort to

prioritize our risk management processes and mitigate cybersecurity threats that are more likely to lead to a material

impact to our business.

We use independent service providers to assist us from time to time to identify, assess, and manage material

risks from cybersecurity threats, including for example: professional service firms, including legal counsel,

penetration testing firms, dark web monitoring services, cybersecurity consultants, and cybersecurity software

providers.

Further, we use independent service providers to perform a variety of functions throughout our business, such

as hosting companies and contract research organizations. We undertake efforts designed to manage cybersecurity

risks associated with our use of these providers. For certain vendors, these efforts include security questionnaires,

reviews of vendors’ written security programs, reviews of security assessments, audits, and vulnerability scans

related to the vendors. Depending on the nature of the services provided, the sensitivity of the Information Systems

and Data at issue, and the identity of the provider, our vendor management process may involve different levels of

assessment designed to help identify cybersecurity risks associated with a provider and impose contractual

obligations related to cybersecurity on the provider.

158

For a description of the risks from cybersecurity threats that may materially affect the Company and how they

may do so, see our risk factors under "Part I—Item 3D.—Risk Factors" in this Annual Report on Form 20-F,

including “If our information technology systems or those of the third parties with whom we work, or our data are or

were compromised, we could experience adverse consequences resulting from such compromise, including but not

limited to: regulatory investigations or actions; litigation; fines and penalties; disruptions of our business operations;

reputational harm; loss of revenue and profits; and other adverse consequences.”

Governance

Our Board addresses our cybersecurity risk management as part of its general oversight function. The Board is

responsible for overseeing our cybersecurity risk management processes, including oversight and mitigation of risks

from cybersecurity threats. Our Committee of Executives (“COMEX”), in addition to those identified below,

provides input to the Board on cybersecurity threats. Our Committee of Executives consists of all our company's

officers along with our heads of manufacturing and quality.

Our cybersecurity risk assessment and management processes are implemented and maintained by certain

management team members, including our Chief Financial Officer (“CFO”) who oversees our external IT Director

and DPO. Our CFO has prior significant experience in strategic business operations.

Our CFO as well as our external IT Director and DPO are responsible for helping to integrate cybersecurity

risk considerations into our overall risk management strategy, and communicating key priorities to relevant

personnel. Our CFO is responsible for approving cybersecurity-related budgets, approving cybersecurity processes,

and reviewing security assessments and other security-related reports.

Our cybersecurity incident response procedures are designed to escalate certain cybersecurity incidents to

members of management depending on circumstances, including our CFO. Our CFO works with our incident

responders (such as the external IT Director and DPO) to help us mitigate and remediate cybersecurity incidents of

which they are notified. In addition, our incident response process includes reporting to the Board for certain

cybersecurity incidents.

The Board receives periodic communications from the CFO and others (such as the IT Director and DPO)

concerning our significant cybersecurity threats, risk and the processes we have implemented in an effort to address

them.

161

Item 19.Exhibits

The following exhibits are filed herewith or incorporated herein by reference:


Exhibit Number	Description of Exhibit
1.1*	By-laws (statuts) of the registrant (English translation)
2.1*	Description of Securities
2.2	Form of Deposit Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit (a) to the Form F-6 Registration Statement (File No. 333-274845), filed with the Commission on October 3, 2023)
2.3	Form of American Depositary Receipt (included in Exhibit 2.2)
4.1 ^	Terms and Conditions of the Royalty Certificates issued by Abivax SA dated August 31, 2022 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.7 of the Company’s Registration Statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-274780) filed with the Commission on September 29, 2023)
4.2 ^	Drug Discovery Services Agreement between Abivax SA and Evotec International GmbH dated September 1, 2017 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.8 of the Company’s Registration Statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-274780) filed with the Commission on September 29, 2023)
4.3 ^	Amendment No. 1 to Drug Discovery Services Agreement between Abivax SA and Evotec International GmbH dated January 1, 2022 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.9 of the Company’s Registration Statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-274780) filed with the Commission on September 29, 2023)
4.4 ^	Manufacturing Agreement between Abivax SA and Delpharm Lille S.A.S. dated November 24, 2016 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.10 of the Company’s Registration Statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-274780) filed with the Commission on September 29, 2023)
4.5 ^	Clinical Batch and Development Production Agreement between Abivax SA and Produits Chimiques Auxiliaires et de Synthèse dated March 11, 2016 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.11 of the Company’s Registration Statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-274780) filed with the Commission on September 29, 2023)
4.6 ^	Amendment No. 1 to Clinical Batch and Development Production Agreement between Abivax SA and Produits Chimiques Auxiliaires et de Synthèse dated March 2, 2021 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.12 of the Company’s Registration Statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-274780) filed with the Commission on September 29, 2023)
4.7 ^	State-guaranteed loan agreement between Abivax SA and Société General dated June 16, 2020 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.13 of the Company’s Registration Statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-274780) filed with the Commission on September 29, 2023)
4.8 ^	Amendment No.1 to State-guaranteed loan between Abivax SA and Société General dated March 15, 2021 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.14 of the Company’s Registration Statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-274780) filed with the Commission on September 29, 2023)
4.9 ^	Royalties Agreement with the French National Centre for Scientific Research, the University of Montpellier, and the Institut Curie dated December 18, 2008 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.15 of the Company’s Registration Statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-274780) filed with the Commission on September 29, 2023)
4.10*	Summary of BSA 2015-11, BSA 2015-12, BSA 2017-1, BSA 2018-1, BSA 2024-1, BSA 2024-2, BSA-2025-1, BSA-2025-2, BSA-2025-3, and BSA 2026-1 Plans
4.11*	Summary of BCE 2017-1, BCE 2017-2, BCE 2017-4, BCE 2017-5 and BCE 2018-4 Plans
4.12*	Summary of AGA-2023-1, AGA-2023-2, AGA-2023-3, AGA-2023-4, AGA-2023-5, AGA-2024-1, AGA-2024-2, AGA-2024-3, AGA-2024-4, AGA-2024-5, AGA-2024-6, AGA-2024-7, AGA-2025-1, AGA-2025-2, AGA 2025-3, AGA-2025-4, AGA-2025-5, AGA-2025-6, AGA-2025-7, AGA-2025-8, and AGA-2026-1 Free Share Plans
4.13	Equity Distribution Agreement, dated as of November 19, 2024, by and between the registrant and Piper Sandler & Co. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 1.2 of the Company's Registration Statement on Form F-3 (File No. 333-283336) filed with the Commission on November 19, 2025)

162


8.1	List of subsidiaries of the Registrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 21.1 of the Company’s Registration Statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-274780) filed with the Commission on September 29, 2023)
11.1*	Abivax Code of Market Conduct
12.1*	Certification by the Principal Executive Officer pursuant to Securities Exchange Act Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
12.2*	Certification by the Principal Financial Officer pursuant to Securities Exchange Act Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
13.1**	Certification by the Principal Executive Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
13.2**	Certification by the Principal Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
15.1*	Consent of PricewaterhouseCoopers Audit, independent registered accounting firm
97.1*	Incentive Compensation Recoupment Policy (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 97.1 of the Company's Annual Report on Form 20-F (File No. 001-41842) filed with the Commission on March 24, 2025)
101.INS	Inline XBRL Instance Document
101.SCH	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
101.CAL	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
101.DEF	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document
101.LAB	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document
101.PRE	Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document
104	Cover Page Interactive Data File (formatted as Inline XBRL and contained in Exhibit 101)

* Filed herewith.

** Furnished herewith.

# Indicates a management contract or compensatory plan, contract or arrangement

^ Certain information has been excluded from this exhibit (indicated by “[***]”) because it is both not

material and is the type that the registrant treats as private or confidential.

F-2

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the Board of Directors and Shareholders of Abivax SA

Opinion on the Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated statements of financial position of Abivax SA and its subsidiary

(the “Company”) as of December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, and the related consolidated statements of income (loss),

comprehensive income (loss), changes in shareholders’ equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the

period ended December 31, 2025, including the related notes (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial

statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the

financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, and the results of its operations and its

cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2025 in conformity with International

Financial Reporting Standards as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board and International

Financial Reporting Standards as adopted by the European Union.

Basis for Opinion

These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is

to express an opinion on the Company’s consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We are a public

accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are

required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the

applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits of these consolidated financial statements in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB.

Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the

consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is

not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As

part of our audits we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for

the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company's internal control over financial reporting.

Accordingly, we express no such opinion.

Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial

statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures

included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial

statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by

management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that

our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

/s/ PricewaterhouseCoopers Audit

Neuilly-sur-Seine, France

March 23, 2026

We have served as the Company's auditor since 2013.

F-3

ABIVAX SA CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF FINANCIAL POSITION


(Amounts in thousands of euros)	Notes	AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2023	AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2024	AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2025
ASSETS
Non-current assets
Goodwill	6	18,419	18,419	18,419
Intangible assets	7	6,604	6,606	6,605
Property, plant and equipment	8	878	2,666	2,090
Other financial assets	9	12,870	5,919	5,358
Other non-current assets	10	2,320	948	625
Total non-current assets		41,090	34,558	33,097
Current assets
Other financial assets	9	9,186	7,554	21,415
Other receivables and assets	10	24,845	18,896	13,144
Cash and cash equivalents	11	251,942	144,221	516,685
Total current assets		285,972	170,671	551,244
TOTAL ASSETS		327,062	205,228	584,341
LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY
Shareholders’ equity
Share capital		629	633	785
Premiums related to share capital		478,218	478,905	1,190,593
Translation reserve		112	(75)	2,309
Retained earnings		(135,209)	(262,637)	(402,380)
Net loss for the period		(147,740)	(176,242)	(336,102)
Total shareholders’ equity	13	196,010	40,584	455,205
Non-current liabilities
Retirement benefit obligations	16	629	756	627
Provisions	14	30	819	28,849
Borrowings	15	2,563	29,056	554
Convertible loan notes	15	21,643	23,370	—
Derivative instruments	15	—	3,620	—
Royalty certificates	15	12,229	13,023	30,237
Other financial liabilities	15	3,262	—	—
Deferred tax liabilities	22	—	—	5,848
Total non-current liabilities		40,356	70,645	66,114
Current liabilities
Borrowings	15	1,655	22,195	1,302
Convertible loan notes	15	29,605	21,574	—
Derivative instruments	15	2,579	1,166	—
Other financial liabilities	15	3,509	—	—
Provisions	14	—	532	17,030
Trade payables and other current liabilities	17.1	47,221	43,824	37,552
Tax and employee-related payables	17.2	6,073	4,709	7,137
Deferred income		52	—	—
Total current liabilities		90,695	93,999	63,021
TOTAL LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY		327,062	205,228	584,341

F-6

ABIVAX SA CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY


(In thousands of euros, except number of shares)	Notes	NUMBER OF SHARES ISSUED	SHARE CAPITAL	PREMIUMS RELATED TO SHARE CAPITAL	TRANSLATIO N RESERVE	RETAINED EARNINGS	NET LOSS FOR THE YEAR	TOTAL SHAREHOLDE RS' EQUITY
AS OF JANUARY 1, 2023		22,313,185	223	150,476	—	(82,770)	(60,740)	7,189
Net loss for the period		—	—	—	—	—	(147,740)	(147,740)
Other comprehensive income (loss)	16	—	—	—	112	112	—	225
Total comprehensive loss for the period		—	—	—	112	112	(147,740)	(147,516)
Appropriation of prior period net loss		—	—	—	—	(60,740)	60,740	—
Capital increase from issuance of ordinary shares	13.2	40,325,500	403	352,974	—	—	—	353,377
Transaction costs related to capital increase	13.2	—	—	(28,111)	—	—	—	(28,111)
Issue of convertible notes	15	—	—	1,030	—	—	—	1,030
Exercises of the Kreos share warrants	13.2, 15	99,583	1	1,849	—	—	—	1,850
Exercises of other share warrants	13.2, 14	190,550	2	—	—	—	—	2
Shares based compensation expense	14	—	—	—	—	8,179	—	8,179
Transactions on treasury shares	13.1	—	—	—	—	10	—	10
AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2023		62,928,818	629	478,218	112	(135,210)	(147,740)	196,010

AS OF JANUARY 1, 2024		62,928,818	629	478,218	112	(135,210)	(147,740)	196,010
Net loss for the period		—	—	—	—	—	(176,242)	(176,242)
Other comprehensive income (loss)	16	—	—	—	(187)	(31)	—	(219)
Total comprehensive loss for the period		—	—	—	(187)	(31)	(176,242)	(176,461)
Appropriation of prior period net loss		—	—	—	—	(147,740)	147,740	—
Transaction costs related to capital increase	13.2	—	—	446	—	—	—	446
Issue of share warrants	14	—	—	200	—	—	—	200
Exercises of share warrants	13.2, 14	4,000	—	45	—	—	—	45
Issue of free shares	14	415,019	4	(4)	—	—	—	1
Shares based compensation expense	14	—	—	—	—	20,224	—	20,224
Transactions on treasury shares	13.1	—	—	—	—	120	—	120
AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2024	13.1	63,347,837	633	478,905	(75)	(262,638)	(176,242)	40,584

AS OF JANUARY 1, 2025		63,347,837	633	478,905	(75)	(262,638)	(176,242)	40,584
Net loss for the period		—	—	—	—	—	(336,102)	(336,102)
Other comprehensive income (loss)	16	—	—	—	2,384	93	—	2,477
Total comprehensive loss for the period		—	—	—	2,384	93	(336,102)	(333,625)
Appropriation of prior period net loss		—	—	—	—	(176,242)	176,242	—
Capital increase from issuance of ordinary shares	13.2	11,679,400	117	637,345	—	—	—	637,462
Transaction costs related to capital increase	13.2	—	—	(40,306)	—	—	—	(40,306)
Issue of share warrants	14	—	—	300	—	—	—	300
Exercises of the Kreos/Claret share warrants	13.2, 15.1	525,913	5	33,763	—	—	—	33,768
Exercises of other share warrants	13.2, 14	257,087	3	3,343	—	—	—	3,346
Conversion of the Kreos Claret OCABSA	15.1	1,178,084	12	23,338	—	1,009	—	24,359
Conversion of the Heights notes	15.2	920,377	9	53,912	—	—	—	53,921
Issue of free shares	14	627,714	6	(6)	—	—	—	—
Shares based compensation expense	14	—	—	—	—	35,397	—	35,397
AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2025	13.1	78,536,412	785	1,190,593	2,309	(402,380)	(336,102)	455,205

F-7

ABIVAX SA CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS


(Amounts in thousands of euros)	Notes	YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2023	YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2024	YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2025
Cash flows provided by (used in) operating activities
Net loss for the period		(147,740)	(176,242)	(336,102)
Adjustments for:
Amortization of intangibles and depreciation of property, plant and equipment		707	1,100	1,072
Retirement benefit obligations	16	109	74	(65)
Share-based compensation expenses	14	8,179	20,224	35,397
Net gain on sale of treasury shares		(34)	(16)	—
Interest expenses and other financial expenses	21	24,827	14,203	45,697
Financial income	21	(2,953)	(11,609)	(23,782)
Effect of unwinding the discount related to advances	21	(355)	(710)	(153)
Increase/(decrease) in derivatives and liabilities measured at fair value	15	(1,158)	1,416	62,330
Forgiveness of conditional advances	18	—	(4,140)	—
Changes in provisions	14	—	—	44,706
Current and deferred taxes expenses	22	—	—	5,848
Other		22	204	270
Cash flows provided by (used in) operating activities before change in working capital requirements		(118,395)	(155,495)	(164,780)
Decrease / (increase) in other receivables and related accounts		(14,231)	4,591	7,042
Increase / (decrease) in trade payables		31,757	(3,444)	(6,210)
Increase / (decrease) in tax and social security liabilities		3,821	(1,487)	2,110
Changes in deferred income and other liabilities		(81)	1,763	710
Changes in working capital requirements		21,265	1,423	3,651
Income taxes paid		—	—	—
Cash flows provided by (used in) operating activities		(97,130)	(154,072)	(161,129)
Cash flows provided by (used in) investing activities
Acquisitions of intangible assets		—	(3)	—
Acquisitions of property, plant and equipment		(265)	(640)	(142)
Advances reimbursed by / (made to) CROs	10	(1,620)	(231)	71
Increase in deposits	9	(9,351)	(591)	(14,152)
Decrease in deposits	9	741	9,050	500
Interest received		2,400	8,178	5,530
Cash flows provided by (used in) investing activities		(8,095)	15,762	(8,193)
Cash flows provided by (used in) financing activities
Capital increases	13	353,377	—	648,124
Transaction costs related to capital increase	13	(28,111)	446	(40,914)
Net proceeds from non-convertible bond loans	15	—	47,944	—
Repayments of non-convertible bond loans	15	(11,635)	—	(53,920)
Net proceeds from convertible loan notes	15	55,841	—	—
Repayments of convertible loan notes	15	(27,188)	(8,750)	(2,188)
Repayment of PGE	15	(1,250)	(1,250)	(2,514)
Repayments of conditional advances	15	(110)	(2,708)	—
Payments of the lease liabilities	15	(529)	(458)	(911)
Net proceeds from sale of treasury shares		10	434	—
Interest paid	15	(5,279)	(7,696)	(6,490)
Exercise of warrants	15.1	—	—	5,820
Other		163	245	300
Cash flows provided by (used in) financing activities		335,290	28,207	547,307
Effect of movements in exchange rates on cash held	11	(5,072)	2,382	(10,251)
Revaluation of cash equivalents measured at fair value	11 & 21	—	—	4,730
Increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents		224,992	(107,720)	372,464
Cash and cash equivalents at the beginning of the year	11	26,950	251,942	144,221
Cash and cash equivalents at the end of the year	11	251,942	144,221	516,685
Increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents		224,992	(107,720)	372,464

F-8

ABIVAX SA NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Note 1. The Group

Note 1.1. Information on the Group and its business

ABIVAX SA (the “Company”) is a société anonyme incorporated under the laws of France on December 4, 2013. Its registered office

is located at 7-11 Boulevard Haussmann—75009 Paris, France. The Company is developing therapeutics that harness the body’s

natural regulatory mechanisms to stabilize the immune response in patients with chronic inflammatory diseases.

These consolidated financial statements as of and for the year ended December 31, 2025 comprise the Company and ABIVAX LLC

(the “Subsidiary”), the United States subsidiary of ABIVAX SA, created on March 20, 2023 under the laws of the State of Delaware

(together referred to as the “Group”).

The Group has incurred losses since its inception and had shareholders’ equity of €455,205 thousand as of December 31, 2025. The

Group anticipates incurring additional losses until such time, if ever, that it can generate significant revenue from its drug candidates

which are currently under development. Substantial additional financing will be needed by the Group to fund its operations and to

commercially develop its drug candidates.

The Group's future operations are highly dependent on a combination of factors, including: (i) the success of its research and

development activities; (ii) regulatory approval and market acceptance of its proposed future products; (iii) the timely and successful

completion of additional financing and (iv) the development of competitive therapies by other biotechnology and pharmaceutical

companies. As a result, the Group is, and expects to continue to be, in the short to mid-term, financed through the issuance of new

equity or debt instruments.

The Group is focusing its efforts on the following areas:

•Completion of the Phase 3 clinical trial program (ABTECT) for obefazimod in moderately to severely active ulcerative colitis

(“UC”).

•Continuation of the Phase 2b clinical trial (ENHANCE-CD) of obefazimod in Crohn’s disease (“CD”).

•Evaluating combination therapy candidates with obefazimod in UC.

•Selecting a follow-on candidate for obefazimod.

Note 1.2. Date of authorization of issuance

The consolidated financial statements and related notes (the “financial statements”) have been prepared under the responsibility of

management of the Group and were approved and authorized for issuance by the Group’s board of directors on March 19, 2026.

Note 2. Basis of preparation

Except for share data and per share amounts, the financial statements are presented in thousands of euros. Amounts are rounded up or

down the nearest whole number for the calculation of certain financial data and other information contained in these accounts.

Accordingly, the total amounts presented in certain tables may not be the exact sum of the preceding figures.

Statement of compliance

The consolidated financial statements of the Group as of and for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025 have been

prepared in accordance with both International Financial Reporting Standards (“IFRS”) as issued by the International Accounting

Standard Board (“IASB”) and IFRS as adopted by the European Union (“EU”) regulation n°1606/2002 of July 19, 2002. The term

“IFRS” refers collectively to International Accounting Standards (“IAS”) and IFRS as well as the interpretations issued by the

Standing Interpretations Committee (“SIC”) and the International Financial Reporting Interpretations Standards Committee (“IFRS

IC”), whose application is mandatory for the year ended December 31, 2025.

F-9

Preparation of the financial statements

The consolidated financial statements of the Group were prepared on a historical cost basis, with the exception of certain asset and

liability categories and in accordance with the provisions set out in IFRS such as employee benefits measured using the projected unit

credit method, the Heights notes (classified under "Convertible loan notes") measured at fair value and derivative financial instruments

measured at fair value.

Going concern

The Group has incurred substantial operating losses since inception and expects to continue to incur significant operating losses for the

foreseeable future and may never become profitable. For the year ended December 31, 2025, the Group had a net loss of €336,102

thousand.

Since inception, the Group has financed its operations through the issuance of ordinary shares with gross aggregate proceeds of

€1,194.7 million, of which €130 million of gross proceeds were from offerings of its ordinary shares on Euronext Paris in February

2023, €223.3 million of gross proceeds were from its offering of ordinary shares in the form of American Depository Shares ("ADS")

on the Nasdaq Global Market as well as ordinary shares in Europe (including France) and countries outside of the United States in a

private placement in October 2023, and €637.5 million of gross proceeds were from the offering of the Group's ordinary shares in the

form of ADS on the Nasdaq Global Market in July 2025 ("the Offering"), bank borrowings and structured loans for €175.0 million,

reimbursements of Research Tax Credits (Crédit d’Impôt Recherche (“CIR”)) in an aggregate amount of €41.2 million, subsidies

received from Banque Publique d’Investissement (“Bpifrance”) (including €17.1 million of subsidies and €1.8 million of conditional

advances) and royalty certificates in an amount of €2.9 million.

Based on the Group’s existing cash and cash equivalents and other short-term investments of €530.4 million as of December 31, 2025,

the Group expects, as of the date of issuance of these financial statements, to be able to fund its forecasted cash flow requirements into

the fourth quarter of 2027. This takes into account management's assumptions of continued R&D expenditure related to the

continuation of the Phase 3 clinical trials of obefazimod in UC, progression of the Phase 2b clinical trials for CD and the initial stages

of the scale up of the commercial organization as the Group prepares for a potential launch of obefazimod in UC.

Based on the above, these financial statements have been prepared on a going concern basis.

Impact of the Ukraine/Russia Hostilities on the Group

In February 2022, Russia invaded Ukraine. The conflict has already had major implications for the global economy and the rate of

inflation, particularly in relation to the supply of energy, raw materials and food products. It has also caused intense volatility on the

financial markets, something that is still ongoing at the reporting date and has pushed down stock market prices around the world.

Given these developments, the Group has decided not to include Russia and Belarus in its global Phase 3 program for obefazimod in

UC. However, the global scale of this conflict cannot be predicted at this stage. The Group, therefore, cannot rule out an adverse

impact of this conflict on its business, including in terms of access to raw materials, logistics, the performance of clinical studies and

in relation to any future financing the Group may seek.

The long-term safety and efficacy extension of the Phase 2b maintenance trial of obefazimod in moderately to severely active UC is

the Group’s only clinical trial with patients currently enrolled in Ukraine. The Phase 2b 12-month assessment was carried out in all

the Ukrainian patients before the war broke out and these patients are therefore included in the one-year maintenance results that were

reported on April 6, 2022. Ukrainian patients who completed the two-year Phase 2b maintenance trial have been transitioned to the

long-term safety and efficacy trial that is still on-going. The Group also has a few Ukrainian sites active in the western part of Ukraine

in the ABTECT Phase 3 clinical trials. None of these sites are located in the Crimea Region of Ukraine, the so-called Donetsk

People’s Republic, or the so-called Luhansk People’s Republic. We continue to monitor developments in the region, but any

instability as a result of the war may have material adverse impacts on these clinical sites, which could negatively impact our Phase 3

clinical trials.

Together with its contract research organizations ("CROs"), the Group is making considerable efforts to ensure the follow-up of

patients who are unable to come to the study centers. Monitoring takes place through a remote monitoring system that was established

and used successfully during the COVID-19 pandemic.

F-10

New, revised or amended Standards and Interpretations

The Group applied the amendment to IAS 21 The Effects of Changes in Foreign Exchange Rates – Lack of Exchangeability that is

effective as of December 31, 2025. The Group assessed the impacts resulting from the application of this issued accounting

pronouncement and concluded that they are not material.

New standards, amendments and interpretations issued by IASB but not yet mandatory for financial years starting from January 1,

2025

The Group did not elect for early application of the following new standards, amendments and interpretations, which were issued but

not mandatory as of December 31, 2025:

•Amendments to IFRS 9 Financial Instruments and IFRS 7 Financial Instruments: Disclosures – Amendments to the

Classification and Measurement of Financial Instruments, whose application is for annual reporting periods beginning on

or after January 1, 2026, as approved by the EU on May 27, 2025;

•Amendments to IFRS 9 Financial Instruments and IFRS 7 Financial Instruments: Disclosures – Contracts Referencing

Nature-dependent Electricity, whose application is for annual reporting periods beginning on or after January 1, 2026, as

approved by the EU on June 30, 2025;

•IFRS 18 Presentation and Disclosure in Financial Statements, whose application is for annual reporting periods

beginning on or after January 1, 2027, as approved by the EU on February 16, 2026;

•IFRS 19 Subsidiaries without Public Accountability: Disclosures, whose application is for annual reporting periods

beginning on or after January 1, 2027 (not yet approved by the UE), and

•Annual Improvements Volume 11, whose application is for annual reporting periods beginning on or after January 1,

2026, as approved by the EU on July 9, 2025.

These texts have not been early adopted. The application of the standards and interpretations issued respectively by the IASB and the

IFRS IC that are not yet effective as of December 31, 2025 is not expected to have a material impact on the Group’s consolidated

financial statements. IFRS 18, issued in April 2024 and effective from January 1, 2027, will modify the presentation of the

Consolidated statements of income (loss) and the Consolidated statements of cash flows.

Note 3. Significant events for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025 and subsequent events

Note 3.1. For the year ended December 31, 2023

The Company announces successful oversubscribed €130.0 million cross-over financing at market price with top-tier U.S. and

European Biotech investors – February 2023

On February 22, 2023, the Company announced the successful pricing of an oversubscribed €130.0 million financing with high-

quality U.S. and European biotech specialist investors, led by TCGX, with participation from existing investors Invus, Deep Track

Capital, Sofinnova Partners, and Venrock Healthcare Capital Partners, as well as from new investors Great Point Partners, LLC,

Deerfield Management Company, Commodore Capital, Samsara BioCapital, Boxer Capital and others, by way of a reserved capital

increase of €130 million through the issuance of 20,000,000 newly-issued ordinary shares with a nominal value of €0.01 per share,

representing 89.6% of its current share capital, at a subscription price of €6.50 per share.

Related transaction costs amounted to €6.7 million and were deducted from the share premiums.

Change in governance and management – February-August 2023

On April 5, 2023, the Company announced the appointment of Marc de Garidel as Chief Executive Officer (“CEO”) and Interim

Board Chair, effective May 5, 2023. Corinna zur Bonsen-Thomas stepped down as acting Chair, a position she held since August

2022, and remains a Board Member. Prof. Hartmut J. Ehrlich, M.D., retired from the CEO position, which he held since the

Company’s founding in 2013, and stayed on as a strategic advisor during the transition period, which ended on December 31, 2023.

On February 17, 2023, and April 18, 2023, the Company respectively announced the appointments of Dr. Sheldon Sloan, M.D., M.

Bioethics as new Chief Medical Officer and Michael Ferguson as new Chief Commercial Officer.

F-11

On July 11, 2023, the Group announced the appointments of June Lee, M.D. and Troy Ignelzi as new independent members of the

Group’s Board of Directors, replacing Joy Amundson and Jean-Jacques Bertrand.

On August 23, 2023, the Group announced the appointment of Patrick Malloy as new Senior Vice President Investor Relations.

Creation of Abivax LLC – March 2023

On March 20, 2023, Abivax LLC (or the "Subsidiary”), was incorporated as a limited liability company under the laws of Delaware.

As of the issuance of the financial statements, the Company has full ownership over the Subsidiary. The Subsidiary hosts the Group’s

operations in the United States.

Cashless exercise of the Kreos A&B BSA – May 2023

On May 24, 2023, Kreos Capital V UK Ltd (or “Kreos”) opted for the cashless exercise option of the share warrants they held (as

defined in Note 15.3), implemented through the repurchase by the Group of 43,070 tranche A share warrants (“Kreos A BSA”) and

43,070 tranche B share warrants (“Kreos B BSA”) and the issuance of respectively 67,887 and 31,696 ordinary shares, as a result of

the exercise by Kreos of the outstanding Kreos A & B BSA. The accounting treatment of the operation is set forth in Note 15.3.

Free shares compensation plans – July-December 2023

In July, September and December 2023, the Group issued five free shares compensation plans (attributions gratuites d’actions, or

“AGAs”) to certain of its officers and employees, representing a maximum of 2,601,296 shares in the aggregate. The detailed terms

and conditions and the accounting treatment of these plans are presented in Note 14.

The Group secures financing up to €150 million from two structured debt financing transactions – August 2023

On August 20, 2023, the Group concurrently signed two structured debt financing transactions for a total amount of up to €150 million

consisting of (i) up to €75 million from Kreos Capital and Claret European Growth Capital (the “Kreos / Claret Financing”) together

with the issuance of warrants (“the Kreos / Claret BSA”) exercisable to receive ordinary shares of the Company, for an aggregate

exercise price of up to €8 million and (ii) up to €75 million from a fund advised by Heights Capital Management, Inc. (the “Heights

Financing” and together with the Kreos / Claret Financing, the “Transaction”). The detailed structure and characteristics of the

Transaction are set forth in Notes 15.1 and 15.2.

The first tranches of the Kreos / Claret Financing and the Heights Financing, for €25 million and €35 million, respectively, were

drawn on August 22, 2023, and August 24, 2023, respectively. In addition, the Group concurrently granted to Kreos and Claret, for no

additional consideration, warrants exercisable to receive ordinary shares of the Company for an aggregate exercise price of up to

€4 million.

As part of the Transaction, the Group is also repaying in full a total outstanding amount of €33 million under (i) the pre-existing debt

agreements with Kreos for a total amount of €8 million and (ii) the pre-existing OCEANE bonds for a total amount of €25 million by

way of set-off with the Heights Financing, thereby fully repaying such pre-existing indebtedness.

The net proceeds of the drawdown of the first tranche of the Kreos / Claret Financing and of the Heights Financing which, net of the

refinancing of the existing indebtedness, amount to €27 million in the aggregate, are expected to be allocated mainly to the

development of obefazimod for the treatment of adults with moderately to severely active UC and other potential chronic

inflammatory indications, as well for working capital and general corporate purposes of the Group.

On November 2, 2023, the Group granted additional warrants to Kreos and Claret, for an aggregate exercise price of up to €4 million,

in order to secure the future drawdown of the third tranche of the Kreos / Claret debt financing. The detailed characteristics of the

issuance is set forth in Note 15.1.

The Group announces closing of its Initial Public Offering on the Nasdaq Global Market – October 2023

On October 24, 2023, the Group announced the closing of its previously announced initial public offering on the Nasdaq Global

Market by way of a capital increase of 20,325,500 new ordinary shares, consisting of a public offering of 18,699,460 ordinary shares

in the form of American Depositary Shares (“ADSs”), each representing the right to receive one ordinary share, in the United States

(the “U.S. Offering”), and a concurrent offering of 1,626,040 ordinary shares in certain jurisdictions outside of the United States to

certain investors (the “European Private Placement”, and together with the U.S. offering, the “Global Offering”). The offering price

F-12

was set at $11.60 per ADS in the U.S. Offering and a corresponding offering price of €10.9864 per ordinary share in the European

Private Placement. All of the ADSs and ordinary shares in the Global Offering were offered by the Group. The ADSs began trading on

the Nasdaq Global Market on October 20, 2023. The aggregate gross proceeds were approximately $235.8 million, equivalent to

approximately €223.3 million based on the exchange rate then in effect, before deduction of underwriting commissions and expenses

payable by the Group.

The net proceeds of the Global Offering were $212.2 million (€202.0 million), after deducting $23.6 million (€21.3 million) in

transaction costs. These costs were deducted from the share premiums.

Note 3.2. For the year ended December 31, 2024

Changes in governance – February-December 2024

On February 7, 2024, the Group announced the appointment of Ana Sharma as Vice President, Global Head of Quality.

On April 2, 2024, the Group announced the appointment of Camilla Soenderby as Independent Board Member and also a member of

the Appointments and Compensation Committee. Ms. Soenderby replaces Santé Holdings S.R.L., represented by Mr. Paolo Rampulla,

who will continue to contribute to the work of the Board of Directors as an observer alongside Mr. Maurizio PetitBon from Kreos

Capital/Blackrock.

In July 2024, the Group announced the appointment of Sylvie Grégoire as Independent Board Member, Chairman of the Board and

also a member of the Audit Committee. Dr. Grégoire replaces Ms. Brosgart as Director, Mr. de Garidel as Chairman, and Mr. Hong as

member of the Audit Committee.

On November 13, 2024, the Group announced the appointment of Mark Stenhouse as Board Observer & Advisor to the Group.

On December 23, 2024, the Group announced the resignation of Dr. Philippe Pouletty, representative of Truffle Capital, as director of

the Group, effective on December 31, 2024.

Share-based compensation plans – February-September 2024

In February, March, May, July and September 2024, the Group issued seven free-share compensation plans to certain of its officers

and employees, representing a maximum of 1,946,125 shares in the aggregate, the vesting of which is subject to the following service

condition: 50% of the AGAs vest at the end of a two-year period from the allocation date, 25% at the end of a three-year period from

the allocation date and 25% at the end of a four-year period from the allocation date (with the exception of the 20,000 2024-6 AGAs,

whose vesting conditions are set forth in Note 14).

In March 2024, the Group granted its independent Board members the right to subscribe up to 77,820 share warrants (BSA) in the

aggregate, the vesting of which (if subscribed) is subject to a service condition of four years, by tranches of 25% each, vested on each

anniversary date. All the BSAs have been subscribed.

Drawdown of Tranches B and C of the Kreos / Claret Financing – March-June 2024

On March 28, 2024 and June 21, 2024, the Group drew down €25 million related to tranche B and €25 million related to tranche C of

senior secured non-convertible bonds from the Kreos / Claret Financing. These second and third tranches each consist of 25,000,000

senior secured non-convertible bonds with a par value of €1.00 each, that will not be listed on any market.

The detailed characteristics of these bond loans and their accounting treatments are set forth in Note 15.1.

Bpifrance RNP-VIR and Carena conditional advances – June 2024

In June 2024, the Group and Bpifrance renegotiated the RNP-VIR and CARENA conditional advances:

F-13

•Between September 2017 and November 2019, the Group had received repayable conditional advances amounting

€4,032 thousands and subsidies amounting to €1,123 thousand in relation to the RNP-VIR project, which aimed at

discovering new molecules for the treatment of viral infectious diseases through the development of the “Modulation of RNA

biogenesis” platform. In June 2024, the Group and Bpifrance agreed to terminate the project due to technical failure, and

Bpifrance agreed to waive 60% of the remaining advances. See Note 15.7 "Conditional Advances".

•Between December 2013 and June 2016, the Group had received repayable conditional advances amounting

€2,187 thousands in relation to the CARENA project, which aimed at developing an anti-HIV-AIDS therapeutic program

with the compound ABX464 up to the Phase 2b study. In June 2024, the Group and Bpifrance agreed to terminate the project

due to technical failure, and Bpifrance agreed to waive 60% of the remaining conditional advance. See Note 15.7

"Conditional Advances".

The Group fully reimbursed the remaining conditional advances for both programs during the last quarter of 2024. The subsidy

income recognized over the period, corresponding to the amounts waived by Bpifrance and related interests, amounts to

€4,123 thousand in the aggregate (see Note 18).

Establishment of an At-the-Market ("ATM") Program on Nasdaq - November 2024

On November 19, 2024, the Group announced the implementation of an At-The-Market program (“ATM Program”) allowing the

Group to issue and sell, including with unsolicited investors who have expressed an interest, ordinary shares in the form of ADSs,

each ADS representing one ordinary share, nominal value €0.01 per share, of the Group, with aggregate gross sales proceeds of up to

$150,000 thousand (subject to French regulatory limits and within the limits of the investors’ requests expressed in the context of the

program), from time to time, pursuant to the terms of an equity distribution agreement with Piper Sandler & Co. (“Piper Sandler”),

acting as sales agent. The timing of any issuances in the form of ADSs will depend on a variety of factors. The ATM Program will be

effective until terminated in accordance with the equity distribution agreement or if ADSs representing the maximum gross sales

proceeds have been sold thereunder. To the extent that ADSs are sold pursuant to the ATM Program, the Group currently intends to

use the net proceeds (after deduction of fees and expenses), if any, of sales of ADSs issued under the ATM Program primarily to fund

the research and development of the Group's product candidates, for working capital and general corporate purposes, at its discretion.

A shelf registration statement on Form F-3, including a base prospectus relating to the Group's securities and an equity distribution

agreement prospectus relating to the ATM Program, was filed with the SEC and went into effect during 2024. The base prospectus

provides for the potential sale of ADSs of the Group with aggregate gross sales proceeds of up to $350,000 thousand (including the

$150,000 thousand covered by the equity distribution agreement prospectus) to grant additional flexibility to the Group in connection

with its financing strategy. The specific terms of any securities to be offered pursuant to the base prospectus will be specified in one or

more prospectus supplements to the base prospectus. As of the date of issuance of these financial statements, the Group has not

utilized the ATM Program.

F-14

Note 3.3. For the year ended December 31, 2025

Share-based compensation plans – January-November 2025

In January 2025, the Group granted its independent Board members, as well as one of its Board Observers and Advisor, the right to

subscribe up to 125,000 share warrants (BSA) in the aggregate, the vesting of which is subject to a service condition of four years, by

tranches of 25% each, vested on January 1 of each year.

In February, March, May, August and November 2025, the Group issued eight free-share compensation plans to certain of its officers

and employees, representing a maximum of 6,280,727 shares in the aggregate, the vesting of which is subject to the following service

condition: 50% of the AGAs vest at the end of a two-year period from the allocation date, 25% at the end of a three-year period from

the allocation date and 25% at the end of a four-year period from the allocation date (with the exception of the 123,102 2025-2 AGAs,

which vest at the end of a two-year period from the allocation date, and the 50,000 2025-5 AGAs , which vest only upon the

achievement of milestones related to clinical studies). Moreover, the vesting of almost half of the 4,319,500 2025-1 AGAs is subject to

the occurrence of a tender offer on the securities issued by the Group and resulting in a change of control of the Group before a certain

date.

In April 2025, the Group granted to one of its Board members the right to subscribe up to 39,370 share warrants (BSA), the vesting of

which is subject to a service condition of four years, by tranches of 25% each, vested on May 1 of each year. The BSAs were

subscribed in May 2025.

The detailed terms and conditions of these plans are set forth in Note 14.

Change in management – April 2025

On April 22, 2025, the Group announced the appointment of Dominik Höchli, MD to the Board of Directors of Abivax, effective

immediately.

Completion of enrollment for the Phase 3 ABTECT trials in patients with moderately to severely active UC - April 2025

On April 29, 2025, the Group announced the completion of enrollment for the Phase 3 ABTECT trials in patients with moderately to

severely active UC.

Publication of positive Phase 3 results from both ABTECT 8-week induction trials investigating obefazimod, in moderate to severely

active UC – July 2025

On July 22, 2025, the Group announced the positive results of the ABTECT-1 and ABTECT-2 induction trials in patients with

moderately to severely active UC. ABTECT-1 and 2 are global, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials

assessing once-daily oral administration of obefazimod at 25 mg or 50 mg doses in adult patients with moderately to severely active

UC. Eligible participants had inadequate response, loss of response, or intolerance to conventional and/or advanced therapies.

Following this announcement and that of its Offering completed on July 28, 2025 (see Completion of a public offering – July 2025

within this section), the Group’s share price increased significantly, from €6.64 as of June 30, 2025, to €57.00 as of July 28, 2025.

At the same time, the Group reassessed the probability of success (“POS”) of obtaining a future market authorization for obefazimod

in UC, to reflect a reduced level of uncertainty following positive Phase 3 results.

The main financial effects of this event on the Group’s financial statements are the following:

•A significant increase in the carrying value of the royalty certificates, measured at amortized cost, reflecting an increase in the

projected probability-weighted cash flows of the instrument, following the reassessment of the POS (see Note 15.9),

•Significant changes in the carrying value of the Group’s financial liabilities measured at fair value through profit or loss, i.e.

the Kreos / Claret BSA, the Kreos / Claret MRI and the Heights convertible notes (the latter as well as the Kreos / Claret BSA

being converted into ordinary shares at the request of the noteholders in July and August 2025, see Conversion of the Heights

convertible notes, Kreos / Claret OCABSA and Kreos / Claret BSA – July-August 2025 below and Notes 15.1 and 15.2),

F-15

•Significant changes in the disclosure of the fair values of other financial instruments measured at amortized cost (i.e. the

royalty certificates, the debt components of (i) the Kreos / Claret OCABSA (Tranche A, converted into shares in August

2025) and (ii) Tranche B and C bond loans; these fair value changes are not expected directly to impact the future financial

position and net loss of the Group - see Note 15),

•A significant increase in provisions related to employer contributions on AGAs (the contribution being based on the vesting

date share price - see Note 14).

Completion of a public offering – July 2025

On July 28, 2025, the Group announced the completion of an underwritten public offering of 11,679,400 ADSs (the “Offering”) at a

price of $64.00 per ADS (corresponding to €54.58 per ordinary share, based on the exchange rate of €1.00 = $1.1726 as published by

the European Central Bank on July 23, 2025). The aggregate gross proceeds amounted to approximately $747.5 million, equivalent to

approximately €637.5 million, before deduction of underwriting commissions and estimated expenses, and the net proceeds, after

deducting underwriting commissions and estimated offering expenses, were approximately $700.3 million, equivalent to

approximately €597.2 million. The net cash from the Offering of €607.2 million presented within the Consolidated Statements of Cash

Flows also includes the effect of a net foreign exchange gain resulting from the favorable change in the euro to U.S. dollar exchange

rate between the closing of the Offering and the date of receipt of funds.

The Group believes that the net proceeds from the Offering, together with its current cash and cash equivalents, will allow it to finance

its operations into the fourth quarter of 2027, allowing it to reach 12 months of expected cash runway following the planned NDA

submission for UC, assuming positive results from its Phase 3 maintenance trial (see Note 2 above "Going concern").

Conversion of the Heights convertible notes, Kreos OCABSA and Kreos / Claret BSA and prepayment of the Kreos / Claret Tranches

B and C bond loans – July-December 2025

On July 23 and July 30, 2025, the Group received notices from entities affiliated with Heights Capital Management, which hold

amortizing senior convertible notes of the Group issued in August 2023 (the “Height convertible notes”), for the immediate conversion

of respectively 150 and 200 convertible notes (corresponding to the entirety of the outstanding principal amount of €21.9 million) into

920,377 new ordinary shares of the Group at a conversion price of €23.7674 per ordinary share in accordance with the terms and

conditions of the convertible notes.

On August 8, 2025, Kreos Capital VII (UK) Limited converted its portion of the Tranche A of the Kreos / Claret Financing (the Kreos

OCABSA), resulting in the issuance of 785,389 ordinary shares. In addition, on July 30, 2025, Kreos Capital VII Aggregator SCSp

exercised its share warrants (the tranche A-B BSA and tranche C BSA) resulting in the issuance of 319,251 ordinary shares of the

Group.

On August 28, 2025, Claret European Growth Capital Fund III SCSp exercised its share warrants (the tranche A-B BSA and tranche C

BSA) resulting in the issuance of 206,662 ordinary shares of the Group.

On November 25, 2025, Claret European Growth Capital Fund III SCSp converted its portion of the Tranche A portion of the Kreos /

Claret Financing (the Claret OCABSA), resulting in the issuance of 392,695 ordinary shares of the Group.

On December 23, 2025, the Group completed the full prepayment of the outstanding balances of Tranches B and C of the Kreos /

Claret Financing. The repayment amount, including end-of-loan exit fees and prepayment fees, amounts to 33,823 thousand.

Following these transactions, the Group no longer holds any debt related to the Kreos / Claret and Heights Financings.

The impacts of these operations on the Group's financial statements are set forth in Note 15.1 and 15.2.

F-16

Admission to the CAC Mid 60 and SBF 120 indices - September 2025

Following the annual review of the Euronext Paris indices on September 11, 2025, the Scientific Council of the Indices has decided to

admit the Company to the CAC Mid 60 and SBF 120 indices. This decision took effect on Friday, September 19, 2025, after market

close. The CAC Mid 60 and SBF 120 are key indices on the Euronext Paris exchange, representing mid-sized listed companies and a

broader selection of 120 major securities, respectively.

Note 3.4. Subsequent events

Share-based compensation plans – February 2026

In February 2026, the Group issued a new free-share compensation plan to certain of its officers and employees, representing a

maximum of 47,500 shares in the aggregate, the vesting of which is subject to the following service condition: 50% of the AGAs vest

at the end of a two-year period from the allocation date, 25% at the end of a three-year period from the allocation date and 25% at the

end of a four-year period from the allocation date.

In February 2026, the Group granted its independent Board members, as well as one of its Board Observers and Advisor, the right to

subscribe up to 23,477 share warrants (BSA) in the aggregate, the vesting of which (if subscribed) is subject to a service condition of

four years, by tranches of 25% each, vested on each February 1st thereafter.

Changes in Management - March

In March 2026, the Group appointed Michael Nesrallah, MBA, as Chief Commercial Officer, Keith Fournier, Ph.D., as Senior Vice

President of Global Regulatory Affairs, and Maurus de la Rosa, Ph.D., Senior Vice President of Research.

In March 2026, Sofinnova Partners, represented by Dr. Kinam Hong, stepped down from the Group's Board of Directors.

In light of Mr. Didier Scherrer's departure from his role as Chief Scientific Officer, the Group entered into a settlement agreement

("protocole d’accord transactionnel") with Mr. Didier Scherrer under which:

•Mr. Scherrer received a balance of notice pay in the total gross amount of €278 thousand, together with a contractual

severance indemnity of €240 thousand (net);

•the Group waived the continued employment condition attached to 77,050 free shares previously granted to Mr. Scherrer;

•the Group waived the continued employment condition for a further 40,200 free shares, subject to specific performance

conditions;

•the remaining 217,750 free shares previously granted to Mr. Scherrer are lapsed; and

•Mr. Scherrer irrevocably waived all claims and renounced any legal action against the Group.

Note 4. Accounting principles

Note 4.1. Goodwill

Following initial recognition, goodwill is stated at cost less any accumulated impairment losses (see Note 4.4).

In respect of business combinations prior to January 1, 2020, in accordance with IFRS 1 exemption, goodwill is included on the basis

of its deemed cost, which represents the amount recorded under the prior basis of accounting, French GAAP, (“Previous GAAP”).

Note 4.2. Intangible assets

Pursuant to IAS 38—Intangible Assets, intangible assets acquired are recognized as assets on the statements of financial position at

their acquisition cost.

F-17

Licenses, patents and development costs

Payments for separately acquired research and development are capitalized within “intangible assets” provided that they meet the

definition of an intangible asset: a resource that is (i) controlled by the Group, (ii) expected to provide future economic benefits for the

Group and (iii) identifiable (i.e., it is either separable or arises from contractual or legal rights). In accordance with paragraph 25 of

IAS 38—Intangible Assets, the recognition criterion relating to the likelihood of future economic benefits generated by the intangible

asset, is presumed to be achieved for research and development activities when they are acquired separately. In this context, amounts

paid to third parties in the form of initial payments or milestone payments relating to pharmaceutical specialties that have not yet

obtained a marketing authorization are recognized as intangible assets. These rights will be amortized on a straight-line basis, after

obtaining the marketing authorization, over their useful life. Unamortized rights (before marketing authorization) are subject to

impairment tests in accordance with the method defined in Note 4.4.

Research and development costs

Pursuant to IAS 38 – Intangible Assets, research costs are expensed in the period during which they are incurred. Development costs

are only recognized as intangible assets if the following criteria are met:

•it is technically feasible to complete the development of the project;

•it is the Group’s intention to complete the project and to utilize it;

•it has capacity to utilize the intangible asset;

•there is proof of the probability of future economic benefits associated with the asset

•there is availability of the technical, financial and other resources for completing the project; and

•there is a reliable evaluation of the development expenses.

The initial measurement of the asset is the sum of expenses incurred starting on the date on which the development project meets the

above criteria. Because of the risks and uncertainties related to regulatory authorizations and to the research and development process,

the Group believes that the six criteria stipulated by IAS 38 have not been fulfilled to date and the application of this principle has

resulted in all development costs being expensed as incurred in all periods presented.

Other intangible assets

Other intangible assets mainly consist of acquired software. Costs related to the acquisition of software licenses are recognized as

assets based on the costs incurred to acquire and set up the related software. Other intangible assets are amortized using the straight-

line method over a period of one year.

Note 4.3. Property, plant and equipment

Pursuant to IAS 16 – Property, Plant and Equipment, property, plant and equipment are recognized at their acquisition cost (purchase

price and directly attributable costs) or at their production cost by the Group, as applicable.

Property, plant and equipment are depreciated using the straight-line method over the estimated useful life of the asset. The principal

useful lives applied are as follows:



	DEPRECIATION PERIOD
Buildings
Office fixtures and fittings	3 years (1)
Equipment
Industrial materials and equipment	5 to 10 years
Technical facilities	5 to 10 years
Furniture and computer equipment:
Office equipment	5 to 10 years
IT equipment	3 years
Furniture	10 years

F-18

(1)Office fixtures and fittings estimated useful lives correspond to the Paris headquarters and Boston offices residual estimated

lease terms.

The useful lives of property, plant and equipment as well as any residual values are reviewed at each year-end and, in the event of a

significant change, the depreciation schedule is revised prospectively.

Note 4.4. Impairment of goodwill, intangible assets, property and plant and equipment

Goodwill and intangible assets not yet available for use are not amortized and are tested for impairment annually.

In addition, the Group assesses at the end of each reporting period whether there is an indication that intangible assets and property,

plant and equipment may be impaired. Pursuant to IAS 36—Impairment of Assets, criteria for assessing indication of loss in value may

notably include performance levels lower than forecast, a significant change in market data or the regulatory environment, or

obsolescence or physical damage of the asset not included in the amortization/depreciation schedule.

For the purpose of impairment testing, goodwill and intangible assets not yet available for use are allocated to each of the Group’s

CGUs expected to benefit from synergies arising from the business combination or from the use of the intangible assets.

An impairment loss is recognized when the carrying amount of a CGU, including the goodwill, exceeds the recoverable amount of the

CGU. The recoverable amount of a CGU is the higher of the CGU’s fair value less cost to sell and value-in-use. The total impairment

loss of a CGU is allocated first to reduce the carrying amount of goodwill allocated to the CGU and then to the other assets of the

CGU pro-rata on the basis of the carrying amount of each asset in the CGU.

An impairment loss on goodwill is not reversed in a subsequent period. Impairment losses on intangible assets and property, plant and

equipment shall be reversed subsequently if the impairment loss no longer exists or has decreased.

Note 4.5. Financial assets

Financial assets at amortized cost

Other financial assets (advances, loans and deposits granted to third parties and other short-term investments) and other receivables are

non-derivative financial assets with fixed or determinable payments that are not listed on an active market. They are initially

recognized at fair value plus transaction costs that are directly attributable to the acquisition or issue of the financial asset.

IFRS 9 – Financial Instruments requires an entity to recognize a loss allowance for expected credit losses on a financial asset at

amortized cost at each statement of financial position date. The amount of the loss allowance for expected credit losses equal to: (i) the

12—month expected credit losses or (ii) the full lifetime expected credit losses. The latter applies if credit risk has increased

significantly since initial recognition of the financial instrument.

Cash and cash equivalents

The Group classifies investments as cash equivalents in the statements of financial position and statements of cash flows when they

meet the conditions of IAS 7—Statement of Cash Flows, i.e., when they are:

•held in order to face short-term cash commitments; and

•short term and highly liquid assets at acquisition date, readily convertible into known amount of cash and not exposed to

any material risk of change in value.

Note 4.6. Share capital

Ordinary shares are classified in shareholders’ equity. Costs associated with the issuance of new shares are directly accounted for in

shareholders’ equity in diminution of issuance premium.

The Group’s own shares bought in the context of a brokering/liquidity agreement entered with an independent broker are presented as

a reduction of shareholders’ equity until their cancellation, their reissuance or their disposal.

F-19

Note 4.7. Share-based payments

Since its inception, the Group has established several plans for compensation settled in equity instruments in the form of founders’

share subscription warrants (“bons de souscription de parts de créateur d’entreprise” or “BCE”), share subscription warrants (“Bons de

souscription d’actions,” or “BSA”) and free shares (“Attributions gratuites d’actions,” or “AGA”), granted to its employees, corporate

officers and scientific consultants.

Pursuant to IFRS 2—Share-based Payment, these awards are measured at their fair value on the date of grant. The values of the equity

instruments are determined using the option pricing model (in particular, a Black and Scholes model for the BCE and BSA plans and a

Monte-Carlo simulation for the AGA plans which include market performance vesting conditions) based on the value of the

underlying equity instrument at grant date, the volatility observed in a sample of comparable listed companies and the estimated life of

the related equity instruments.

The Group recognizes the fair value of these awards as a share-based compensation expense over the period in which the related

services are received, i.e. over the vesting period, with a corresponding increase in shareholders’ equity. Share-based compensation is

recognized by installments in consistency with their graded vesting schedule, when applicable.

The amount recognized as an expense is adjusted to reflect the number of awards for which the related service and non-market

performance conditions are expected to be met, such that the amount ultimately recognized is based on the number of awards that meet

the related service and non-market performance conditions at the vesting date.

For share-based payment awards with market vesting conditions and non-vesting conditions, the grant-date fair value of the share-

based payment is measured to reflect such conditions and there is no true-up for differences between expected and actual outcome.

The measurement of the fair value of BSA, BCE and AGA incorporates the market-based vesting conditions and non-vesting

conditions as described in Note 4.15 “Use of judgments and estimates”.

Note 4.8. Financial liabilities

Note 4.8.1. Financial liabilities at amortized cost

Pursuant to IFRS 9 – Financial Instruments, the borrowings, the debt component of the Kreos / Claret OCABSA (classified as

convertible loan notes – see Compound instruments Compound instruments below), royalty certificates and Other financial liabilities

(conditional advances) other than financial derivative liabilities are measured at amortized cost. They are initially recognized at fair

value and subsequently measured at amortized cost calculated using the effective interest rate (“EIR”) method. The transaction costs

that are directly attributable to the issue of the financial liability reduce that financial liability. These expenses are then amortized over

the lifetime of the liability, on the basis of the EIR. The EIR is the rate that exactly discounts estimated future cash payments through

the expected life of the financial liability to the amortized cost of a financial liability. Financial liabilities that are due within one year

are presented as current financial liabilities in the statements of financial position.

Royalty certificates

Royalty certificates meet the definition of financial liabilities. The Group concluded that they do not include embedded derivatives

related to the variability of royalties that are based on future net sales. In addition, the Group concluded that the prepayment options

were separate derivative instruments as their redemption price did not reimburse holders for an amount up to the approximate present

value of lost interest for the remaining term of the host contracts. However, their value at inception and subsequent dates is nil and has

no impact on the financial statements.

Royalty certificates are initially measured at fair value (refer to note 15.9 for valuation model applied). They are subsequently

measured at amortized cost calculated using the EIR method. The EIR is calculated based on future cash flows, which are estimated on

the basis of development and commercialization plans and budgets approved by the Board of Directors of the Group, and probability-

weighted to reflect the probability of success of clinical studies and any other uncertainty affecting them. If there is a change in the

timing or amount of estimated cash flows, then the gross carrying amount of the amortized cost of the financial liability is adjusted in

the period of change to reflect the revised actual and estimated cash flows, with a corresponding income or expense being recognized

in profit or loss. The revised gross carrying amount of the amortized cost of the financial liability is calculated by discounting the

future revised estimated cash flows at the original EIR.

Conditional advances and State guaranteed loan – “PGE”

F-20

Accounting treatment for conditional advances and the State-guaranteed loan (Prêt garanti par l'Etat, or "PGE") is set forth in Note 4.9.

Leases

Accounting treatment for lease liabilities is set forth in Note 4.12.

Note 4.8.2. Financial liabilities measured at fair value through profit or loss

Derivative instruments

BSA attached to Kreos 1 bonds, the conversion option of OCEANE, certain prepayment options of bonds, the Kreos / Claret warrants

and the Kreos / Claret Minimum Return Indemnifications ("MRI") are derivatives instruments. Derivatives are recognized initially at

fair value at the date the derivative contract is entered into and are subsequently remeasured to their fair value at each reporting date.

The resulting gain or loss from change in the fair value is recognized in profit or loss immediately, as financial expenses or income.

Hybrid instruments

OCEANE bonds and Heights convertible notes (whose characteristics are described in Note 15.2 and Note 15.5) are hybrid

instruments. A “hybrid contract” is a contract that includes both a non-derivative host contract and one or more embedded derivatives.

Embedded derivatives are required to be separated from the host contract (bifurcated) if: the economic characteristics and risks of the

embedded derivative are not closely related to those of the host, a separate instrument with the same terms as the embedded derivative

would meet the definition of a derivative, and the hybrid contract is not measured at fair value through profit or loss.

Separable embedded derivatives are required to be measured at fair value at each reporting date, with changes in fair value recognized

in profit or loss. The initial bifurcation of a separable embedded derivative does not result in any gain or loss being recognized.

Because the embedded derivative component is measured at fair value on initial recognition, the carrying amount of the host contract

on initial recognition is the difference between the carrying amount of the hybrid instrument and the fair value of the embedded

derivative. If the fair values of the hybrid instrument and host contract are more reliably measurable than that of the derivative

component - e.g. because of the availability of quoted market prices - then it may be acceptable to use those values to determine the

fair value of the derivative on initial recognition indirectly - i.e. as a residual amount.

The Heights convertible notes issued on August 24, 2023 included embedded derivatives as detailed in Note 15. The Group concluded

that these features were embedded derivatives that would modify the cash flows required under the contract and require to be

bifurcated from their host contract. The Group being unable to reliably value each embedded derivative at issuance date and on

subsequent reporting dates, it measured the whole hybrid instrument at fair value through profit or loss (“FVTPL”) as permitted by

IFRS 9. Instruments measured at FVTPL under these conditions are measured at their fair value on issuance and on subsequent

reporting dates, with changes in fair value recognized in profit or loss.

Compound instruments

The Kreos / Claret OCABSA are compound instruments (whose characteristics are described in Note 15.1). A “compound contract” is

a contract that includes both a debt component and an equity component. The debt component (excluding the conversion option and

the attached OCABSA warrants) is initially recognized at fair value and subsequently measured at amortized cost calculated using the

EIR method. The equity component corresponding to the conversion option and the attached OCABSA warrants is recorded in equity,

for the difference between the whole instrument’s fair value (its nominal value) and the standalone fair value of the debt component.

Fair value measurement

When measuring the fair value of an asset or a liability, the Company uses market observable data as far as possible. Fair values are

categorized into different levels in a fair value hierarchy based on the inputs used in the valuation techniques as follows:

•level 1: fair value calculated using quoted prices in an active market for identical assets and liabilities;

•level 2: fair value calculated using valuation techniques based on observable market data such as prices for assets and

liabilities or similar parameters quoted in an active market;

•level 3: fair value calculated using valuation techniques based in whole or in part on unobservable inputs such as prices

in an inactive market or a valuation based on multiples of unlisted securities.

See Note 12 Financial assets and liabilities and Note 15 Financial liabilities.

F-21

Note 4.9. Research tax credit, subsidies and conditional advances

Research tax credit

The Group benefits from the provisions of Article 244 quater B of the French General Tax Code relating to the French research tax

credit (“Crédit d’Impôt Recherche” or “CIR”). The CIR is granted to companies in order to encourage them to conduct technical and

scientific research. Companies that prove that they have expenditures which meet the required criteria (research expenditures located

in France or, since January 1, 2005, within the European Union or in another state that is a party to the Agreement on the European

Economic Area and has concluded a tax treaty with France that contains an administrative assistance clause) receive a tax credit that

can be used for the payment of the corporate tax due for the fiscal year in which the expenditures were made and the next three fiscal

years, or as applicable, companies may receive cash reimbursement for any excess portion at the three-year period following the fiscal

year of the expenditures. Only those companies meeting the EU definition of a small or medium-sized entity (“SME”) are eligible for

payment in cash of their research tax credit (to the extent not used to offset corporate tax payables) in the year following the request

for reimbursement. The expenditures taken into account for the calculation of the CIR involve only research expenses.

The CIR is presented under “Other operating income” in the statements of income (loss) as it is accounted for as a government grant

as defined in IAS 20 – Accounting for Government Grants and Disclosure of Government Assistance, and as “Other receivables and

assets” in the statement of financial position until its payment is received.

Subsidies

Subsidies are non-repayable grants received by the Group and recognized in the financial statements when there exists reasonable

assurance that the Group will comply with the conditions attached to the subsidies and the subsidies will be received.

Subsidies that are upfront payments are presented as deferred income and recognized through “Other operating income” for the

amount of the expenses incurred as part of the research program to which the subsidy relates.

A subsidy that is to be received either as compensation for expenses or for losses already incurred, or for immediate financial support

of the Group without associated future costs, is recognized in the Statements of income (loss) as “Other operating income” when there

exists reasonable assurance that the subsidies will be received.

Conditional advances and PGE

The Group receives conditional advances to finance at below market interest rate research and development projects. Due to the

innovative nature of its drug candidate development programs, the Group has benefited from certain sources of financial assistance

from Bpifrance. Bpifrance provides financial assistance and support to emerging French enterprises to facilitate the development and

commercialization of innovative technologies.

Funds received from Bpifrance in the form of conditional advances are recognized as financial liabilities, as the Group has a

contractual obligation to reimburse Bpifrance for such conditional advances in cash based on a repayment schedule. Each award of an

advance is made to help fund a specific development milestone. More details on conditional advances are provided in Note 15.7.

Receipts or reimbursements of conditional advances are reflected as financing transactions in the statements of cash flows.

The difference between the present value of the advance at market rate (i.e., present value of contractual cash flows including principal

and interests, discounted using a market rate as effective interest rate in accordance with IFRS 9) and the amount received as cash

from the Bpifrance constitutes a subsidy within the meaning of IAS 20. Considering that these advances do not finance fixed assets,

these subsidies are presented as “Deferred income” in the statement of financial position and recognized in the statement of net income

(loss) as “Other operating income“ on a systematic basis over the periods in which the Group recognizes as expenses the related costs

for which the grants are intended to compensate.

The incremental interest expense resulting from the difference between (a) the market interest rate and the (b) below-market rate is

spread over the contractual period until the last repayment and recognized in the statement of income (loss) accordingly, using the EIR

method. In the event of a change in estimate of contractual cash flows due under the conditional advances, the Group recalculates the

book value of the debt resulting from the discounting of the anticipated new future cash flows at the initial EIR. The adjustment is

recognized in the statements of income (loss) for the period during which the modification is recognized.

In the statements of financial position, these conditional advances are recorded in “Other financial liabilities” as current or non-current

portion depending on their maturity. In the event Bpifrance waived the repayment of the advance, the corresponding liability is

derecognized and treated as a subsidy in the statements of income (loss).

The benefit resulting from the low interest of PGE loans is also recognized as a subsidy corresponding to the difference between the

present value of the PGE at market rate and the amount received as cash. The accounting treatment is therefore similar to the above-

F-22

mentioned accounting treatment for conditional advances. PGE are recorded in “Borrowings” as current or non-current portion

depending on their maturity.

Note 4.10. Employee benefits

The Group’s employees in France benefit from retirement benefits provided under French law, which consist in the following:

•compensation paid by the Group to employees upon their retirement (a defined benefit plan); and

•payments of retirement pensions by the social security agencies, which are financed by the contributions made by the

Group and employees. As they meet the definition of a defined contribution plan, the liabilities are presented as Tax and

employee-related payables in the statement of financial position.

In accordance with IAS 19 – Employee Benefits, the liability with respect to defined benefit plans is estimated by using the projected

credit unit method. According to this method, the cost of the retirement benefit is recognized in the statements of income (loss). The

retirement benefit commitments are valued at the current value of the estimated future payments, discounted using the market rate for

high quality corporate bonds with a term and currency that correspond to that estimated for the payment of the benefits. The Group

applied the decision of the IFRS IC, published on May 24, 2021, that concluded that, in the case that no rights were acquired in the

event of departure before retirement age and that the rights were capped after a certain number of years of seniority (“30 years”), the

commitment would only be recognized for the last 30 years of the employee’s career within the Group.

The difference between the amount of the provision at the beginning of a period and at the close of that period is recognized through

operating expenses for the portion representing the costs of services rendered and financial expenses for the net interest costs, and

through other comprehensive income (loss) for the portion representing the actuarial gains and losses due to changes in assumptions

and experience adjustments.

Note 4.11. Provisions

Provisions correspond to commitments resulting from litigation and various risks to which the Group may face in the context of its

operations, as well as taxes and employer contributions related to AGAs that become due upon the vesting of the awards. In

accordance with IAS 37 – Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets, a provision is recorded when the Group has an

obligation to a third party resulting from a past event that will likely result in an outflow of resources to the third party, and for which

future cash outflows may be estimated reliably. The amount recorded as a provision is an estimate of the expenditure required to settle

the obligation, discounted where necessary at year end. For AGA taxes, the taxes are based on the vesting date share price, and the

provision is estimated based on the spot listed price at year-end multiplied by the number of AGAs which are expected to vest.

Contingent liabilities are not recognized, but are disclosed in the notes to the financial statements unless the possibility of an outflow

of economic resources is remote.

Note 4.12. Leases

As lessee, the Group assesses whether a contract contains a lease at inception of a contract and upon the modification of a contract.

The Group elected to allocate the consideration in the contract to the lease and non-lease components on the basis of the relative

standalone price. The Group recognizes a right-of-use asset and a corresponding lease liability for all arrangements in which it is a

lessee, except for leases with a term of 12 months or less (short-term leases) and low-value leases (value of the underlying asset below

€5.0 thousand). For these short-term and low-value leases, the Group recognizes the lease payments as an operating expense on a

straight-line basis over the term of the lease.

The lease liability is initially measured at the present value of the future lease payments as from the commencement date of the lease

to the end of the lease term. The lease terms used by the Group reflect the non-cancellable terms of each contract, plus any extension

or termination options that the Group is reasonably certain to exercise or not exercise for all of the leases periods covered by the

extension options. The lease payments are discounted using the interest rate implicit in the lease or, if not readily determinable, the

Group incremental borrowing rate for the asset subject to the lease in the respective markets.

The Group remeasures the lease liability (and makes a corresponding adjustment to the related right-of-use asset) whenever there is a

change to the lease terms or expected payments under the lease, or a modification that is not accounted for as a separate lease. The

portion of the lease payments attributable to the repayment of lease liabilities and the portion attributable to payment of interests are

recognized in cash flows used in financing activities.

Right-of-use assets are initially recognized on the balance sheet at cost, which comprises the amount of the initial measurement of the

corresponding lease liability, adjusted for any lease payments made at or prior to the commencement date of the lease, any lease

incentives received and any initial direct costs incurred by the Group, and expected costs for obligations to dismantle and remove

right-of-use assets when they are no longer used.

F-23

Right-of-use assets are depreciated on a straight-line basis from the commencement date of the lease over the shorter of the useful life

of the right-of-use asset or the end of the lease term.

Right-of-use assets are assessed for impairment whenever there is an indication that the balance sheet carrying amount may not be

recoverable using cash flow projections.

Note 4.13. Translation of transactions denominated in foreign currency

Pursuant to IAS 21 – The Effects of Changes in Foreign Exchange Rates, transactions performed by the Company and the Subsidiary

in currencies other than their functional currencies, which are respectively the Euro and the U.S. dollar, are translated at the prevailing

exchange rate on the transaction date.

Trade receivables and payables and liabilities denominated in a currency other than the functional currency are translated at the

period-end exchange rate. Unrealized gains and losses arising on translation are recognized in net financial income / (loss).

Note 4.14. Current and deferred tax

Tax assets and liabilities for the current and prior periods are measured at the amount expected to be recovered from or paid to the

French tax authorities, using tax rates and tax laws enacted or substantively enacted at the end of the reporting period in accordance

with IAS 12 – Income Tax.

The income tax charge for the period comprises current tax due and the deferred tax charge. The tax expense is recognized in the

statement of income (loss) unless it relates to items recorded in other comprehensive income (loss) or directly in equity, in which case

the tax is also recorded in other comprehensive income (loss) or directly in equity.

Current taxes

The current tax expense is calculated based on taxable profit for the period, using tax rates enacted or substantively enacted at the

statement of financial position date. Considering the level of tax loss of the Group, no current tax expense is recognized.

Deferred taxes

Deferred taxes are recognized when there are temporary differences between the carrying amount of assets and liabilities in the

Group’s financial statements and the corresponding tax basis used to calculate taxable profit. Deferred taxes are not recognized if they

arise from the initial recognition of an asset or liability in a transaction other than a business combination which, at the time of the

transaction, does not affect either the accounting or the taxable profit (tax loss).

The Group applies the Amendments to IAS 12 – Deferred Tax related to Assets and Liabilities arising from a Single Transaction,

issued on May 7, 2021, and presents the deferred tax assets and liabilities arising from such transactions separately within Note 22 -

Income tax, rather than on a net basis. The Amendments have no impact on the Statements of financial position and the Statement of

comprehensive income (loss) for the periods presented.

Deferred tax assets

Deferred tax assets are recognized for all deductible temporary differences, unused tax losses and unused tax credits to the extent that

it is probable that the temporary difference will reverse in the foreseeable future and that taxable profit will be available against which

the deductible temporary difference, unused tax losses or unused tax credits can be utilized. In this regard, the Group applies the

decision of the IFRS IC, published on January 29, 2021, on the amount of deferred tax assets recognized from unused tax losses as a

result of suitable taxable temporary differences, in the case when the use of such tax losses is restricted or limited by the tax law. See

Note 4.15. Use of judgments and estimates and Note 22 Income tax.

Note 4.15. Use of judgments and estimates

In order to prepare financial statements in accordance with IFRS, estimates, judgments and assumptions were made by the Group’s

management which could affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, contingent liabilities, income and expenses.

These estimates are based on the assumption of going concern and are prepared in accordance with information available at the date

the financial statements were prepared. They are reviewed on an ongoing basis using past experience and various other factors

considered to be reasonable as the basis to measure the carrying amount of assets and liabilities. Estimates may be revised due to

changes in the underlying circumstances or subsequent to new information. Actual results may differ significantly from these

estimates in line with assumptions or different conditions.

F-24

This note provides an overview of the areas that involved a higher degree of judgment or complexity, and of items which are more

likely to be materially adjusted due to changes in estimates and assumptions. Detailed information about each of these estimates and

judgments is included in other notes together with information about the basis of calculation for each affected line item in the financial

statements.

•Recognition and measurement of impairment of CGUs. The main assumptions used for the impairment test include

(a) the amount of cash flows that are set on the basis of the development and commercialization plans and budgets

approved by Board of Directors, (b) assumptions related to the achievement of the clinical trials and the launch of the

commercialization, (c) the discount rate, (d) assumptions on risk related to the development and (e) for the

commercialization, selling price and volume of sales. The sensitivity analysis in respect of the recoverable amount of the

CGUs is presented in Note 6.

•Measurement of share-based payments granted to employees, corporate officers and scientific consultants, such as BCE,

BSA and AGA, which is based on actuarial models; these models require the use by the Group of certain calculation

assumptions such as the estimated vesting, the occurrence dates of a change of control or a M&A transaction dates, the

percentage of success (“POS”) of obefazimod, the expected volatility and maturity of the underlying equity instrument

(see Note 4.7 and Note 14),

•Fair value measurement at inception and after of derivative financial instruments resulting from (i) the warrants issued

concomitantly with the issuance of the straight and convertible bonds to Kreos on July 24, 2018 (or “Kreos 1”), (ii) the

Kreos / Claret BSA issued on August 21, 2023 and November 2, 2023, related to tranches A-B and tranche C,

respectively, and (iii) the Kreos / Claret Minimum Return Indemnifications related to tranches B and C, issued in March

2024 and June 2024, respectively,

•Amortized cost measurement and fair value of royalty certificates, based on the following assumptions: (a) future cash

flows, estimated on the basis of development and commercialization plans and budgets approved by the Board of

Directors, (b) the effective interest rate (for the amortized cost measurement) and (c) the discount rate (for the fair

value). The sensitivity analyses in respect of the amortized cost measurement and fair value of royalty certificates is

presented in Note 15,

•Fair value measurement of other financial liabilities at inception, and after, for the Heights convertible notes measured at

fair value at each reporting period, with fair value changes recognized in profit or loss, as well as for disclosure purposes

(see Note 15),

•Estimation of CIR, based on internal and external expenses, which meet the required criteria, incurred by the Group each

year (see Note 4.9),

•Recognition of deferred tax assets: availability and timing of future taxable profit against which deductible temporary

differences and tax losses carried forward can be utilized and whether sufficient evidence exists (see Note 22),

•Recognition of deferred tax assets: tax deductibility of future royalty payments related to the royalty certificates issued in

September 2022 (see Notes 15 and 22),

•Determination of the terms of the leases, including whether the Group is reasonably certain to exercise extension and/or

termination options (see Note 15.8).

The main critical judgments made by the Group’s management impact the following items:

•Accounting treatment of specific conditions of share-based compensation plans (see Notes 4.7 and 14),

•Accounting treatment of the royalty certificates and August 2023 Kreos / Claret and Heights Financings (see Notes 4.8

and 15).

Note 5. Segment information

The assessment of the Group’s performance and the decisions about resources to be allocated are made by the chief operating decision

maker, based on the management reporting system of the Group. The Group identified the Chief Executive Officer of the Group as

F-25

“chief operating decision maker”. The chief operating decision maker reviews on an aggregated basis the incurred expenses for

allocating and evaluating performance of the Group.

The Group operates in a single operating segment: R&D of pharmaceutical products in order to market them in the future.

As of December 31, 2023 and 2024, substantially all operations, assets, liabilities, and losses of the Group were located in France. As

of December 31, 2025, the U.S. Subsidiary's contributions to the Group’s liabilities and net losses were less than 10%, and its

contribution to the Group's assets were 29% (consisting predominantly of cash and cash equivalents).

Note 6. Goodwill and impairment test

Goodwill relates to the acquisition of Splicos SAS and Wittycel SAS that occurred in 2014 (i.e., prior the transition date to IFRS),

which were merged into the Group in the same year.

Goodwill from Splicos SAS and Wittycel SAS acquisition corresponds to the “Modulation of RNA biogenesis / splicing”

technological platform and the “iNKT agonists” technological platform, respectively, from which derived the lead drug candidates of

the Group: ABX464 and ABX196, respectively.

IFRS 3 was not applied to acquisitions of subsidiaries deemed to be a business within the meaning of IFRS, carried out before the

IFRS transition date, i.e., January 1 2020. Due to the application of this exemption, the previous accounting for business combinations

in accordance with French GAAP remains unchanged (no identified Intellectual Property, Research & Development (“IPR&D”) assets

are recognized in the statement of financial position).

The impairment test carried out as of December 31, 2022 resulted in the full impairment of the goodwill resulting from the acquisition

of Wittycell SAS and other assets included in the ABX196 CGU, i.e. an impairment loss of €13,632 thousand as of December 31,

2022 (€13,586 thousand related to goodwill and €45 thousand related to other assets).

Consequently, the carrying amount of the Group's goodwill of €18,419 thousand as of December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025 solely

relates to the acquisition of Splicos SAS.

In accordance with IAS 36, goodwill is allocated to CGUs at a level corresponding to the lead drug candidates. Thus, goodwill from

Splicos SAS is allocated to the ABX464 CGU.

Goodwill impairment tests are undertaken annually or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate a potential

impairment, in accordance with IAS 36. The carrying amount of goodwill is compared to the recoverable amount, which is the higher

value in use and the fair value less costs to disposal.

As of December 31, 2025, the Group has not identified any indication of impairment loss related to goodwill, intangible or tangible

assets.

As of December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025 the recoverable amount used for the impairment test of each CGU was the value in use. This

value in use was based on a net present value calculation, using the following assumptions as of December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025:

•Cash flows are set on the basis of the development and commercialization plans and budgets approved by Board of

Directors;

•A discount rate (or “WACC”) of 15% as of December 31, 2023, 11.5% as of December 31, 2024 and of 10.0% as of

December 31, 2025;

•A risk of development is taken into consideration by applying probabilities of success (or “POS”) of reaching future

phases of development to cash flows related to the commercialization phase. Those average probabilities of success of

R&D projects are based on public sources;

•For the commercialization phase, selling price and sales volume are estimated on the basis of the potential market and

the observed performances of comparable drugs currently on the market.

The impairment tests resulted in no impairment charges as of December 31, 2023, 2024, and 2025.

F-26

Sensitivity testing as of December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025:

As the product is currently under development, a clinical trial failure or a failure to obtain a marketing approval could result in an

impairment of the goodwill allocated to the ABX464 CGU. The results of the impairment test indicate a headroom level that is high

enough so that any reasonably possible change in any of the key assumptions (except clinical failure) would not lead to any

impairment.

Note 7. Intangible assets

Intangible assets are mainly comprised of the intellectual property underlying:

(i) The exclusive license agreement with the Scripps Research Institute, University of Chicago and Brigham Young

University for which the Group paid a milestone of €45 thousand in September 2019 as a result of an IND filling of

ABX196. The value in use and the fair value less costs to disposal of the ABX196 CGU being nil as of December 31,

2022, a €45 thousand impairment loss was recorded during the year ended December 31, 2022 (see Note 6).

(ii)The collaboration and license agreement with the CNRS, Montpellier 2 university and the Curie for which the Group

paid a milestone of €40 thousand in September 2019 as a result of the entry in phase 2 of ABX464.

(iii)Patents acquired through the acquisition of Prosynergia SARL (or "Prosynergia") on April 1, 2022 and amounting to

€6,529 thousand. Considering that Prosynergia only owned patent rights and did not enter into any employee contract,

research agreement, collaboration agreement or out-licensed agreement, this acquisition did not meet the definition of a

business under IFRS 3. Consequently, the acquisition cost of this group of assets was mostly allocated to the acquired

patents, which cover alternative synthesis process for obefazimod and a family of close chemical analogues. They also

cover alternative forms of obefazimod (salts thereof and crystalline forms of said salts), the pharmaceutical composition

comprising them, that could be of interest to the Group for future development.

The patents are not yet amortized, similarly to licenses, and are included in the ABX464 CGU for impairment test

purposes. All patents will expire in 2037.

F-27

Licenses and patents recognized as Intangible assets are not amortized since they are not operating in a manner intended by the

management. As a consequence, and in accordance with IAS 36, those assets were subject to an annual impairment test as of

December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025, which did not result in any impairment loss being recognized.


(amounts in thousands of euros)	LICENSES	SOFTWARE	PATENTS	TOTAL
GROSS VALUES
AS OF JANUARY 1, 2023	120	24	6,529	6,673
AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2023	120	24	6,529	6,673
Acquisition	—	3	—	3
AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2024	120	27	6,529	6,677
AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2025	120	27	6,529	6,677


(amounts in thousands of euros)	LICENSES	SOFTWARE	PATENTS	TOTAL
AMORTIZATION
AS OF JANUARY 1, 2023	(45)	(21)	—	(66)
Increase	—	(3)	—	(3)
AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2023	(45)	(24)	—	(70)
Increase	—	(1)	—	(1)
AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2024	(45)	(25)	—	(70)
Increase	—	(1)	—	(1)
AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2025	(45)	(26)	—	(71)


(amounts in thousands of euros)	LICENSES	SOFTWARE	PATENTS	TOTAL
NET BOOK VALUES
AS OF JANUARY 1, 2023	75	3	6,529	6,607
AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2023	75	0	6,529	6,604
AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2024	75	3	6,529	6,606
AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2025	75	2	6,529	6,605

Note 8. Property, plant and equipment

The following tables present changes in property, plant and equipment including the right of use of assets (or “ROU”) as of

December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025:

F-28


(amounts in thousands of euros)	BUILDINGS	EQUIPMENT	FURNITURE AND COMPUTER EQUIPMENT	TOTAL	OF WHICH ROU
GROSS VALUES
AS OF JANUARY 1, 2023	1,618	436	346	2,400	1,561
Acquisition	350	103	161	614	350
Disposal	(622)	(27)	—	(649)	(649)
AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2023	1,346	513	507	2,366	1,262
Acquisition	2,578	—	292	2,870	2,217
Disposal	(1,110)	—	(119)	(1,229)	(975)
Effect of the change in foreign currency exchange rates	4	—	17	22	22
AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2024	2,818	513	698	4,029	2,526
Acquisition	436	—	123	559	424
Disposal	—	(49)	(203)	(252)	(34)
Effect of the change in foreign currency exchange rates	(50)	—	(12)	(62)	(50)
AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2025	3,204	463	607	4,274	2,865


(amounts in thousands of euros)	BUILDINGS	EQUIPMENT	FURNITURE AND COMPUTER EQUIPMENT	TOTAL	OF WHICH ROU
DEPRECIATION
AS OF JANUARY 1, 2023	(259)	(378)	(171)	(808)	(290)
Increase	(578)	(36)	(94)	(707)	(498)
Disposal	—	27	—	27	27
AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2023	(837)	(387)	(265)	(1,488)	(761)
Increase	(886)	(32)	(171)	(1,089)	(788)
Disposal	1,111	—	104	1,215	975
AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2024	(613)	(419)	(332)	(1,363)	(575)
Increase	(903)	(35)	(158)	(1,095)	(797)
Disposal	—	49	203	252	53
Effect of the change in foreign currency exchange rates	17	—	5	22	17
AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2025	(1,498)	(404)	(281)	(2,184)	(1,302)


(amounts in thousands of euros)	BUILDINGS		EQUIPMENT		FURNITURE AND COMPUTER EQUIPMENT		TOTAL		OF WHICH ROU
NET BOOK VALUES
AS OF JANUARY 1, 2023	1,359	—	59	—	175	—	1,592	—	1,270
AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2023	509	—	126	—	242	—	878	—	501
AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2024	2,205	—	94	—	366	—	2,666	—	1,950
AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2025	1,706	—	59	—	325	—	2,090	—	1,563

F-29

Right of use assets relate to buildings, vehicles and furniture. The net book value of right of use assets related to buildings amounted to

€453 thousand, €1,846 thousand and €1,473 thousand as of December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025 respectively.

Acquisitions over the year ended December 31, 2023 mainly include the right of use asset related to the new Boston offices entered

into in November 2023. Decreases mainly include the remeasurement of the right of use asset related to the reassessment of the Paris

Headquarters lease term, for an amount of €622 thousand (see Note 15.8).

Acquisitions over the period ended December 31, 2024 mainly include the right of use assets related to the new Paris headquarters and

Montpellier offices entered into in May and April 2024 respectively, as well as the 1-year renewal of the Boston offices lease (see

Note 15.8). Disposals over the period ended December 31, 2024 mainly include the right of use asset related to the former Paris

headquarters lease, which ended in June 2024.

Acquisitions over the period ended December 31, 2025 mainly include right of use assets related to the renewal of the hosting

agreement with the CNRS (French National Centre for Scientific Research) research laboratories based in Montpellier (which

previously fell under the IFRS 16 short-term lease exemption), as well as new office equipment leases.

Disposals over the period ended December 31, 2025 of the period mainly relate to the decommissioning of obsolete IT equipments.

Note 9. Other financial assets

Other financial assets break down as follows:


(amounts in thousands of euros)	AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2023	AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2024	AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2025
OTHER FINANCIAL ASSETS
Advances related to CRO contracts	12,172	4,929	4,665
Deposits	574	863	693
Other	124	126	—
Total other non-current financial assets	12,870	5,919	5,358
Advances related to CRO contracts	—	7,418	7,717
Deposits	136	136	—
Other investments	9,050	—	13,698
Total other current financial assets	9,186	7,554	21,415
Other financial assets	22,055	13,473	26,772

Advances related to CRO contracts

Advances granted in 2022 for a total undiscounted amount of €12,187 thousand for clinical studies are to be recovered at the end of

the studies after final reconciliation with pass-through costs, which are being invoiced and paid as studies are carried out. These long-

term advances were measured at fair value on initial recognition, using discount rates ranging from 0.19% to 7.16%, and are

subsequently measured at amortized cost.

During the first half of 2023, additional advances related to CRO contracts amounting to €1,620 thousand were made (undiscounted

amount). These long-term advances were measured at fair value on initial recognition, using discount rates ranging from 7.09% to

7.59%, and are subsequently measured at amortized cost.

At inception, a prepaid expenses asset was recognized for the difference between the advances’ nominal value and fair value, and

spread over the term of the advances, at the rate of recognition of the related R&D expenses (see Note 10).

In March 2024, a change order was signed with the CRO, extending the scope (addition of maintenance studies) and end date of one of

the studies to 2029, thus postponing the recovery date of the corresponding advance of €5,538 thousand (undiscounted amount) from

June 2026 to June 2029. The Group considered that this asset modification met the criteria for derecognition, and recognized a new

financial asset at fair value on that date, using a discount rate of 6.83%. Since the Group considers that these advances are made in

F-30

exchange for a discount on future services to be received from the CROs, a prepaid expense asset was also recognized for the

difference between the derecognized asset carrying value and new asset fair value, and spread over the term of the advance (equal to

the period of service) in a similar manner.

As of December 31, 2025, the recovery dates of these advances are spread from 2026 to 2030.

The credit risk related to these advances is deemed insignificant due to the CROs' credit ratings.

Other investments

As of December 31, 2023, other investments consist of 6-month term deposits that do not qualify for a classification under cash and

cash equivalents.

As of December 31, 2025 other investments consist of 9-month and 12-month term deposits that do not qualify for a classification

under cash and cash equivalents.

Deposits

Deposits include the Paris and Boston offices lease contracts, the ATM Program deposit, as well as other security deposits.

Note 10. Other receivables and other assets

Other receivables and other assets break down as follows:


(amounts in thousands of euros)	AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2023	AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2024	AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2025
OTHER RECEIVABLES AND ASSETS
Prepaid expenses - non current	2,320	948	625
Total other non-current assets	2,320	948	625
Research tax credit ("CIR")	4,600	5,774	3,196
VAT receivables	14,439	9,841	6,870
Prepaid expenses	5,746	3,233	2,649
Employee-related receivables	—	—	429
Credit notes	60	48	—
Total current other receivables and assets	24,845	18,896	13,144
Other receivables and assets	27,164	19,843	13,769

Research tax credit (“CIR”)

The CIR is recognized as Other Operating Income (see note 4.9) in the year to which the eligible research expense relates. The Group

received the payments of the CIR for 2023 and 2024 tax years in the amount of respectively €4,493 thousand and €5,640 thousand in

respectively 2024 and 2025 and expects to receive the CIR for the 2025 tax year of €3,196 thousand in 2026.

VAT Receivables

Value-added tax (“VAT”) receivables relate primarily to the deductible VAT and VAT refunds claimed.

Prepaid expenses

Prepaid expenses as of December 31, 2023 include prepaid expenses related to CRO contracts for an amount of €1,347 thousand (see

Note 9) and deferred transactions costs related to tranches B and C of the Kreos / Claret financings for an amount of €3,152 thousand

(most of which represents the issuance date fair value of the tranche A-B and C Kreos / Claret BSA, representing origination fees for

the future drawdowns of the tranches B and C of the Kreos / Claret Financing, See Note 15.1) and other expenses from various

suppliers amounting to €3,567 thousand.

F-31

Prepaid expenses as of December 31, 2024 include prepaid expenses related to CRO contracts for an amount of €1,577 thousand (see

Note 9) and other expenses from various suppliers amounting to €2,604 thousand.

The decrease in prepaid expenses over the year ended December 31, 2024 mainly corresponds to the reclassification of the deferred

transaction costs of tranche B of the Kreos / Claret Financing, from prepaid expenses to a reduction of the initial carrying value of the

tranche B debt component, in accordance with the effective interest rate method, for an amount of €1,546 thousand, and to the

amortization of the deferred transaction costs related to tranche C (already fully amortized on the date of drawdown).

Prepaid expenses as of December 31, 2025 include prepaid expenses related to CRO contracts for an amount of €1,068 thousand (see

Note 9) and other expenses from various suppliers amounting to €2,207 thousand.

Note 11. Cash and cash equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents break down as follows:


(amounts in thousands of euros)	AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2023	AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2024	AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2025
CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS
Cash equivalents	18,105	87,265	478,541
Cash	233,837	56,956	38,144
Cash and cash equivalents	251,942	144,221	516,685

Cash equivalents mainly include term deposits with short-term maturities (measured at amortized cost) and highly liquid investments

in mutual funds and structured notes (measured at fair value through profit or loss) denominated in euros and U.S. dollars.

As of December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025, in addition to the Group’s bank accounts, cash includes notice accounts amounting to

€231,562 thousand, €44,239 thousand and €5,744 thousand respectively. These funds are available on demand within 24 hours and

without penalty.

The increase in cash and cash equivalents over the year ended December 31, 2025 is mainly explained by the proceeds from the

Offering completed on July 28, 2025 (see Note 3.3 - Completion of a public offering – July 2025).

As of December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025, the impact of the revaluation of cash and cash equivalents held in U.S. dollars by the

Company into the its functional currency (euro) is a net financial expense of €3,196 thousand, a net financial income of

€2,035 thousand and a net financial expense of €8,639 thousand respectively.

Note 12. Financial assets and liabilities

The following table shows the carrying amounts and fair value of financial assets and financial liabilities, including their

levels in the fair value hierarchy.

Tax and employee-related payables are non-financial liabilities and are therefore excluded from the tables below. They are

presented in Note 17.2.

F-32


	AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2023
(amounts in thousands of euros)	AMOUNT RECOGNIZED IN THE STATEMENT OF FINANCIAL POSITION	FAIR VALUE	ASSETS/ LIABILITIES AT FAIR VALUE THROUGH PROFIT AND LOSS	ASSETS AT AMORTIZED COST	LIABILITIES AT AMORTIZED COST
Other financial assets (2)	22,055	22,394	—	22,394	—
Other receivables and assets (2)	27,164	27,164	—	27,164	—
Cash and cash equivalents (1)	251,942	251,942	—	251,942	—
Total financial assets	301,161	301,500	—	301,500	—
Financial liabilities—non-current portion (4, Note 15)	39,697	40,622	18,506	—	42,768
Financial liabilities—current portion (3, Note 15)	37,348	37,348	11,531	—	5,165
Trade payables and other current liabilities (3)	47,221	47,221	—	—	47,221
Total financial liabilities	124,266	125,191	30,037	—	95,154


	AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2024
(amounts in thousands of euros)	AMOUNT RECOGNIZED IN THE STATEMENT OF FINANCIAL POSITION	FAIR VALUE	ASSETS/ LIABILITIES AT FAIR VALUE THROUGH PROFIT AND LOSS	ASSETS AT AMORTIZED COST	LIABILITIES AT AMORTIZED COST
Other financial assets (2)	13,473	12,690	—	12,690	—
Other receivables and assets (2)	19,843	19,843	—	19,843	—
Cash and cash equivalents (1)	144,221	144,221	—	144,221	—
Total financial assets	177,537	176,754	—	176,754	—
Financial liabilities—non-current portion (4, Note 15)	69,069	73,497	3,620	—	69,877
Financial liabilities—current portion (3, Note 15)	44,935	44,935	21,183	—	23,752
Trade payables and other current liabilities (3)	43,824	43,824	—	—	43,824
Total financial liabilities	157,828	162,256	24,803	—	137,453


	AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2025
(amounts in thousands of euros)	AMOUNT RECOGNIZED IN THE STATEMENT OF FINANCIAL POSITION	FAIR VALUE	ASSETS/ LIABILITIES AT FAIR VALUE THROUGH PROFIT AND LOSS	ASSETS AT AMORTIZED COST	LIABILITIES AT AMORTIZED COST
Other financial assets (2)	26,772	27,141	—	27,141	—
Other receivables and assets (2)	13,769	13,769	—	13,769	—
Cash and cash equivalents (1)	516,685	516,685	437,031	79,654	—
Total financial assets	557,226	557,595	437,031	120,565	—
Financial liabilities—non-current portion (4, Note 15)	30,790	102,555	—	—	102,555
Financial liabilities—current portion (3, Note 15)	1,302	1,302	—	—	1,302
Trade payables and other current liabilities (3)	37,552	37,552	—	—	37,552
Total financial liabilities	69,644	141,409	—	—	141,409

(1) The fair value of cash and cash equivalents is determined based on Level 1 fair value measurement and corresponds to the

market value of the assets.

F-33

(2) The carrying amount of financial assets measured at amortized cost is deemed to be a reasonable estimate of fair value, except

for the long-term advances made to CROs, whose fair value is determined based on Level 3 fair value measurement and is estimated

based on future cash-flows discounted at market rates, using credit spreads ranging from 104 bp to 218 bp as of December 31, 2023,

131 bp to 271 bp as of December 31, 2024 and 34 bp to 131 bp as of December 31, 2025. As of December 31, 2023, 2024, and 2025,

an increase in the credit spread by +100 bp would result in a decrease in the advances fair value by €23 thousand, €235 thousand, and

€231 thousand, respectively.

(3) The carrying amount of short-term financial liabilities measured at amortized cost was deemed to be a reasonable estimate of

fair value.

(4) The fair value of the royalty certificates, Heights convertible notes, Kreos / Claret BSA and Minimum Return Indemnifications

is based on Level 3 fair value measurement and is estimated based on models and assumptions detailed in Note 15. The fair value of

other long-term financial liabilities is determined based on Level 3 fair value measurement and is estimated based on future cash-flows

discounted at market rates, using the following assumptions:

•For the debt components of the Kreos / Claret OCABSA (tranche A) and the tranches B and C of the Kreos / Claret straight

bond loans, a credit spread of 960 bp as of August 22, 2023, 900 bp as of December 31, 2023 and 750 bp as of December 31,

2024.

As of August 22, 2023, December 31, 2023 (tranche A) and December 31, 2024 (all three tranches), an increase in the credit

spread by +100 bp would result in a decrease in the Kreos / Claret debt components fair value by respectively €624 thousand,

€538 thousand and €958 thousand.

•For the conditional advances and the PGE loan, a credit spread of 900 bp as of December 31, 2023, and 730 bp as of

December 31, 2024. An increase in the credit spread by +100 bp would result in the following:

•As of December 31, 2023, and 2024, a decrease in the PGE loan fair value by €39 thousand and €21 thousand

respectively.

•As of December 31, 2023, a decrease in the RNP-VIR conditional advance fair value by €15 thousand.

•As of December 31, 2023, a decrease in the CARENA conditional advance fair value by €37 thousand.

•As of December 31, 2023, a decrease in the Ebola conditional advance fair value by €1 thousand.

Note 13. Shareholders’ equity

Note 13.1. Share capital issued

The Group manages its capital to ensure that the Group will be able to continue as a going concern while maximizing the return to

shareholders through the optimization of the debt and equity balance.

As of December 31, 2023, the Group’s share capital amounted to €629 thousand divided into 62,928,818 ordinary shares issued with a

par value of €0.01 each, fully paid up, after taking into account the various capital increases that took place since the inception (see

Note 13.2).

As of December 31, 2024, the Group’s share capital amounted to €633 thousand divided into 63,347,837 ordinary shares issued with a

par value of €0.01 each, fully paid up, after taking into account the various capital increases that took place since the inception (see

Note 13.2).

As of December 31, 2025, the Group’s share capital amounted to €785 thousand divided into 78,536,412 ordinary shares issued with a

par value of €0.01 each, fully paid up, after taking into account the various capital increases that took place since inception (see Note

13.2).

Share capital does not include founders’ share subscription warrants (“Bons de souscription de parts de créateur d’entreprise” or

“BCE”), share subscription warrants (“Bons de souscription d’actions,” or “BSA”) and free shares (“Attributions gratuites

d’actions,” or “AGA”) that have been granted to certain investors or natural persons, both employees and non-employees of the

Group, but not yet exercised.

F-34

Treasury shares

The Group held 11,339 of its own shares as of December 31, 2023. The Group held none of its own shares as of December 31, 2024

and December 31, 2025.

The number of outstanding ordinary shares (excluding treasury shares held by the Group) was 62,928,818, 63,347,837 and 78,536,412

as of December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025, respectively.

Note 13.2. Change in share capital

The increases in the share capital for the year ended December 31, 2023 relate to:

•The completion of a capital increase of €130,000 thousand on February 22, 2023 by issuing 20,000,000 new ordinary shares

with a par value of €0.01 per share and a subscription price of €6.50 per share;

•The cash-less exercise of 67,887 Kreos A BSA and 31,696 Kreos B BSA on May 24, 2023, resulting in a capital increase of

€1,850 thousand by issuing 99,583 ordinary shares with a par value of €0.01 per share and an average subscription price of

€18.57 per share, which includes the impact of the derecognition of the BSA derivative financial liability; and

•The completion of the Group’s Global Offering on the Nasdaq Global Market on October 24, 2023, by way of a capital

increase of 20,325,500 new ordinary shares, consisting of the U.S. Offering of 18,699,460 ordinary shares in the form of

ADSs, and the European Private Placement of 1,626,040 ordinary shares, with a par value of €0.01 per share and an offering

price set at $11.60 per ADS in the U.S. Offering and a corresponding offering price of €10.9864 per ordinary share in the

European Private Placement.

•The exercise of 1,906 other share warrants, by issuing 190,550 ordinary shares with a par value of €0.01 per share and an

average subscription price of €0.01 per share (see Note 14).

Incremental costs directly attributable to the issue of new shares, including underwriting commissions and offering expenses related to

the Global Offering, were classified as a deduction of shareholders’ equity and amounted to €28,111 thousand for the period ended

December 31, 2023.

The increases in the share capital for the year ended December 31, 2024 relate to:

•the issue and subscription by members of the Board of Directors of 77,820 share warrants, with a subscription price of €2.57

each (see Note 14);

•a credit note received for transaction fees related to the Global Offering, amounting to €446 thousand and classified in the

share premiums; and

•the exercise of 4,000 other share warrants, by issuing 4,000 ordinary shares with a par value of €0.01 per share and an

average subscription price of €11.14 per share (see Note 14).

•the issue of 415,019 vested free shares, as part of the AGA plans issued by the Group to certain of its officers and employees.

The increases in the share capital for the year ended December 31, 2025 relate to:

•the completion of the July 28, 2025 Offering, by issuing 11,679,400 ADSs at a price of $64.00 per ADS (corresponding to

€54.58 per ordinary share, based on the exchange rate of €1.00 = $1.1726 as published by the European Central Bank on July

23, 2025);

•the conversion of 150 and 200 of Heights notes on respectively July 23 and July 30, 2025 (corresponding to the entirety of

the outstanding principal amount of €21.9 million). This conversion resulted in the issuance of 920,377 new ordinary shares

of the Group at a conversion price of €23.7674 per ordinary share in accordance with the terms and conditions of the

convertible notes;

•the conversion, on August 8, 2025, by Kreos Capital VII (UK) Limited of its portion of the Tranche A of the Kreos / Claret

Financing (the Kreos OCABSA), at a conversion price of €21.2209, resulting in the issuance of 785,389 ordinary shares of

the Group, .

F-35

•the exercise, on July 30, 2025, by Kreos Capital VII Aggregator SCSp of its share warrants (the tranche A-B Kreos BSA and

tranche C Kreos BSA) resulting in the issuance of 319,251 ordinary shares of the Group;

•the exercise, on August 28, 2025, by Claret European Growth Capital Fund III SCSp of its share warrants (the tranche A-B

Claret BSA and tranche C Claret BSA) resulting in the issuance of 206,662 ordinary shares of the Group;

•the conversion, on November 25, 2025, by Claret European Growth Capital Fund III SCSp of its portion of the Tranche A of

the Kreos / Claret Financing (the Claret OCABSA), at a conversion price of €21.2209, resulting in the issuance of 392,695

ordinary shares of the Group.

•the issue of 627,714 vested free shares, as part of the AGA plans issued by the Group to certain of its officers and employees;

•the exercise of 257,087 other share warrants, by issuing 257,087 ordinary shares with a par value of €0.01 per share and an

average subscription price of €13.02 per share (see Note 14).

Distribution of dividends

The Group did not distribute any dividends for any of the periods presented, does not have any present plan to pay any cash dividends

on its equity securities in the foreseeable future and currently intends to retain all available funds and any future earnings to operate

and expand our business.

Note 14. Share-based payments

The Group has granted BCEs, BSAs and free shares (attributions gratuites d’actions, or “AGAs”). These plans qualify as “equity

settled” under IFRS 2. The Group does not have any obligation to purchase these instruments in the event of departure or if a specific

event does not occur.

Valuation methods of BCEs, BSAs and AGAs

The fair value of share-based awards was determined at grant date using the Black Scholes model for the BCEs and BSAs and the

Monte-Carlo simulation for AGAs plans with market performance conditions.

The assumptions used to estimate the fair value of the instruments are presented below and include:

•Expected maturity of the options;

•Expected volatility based on the historical market share price available;

•Expected dividends based on management best estimate;

•Risk-free interest rate based on French OAT rates measured at grant dates;

•Share price, including offered in case of change of control (only for the market conditions applicable to the free-share plan

AGA 2023-1), is based on Monte-Carlo simulations and taking into account a change of control premium based on the

management best estimate.

BCEs

The following tables summarize the data relating to BCEs as well as the assumptions used for the measurement thereof in accordance

with IFRS 2 – Share-based Payment:

F-36


GRANT D ATE	TYPE	NUMBER OF BCEs ISSUED	NUMBER OF BCE OUTSTAND ING AS OF JANUARY 1, 2025	NUMBER OF ISSUED BCEs	NUMBER OF LAPSED BCEs	NUMBER OF EXERCISE D BCEs	NUMBER OF BCEs OUTSTAND ING	NUMBER OF BCEs EXERCISA BLE	MAXIMUM NUMBER OF SHARES TO BE ISSUED IF ALL CONDITIO NS ARE MET
GRANT D ATE	TYPE	NUMBER OF BCEs ISSUED	NUMBER OF BCE OUTSTAND ING AS OF JANUARY 1, 2025	YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2025			AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2025
2016-11-07	BCE-2016-1	84,000	18,796	—	—	(18,796)	—	—	—
2017-01-23	BCE-2017-1	67,374	67,000	—	—	(33,313)	33,687	33,687	33,687
2017-11-20	BCE-2017-2	150,000	112,500	—	—	—	112,500	112,500	112,500
2017-11-20	BCE-2017-4	67,374	67,373	—	—	(33,686)	33,687	—	33,687
2017-11-20	BCE-2017-5	67,374	33,687	—	—	(16,843)	16,844	—	16,844
2018-03-15	BCE-2018-1	22,000	11,980	—	—	(9,440)	2,540	2,540	2,540
2018-05-14	BCE-2018-4	16,843	16,843	—	—	(8,422)	8,421	8,421	8,421
2018-05-14	BCE-2018-5	22,000	2,000	—	—	(2,000)	—	—	—
	Total BCEs	496,965	330,179	—	—	(122,500)	207,679	157,148	207,679

The BCEs include a service condition under which the beneficiary must still be an employee, a corporate officer or a scientific

consultant of the Group at the time of vesting.

The exercise rights for most of the BCEs are vested annually and have the following vesting terms:

•25% of the award vests on the first anniversary of the date of grant for all currently issued BCEs; and

•For the remaining 75% of the award, the BCEs vest 1/48th per month over four years from the anniversary date of the grant.

Most of the BCEs plans include or partially include non-market performance conditions (obtaining financing of €100 million, positive

results on clinic studies, signature of informed consent in a clinical phase, signing a license agreement, FDA authorization). The level

of achievement of the non-market performance conditions are taken into account in determining the number of BCEs allocated

initially and reassessed at each closing date.

In the event of a change of control or a M&A transaction, all the BCEs will become immediately exercisable. A change of control is

defined as a new investor/company holding directly or indirectly more than 50% of the share capital or voting rights. As such the

probable vesting date of each plan corresponds to the weighted average of probable change of control dates.

BSAs

The following tables summarize the data relating to BSAs as well as the assumptions used for the measurement thereof in

accordance with IFRS 2—Share-based Payment:

F-37


GRANT DA TE	TYPE	Total NUMBER OF BSAs ISSUED	NUMBER OF BSAs OUTSTAND ING AS OF JANUARY 1, 2025	NUMBER OF ISSUED BSAs		NUMBER OF LAPSED BSAs	NUMBER OF EXERCISE D BSAs	NUMBER OF BSAs OUTSTAND ING		NUMBER OF BSAs EXERCISA BLE		MAXIMUM NUMBER OF SHARES TO BE ISSUED IF ALL CONDITIO NS ARE MET
GRANT DA TE	TYPE	Total NUMBER OF BSAs ISSUED	NUMBER OF BSAs OUTSTAND ING AS OF JANUARY 1, 2025	YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2025				AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2025
2015-12-04	BSA-2015-11	96,924	96,924	—		—	(96,924)	—		—		—
2015-12-04	BSA-2015-12	82,000	16,400	—		—	(16,400)	—		—		—
2017-09-18	BSA-2017-1	16,400	16,400	—		—	(16,400)	—		—		—
2018-01-22	BSA-2018-1	49,200	16,400	—		—	—	16,400		16,400		16,400
2024-04-04	BSA-2024-1	58,365	58,365	—		—	(4,863)	53,502		9,726		53,502
2024-04-04	BSA-2024-2	19,455	19,455	—		—	—	19,455		4,863		19,455
2025-01-13	BSA-2025-1	100,000	—	100,000		—	—	100,000		—		100,000
2025-01-13	BSA-2025-2	25,000	—	25,000		—	—	25,000		—		25,000
2025-04-22	BSA-2025-3	39,370	—	39,370		—	—	39,370	0	—	3 9 , 3 7 0	39,370
	Total BSAs	486,714	223,944	164,370	—	—	(134,587)	253,727	0	30,989	0	253,727

BSAs issued prior to January 1, 2024

These BSAs include a service condition under which the beneficiary must still be an employee, a corporate officer or a scientific

consultant of the Group at the time of vesting.

The exercise rights for most of these BSAs are vested annually and have the following vesting terms:

•25% of the award vests on the first anniversary of the date of grant for all currently issued BSAs; and

•For the remaining 75% of the award, the BSAs vest 1/48th per month over four years from the anniversary date of the grant.

All of these BSAs plans include or partially include non-market performance conditions (positive results on clinic studies, signature of

informed consent in a clinical phase, signing a license agreement, FDA authorization). The level of achievement of the non-market

performance conditions are taken into account in determining the number of BSAs allocated initially and reassessed at each closing

date.

In the event of a change of control or a M&A transaction, all these BSAs will become immediately exercisable. A change of control is

defined as a new investor/company holding directly or indirectly more than 50% of the share capital or voting rights. As such the

probable vesting date of each plan corresponds to the weighted average of probable change of control dates.

BSAs granted in March 2024

In March 2024, the Group granted its independent Board members the right to subscribe up to 77,820 share warrants (BSA) in the

aggregate, the vesting of which is subject to a service condition of four years, by tranches of 25% each, vested on each anniversary

date. Additionally, the BSAs are subject to a vesting acceleration condition in case of a tender offer on the securities issued by the

Group and resulting in a change of control of the Group. All of the granted BSAs were subscribed by the beneficiaries in April 2024.

F-38

BSAs granted in January and April 2025

In January 2025, the Group granted its independent Board members, as well as one of its Board Observers and Advisor, the right to

subscribe up to 125,000 BSAs in the aggregate, the vesting of which is subject to a service condition of four years, by tranches of 25%

each, vested on January 1 of each year. All of the granted BSAs were subscribed by the beneficiaries in February 2025.

In April 2025, the Group granted to one of its Board members the right to subscribe up to 39,370 BSAs, the vesting of which is subject

to a service condition of four years, by tranches of 25% each, vested on May 1 of each year. The BSAs were subscribed in May 2025.

Additionally, the BSAs are subject to a vesting acceleration condition in case of a tender offer on the securities issued by the Group

and resulting in a change of control of the Group.

The fair value of the BSAs was determined at grant date using the Black Scholes model, with the following assumptions:


TYPE	FAIR VALUE OF THE UNDERLYING SHARE	FAIR VALUE OF THE BSA	NUMBER OF BSAs	SUBSCRIPTI ON PRICE	STRIKE PRICE PER SHARE	RISK FREE RATE	EXPECTED MATURITY	VOLATILITY
BSA 2024-1	€14.06	[€5.7-€6.5]	58,365	€2.57	€13.10	4.30%	[5.4-6.9 years]	60.41%
BSA 2024-2	€14.06	[€5.8-€6.6]	19,455	€2.57	€13.10	4.30%	[5.5-7.0 years]	60.41%
BSA-2025-1	€6.13	[€3.5-€3.9]	100,000	€2.00	€6.63	4.65%	[5.5-7.0 years]	60.88%
BSA-2025-2	€6.13	[€3.5-€3.9]	25,000	€2.00	€6.63	4.65%	[5.5-7.0 years]	60.88%
BSA-2025-3	€6.48	[€3.7-€4.1]	39,370	€1.27	€6.41	3.92%	[5.5- 7.0years]	60.69%

AGAs

The following tables summarize the data relating to AGAs as well as the assumptions used for the measurement thereof in

accordance with IFRS 2—Share-based Payment:

F-39


GRANT DATE	TYPE		Total NUMBER OF AGAs ISSUED	NUMBER OF AGAs OUTSTANDING AS OF JANUARY 1, 2025	NUMBER OF ISSUED AGAs	NUMBER OF LAPSED AGAs	NUMBER OF VESTED AGAs	NUMBER OF AGAs OUTSTANDING
GRANT DATE	TYPE		Total NUMBER OF AGAs ISSUED	NUMBER OF AGAs OUTSTANDING AS OF JANUARY 1, 2025	YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2025			AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2025
07/11/23	AGA-2023-1		1,382,796	780,040	—	—	(230,464)	549,576
07/11/23	AGA-2023-2		100,000	75,000	—	(75,000)	—	—
09/28/23	AGA-2023-3		731,500	485,875	—	(34,750)	(251,125)	200,000
09/28/23	AGA-2023-4		254,250	213,250	—	(15,000)	(108,500)	89,750
12/01/23	AGA-2023-5		132,750	81,250	—	(26,000)	(27,625)	27,625
02/01/24	AGA-2024-1		1,549,125	1,355,625	—	(134,125)	—	1,221,500
03/28/24	AGA-2024-2		22,500	22,500	—	—	—	22,500
05/23/24	AGA-2024-3		38,500	38,500	—	(13,000)	—	25,500
07/11/24	AGA-2024-4		93,000	93,000	—	—	—	93,000
07/11/24	AGA-2024-5		25,000	25,000	—	—	—	25,000
07/11/24	AGA-2024-6		20,000	20,000	—	—	(10,000)	10,000
09/05/24	AGA-2024-7		198,000	198,000	—	—	—	198,000
02/06/25	AGA-2025-1		4,319,500	—	4,319,500	(217,500)	—	4,102,000
02/06/25	AGA-2025-2		123,102	—	123,102	—	—	123,102
02/06/25	AGA-2025-3		17,625	—	17,625	—	—	17,625
02/06/25	AGA-2025-4		30,500	—	30,500	—	—	30,500
03/20/25	AGA-2025-5		50,000	—	50,000	(50,000)	—	—
05/30/25	AGA-2025-6		25,000	—	25,000	—	—	25,000
08/01/25	AGA-2025-7		1,711,000	—	1,711,000	(80,000)	—	1,631,000
11/13/25	AGA-2025-8		4,000	—	4,000	—	—	4,000
	Total AGAs	—	10,828,148	3,388,040	6,280,727	(645,375)	(627,714)	8,395,678

F-40


TYPE	FAIR VALUE OF THE UNDERLYING SHARE	FAIR VALUE OF THE AGA	AGA PRICE	MATURITY	VOLATILITY	RISK FREE RATE
AGA 2023-1 (Tranches 1-4)	€15.98	€15.98	€0.00	N/A	N/A	N/A
AGA 2023-1 (Tranche 5)	€15.98	€3.62	€0.00	2024-12-31	67.2%	3.20%
AGA 2023-1 (Tranche 6)	€15.98	€0.74	€0.00	2024-07-11	67.2%	3.20%
AGA 2023-2 (Tranche 1)	€15.98	€15.98	€0.00	N/A	N/A	N/A
AGA 2023-2 (Tranche 2)	€15.98	€9.59	€0.00	N/A	N/A	N/A
AGA 2023-3	€14.92	€14.92	€0.00	N/A	N/A	N/A
AGA 2023-4	€14.92	€14.92	€0.00	N/A	N/A	N/A
AGA 2023-5	€9.16	€9.16	€0.00	N/A	N/A	N/A
AGA 2024-1	€12.26	€12.26	€0.00	N/A	N/A	N/A
AGA 2024-2	€13.40	€13.40	€0.00	N/A	N/A	N/A
AGA-2024-3	€12.76	€12.76	€0.00	N/A	N/A	N/A
AGA-2024-4	€12.54	€12.54	€0.00	N/A	N/A	N/A
AGA-2024-5	€12.54	€12.54	€0.00	N/A	N/A	N/A
AGA-2024-6	€12.54	€12.54	€0.00	N/A	N/A	N/A
AGA-2024-7	€10.80	€10.80	€0.00	N/A	N/A	N/A
AGA-2025-1	€5.82	€5.82	€0.00	N/A	N/A	N/A
AGA-2025-2	€5.82	€5.82	€0.00	N/A	N/A	N/A
AGA-2025-3	€5.82	€5.82	€0.00	N/A	N/A	N/A
AGA-2025-4	€5.82	€5.82	€0.00	N/A	N/A	N/A
AGA-2025-5	€6.17	€6.17	€0.00	N/A	N/A	N/A
AGA-2025-6	€5.17	€5.17	€0.00	N/A	N/A	N/A
AGA-2025-7	€61.20	€61.20	€0.00	N/A	N/A	N/A
AGA-2025-8	€89.40	€89.40	€0.00	N/A	N/A	N/A

AGAs granted in July 2023

(a) Pursuant to a Board decision on July 11, 2023, the Group allocated a total number of 1,382,796 AGAs to Mr. Marc de Garidel, as

the Group’s Chief Executive Officer, to which performance conditions and service conditions apply (AGA plan 2023-1):

•For 212,738 AGAs 2023-1 (tranche 1): the acquisition period shall end on the first anniversary of the allocation date;

•For 638,214 AGAs 2023-1 (tranche 2): the AGAs 2023-1 shall progressively be definitively acquired on a monthly basis over

a period of three years starting after the first anniversary of the allocation date;

•For 212,738 AGAs 2023-1 (tranche 3): the acquisition period shall end on the latest date between (i) the first anniversary of

the allocation date, and (ii) the date on which a specific performance condition related to regulatory approval is fulfilled;

•For 106,369 AGAs 2023-1 (tranche 4): the acquisition period shall end on the latest date between (i) the first anniversary of

the allocation date, and (ii) the date on which the Group successfully completes a public offering raising at least $100 million

in gross proceeds (the condition was met on October 24, 2023);

•For 106,369 AGAs 2023-1 (tranche 5): the acquisition period shall end on the latest date between (i) the first anniversary of

the allocation date, and (ii) the date on which a specific performance condition related to the Group’s market capitalization is

fulfilled;

•For 106,368 AGAs 2023-1 (tranche 6): the acquisition period shall end on the first anniversary of the allocation date subject

to the completion, prior to such date, of a tender offer on the securities issued by the Group, at a predetermined minimum

price, and resulting in a change of control of the Group;

•Additionally, AGAs related to tranches 1 to 5 are subject to a vesting acceleration condition in case of a tender offer on the

securities issued by the Group and resulting in a change of control of the Group.

F-41

The Group qualified those conditions under IFRS 2 principles as follows:

•Conditions related to tranches 1 and 2 qualify as service conditions under IFRS 2 principles.

•Conditions related to tranches 3 and 4 qualify as service and non-market performance conditions. Their levels of achievement

are reflected in the number of instruments that are expected to vest and were estimated by management based on observable

industry-specific data.

•Conditions related to tranches 5 and 6 qualify as service and market performance conditions. The levels of achievement of

market conditions are reflected in the unit fair value of the free shares and were estimated by management using the valuation

methods and assumptions set out above. The valuation of tranche 6 also incorporates management’s estimate of the

probability of a M&A transaction prior to the limit date.

•The vesting acceleration condition in case of a tender offer on the securities issued by the Group and resulting in a change of

control of the Group qualifies as a non-market performance condition.

(b) Pursuant to a Board decision on July 11, 2023, the Group allocated a total number of 100,000 AGAs to Mr. Hartmut Ehrlich, as the

Group’s former Chief Executive Officer, to which the following conditions apply (AGA plan 2023-2):

•For 25,000 AGAs 2023-2 (tranche 1): the acquisition period shall end on the first anniversary of the allocation date, and is

not subject to a future service condition;

•For 75,000 AGAs 2023-2 (tranche 2): the acquisition period shall end on the latest date between (i) the first anniversary of

the allocation date, and (ii) the date on which a specific condition, related to positive results on clinical studies, is fulfilled.

The acquisition is not subject to a future service condition. Additionally, the tranche is subject to a vesting acceleration

condition in case of a tender offer on the securities issued by the Group and resulting in a change of control of the Group.

This tranche qualifies as a non-vesting condition. Its level of achievement is reflected in the unit fair value of the free shares,

and was estimated by management based on observable industry-specific data.

AGAs granted in September and December 2023

On September 28, 2023 and December 1, 2023, certain of the Group’s officers and employees were allocated respectively 985,750

AGAs (AGA plans 2023-3 and 2023-4) and 132,750 AGAs (AGA plan 2023-5) in the aggregate, the vesting of which is subject to

certain conditions:

•Subject to remaining employed with the Group, each such officer or employee’s AGAs will be vested as follows: (i) 50% at

the end of a two-year period from the allocation date, (ii) 25% at the end of a three-year period from the allocation date and

(iii) 25% at the end of a four-year period from the allocation date (service condition).

•Of the 1,118,500 AGAs, 254,250 AGAs are subject to an additional non-market performance condition of the successful

completion of a public offering raising at least $200 million in gross proceeds. This condition was met on October 24, 2023.

Additionally, all the 2023-3, 2023-4 and 2023-5 AGAs are subject to a vesting acceleration condition in case of a tender offer on the

securities issued by the Group and resulting in a change of control of the Group.

AGAs granted in February, March, May, July and September 2024

On February 1, 2024, March 28, 2024, May 23, 2024, July 11, 2024 and September 5, 2024 certain of the Group’s officers and

employees were allocated respectively 1,549,125 AGAs (AGA plans 2024-1), 22,500 AGAs (AGA plan 2024-2), 38,500 AGAs (AGA

plans 2024-3), 138,000 AGAs (AGA plans 2024-4, 5 and 6) and 198,000 AGAs (AGA plans 2024-7), in the aggregate, the vesting of

which is subject to certain conditions:

•Subject to remaining employed with the Group, each such officer or employee’s AGAs (with the exception of AGAs 2024-6)

will be vested as follows: (i) 50% at the end of a two years period from the allocation date, (ii) 25% at the end of a three-year

F-42

period from the allocation date and (iii) 25% at the end of a four years period from the allocation date (service condition).

•The 20,000 AGAs 2024-6 granted to an employee are composed of (i) a first tranche of 10,000 AGAs not subject to any

presence of performance condition and (ii) a second tranche of 10,000 AGAs subject to a non-vesting condition, the

achievement of which was deemed certain on grant date.

•Additionally, all the 2024-1 to 2024-7 AGA plans are subject to a vesting acceleration condition in case of a tender offer on

the securities issued by the Group and resulting in a change of control of the Group.

AGAs granted in February, March, May, August and November 2025

From February to November 2025, certain of the Group’s officers and employees were allocated 4,319,500 AGAs (AGA plan

2025-1), 123,102 AGAs (AGA plan 2025-2), 17,625 AGAs (AGA plans 2025-3), 30,500 AGAs (AGA plan 2025-4), 25,000 AGAs

(AGA plan 2025-6), 1,711,000 AGAs (AGA plan 2025-7) and 4,000 AGAs (AGA plan 2025-8) in the aggregate, the vesting of which

is subject to certain conditions:

•Subject to remaining employed with the Group, each such officer or employee’s AGAs will be vested as follows: (i) 50% at

the end of a two-year period from the allocation date, (ii) 25% at the end of a three-year period from the allocation date and

(iii) 25% at the end of a four-year period from the allocation date (service condition).

•By exception to the above, the vesting of almost half of the 4,319,500 2025-1 AGAs is subject to the occurrence of a tender

offer on the securities issued by the Group and resulting in a change of control of the Group before a certain date, and the

123,102 2025-2 AGAs will vest entirely at the end of a two-year period from the allocation date, subject to future service

condition.

•Additionally, all the AGA plans granted in 2025 are subject to a vesting acceleration condition in case of a tender offer on the

securities issued by the Group and resulting in a change of control of the Group.

In March 2025, a Group employee was allocated 50,000 AGAs (AGA plan 2025-5), the vesting of which is subject to the achievement

of certain milestones related to clinical studies and market authorization of ABX464 in UC and CD as well as future service. These

AGAs are also subject to a vesting acceleration condition in case of a tender offer on the securities issued by the Group and resulting

in a change of control of the Group. Following the departure of the beneficiary during the period, the expense related to this plan has

been reversed.

F-44

Note 15. Financial liabilities

Financial liabilities break down as follows:


(amounts in thousands of euros)
FINANCIAL LIABILITIES	AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2023	AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2024	AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2025
Kreos & Claret bond loans	—	26,373	—
Lease liabilities	160	1,431	554
PGE	2,402	1,252	—
Borrowings	2,563	29,056	554
Kreos & Claret convertible notes (OCABSA)	21,643	23,370	—
Convertible loan notes	21,643	23,370	—
Kreos & Claret minimal return indemnifications	—	3,620	—
Derivative instruments	—	3,620	—
Conditional advances Bpifrance	3,262	—	—
Royalty certificates	12,229	13,023	30,237
Other financial liabilities	15,491	13,023	30,237
Total non-current financial liabilities	39,697	69,069	30,790

Kreos & Claret bond loans	—	20,028	—
Lease liabilities	379	932	1,302
PGE	1,276	1,235	—
Borrowings	1,655	22,195	1,302
Heights convertible notes	29,605	21,574	—
Convertible loan notes	29,605	21,574	—
Conditional advances Bpifrance	3,509	—	—
Other financial liabilities	3,509	—	—
Kreos & Claret BSA	2,579	1,166	—
Derivative instruments	2,579	1,166	—
Total current financial liabilities	37,348	44,935	1,302
Total financial liabilities	77,045	114,004	32,093

Note 15.1. Structured debt financing with Kreos & Claret subscribed in August 2023 – “Kreos / Claret Financing”

On August 20, 2023, the Group entered into a structured debt financing agreement with Kreos and Claret (the Kreos / Claret

Financing), for up to €75,000 thousand.

On August 22, 2023, the Group repaid in full the pre-existing debt agreements with Kreos for a total amount of €7,661 thousand. The

accounting treatment of this transaction is explained in Note 15.3.

The Kreos / Claret Financing consists of three tranches of €25,000 thousand each in aggregate principal amount:

•The first tranche (“tranche A”) in aggregate principal amount of €25,000 thousand takes the form of senior secured

convertible bonds with warrants attached (the “Kreos / Claret OCABSA”) and was drawn on August 22, 2023. The Kreos /

Claret OCABSA are convertible into ordinary shares at any time from their issuance at the request of their holders at a fixed

conversion price of €21.2209, subject to standard adjustments, including anti-dilution and dividend protections.

Interest on the Kreos / Claret OCABSA accrues at a 9.00% annual fixed interest rate, payable in quarterly installments. The

Kreos / Claret OCBSA’s maturity date is March 31, 2027, it being specified that the scheduled date of final repayment is

January 1, 2027.

F-45

The Group is allowed to prepay the amounts due under the Kreos / Claret OCABSA at any time. In such case, the Group will

be required to pay a sum equal to (i) the principal outstanding at the time of the prepayment (plus accrued interests), plus (ii)

an aggregate of all remaining interest payments that would have been paid throughout the remainder of the term of the

tranche, discounted to present value by applying a discount rate of 4%, plus (iii) an end-of-loan exit fee equal to 8.0% of the

amounts drawn thereunder. In case of prepayment, the holders of the Kreos / Claret OCABSA will have the option to request

a conversion of their Kreos / Claret OCABSA instead of a cash repayment, in which case, the end-of-loan exit fee is not

payable by the Group.

The warrants included in the Kreos / Claret OCABSA will only become exercisable in case of prepayment in cash of the

Kreos / Claret convertible bonds by the Group. Upon exercise of the warrants, their holders will be able to subscribe to the

same number of ordinary shares (and at the same price conditions) as they would have been able to subscribe had they

converted the Kreos / Claret OCABSA which have been prepaid in cash. Any warrants not exercised on or prior to January 1,

2027 will become automatically null and void. For the avoidance of doubt, if the Group does not prepay any Kreos / Claret

OCABSA in cash prior to their scheduled repayment dates, none of the warrants will be exercisable.

•The second tranche (“tranche B”) in aggregate principal amount of €25,000 thousand takes the form of senior secured non-

convertible bonds and was drawn on March 28, 2024. The drawdown of the second tranche was subject to a maximum 10%

Debt-To-Market Capitalization Ratio at the time of drawdown. The “Debt-To-Market Capitalization Ratio” is calculated on

any relevant date, by dividing (i) the indebtedness of the Group (including amounts due under the Kreos / Claret Financing

but excluding amounts due under the Heights Financing), by (ii) the market capitalization of the Group calculated by

multiplying the number of outstanding ordinary shares by the closing price of the ordinary shares on such relevant date.

•The third tranche (“tranche C”) in aggregate principal amount of €25,000 thousand takes the form of senior secured non-

convertible bonds and was drawn on June 21, 2024. The drawdown of the third tranche was subject to a maximum 10% Debt-

To-Market Capitalization Ratio at the time of drawdown (excluding the Heights Financing) and was conditional on the Group

raising a minimum of $125,000 thousand in gross proceeds through a listing on Nasdaq before June 30, 2024. This condition

was met on October 24, 2023 (see Note 3.3 - Conversion of the Heights convertible notes, Kreos OCABSA and Kreos / Claret

BSA and prepayment of the Kreos / Claret Tranches B and C bond loans – July-December 2025).

A variable interest rate of 7.5% + European Central Bank Base Rate (MRO) (with a floor at 2.5% and a cap at 4%) applies to

the second and third tranche. These two tranches will be repaid monthly through March 31, 2027, after a deferred repayment

of the principal until February 1, 2025.

The Group is allowed to prepay the amounts due under the second and third tranches of the Kreos / Claret Financing at any

time. In such case, The Group will be required to pay a sum equal to (i) the principal outstanding at the time of the

prepayment (plus accrued interests), plus (ii) an aggregate of all remaining interest payments that would have been paid

throughout the remainder of the term of the applicable tranche, discounted to present value by applying a discount rate of 4%,

plus (iii) an end-of-loan exit fee equal to 6.0% of the amounts drawn under the applicable tranche.

The Kreos / Claret Financing also provides for a Minimal Return Indemnification ("MRI") to the benefit of the bondholders. The

Minimum Cash Return amount is defined as follows:

(i) with respect to tranche A and tranche B, 1.4 times the amount of the cumulated principal drawn under the relevant

instrument, and;

(ii) with respect to tranche C, 1.3 times the amount of the cumulated principal drawn under the relevant instrument.

In the event the amount of the cash generated by the tranche A (the Kreos / Claret OCABSA), tranche B or tranche C bond loans,

including principal and interest payments, transaction fees, and the end-of-loan exit fees, (the “Actual Return” calculated as at the

earlier of (i) March 31, 2027, or (ii) the date of any prepayment or acceleration of the tranche B and C bond loans or more generally

such earlier date as the same shall become repayable ("the Redemption Date")), is lower than the Minimum Cash Return, the Group

shall indemnify the bondholders for the difference between the Minimum Cash Return and the Actual Return (the “Minimal Return

Indemnification").

If at the time of the Minimum Return Indemnification payment, the warrants related to both the OCABSA Bonds and the Tranche B

amortized bonds (the “Kreos / Claret A-B warrants”) or the Kreos / Claret Tranche C warrants are still outstanding, the exercise price

for such warrants shall be adjusted up by the amount of the Minimum Return Indemnification divided by the number of warrants

outstanding. For any Kreos / Claret A-B or C warrants that were exercised prior to the last Redemption Date, any capital gains made

from the exercise of such warrants will be added to the Minimum Cash Return amount.

F-46

Unless the repayment of the Tranche A and B bond loans results from a change of control (in which case the calculation of the Actual

Return shall only include (i) interest accrued prior to conversion of any Tranche A OCABSA, (ii) transaction and end-of-loan exit

fees, and (iii) the net capital gain derived from the sale of shares underlying the Tranche A OCABSA within the framework of the

change of control transaction), neither the principal subscribed under Tranche A nor the Actual Return generated by Tranche A shall

be included in the calculation of the Minimum Return Indemnification (i.e. the Minimum Cash Return and the Actual Return shall

only be calculated, and the Minimum Return Indemnification shall only apply to Tranche B and Tranche C).

The Kreos / Claret Financing provides for certain restrictive covenants (subject to customary exceptions) which include, among other

things, restrictions on the incurrence of indebtedness, cross-default, the distribution of dividends and the grant of security interests. As

security for the Kreos / Claret Financing, the lenders benefit from the grant of first-ranking collateral on The Group’s principal

tangible and intangible assets, including pledges over The Group’s business (fonds de commerce) as a going concern and intellectual

property rights in The Group's lead drug candidate, as well as pledges over The Group’s bank accounts and receivables. Such

securities apply to all tranches of the Kreos / Claret Financing.

In addition to the Kreos / Claret OCABSA, the Group has issued warrants (the “tranche A-B BSA”) for a global subscription price of

€1.00, giving Kreos and Claret the right to subscribe to up to 214,198 new ordinary shares at an exercise price of €18.6744

(corresponding to a 10% premium over the 15-day VWAP prior to the date on which their issuance was decided). On November 2,

2023, a second tranche of 405,832 Kreos / Claret warrants (the “tranche C BSA”) was issued. The exercise price of the additional

warrants is equal to approximately €9.86 (corresponding to 110% of the 15-day VWAP prior to the date on which their issuance was

decided). The number of warrants issued corresponds to €4,000,000 divided by the aforementioned exercise price (i.e. 405,832

warrants). Of these additional warrants, 50% are exercisable immediately and the remaining 50% (“the conditional warrants”) shall

only be exercisable if the third tranche of the Kreos / Claret Financing is drawn by the Group. The Kreos / Claret warrants can be

exercised over a period of 7 years from their issuance date or up until the date of the successful closing of a tender offer for the

ordinary shares, whichever is earlier. At the time of exercise of the Kreos / Claret warrants, the holders of the warrants are eligible to

sell part of their warrants to the Group in accordance with a put option agreement to allow for a cashless exercise.

Settlement of the liabilities

On August 8, 2025, Kreos Capital VII (UK) Limited converted the Tranche A portion of the Kreos / Claret Financing (the Kreos /

Claret OCABSA), resulting in the issuance of 785,389 ordinary shares and an increase in equity by €16,058 thousand.

On July 30, 2025, Kreos Capital VII Aggregator SCSp opted for the cashless exercise of its share warrants (the tranche A-B BSA and

tranche C BSA), implemented through the repurchase by the Group of 94,117 tranche A-B and C BSA and the issuance of 319,251

ordinary shares of the Group and an increase in equity by €19,570 thousand.

On August 28, 2025, Claret European Growth Capital Fund III SCSp, exercised its share warrants (the tranche A-B BSA and tranche

C BSA), resulting in the issuance of 206,662 ordinary shares of the Group and an increase in equity by €14,198 thousand.

In August 2025, as a result of (i) the repayments of principal and interests made until that date under the Kreos / Claret Financing, (ii)

the exercise of the Tranche A-B and C BSA and (iii) the conversion of the Kreos OCABSA, the cash generated thereby met the

Minimum Cash Return due to the Kreos / Claret bondholders. Consequently, as no further payment could be due by the Group in

F-47

relation to the Kreos / Claret Minimal Return Indemnification, the MRI derivatives were derecognized, resulting in a financial income

of €3,620 thousand for the year ended December 31, 2025.

On November 25, 2025, Claret European Growth Capital Fund III SCSp converted its portion of the Tranche A portion of the Kreos /

Claret Financing (the Claret OCABSA), resulting in the issuance of 392,695 ordinary shares and an increase in equity by €8,296

thousand.

On November 28, 2025, the Group notified the bondholders of its intention to prepay in full the outstanding balances of Tranches B

and C of the Kreos / Claret Financing. The transaction was completed on December 23, 2025. The total amount paid by the Group at

that date amounted to €33,823 thousand, consisting of:

•the outstanding principal of €29,903 thousand, from which the deposit amount of €1,081 thousand initially paid by the Group

to Kreos and Claret was deducted,

•future interests discounted at a discount rate of 4% as per the terms of the prepayment option, amounting to €2,001 thousand,

and

•end-of-loan exit fees of €3,000 thousand.

Following the aforementioned transactions, the Group no longer holds any debt related to the Kreos Claret Financing.

Accounting treatment

•Kreos / Claret OCABSA

The Kreos / Claret OCABSA are issued at market conditions: the net issuance proceeds reflect the fair value of the instruments at

inception.

The OCABSA are compound instruments, split between (i) a debt component (then measured at amortized cost) and (ii) an equity

component corresponding to the conversion option and the attached OCABSA warrants.

As the adjustment provisions of the OCABSA conversion ratio are aimed at preserving the rights of the bondholders and are anti-

dilutive in nature rather than a down-round protection, the Group determined that the conversion option of the OCABSA is

considered to result in the delivery of a fixed number of shares, and is therefore an equity instrument (the equity component of the

bonds).

The OCABSA warrants were attached to each bond issued in the Tranche A closing and are not transferrable until after a

prepayment. The OCABSA warrants become exercisable (i) upon the Group electing to prepay the bonds and (ii) in the event of

the absence of the conversion notice from the bondholders for the full amount of the prepayment. As such, the warrants are not

freely transferable until the prepayment is made. Thus, the OCABSA warrants are considered as an embedded component of the

bonds rather than a separate stand-alone financial instrument. In all scenarios under which the exercisability conditions are

satisfied, and whereby the bondholder’s option to elect to convert the bonds was considered, the number of total ordinary shares

issuable upon warrant exercise as a result of prepayment and/or conversion option exercise remains fixed. Thus, the warrants

represent an equity-classified component of the bonds.

The issuer prepayment option was deemed closely related to the host debt instrument and therefore does not meet the definition of

a derivative instrument to be bifurcated.

On their conversion dates, the carrying values of the debt components of the Kreos and Claret OCABSA, amounting to

respectively €16,058 thousand and €8,296 thousand, were reclassified to equity.

•Kreos / Claret B and C tranches

The initial right granted to the Group to issue the amortized bonds under tranches B and C, upon meeting certain conditions, did

not meet the definition of a liability and was considered an off-balance sheet loan commitment received from the issuer as of

December 31, 2023.

The interest rate collars related to tranches B and C were determined to be closely related to the host debt instruments and

therefore do not meet the definition of a derivative instrument to be bifurcated.

F-48

The prepayment options related to tranches B and C were not determined to be closely related to the host debt instruments and

therefore meet the definition of derivative instruments to be bifurcated. The Group determined that their fair value is insignificant

at issuance and as of December 31, 2024.

The Minimum Return Indemnifications are embedded derivative instruments, which are not deemed closely related to the host

debt instruments and therefore meet the definition of derivative instruments to be bifurcated. They are classified as derivative

financial liabilities and measured at fair value through profit or loss.

The Kreos / Claret second and third tranches are therefore hybrid instruments, split between (i) debt host contracts accounted for

at amortized cost and (ii) bifurcated embedded derivatives accounted for at fair value through profit and loss, corresponding to the

Minimal Return Indemnifications and the prepayment options (the fair value of the prepayment options being deemed

insignificant at issuance and as of December 31, 2024).

On December 23, 2025, the Group recognized a €3,838 thousand loss on the derecognition of Tranches B and C bonds as a result

of their redemption, corresponding to the difference between their carrying amount on redemption date of €29,985 thousand and

the cash consideration of €33,823 thousand. The difference is primarily due to (i) the payment of future interests as per the terms

of the prepayment option and (ii) unamortized end-of-loan exit fees and issuance fees, reducing the carrying value of the

liabilities.

•Kreos / Claret BSA

As the A-B and C warrants (the Kreos / Claret BSA) are contractually transferable separately from the bonds and are redeemable

in a variable number of ordinary shares of the Group, they are classified as standalone derivative financial liabilities.

As the A-B and C warrants (the Kreos / Claret BSA) represent compensation for the realized and future bond issuances of

respectively tranches A-B and C and are an integral part of generating such bond issuances, the Group determined that they are in

nature origination fees.

As the A-B warrants are associated with both the OCABSA issued under tranche A and the amortized bonds issued under tranche

B, the Group allocated the initial fair value of the A-B warrants based on the pro-rata value of the proceeds to be received under

each tranche. At inception, the respective initial fair values of the A-B warrants allocated to tranche A and B were deferred and

subsequently accounted for as an adjustment to the EIR of the related debt components upon their drawdown (on August 20, 2023

and March 28, 2024 for tranches A and B respectively). Subsequent changes in the fair value will be recognized through profit or

loss.

On November 2, 2023 (issuance date of the Kreos / Claret tranche C BSA), a derivative financial liability was recognized for their

initial fair value with a counterparty in prepaid expenses. On that date, the Group, based on management’s latest projections, did

not consider the drawdown of the tranche C bonds to be probable. Therefore, the amount of prepaid expenses allocated to the

tranche C BSA has been amortized on a straight-line basis until the drawdown of the tranche C bonds.

At the exercise dates of the BSA held by Kreos and Claret (respectively July 30, 2025 and August 28, 2025), the fair value of

exercised warrants at the exercise dates of respectively €15,143 thousand and €11,531 thousand was reclassified from derivative

financial liabilities to equity.

Measurement of the debt and equity components of the OCABSA

At inception, the fair value of the debt component of the OCABSA amounts to €23,995 thousand, using a market rate assumption of

12.6%. The equity component amounts to the difference between the whole instrument’s fair value at inception (its nominal value of

€25,000 thousand) and the standalone fair value of the debt component. Therefore, the equity component amounts to €1,005 thousand.

It is not subsequently remeasured.

On the same date, using the same assumptions and an increase in market rate by 100 bp would result in a decrease in the fair value of

the debt component and an increase in the value of the equity component by €624 thousand.

F-49

Measurement of the Kreos / Claret second and third tranches hybrid instruments

At inception, the net cash proceeds are the tranches' initial fair values. The fair values of the Minimal Return Indemnifications were

deducted from the initial carrying values of the debt components of each tranche, which were subsequently measured at amortized cost

using the EIR method.

The fair value of the Minimum Return Indemnifications was measured using the following assumptions:


Tranche B Minimum Return Indemnification (issued in March 2024)	AS OF MARCH 28, 2024	AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2024
Final redemption scenario probability	95%	95%
Minimal return	1.40x	1.40x
Discount rate	13%	8%
Probability-weighted present value of shortfall payment (in thousands of €)	1,959 (Final redemption) 68 (Tender offer)	2,635 (Final redemption) 136 (Tender offer)
Probability-weighted fair value of tranche A-B warrants with MRI (in thousands of €)	1,066 (Final redemption)	104 (Final redemption)
Probability-weighted fair value of tranche A-B warrants without MRI (in thousands of €)	1,410 (Final redemption)	241 (Final redemption)
Total fair value of MRI (in thousands of €)	1,615 (Final redemption, i.e. a+b-c) 68 (Tender offer)	2,499 (Final redemption, i.e. a+b-c) 136 (Tender offer)
Fair value of Tranche B MRI (in thousands of €)	1,683	2,636


Tranche C Minimum Return Indemnification (issued in June 2024)	AS OF JUNE 21, 2024	AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2024
Final redemption scenario probability	95%	95%
Minimal return	1.30x	1.30x
Discount rate	15%	8%
(a) Probability-weighted present value of shortfall payment (in thousands of €)	741 (Final redemption) 0 (Tender offer)	1,160 (Final redemption) 43 (Tender offer)
(b) Probability-weighted fair value of tranche C warrants with MRI (in thousands of €)	2,948 (Final redemption)	684 (Final redemption)
(c) Probability-weighted fair value of tranche C warrants without MRI (in thousands of €)	3,250 (Final redemption)	903 (Final redemption)
Total fair value of MRI (in thousands of €)	475 (Final redemption, i.e. a+b-c) 0 (Tender offer)	941 (Final redemption, i.e. a+b-c) 43 (Tender offer)
Fair value of Tranche C MRI (in thousands of €)	475	984

For the purpose of measuring the fair value of the MRI (shortfall payment), the fair value of the tranche A-B and C BSA was

measured with a Black Scholes model under the Final redemption scenario and with a Monte Carlo model under the Tender offer

scenario. As of March 28, 2024, the following assumptions were used: a share price of €13.40, a volatility of 60.3% (Black Scholes)

or 61.9% (Monte Carlo), and a risk-free rate of 2.6% (Black Scholes) or 2.8% (Monte Carlo).

As of June 21, 2024, the following assumptions were used: a share price of €12.94, a volatility of 60.1% (Black Scholes) or 59.9%

(Monte Carlo), and a risk-free rate of 3.0% (Black Scholes) or 3.1% (Monte Carlo).

The assumptions used for the valuations as of December 31, 2024 are set forth below:

As of March 28, 2024, using the same assumption with an increase of +1% volatility, €+1 share price, +1% risk-free rate, +5% in the

probability of achieving the Final redemption scenario and +1% discount rate would result in changes of the MRI B value by

respectively €+4 thousand, €-30 thousand, €-3 thousand, +35 thousand and €-53 thousand.

As of June 21, 2024, using the same assumption with an increase of +1% volatility, €+1 share price, +1% risk-free rate, +5% in the

probability of achieving the Final redemption scenario and +1%discount rate would result in changes of the MRI C fair value by

respectively €+4 thousand, €-16 thousand, €+8 thousand, €+46 thousand and €-13 thousand.

F-50

As of December 31, 2024, using the same assumption with an increase of +1% volatility, €+1 share price, +1% risk-free rate, +10% in

the probability of achieving the Final redemption scenario and +1% discount rate would result in changes of the MRI B and C fair

value by respectively €-1 thousand, €-3 thousand, €-3 thousand, €+3 thousand and €-82 thousand.

Measurement of the Kreos / Claret tranche A-B-C BSA

The Kreos / Claret tranche A-B and tranche C BSA are measured at fair value using a Black-Scholes valuation model. The model

considers two probability-weighted scenarios, i.e. (i) the 7 years expiry of the BSA and (ii) an earlier exercise upon a tender offer. The

main data and assumptions are the following:


Kreos/Claret Tranche A-B BSA - August 2023	AS OF AUGUST 22, 2023 (Tranche A-B)	AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2023	AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2024
Number of outstanding BSA	214,198	214,198	214,198
Exercise price per share	€18.67	€18.67	€18.67
Ordinary share price	€17.10	€9.82	€6.76
Exercise date	19/08/2030 (expiry) 18/02/2027 (tender offer)	19/08/2030 (expiry) 18/02/2027 (tender offer)	19/08/2030 (expiry) 18/02/2027 (tender offer)
7-year expiry scenario probability	50%	95%	95%
Volatility	71.9% (expiry) 65.2% (tender offer)	59.5% (expiry) 64.9% (tender offer)	44.3% (expiry) 44.3% (tender offer)
Dividend	—%	—%	—%
Risk-free rate	3.00%	2.30%	2.9% (expiry) 2.9% (tender offer)
Fair value of issued Kreos/Claret Tranche A-B BSA	2,092	920	243


Kreos/Claret Tranche C BSA - November 2023	AS OF NOVEMBER 2, 2023	AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2023	AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2024
Number of outstanding BSA	405,832	405,832	405,832
of which, number of conditional BSA	202,915	202,916	0
Exercise price per share	€9.86	€9.86	€9.86
Ordinary share price	€8.89	€9.82	€6.67
Exercise date	01/11/2030 (expiry) 18/02/2027 (tender offer)	01/11/2030 (expiry) 18/02/2027 (tender offer)	01/11/2030 (expiry) 18/02/2027 (tender offer)
7-year expiry scenario probability	95%	95%	95%
Probability of Drawdown of Tranche C credit facility	30%	30%	Drawn on June 21, 2024
Volatility	67.3% (expiry) 64.3% (tender offer)	67.4% (expiry) 64.9% (tender offer)	44.3% (expiry) 44.3% (tender offer)
Dividend	—%	—%	—%
Risk-free rate	3.00%	2.30%	2.9% (expiry) 2.9% (tender offer)
Fair value of issued Kreos/Claret Tranche C BSA	1,493	1,659	923

As of August 20, 2023 (date of issuance of the tranche A-B BSA), using the same assumption with an increase of +1% volatility, €

+1share price, +1% risk-free rate or +5% in the probability of achieving the 7 years expiry scenario would result in an increase of the

tranche A-B BSA fair value by respectively €48 thousand, €197 thousand, €64 thousand and €64 thousand.

F-51

As of November 2, 2023 (date of issuance of the tranche C BSA), using the same assumption with an increase of +1% volatility, €

+1share price, +1% risk-free rate or +5% in the probability of achieving the 7-year expiry scenario would result in an increase of

tranche A-B BSA fair value by respectively €28 thousand, €232 thousand, €42 thousand and €36 thousand.

As of December 31, 2023, using the same assumption with an increase of +1% volatility, €+1share price, +1% risk-free rate and +5%

in the probability of achieving the 7-year expiry scenario would result in an increase of Kreos / Claret A-B and C BSA fair value by

respectively €96 thousand, €401 thousand, €95 thousand and €76 thousand.

As of December 31, 2024, using the same assumption with an increase of +1% volatility, €+1 share price, +1% risk-free rate and

+10% in the probability of achieving the 7-year expiry scenario would result in an increase of Kreos / Claret A-B and C BSA fair

value by respectively €37 thousand, €350 thousand, €61 thousand and€75 thousand.

As of the exercise dates of the Kreos / Claret BSA (July 30, 2025 and August 28, 2025), due to the put options (allowing for a cashless

exercise) being exercised by the holders, the fair value of the BSAs is deemed equal to their intrinsic value, which is equal to the

difference between the listed share price on the exercise dates and their exercise price.

Note 15.2. Heights convertible notes

On August 20, 2023, the Group entered into a convertible notes subscription agreement with Heights, which provided for up to

€75,000 thousand in financing, consisting of two tranches:

•The first tranche (“tranche A”) of €35,000 thousand in aggregate principal amount was drawn on August 24, 2023 and is

composed of 350 amortizing senior convertible notes with a nominal value of €100,000 each and a fixed conversion price of

€23.7674 (corresponding to a 40% premium over the 15-day VWAP prior to the date on which their issuance is decided, and

subject to standard adjustments, including anti-dilution and dividend protections).

•The second tranche (“tranche B”) of €40,000 thousand in aggregate principal amount is composed of 400 amortizing senior

convertible notes with a nominal value of €100,000 each, and a conversion price (if any) that is be equal to 130% of the 15-

day VWAP immediately preceding the date on which their issuance is decided.

It may be drawn during the period from the date immediately following the three-month anniversary of the issuance of the

first tranche to the first-year anniversary of the issuance of the first tranche (i.e. August 24, 2024), in up to two separate

closings to provide the Group with additional flexibility to request a partial drawdown.

On the limit date for the drawdown of the second tranche of the Heights Financing (i.e. August 4, 2024), the Group had not

drawn down this tranche and has therefore forgone its right to do so in the future.

Interest on the Heights convertible notes accrues at a 6.00% annual fixed interest rate payable in quarterly installments in cash or, at

the option of the Group, in ordinary shares.

The Heights convertible notes will be repaid through sixteen quarterly installment payments, beginning three months after their

issuance date (corresponding, for the first tranche, to a final repayment date on August 24, 2027). Installments are payable in cash or,

at the option of the Group, in ordinary shares.

Any interest or installment payments in shares will be made on the basis of a share price equal to 90% of the Market Price of the

ordinary shares at the time of payment, where “Market Price” refers to the arithmetic average of the daily volume weighted average

price (“VWAP”) for the ordinary shares on the two (2) days with the lowest daily VWAPs out of the five (5) trading days immediately

preceding the applicable date, but in no event greater than the VWAP of the ordinary shares on the applicable date. The Market Price

may not be higher than the applicable conversion price. Issuances of ordinary shares may not be made at a price lower than a 15%

discount to the 15-day VWAP at the time of the decision to issue the Heights convertible notes (i.e., €14.4303 per ordinary share.).

The Heights convertible notes include the following conversion and settlement options:

•Conversion at the option of the noteholders: the notes are convertible into the Group’s ordinary shares at the option of the

noteholders at any time during the period beginning on the tranche A notes closing until the fifth business day prior to the

F-52

maturity date. The ordinary shares issued would be equal to the product of (i) the conversion ratio in effect on the exercise

date, (ii) a fraction, the numerator of which is the outstanding principal amount per note and the denominator of which is the

initial principal amount of €100,000 per note, and (iii) the number of notes for which the conversion right has been exercised.

•Settlement in shares at the option of the Group: the Group has the option to settle any interest or principal due with its own

ordinary shares (with respect to all but not some of the notes outstanding), subject to a price limit. The ordinary shares

issuable will be the lower of the conversion ratio or 90% of the fair market value of the Group’s ordinary shares.

•Settlement in shares at the option of the noteholders (“SSO Investor Price Limit Option”): the noteholders may require a

principal payment to be settled in shares in the event the share settlement price on any principal payment date is below the

price limit in effect (initially €14.4303, subject to adjustments as described in the key terms below) and the Cash Carve-Out

(i.e. €13.125 million – the amount of cash permitted to be paid to Heights for principal payments) has been utilized such that

it does not allow payment in full of the principal payment. The majority noteholder may agree to waive the cash payment

(which would otherwise be deferred until the original maturity date) and require the Group to exercise the share settlement

option for the principal payment required. A number of the ordinary shares issuable is based on the price limit in effect.

•Repayment of the notes upon an Event of Default (as defined below): the noteholder may notify the Group of their decision

to cause the notes to become payable at a price equal to the Early Redemption Amount (as defined below) upon an Event of

Default. The Early Redemption Amount means an amount equal to the greater of (a) 120% of the outstanding principal of the

note and (b) the market price of a number of shares issuable per note had the conversion right been exercised. Events of

Default include the following: default in any payment due on the notes, failure to deliver shares upon exercise of conversion

right or share settlement option, default of the Group on any obligation under the agreement, and other events.

•Repayment or purchase of the notes upon change of control, a delisting, or free float event (each, a “Put Event”): Upon a Put

Event, the noteholder has an option to require the Group to redeem or, at the Group’s option, to purchase all of the notes at

the total aggregate amount equal to the outstanding principal and interest accrued through the date of a Put Event.

The Heights Financing is a senior, unsecured financing. The terms and conditions of the Heights convertible notes include a standard

negative pledge providing that any security granted in favor of other borrowed debt or debt instruments should also be granted in favor

of the Heights convertible notes on an equal basis (with the exception of the securities issued pursuant to the Kreos / Claret Financing,

as detailed above).

On August 24, 2023, the Group repaid in full an outstanding amount of €25,102 thousand, corresponding to the outstanding OCEANE

bonds, by way of set-off with the Heights Financing. The accounting treatment for this transaction is explained in Note 15.5.

On July 23 and July 30, 2025, the noteholders requested the conversion of respectively 150 and 200 convertible notes (corresponding

to the entirety of the outstanding principal amount of approximately €21.9 million) into 920,377 new ordinary shares of the Group at a

conversion price of €23.7674 per ordinary share (see Note 3.3 - Conversion of the Heights convertible notes, Kreos OCABSA and

Kreos / Claret BSA and prepayment of the Kreos / Claret Tranches B and C bond loans – July-December 2025).

Accounting treatment and measurement

In application of the Amendments to IAS 1 Presentation of Financial Statements – Classification of Liabilities as Current or Non-

current, and Non-current Liabilities with Covenants, the Heights convertible notes are classified as current financial liabilities as of

December 31, 2023 and 2024.

The Group concluded that, except for the repayment or purchase option of the notes upon a Put Event, the above-mentioned

conversion and settlement options represented embedded derivatives that required to be bifurcated from their host contract. The Group

being unable to reliably value each embedded derivative at issuance date and on subsequent reporting dates, it measured the whole

instrument at fair value through profit or loss (“FVTPL”) as permitted by IFRS 9. Instruments measured at FVTPL under these

conditions are measured at their fair value on issuance and on subsequent reporting dates, and the amount of change in the fair value of

the financial liability is presented in profit or loss.

F-53

At inception, the Heights convertible notes were measured at fair value, which differs from the issuance proceeds by €2,359 thousand.

Since the fair value measurement of the instrument is evidenced by a valuation technique that does not only use data from observable

markets, the carrying amount was adjusted to defer the difference between the fair value measurement and the transaction price, and

the day one gain is therefore recognized in financial income on a straight-line basis over the term of the instrument.

As of December 31, 2023 and 2024, the amounts by which the carrying value of the notes is adjusted to take into account the

unrecognized day one gain are €2,147 thousand and €1,557 thousand, respectively.

The fair value of the Heights convertible notes (including the embedded features) has been measured with a Monte Carlo model,

considering two probability-weighted scenarios: (i) a Put Event or Default/Dissolution scenario and (ii) a voluntary conversion at

maturity scenario. The main data and assumptions are the following:


Heights convertible notes - August 2023	AS OF AUGUST 24, 2023	AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2023	AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2024
Number of outstanding notes	350	350	350
Original principal amount (in thousands of €)	35,000	35,000	35,000
Interest rate	6%	6%	6%
Conversion price per share	€23.77	€23.77	€23.77
Ordinary share price	€16.74	€9.82	€6.76
Maturity date	24/08/2025 (put event) 24/08/2027 (HTM/voluntary conversion)	24/08/2025 (put event) 24/08/2027 (HTM/voluntary conversion)	24/08/2025 (put event) 24/08/2027 (HTM/voluntary conversion)
Held to maturity / voluntary conversion scenario probability	75%	75%	75%
Initial price limit	€14.43	€14.43	€14.43
Early redemption amount (put event)	120%	120%	120%
Volatility	50%	50%	50%
Credit spread	20%	20%	25%
Risk-free rate	2.9%	2.3%	2.9%
Fair value of Heights convertible notes (in thousands of €)	32,641	27,456	20,017

As of August 24, 2023, using the same assumptions with an increase of +1% volatility, €+1 share price, +1% risk-free rate and +1%

probability of achieving the held to maturity scenario would result in a change in the Heights convertible notes fair value by

respectively €+239 thousand, €+1,069 thousand, €-239 thousand and €-80 thousand.

As of December 31, 2023, using the same assumptions with an increase of +1% volatility, €+1 share price, +1% risk-free rate and

+1% probability of achieving the held to maturity scenario would result in a change in the Heights convertible notes fair value by

respectively €+18 thousand, €+352 thousand, €-366 thousand and €-364 thousand.

As of December 31, 2024, using the same assumptions with an increase of +1% volatility, €+1 share price, +1% risk-free rate and

+10% probability of achieving the held to maturity scenario would result in a change in the Heights convertible notes fair value by

respectively €+2 thousand, €+39 thousand, €-219 thousand and €-631 thousand.

At the conversion dates of the Heights notes, the fair value of the converted notes of €53,921 thousand was reclassified from financial

liabilities to equity. On the conversion dates, due to the put option being exercised by the holders, the fair values of the Heights notes

were deemed equal to the listed market prices of the issued shares.

As a result of the derecognition of the Heights notes, the outstanding day-one gain was entirely amortized, resulting in a financial

income of €1,262 thousand.

For the year ended December 31, 2025, changes in the fair value of the Heights notes (including the remeasurement at conversion

date) resulted in a financial expense of 36,015 thousand.

F-54

Note 15.3. Structured debt financing with Kreos subscribed in July 2018 – “Kreos 1”

Kreos 1 bond loans

On July 24, 2018, the Group entered into a Venture Loan Agreement, a Straight Bonds Issue Agreement and a Convertible Bonds

Issue Agreement with Kreos Capital V (UK) Ltd., (or “Kreos”), which provided for up to €20,000 thousand in financing.

Pursuant to the terms of the agreements, Kreos agreed to subscribe for €16,000 thousand in non-convertible bonds and

€4,000 thousand in convertible bonds, to be issued by the Group in two tranches of €10,000 thousand each. The tranches were issued

in July 2018 and May 2019, respectively. The convertible bonds were convertible into new ordinary shares of the Group at any time

from their issuance and at the discretion of their holders. In October 2020, Kreos required the conversion of all the convertible bonds

they held and 464,309 shares were issued.

The straight bond tranches were split between i) a debt component (then measured at amortized cost), and ii) a premium corresponding

to the initial fair value of attached BSA (then remeasured at fair value through profit and loss).

As of December 31, 2022, the A tranche of the Kreos 1 bond loan has come to maturity and was repaid in full.

On August, 21, 2023, the B tranche of the Kreos 1 bond loan as well as the A & B tranches of the Kreos 2 bond loan were repaid in

full, for an amount of €7,661 thousand, using the proceeds from the new Kreos / Claret Financing (see Note 3.1).

As the differences identified between the terms of the Kreos 1 & 2 bond loans and the new Kreos / Claret Financing were considered

substantial, the repayment transaction on August 21, 2023 was accounted for as a debt extinguishment. The repayment of the Kreos 1

& 2 bond loans led to the recognition of a loss on extinguishment amounting to €170 thousand, primarily due to (i) the payment of

future interests as per the terms of the prepayment option and (ii) unamortized exit and issuance fees, reducing the carrying value of

the liabilities.

Kreos A & B BSA

In connection with each tranche, the Group issued 110,957 tranche A share warrants (or “Kreos A BSA”) and 74,766 tranche B share

warrants (or “Kreos B BSA”), each, for a global subscription price of €1. Each Kreos A BSA and Kreos B BSA gives rights to one

new ordinary share at an exercise price of €7.21 less a discount and €10.70 less a discount, respectively. In addition, the Group granted

to the holders of the Kreos A BSA and the Kreos B BSA the option to sell to the Group, upon each exercise of all or parts of the Kreos

A BSA, at the put price defined in the agreement, a proportion of the number of the warrants, for the sole purpose of implementing a

cash less exercise of the Kreos A BSA and Kreos B BSA.

The BSA attached to all tranches (both straight and convertible) did not meet the “fixed for fixed” criteria (non cash settlement option

which may result in exchanging a variable number of shares, for a variable price), and were accounted for as standalone derivative

instruments.

On May 24, 2023, the holders opted for the cashless exercise option of the share warrants they held, implemented through the

repurchase by the Group of 43,070 Kreos A BSA and 43,070 Kreos B BSA and the issuance by the Group of respectively 67,887 and

31,696 ordinary shares, as the result of the cashless exercise by Kreos of the outstanding 67,887 Kreos A & 31,696 B BSA.

At this date, the fair value of exercised warrants of €1,850 thousand was reclassified from derivative financial liabilities to equity. As

of this date, due to the put option being exercised by the holders, the fair value of the BSAs is deemed equal to their intrinsic value,

which is equal to the difference between the share price on May 24, 2023 and their exercise price.

F-55

Note 15.4 Structured debt financing with Kreos subscribed in October 2020 – “Kreos 2”

On October 13, 2020, the Group obtained a straight bond loan of €15,000 thousand from Kreos corresponding to two tranches of

€10,000 thousand (“Tranche A”) and €5,000 thousand (“Tranche B”), with an option for an additional €5,000 thousand.

The Kreos 2 straight bonds were initially measured at fair value, which corresponds to the net cash proceeds, and subsequently

measured at amortized cost.

On August, 21, 2023, the B tranche of the Kreos 1 bond loan as well as the A & B tranches of the Kreos 2 bond loan were repaid in

full, for an amount of €7,661 thousand, using the proceeds from the new Kreos / Claret Financing (see Note 3.1 and 15.1). The

accounting treatment of the extinguishment of these liabilities is set forth in Note 15.3.

Note 15.5. OCEANE

On July 30, 2021, the Group received a gross proceed of €85,000 thousand through (i) the issuance of 1,964,031 shares with a

subscription price of €30.55 per share (see Note 13.2 (changes in share capital)) for gross amount of €60,000 thousand, and (ii) the

issuance of €25,000 thousand in OCEANE, maturing on July 30, 2026. The proceeds of the transaction mainly serve to finance the

progress of ABX464 clinical trials in chronic inflammatory diseases.

The OCEANE were convertible into new ordinary shares and/or exchanged for existing ordinary shares of the group at any time from

their issuance and at the discretion of their holders.

As the conversion ratio was adjusted 18 months, 24 months, and 36 months after the issuance date of the OCEANE bond with the

weighted average price of the shares and is subject to a floor and a cap, the conversion did not result in the delivery of a fixed number

of shares. Consequently, the OCEANE bond was recorded as an hybrid instrument which includes i) a debt host contract accounted for

at amortized cost, and ii) a conversion option which was a embedded derivative accounted for at fair value through profit and loss.

At inception, the net cash proceeds reflected the OCEANE initial fair value. The fair value of the bifurcated conversion option at

inception has been measured with a Monte Carlo model using a Longstaff Schwartz algorithm, with a 53% share price volatility, a

1,400 bp credit spread assumption and a €31.50 share price.

As of August 24, 2023, the date at which the OCEANE were repaid, the fair value of conversion option amounts to €1,762 thousand,

based on the same valuation model, a risk-free rate of 3.22%, a credit spread assumption of 1,398 bp, a share price of €16.74, and a

price volatility of 37%. As of August 24, 2023, using the same assumptions, an increase of +1% volatility, €+1 share price and +1%

risk free rate would result in an increase of the OCEANE conversion option fair value of €80 thousand, €364 thousand, and

€121 thousand respectively.

On August 24, 2023, the outstanding OCEANE including accrued interests were repaid in full, for an amount of €25,102 thousand,

using the proceeds from the new Heights Financings (see Note 3.1).

As the differences identified between the terms of the OCEANE and the new Heights convertible notes were considered substantial,

the transaction was accounted for as a debt extinguishment. The repayment of the OCEANE led to the recognition of a loss on

extinguishment amounting to €3,069 thousand.

Note 15.6. State guaranteed loan – “PGE”

In June 2020, the Group subscribed to a PGE from Société Générale with an initial maturity of 12 months at 0.25% and a five-year

extension option. In March 2021, the Group exercised the five-year extension option with a one-year deferral of the principal

repayment, with the following conditions:

•Rate: 0.58% per annum excluding insurance and state guaranteed premium,

•State guaranteed premium of €138 thousand to be paid by installments over the contract period starting in June 2021,

and

•Reimbursement by yearly installments from June 2021 to June 2026.

The benefit resulting from the low interest nature of the award as a subsidy was recognized as other income during the period ended

December 31, 2020 for an amount of €377 thousand.

F-56

The variation in the PGE loan over the periods ended December 31, 2023, 2024 is primarily related to the reimbursement of capital

and interests.

During the fourth quarter of 2025, the Group prepaid in full the outstanding principal of the PGE loan of €1,264 thousand.

Note 15.7. Conditional advances

Conditional advances as of December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025 are as follows:


(amounts in thousands of euros)
CONDITIONAL ADVANCES	AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2023	AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2024	AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2025
RNP VIR – Bpifrance	4,232	—	—
CARENA – Bpifrance	2,485	—	—
EBOLA – Bpifrance	55	—	—
Total conditional advances	6,771	—	—

RNP-VIR – Bpifrance

Under the RNP-VIR contract, the Group was eligible to receive up to €6.3 million in conditional advances to further develop methods

for the discovery of new molecules for the treatment of viral infectious diseases through the development of the “Modulation of RNA

biogenesis” platform. As of December 31, 2022, the Group had received €4,032 thousand, of which €1,756 thousand was received in

September 2017, €346 thousand in August 2018 and €1,930 thousand in November 2019. The repayment of these funds is spread from

the date on which the repayments are called by BPI.

In June 2024, the Group and Bpifrance agreed to terminate the project due to technical failure. Bpifrance claimed the reimbursement

of €1,241 thousand corresponding to overpayments of conditional advances and subsidies (for which the Group had not incurred the

corresponding R&D expenses) and agreed to waive 60% of the remaining advances of €2,945 thousand and accrued interests, which

resulted in a subsidy income of €1,872 thousand in the aggregate (see Note 18). The outstanding amount was fully repaid by the

Group during the second half of 2024.

See Note 25.2. Commitments under BPI conditional advances.

CARENA – Bpifrance

Under the CARENA agreement, the Group was eligible to receive up to €3,840 thousand to develop a therapeutic HIV treatment

program with ABX464. As of December 31, 2022, the Group received €2,187 thousand, of which €1,150 thousand was received in

December 2013, €1,008 thousand in September 2014 and €29 thousand received in June 2016.

The repayment of the advance is spread from the date on which the repayments are called by Bpifrance. An additional repayment is

provided for based on the income the Group generates through this research and development program.

In June 2024, the Group and Bpifrance agreed to terminate the project due to technical failure. Bpifrance granted an additional amount

of €1,068 thousand payable to the Group to reimburse additional expenses incurred as part of the project, and agreed to waive 60% of

the remaining conditional advance of €3,255 thousand and accrued interests, which resulted in a subsidy income of €2,251 thousand in

the aggregate (see Note 18). The outstanding amount was fully repaid by the Group during the second half of 2024.

EBOLA – Bpifrance

Under the Bpifrance and Occitanie region joint aid agreement, the Group received a total of €390 thousand (€300 thousand as of

December 31, 2017 and €90 thousand as of December 31, 2019). The reimbursement was spread from 2019 to June 2024.

F-57

Note 15.8. Lease liabilities

The variations in lease liabilities are set forth below:


(amounts in thousands of euros)	LEASE LIABILITY
AS OF JANUARY 1, 2023	1,384
(+) Increase	350
(-) Decrease	(1,194)
AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2023	540
(+) Increase	2,221
(-) Decrease	(398)
AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2024	2,363
(+) Increase	444
(-) Decrease	(950)
AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2025	1,856

Lease liabilities mainly relate the Group’s headquarters in Paris, the Boston office entered into in November 2023, the Montpellier

offices entered into in April 2024, the new Paris headquarters entered into in May 2024 and to a lesser extent to vehicles, parking lots

and printers (see Note 8).

The lease for the Group’s corporate headquarters in Paris, France at 7-11 Boulevard Haussmann, 75009 Paris started in July 2022. It

had a three-year duration, with a tacit renewal option for approximately two years and the possibility to break the contract one year

before the end. In September 2023, the Group was notified by the lessor of its intention to exercise its option to terminate the contract

on June 30, 2024. Consequently, the Group reassessed the lease term and recorded a decrease in the related lease liability by

€622 thousand and a corresponding decrease in the right of use asset for the same amount.

A new lease for different premises within the same building was entered into on May 2, 2024. It has a three-year duration, and no

renewal option. The Group also benefits from an initial eight-month rent-free period.

In November 2023, the Subsidiary entered a lease contract for its new Boston offices. It has a two-year duration, with an option to

renew the contract for an additional period of one or two years. In December 2024, the Group exercised its option to extend the lease

up until December 2026. Per Management, additional renewal options are not reasonably certain due to the forecasted development of

the Subsidiary, which may lead it to relocate at the end of the current term.

In April 2024, the Company entered a lease contract for a new Montpellier office. It has an initial six-year duration, with the option for

the Company to terminate the lease at any time with a six-month notice period, and a tacit renewal option for an additional period of

six years. Based on Management's estimate, the initial lease period of six years is considered reasonably certain and is therefore used

for the measurement of the lease

In December 2025, the Company renewed the lease contract with the CNRS (French National Centre for Scientific Research) research

laboratories based in Montpellier until December 31, 2026. A lease liability was recognized as of 31 December 2025.

As of December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025, the lease liabilities of the Paris headquarters and Boston offices represented 93%, 93% and

70% of the total lease liability, respectively.

Lease expenses related to contracts for which a lease liability and right of use asset is recognized under IFRS 16 were €548 thousand,

€730 thousand and €808 thousand for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025, respectively. They were recognized for (i)

€498 thousand, €788 thousand and €744 thousand as Depreciation expenses and (ii) €13 thousand, €61 thousand and €64 thousand as

Interest expenses, for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025, respectively.

Lease expenses related to short-term lease contracts and low value assets that are not included in the valuation of the lease liability

amount to €334 thousand, €352 thousand and €349 thousand for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025, respectively.

F-58

Note 15.9. Royalty certificates

On September 2, 2022, the Group completed a financing of €49,162 thousand, consisting of two transactions:

•a reserved capital increase of a gross amount of €46,231 thousand through the issuance of 5,530,000 new shares with a

nominal value of €0.01 per share at a subscription price of €8.36 per share; and

•an issue of royalty certificates with a subscription price amounting to €2,931 thousand. The royalty certificates give right to

their holders to royalties equal to 2% of the future net sales of obefazimod (worldwide and for all indications) as from the

commercialization of such product. The amount of royalties that may be paid under the royalty certificates is capped at

€172,000 thousand.

Related transaction costs amounted to €3,280 thousand and are recorded in equity, since entirely related to the reserved capital

increase.

In April 2023, the Group reassessed its estimate of the probability of future royalty cash flows related to the royalty certificates. This

change reflected the higher probability to reach the objectives of the development and commercialization plans following the recent

changes in management and governance, as well as results from its Phase 2b open-label maintenance trial in UC, as released in April

2023. Subsequently, in June 2023 and December 2023, the Group revised the development and commercialization plans of

obefazimod and reassessed its estimate of future royalty cash flows accordingly. These changes in estimates resulted in a

remeasurement of the certificates’ amortized costs, using the original EIR of 34% calculated at the date of issuance, which led to an

increase by €6,421 thousand of the royalty certificates liability. The expense was recorded within the interest expenses in the

Statements of Income (Loss).

Consequently, the total interest expense (including the unwinding of discount) related to royalty certificates amounts to

€8,942 thousand for the year ended December 31, 2023.

In December 2024, the Group revised the development and commercialization plans of obefazimod to take into account the

progression in the ongoing clinical trials, reassessment of the commercial schedule and forecasts and reassessed its estimate of future

royalty cash flows accordingly. This change in estimate resulted in a remeasurement of the certificates’ amortized costs, using the

original EIR of 34% calculated at the date of issuance, which led to a decrease by €3,404 thousand of the royalty certificates liability.

The expense was recorded within the interest expenses in the Statements of Income (Loss).

Consequently, the total interest expense related to royalty certificates (including the effect of the unwinding of discount, amounting to

€4,198 thousand) amounts to €794 thousand for the year ended December 31, 2024.

During the third quarter of 2025, the Group revised the probability of success (“POS”) of the obefazimod clinical trials to take into

account the Phase 3 results announced in July 2025 and reassessed its estimate of future royalty cash flows accordingly. This change

in estimate resulted in a remeasurement of the certificates’ amortized costs, using the original EIR of 34% calculated at the date of

issuance, which led to an increase by €11,286 thousand of the royalty certificates liability. The expense was recorded within the

financial expenses in the Statements of Income (Loss).

As of December 31, 2025, using the same future royalty cash flows assumptions with an increase of +5 points of POS and +5% of

peak penetration (best case scenario) would result in an increase in the royalty certificates carrying value by respectively €

+809 thousand and €+2,616 thousand. Using the same assumptions with a decrease of (5) points in POS and (5)% in peak penetration

(worst case scenario) would result in a decrease in the royalty certificates carrying value by respectively €(1,712) thousand and

€(4,154) thousand.

Fair value

The fair value of the royalty certificates amounts to €12,395 thousand as of December 31, 2023, €7,313 thousand as of December 31,

2024 and €102,001 thousands as of December 31, 2025.

The fair value of the royalty certificates is based on the net present value of royalties, which depends on assumptions made by the

Group with regards to the probability of success of its studies (“POS”), the commercialization budget of obefazimod (“peak

penetration”) and the discount rate. In addition, as of December 31 2023 and 2024, royalty projections have been adjusted to reflect

the significant difference between the Group’s value derived from management projections and the Group’s market capitalization.

F-59

As of December 31, 2025, following the increase in the Group's share price and the business plan update, such adjustment was no

longer required. Management ensured that the discount rate of 7.5% used at that date is reasonable based on the specific risk profile of

the royalties certificates.

The decrease in fair value of the royalty certificates over the year ended December 31, 2024 is mainly driven by the decrease in the

Group's share price over the period, while the increase over the year ended December 31, 2025 is primarily explained by (i) the

revised POS, reflecting the results of the Phase 3 trials, which resulted in the increase in the Group's share price during the second half

of 2025, and (ii) a decrease in the discount rate consistent with the increase in the Group's market capitalization (see Note 3.3 -

Publication of positive Phase 3 results from both ABTECT 8-week induction trials investigating obefazimod, in moderate to severely

active UC – July 2025).

As of December 31, 2023, using the same assumptions with an increase of +5 points of POS, +5% of peak penetration (best case

scenario), +1% WACC and €+1 share price would result in a change in the royalty certificates fair value by respectively €

+1104 thousand, €+1757 thousand, €(577) thousand and €+1325 thousand. Using the same assumptions with a decrease of (5) points

of POS, (5)% of peak penetration (worst case scenario) and (1)% WACC and €(1) share price would result in a change in the royalty

certificates fair value by respectively €(1,104) thousand, €(2,311) thousand, €+612 thousand and €(1,325) thousand.

As of December 31, 2024, using the same assumptions with an increase of +5 points of POS, +5% of peak penetration (best case

scenario), +1% WACC and €+1 share price would result in a change in the royalty certificates fair value by respectively €

+572 thousand, €+1,735 thousand, €(314) thousand and €+1,160 thousand. Using the same assumptions with a decrease of (5) points

of POS, (5)% of peak penetration (worst case scenario) and (1)% WACC and €(1) share price would result in a change in the royalty

certificates fair value by respectively €(572) thousand, €(2,527) thousand, €+332 thousand and €(1,160) thousand.

As of December 31, 2025, using the same assumptions with an increase of +5 points of POS, +5% of peak penetration (best case

scenario) and +1% WACC would result in a change in the royalty certificates fair value by respectively €+5810 thousand, €

+2830 thousand and €(4,940) thousand. Using the same assumptions with a decrease of (5) points of POS, (5)% of peak penetration

(worst case scenario) and (1)% WACC would result in a change in the royalty certificates fair value by respectively €(5,810) thousand,

€(5,590) thousand and €+5,251 thousand.

Note 15.10. Change in financial liabilities

Changes in financial liabilities, excluding derivative instruments, are presented below as of December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025:


(Amounts in thousands of euros)
FINANCIAL LIABILITIES (excluding derivatives instruments)	Kreos 1 & 2 bond loans	Oceane	Kreos/ Claret convertible notes (OCABSA)	Kreos & Claret bond loans	Heights convertible notes	PGE	Conditional advances BPI	Lease liabilities	Royalty certificates	Total
AS OF JANUARY 1, 2023	12,982	19,957	—	—	—	4,838	6,783	1,384	3,287	49,231
Proceeds	—	—	23,119	—	35,000	—	—	—	—	58,119
Repayments	(11,635)	(23,238)	—	—	(2,188)	(1,250)	(110)	(573)	—	(38,993)
Interest paid	(2,278)	(1,602)	(818)	—	(525)	(43)	—	(12)	—	(5,278)
Non-cash changes: classification of embedded derivatives as separate derivative financial instruments	—	—	(1,046)	—	—	—	—	—	—	(1,046)
Non-cash changes: (gain)/ loss on recognition or derecognition	170	3,069	—	—	(212)	—	—	—	—	3,027
Non-cash changes: interest expense and other	760	1,814	1,393	—	727	133	98	12	2,521	7,459
Non-cash changes: recognition of earn-out liability	—	—	(1,005)	—	—	—	—	—	—	(1,005)

F-60


(Amounts in thousands of euros)
FINANCIAL LIABILITIES (excluding derivatives instruments)	Kreos 1 & 2 bond loans	Oceane	Kreos/ Claret convertible notes (OCABSA)	Kreos & Claret bond loans	Heights convertible notes	PGE	Conditional advances BPI	Lease liabilities	Royalty certificates	Total
Non-cash changes: amortized cost	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	(543)	6,421	5,878
Non-cash changes: other fair value remeasurement	—	—	—	—	(3,198)	—	—	—	—	(3,198)
Non cash changes: additional leases	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	272	—	272
AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2023	—	—	21,643	—	29,605	3,678	6,771	540	12,229	74,466
Proceeds	—	—	—	47,444	—	—	—	—	—	47,444
Repayments	—	—	—	—	(8,750)	(1,250)	(2,708)	(459)	—	(13,167)
Interest paid	—	—	(2,250)	(3,639)	(1,772)	(18)	—	(17)	—	(7,696)
Non-cash changes: classification of embedded	—	—	—	(3,204)	—	—	—	—	—	(3,204)
Non-cash changes: (gain)/ loss on recognition or	—	—	—	—	(590)	—	—	—	—	(590)
Non-cash changes: interest expense and other	—	—	3,977	5,800	1,714	77	7	61	4,198	15,834
Non-cash changes: amortized cost remeasurement	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	(3,404)	(3,404)
Non-cash changes: other fair value remeasurement	—	—	—	—	1,367	—	—	—	—	1,367
Non-cash changes : subsidies	—	—	—	—	—	—	(4,070)	—	—	(4,070)
Non cash changes: additional leases	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	2,221	—	2,221
Non cash changes : Effect of the change in foreign	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	17	—	17
AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2024	—	—	23,370	46,401	21,574	2,488	—	2,363	13,023	109,218
Proceeds	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Repayments	—	—	—	(53,920)	(2,188)	(2,514)	—	(910)	—	(59,532)
Interest paid	—	—	(1,875)	(3,791)	(689)	(72)	—	(64)	—	(6,491)
Non-cash changes: (gain)/ loss on recognition or derecognition	—	—	—	3,838	(1,557)	—	—	—	—	2,281
Non-cash changes: interest expense and other	—	—	2,860	7,472	778	99	—	64	5,927	17,200
Non-cash changes: amortized cost remeasurement	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	(7)	11,286	11,278
Non-cash changes: other fair value remeasurement	—	—	—	—	36,002	—	—	—	—	36,002
Non-cash changes: conversion into shares	—	—	(24,354)	—	(53,921)	—	—	—	—	(78,275)
Non cash changes: additional leases	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	444	—	444
Non cash changes : Effect of the change in foreign currency exchange rates	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	(33)	—	(33)
AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2025	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	1,856	30,237	32,093

F-61

For the year ended December 31, 2023, proceeds from the issuance of the Kreos / Claret OCABSA are presented net of transaction

costs, amounting to €1,881 thousand. Net proceeds from convertible loan notes of €55,841 disclosed in the Consolidated Statements of

Cash Flows also include transaction fees of (i) €750 thousands related to the Kreos / Claret B and C tranches and recorded in prepaid

expenses (see Note 10) and (ii) €1,528 thousand related to the Heights convertible notes.

For the year ended December 31, 2023, repayments of the OCEANE are presented net of the repurchase of the conversion option,

valued at €1,762 thousand on the date of repayment, which is presented in Note 15.11. The aggregate repayment amounts to

€25,000 thousand.

For the year ended December 31, 2024, proceeds from the issuance of the Kreos / Claret tranches B and C bond loans are presented

net of transaction costs and deposits (corresponding to the prepayments of half of the last debt installments on issuance date) included

in the debt discount using the EIR method, and amounting to €1,475 thousand and €1,081 thousand respectively. Net proceeds from

non-convertible bond loans of €48,544 thousand disclosed in the Unaudited Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows do not

include transaction fees of (i) €500 thousand related to the Kreos / Claret tranche A-B warrants classified as prepaid expenses as of

December 31, 2023.

For the year ended December 31,2025, repayments of the Kreos / Claret tranches B and C bond loans include end-of loan exit fees and

future interests discounted at a 4% rate, as per the terms of the prepayment option (see Note 15.1).

Note 15.11. Change in derivative instruments

Changes in derivative instruments, are presented below as of December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025 :


(amounts in thousands of euros)	Kreos A BSA	Kreos B BSA	OCEANE conversion option	Kreos/Claret BSA	Kreos/Claret Minimal Return Indemnifications	Total
DERIVATIVE FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS	Kreos A BSA	Kreos B BSA	OCEANE conversion option	Kreos/Claret BSA	Kreos/Claret Minimal Return Indemnifications	Total
AS OF JANUARY 1, 2023	275	149	142	—	—	566
(+) Issuance	—	—	—	3,585	—	3,585
(+) Increase in fair value	986	440	1,620	—	—	3,046
(-) Decrease in fair value	—	—	—	(1,006)	—	(1,006)
(-) Repurchases	(489)	(339)	(1,762)	—	—	(2,591)
(-) Exercises	(771)	(250)	—	—	—	(1,021)
AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2023	—	—	—	2,579	—	2,579
(+) Issuance	—	—	—	—	2,158	2,158
(+) Increase in fair value	—	—	—	—	1,462	1,462
(-) Decrease in fair value	—	—	—	(1,413)	—	(1,413)
AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2024	—	—	—	1,166	3,620	4,786
(+) Increase in fair value	—	—	—	29,935	—	29,935
(-) Decrease in fair value	—	—	—	—	(3,620)	(3,620)
(-) Repurchases	—	—	—	(4,427)	—	(4,427)
(-) Exercises	—	—	—	(26,674)	—	(26,674)
AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2025	—	—	—	—	—	—

Details related to these instruments' accounting treatments and terms and conditions are set forth in Notes 15.1 to 15.5.

The repurchases of the Kreos A&B BSA (2023) and Kreos BSA (2025) were carried as part of the implementation of the cashless

exercises of these share warrants and were therefore not settled in cash.

F-62

Note 15.12. Breakdown of financial liabilities by maturity

The following are the remaining contractual maturities of financial liabilities as of December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025. The amounts

are gross and undiscounted, and include contractual interest payments.


(amounts in thousands of euros)	AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2023
CURRENT AND NON-CURRENT FINANCIAL LIABILITIES	GROSS AMOUNT	CONTRACTUAL CASH FLOWS	LESS THAN 1 YEAR	FROM 1 TO 2 YEARS	FROM 2 TO 5 YEARS	LONGER THAN 5 YEARS
	GROSS AMOUNT	CONTRACTUAL CASH FLOWS	LESS THAN 1 YEAR	FROM 1 TO 2 YEARS	FROM 2 TO 5 YEARS	LONGER THAN 5 YEARS
Heights convertible notes	29,605	36,750	10,522	9,997	16,231	—
Kreos/Claret convertible notes (OCABSA)	21,643	30,903	2,250	2,250	26,403	—
PGE	3,678	3,880	1,293	1,293	1,293	—
Conditional advances Bpifrance	6,771	6,813	3,697	1,490	1,626	—
Royalty certificates	12,229	—	—	—	—	—
Lease liabilities	540	575	406	162	7	—
Derivative instruments	2,579	2,579	2,579	—	—	—
Total financial liabilities	77,045	81,500	20,747	15,192	45,561	—


(amounts in thousands of euros)	AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2024
CURRENT AND NON-CURRENT FINANCIAL LIABILITIES	GROSS AMOUNT	CONTRACTUAL CASH FLOWS	LESS THAN 1 YEAR	FROM 1 TO 2 YEARS	FROM 2 TO 5 YEARS	LONGER THAN 5 YEARS
	GROSS AMOUNT	CONTRACTUAL CASH FLOWS	LESS THAN 1 YEAR	FROM 1 TO 2 YEARS	FROM 2 TO 5 YEARS	LONGER THAN 5 YEARS
Heights convertible notes	21,574	24,063	8,750	8,750	6,563	—
Kreos/Claret convertible notes (OCABSA)	23,370	30,653	2,250	19,943	8,460	—
Kreos/Claret bond loans	46,401	58,080	24,016	25,715	8,348	—
PGE	2,488	2,586	1,293	1,293	—	—
Royalty certificates (1)	13,023	—	—	—	—	—
Lease liabilities	2,363	2,512	993	996	516	7
Derivative instruments	4,786	4,786	1,166	—	3,620	—
Total financial liabilities	114,004	122,680	38,468	56,698	27,507	7


(amounts in thousands of euros)	AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2025
CURRENT AND NON-CURRENT FINANCIAL LIABILITIES	GROSS AMOUNT	CONTRACTUAL CASH FLOWS	LESS THAN 1 YEAR	FROM 1 TO 2 YEARS	FROM 2 TO 5 YEARS	LONGER THAN 5 YEARS
	GROSS AMOUNT	CONTRACTUAL CASH FLOWS	LESS THAN 1 YEAR	FROM 1 TO 2 YEARS	FROM 2 TO 5 YEARS	LONGER THAN 5 YEARS

Royalty certificates	30,237	—	—	—	—	—
Lease liabilities	1,856	1,906	1,340	450	116	—
Total financial liabilities	32,093	1,906	1,340	450	116	—

The contractual cash flows above do not include potential future royalty payments related to the royalty certificates, amounting to 2%

of the future net sales of obefazimod (worldwide and for all indications). The amount of royalties that may be paid under the royalty

certificates is capped at €172.0 million in the aggregate. Royalty payments are expected to take place before the expiry date of the

certificates, which is 15 years after their issuance date (September 2, 2037), and would be included in the "from 2 to 5 years" and

"longer than 5 years" maturity categories according to management's projections.

F-64

Note 16. Retirement benefit obligations

Retirement benefit obligations include the liability for the defined benefit plan, measured based on the provisions stipulated

under the applicable collective agreements, i.e. the French pharmaceutical industry’s collective agreement. This commitment

only applies to employees subject to French law. The main actuarial assumptions used to measure the retirement benefit

obligations are as follows:


ACTUARIAL ASSUMPTIONS	YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2023	YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2024	YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2025
Retirement age	65 years for key management / 63 years for other employees	65 years for key management / 64 years for other employees	65 years for key management / 64 years for other employees
Collective agreement	Pharmaceutical industry	Pharmaceutical industry	Pharmaceutical industry
Discount Rate (IBoxx Corporates AA)	0.90%	3.34%	3.70%
Mortality rate table	INSEE 2016-2018	INSEE 2016-2018	INSEE 2016-2018
Salary increase rate	3% for key management / 2.55% for other employees	3% for key management / 2.55% for other employees	3.00%
Turnover rate	Decreasing from 5.80% at 20 years-old to 0.05% from 55 years-old	Decreasing rates by age and zero from age 55, generating an average exit rate for 2025 of 2.05%	Decreasing rates by age and zero from age 55, generating an average exit rate for 2025 of 2.02%.
Employee contribution rate	45%	45%	45%

Changes in the projected benefit obligation for the periods presented were as follows:


(In thousands of euros)	RETIREMENT BENEFIT OBLIGATIONS
AS OF JANUARY 1, 2023	610
Service cost	109
Interest cost	23
Actuarial gains and losses	(112)
AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2023	629
Service cost	115
Interest cost	22
Benefits paid	(41)
Actuarial gains and losses	31
AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2024	756
Current service cost	141
Past services cost	(205)
Interest cost	29
Actuarial gains and losses	(93)
AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2025	627

Employees in the U.S. benefit from defined contribution plans (401(k)).

Note 17. Payables and other current liabilities

Note 17.1. Trade payables and other current liabilities

Trade payables and other current liabilities break down as follows:

F-65


(amounts in thousands of euros)
TRADE PAYABLES AND OTHER CURRENT LIABILITIES	AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2023		AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2024		AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2025
Trade payables	21,953		30,748		23,388
Accrued invoices	25,268		13,049		14,159
Other	—		26		4
Trade payables and other current liabilities	47,221	0	43,824	0	37,552

No discount was applied to payables and related accounts for which maturity does not exceed one year. As a result, their fair value

approximates their carrying amount.

Note 17.2. Tax and employee-related payables

Tax and employee-related payables are presented below:


(amounts in thousands of euros)
TAX AND EMPLOYEE-RELATED PAYABLES	YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2023	YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2024	YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2025
Employee-related payables	3,694	2,742	4,816
Social security and other	2,251	1,783	2,304
Other tax and related payments	127	184	17
TAX AND EMPLOYEE-RELATED PAYABLES	6,073	4,709	7,137

The increase in employee-related, social security and other payables over the year ended December 31, 2025 is mainly related to

year-end bonus accruals.

Note 18. Other operating income

Other operating income is composed as below:


(amounts in thousands of euros)
OPERATING INCOME	YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2023	YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2024	YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2025
Research tax credit ("CIR")	4,493	6,651	3,061
Subsidies	81	4,140	—
Depositary service fees	—	1,634	1,509
Other	47	23	—
Total operating income	4,621	12,449	4,570

Operating income is composed as follows:

Research tax credit (“CIR”)

The Group carries out research and development projects. As such, it has benefited from a research tax credit for the years ended

December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025 for an amount of €4,493 thousand, €5,668 thousand and €3,197 thousand, respectively (see Note

4.9).

During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Group also received an additional tax credit payment related to the 2021 tax year for an

amount of €984 thousand after a claim from the Group following a clarification of "public subsidy" definition.

The lower amount of CIR recognized in 2025 is mainly due to (i) the maximum amount of eligible outsourced research and

development expenses being capped, (ii) a decrease in internal research and development costs, (iii) the reimbursement of the

F-66

CARENA and RNP-VIR conditional advances, deducted from the 2024 CIR calculation and (iv) a change in the CIR regulation

related to eligible expenses.

Subsidies

Subsidies primarily relate to the Bpifrance RNP-VIR and CARENA conditional advances, the repayments of which were partly

waived by Bpifrance in June 2024, for €1,872 thousand and €2,251 thousand respectively (see Notes 3.3 and 15.7).

Depositary services fees

For the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2025, this line item includes issuance, cancellation and depositary service fees collected

from ADS holders by Citibank, who is acting as the Group's exclusive depositary for its publicly listed ADSs. As part of the

depositary agreement between Citibank and the Group, the latter is entitled to receive a portion of the aforementioned fees collected

by Citibank. The amounts recognized for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2025 reflect the large amounts of ADS transactions

following, respectively, (i) the Group's Initial Public Offering on the Nasdaq Global Market in October 2023 and (ii) the

announcement of Phase 3 results and the Group's Offering in July 2025.

Note 19. Operating expenses

Note 19.1. Sales and marketing


(amounts in thousands of euros)
SALES AND MARKETING		YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2023	YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2024	YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2025
Personnel costs		1,710	2,323	3,347
Consulting and professional fees	—	4,012	2,699	1,623
Other sales and marketing expenses	—	709	932	224
Sales & Marketing	—	6,431	5,954	5,194

Sales and marketing expenses consist primarily of personnel expenses, including salaries, benefits, and share-based compensation

expenses, for employees engaged in sales and marketing activities, as well as consulting costs associated with market research in

preparation for the Group's potential future sales and commercialization efforts in the U.S.

The decrease for the year ended was primarily driven by the reduction in the headcount of the Group's sales and marketing department

part way through 2024.

The increase in personnel costs for the year ended December 31, 2025 is primarily driven by taxes and social contributions related to

AGAs (see Note 14), while the decrease in consulting and professional fees is mainly explained by one-time costs that were incurred

in 2024 for the Group's corporate re-branding, including its new website.

Note 19.2. Research and development

Research and development expenses break down as follows:

F-67


(amounts in thousands of euros)
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT EXPENSES	YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2023	YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2024	YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2025
Sub-contracting, studies and research	85,726	110,993	112,033
Personnel costs	8,048	18,455	49,616
Consulting and professional fees	6,561	12,581	12,791
Intellectual property fees	1,645	1,741	1,025
Other research and development expenses	1,196	2,761	2,297
Research and development expenses	103,176	146,532	177,761

Research and development expenses consist primarily of the following items:

•Personnel expenses, including salaries, benefits, and share-based compensation expenses, for employees engaged in

research and development activities;

•Sub-contracting, collaboration and consultant expenses that primarily include the cost of third-party contractors such as

CROs who conduct our non-clinical studies and clinical trials, and research related to proprietary platforms, as well as

investigative sites and consultants that conduct our preclinical studies and clinical trials;

•Expenses incurred under agreements with contract manufacturing organizations (“CMOs”), including manufacturing

scale-up expenses and the cost of acquiring and manufacturing preclinical study and clinical trial materials;

•Expenses relating to preclinical studies and clinical trials;

•Expenses relating to regulatory affairs;

•Allocated expenses for facility costs, including rent, utilities and maintenance; and

•Expenses relating to the implementation of the quality assurance system.

The increase in research and development expenses for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2025 is primarily due to (i) the

increase in UC expenses (of respectively €32,030 thousand and €1,587 thousand), due to the progress of Phase 3 clinical trials for

obefazimod in UC, (ii) the increase in CD expenses (of respectively €4,620 thousand and €10,200 thousand), due to the planning costs

and progression of the Phase 2b CD trial, (iii) the increase in transversal activities of respectively €8,233 thousand and €12,987

thousand) related to (a) the overall expansion of the research and development headcount to support the Group's organizational growth

and the issuance of new equity awards to officers and employees in research and development for the year ended December 31, 2024

and (b) increased chemistry, manufacturing and controls ("CMC") and supply chain costs related to the progression of clinical trials

and anticipation of future commercial launch for the year ended December 31, 2025, and (iv) the development of new indications for

obefazimod, including the combination therapy (increasing by €4,122 thousand for the year ended December 31, 2025).

These increases for the year ended December 31, 2025 also resulted from increasing personnel costs, mainly explained by the rise in

employer tax and social contributions related to AGAs by €20,131 thousand, resulting predominantly from (i) the uptick in the Group's

share price during the second half of 2025 (see Note 14), and to a lesser extent by (ii) the increase in the employer contribution rate on

AGAs in France.

Note 19.3. General and administrative


(amounts in thousands of euros)
GENERAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE EXPENSES	YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2023	YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2024	YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2025
Personnel costs	13,105	19,434	52,817
Consulting and professional fees	6,393	7,990	9,984
Other general and administrative expenses	2,893	5,522	4,870
General and administrative expenses	22,391	32,946	67,670

F-68

General and administrative expenses consist primarily of personnel-related expenses, including salaries, benefits and share-based

compensation expenses, for personnel other than employees engaged in research and development activities. General and

administrative expenses also include fees for professional services, mainly related to audit and legal services, consulting costs,

communications and travel costs, allocated expenses for facility costs, including rent, utilities and maintenance, directors’ attendance

fees, and insurance costs.

The increase in general and administrative expenses for the year ended December 31, 2024 was primarily due to the increase in

personnel costs, representing the full year impact of the build out of the Group's general and administrative organization (increased

headcount and equity based compensation costs), which started in late 2023 to support the expansion of the Group, as well as

increased legal and professional fees and other costs associated with operating as a dual-listed public company.

The increase for the year ended December 31, 2025 was primarily due to an increase in personnel costs, mainly explained by the

increase in employer tax and social contributions related to AGAs by €27,299 thousand, resulting predominantly from (i) the uptick in

the Group's share price during the second half of 2025 (see Note 14), and to a lesser extent by (ii) the increase in the employer

contribution rate on AGAs in France, as well as an increase in legal and professional fees associated with building the Group's

infrastructure to support future growth in its operations.

The Group's principal audit fees paid to its joint statutory auditors PricewaterhouseCoopers Audit and Agili3f, are set forth below:


(amounts in thousands of euros)	YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2023	YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2024	YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2025
Audit fees	1,848	1,144	1,255
Audit-related fees		82	129
Tax fees
All other fees	492	7	34
Total	2,340	1,233	1,418

Note 20. Employees

The Group’s average workforce during the periods ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025 was as follows:


HEADCOUNT	YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2023	YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2024	YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2025
France	28	38	41
United States	12	29	27
Total	40	67	68

F-69

Note 21. Financial gain (loss)

The financial loss breaks down as follows:


(amounts in thousands of euros)
FINANCIAL GAIN (LOSS)	YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2023	YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2024	YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2025
Interest on bond loans	(760)	(5,800)	(7,472)
Interest on convertible loan notes	(3,935)	(5,691)	(3,638)
Interest on conditional advances and PGE	(176)	(85)	(95)
Interest on royalty certificates	(8,942)	(794)	(17,213)
Interest on lease liabilities	(13)	(61)	(64)
(Increase) / decrease in derivatives fair value	(3,046)	(1,462)	(29,935)
(Increase) / decrease in other liabilities / (assets) at fair value through profit and loss	—	(1,367)	(36,015)
Loss on derecognition of financial liabilities	(3,431)	—	(3,838)
Transaction costs	(1,924)	(1,615)	—
Foreign exchange losses	(5,573)	(51)	(13,444)
Other financial expense	(73)	(64)	(29)
Financial expenses	(27,875)	(16,991)	(111,743)
Interest income	2,418	8,246	5,600
(Increase) / decrease in derivatives fair value	1,006	1,413	3,620
(Increase) / decrease in other liabilities / (assets) at fair value through profit and loss	3,198	—	4,730
Effect of unwinding the discount related to advances made to CROs	355	710	153
Day-one gain on recognition of financial liabilities	212	590	1,557
Gain on derecognition of financial liabilities	192	—	—
Foreign exchange gains	—	2,774	11,886
Other financial income	130	—	—
Financial income	7,511	13,732	27,545
Financial gain (loss)	(20,364)	(3,258)	(84,198)

Financial expenses

Interest on bond loans consists of interests from the Kreos 1 and 2 bond loans redeemed in August 2023 (see Notes 15.3 and 15.4) and

from Kreos / Claret B and C tranches (non-convertible bonds), drawn down in March and June 2024, respectively and redeemed in

December 2025 (see Note 15.1).

Interests on convertible loan notes corresponds to interests from the OCEANE bond loans (see Note 15.5) converted in August 2023

as well as from the Kreos / Claret OCABSA (tranche A) and the Height notes converted in August 2025 (see Notes 15.1 and 15.2).

F-70

Interests on royalty certificates are detailed in Note 15.9. They include the impacts of the remeasurements of the royalty certificates

following changes in the Group's estimates of future cash flows during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025 (see Note

15.9).

Increases and decreases in the fair value of derivatives are detailed in Notes 15.1, 15.3, 15.5 and 15.11. As of December 31, 2025, the

€29,935 thousand expense relates to the increase in the fair value of the Kreos / Claret BSA following the increase in the Group's share

price in the third quarter of 2025.

Increases in other liabilities at FVTPL relate to the convertible Heights notes for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2025 (see

Note 15.2). The notes were converted by the noteholders in July 2025.

Losses on the derecognition of financial liabilities are detailed in Notes 15.1 to 15.5, and relate to the August 2023 refinancing for

the year ended December 31, 2023 and to the redemption of the Kreos / Claret B and C tranches for the year ended December 31,

2025.

Transaction costs for the year ended December 31, 2023 mainly related to the Heights notes, and transaction costs for the year ended

December 31, 2024 mainly related to the amortization of the prepaid expenses related to the transaction costs of the Kreos / Claret

tranche C bond loans (see Note 15.1).

Foreign exchange losses for the year ended December 31, 2023 mainly relate to the translation of cash and cash equivalents held in

U.S. dollars into the Company's functional currency as of December 31, 2023 (see Note 11), resulting in a loss of €3,196 thousand,

and to a €1,488 thousand loss resulting from foreign exchange transactions.

Foreign exchange losses for the year ended December 31, 2025 relate to the translation of cash and cash equivalents held in U.S.

dollars into the Company's functional currency as of December 31, 2025, resulting in a net financial loss of €8,639 thousand, and to

other realized and unrealized losses on foreign exchange transactions (see Note 11).

Financial income

Interest income mainly relates to the invested proceeds from (i) the Group's initial public offering on the Nasdaq Global Market and

the concurrent European Private Placement from October 2023, (ii) the Kreos / Claret and Heights Financings and (iii) the Group's

public Offering from July 2025.

Increases and decreases in the fair value of derivatives are detailed in Notes 15.1, 15.3, 15.5 and 15.11. The €3,620 thousand income

for the year ended December 31, 2025 related to the extinguishment of the Kreos / Claret MRI following the conversion of the Kreos

Tranche A and the exercises of the Kreos / Claret BSA in August 2025.

The decrease in other liabilities at FVTPL relates to the Height notes for the year ended December 31, 2023.

The increase in assets at FVTPL for the year ended December 31, 2025 relates to the revaluation of cash equivalents measured at

FVTPL.

The day-one gain on recognition of financial liabilities relates to the Heights notes. The amount recorded for the year ended December

31, 2025 includes the amortization of the outstanding day-one gain upon the conversion of the notes (see Note 15.2).

Foreign exchange gains for the year ended December 31, 2024 mainly relate to the translation of cash and cash equivalents held in

U.S. dollars into the Group's presentation currency as of December 31, 2024 (see Note 11), resulting in a gain of €2,035 thousand, and

to a €714 thousand gain resulting from foreign exchange transactions.

Foreign exchange gains for the year ended December 31, 2025 mainly relate to the €10,663 thousand gain resulting from the favorable

change in the euro to U.S. dollar exchange rate between the closing of the Group's July 2025 Offering (date of recognition of the share

capital increase) and the date of receipt of funds.

F-71

Note 22. Income tax

The income tax rate applicable to the Company is the French corporate income tax rate, i.e. 25% for the years ended December 31,

2023, 2024 and 2025.

The income tax rates applicable to the U.S. Subsidiary are the federal income tax rate of 21% and the State income tax rates of 4.35%,

5.36% and 8.06% i.e. a total of 25.35%, 26.36% and 29.06% for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025 respectively.


(In thousands of euros, except percentage)	YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2023	YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2024	YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2025
Loss before tax	(147,740)	(176,242)	(330,254)
Statutory French tax rate	25%	25%	25%
Nominal income tax using statutory French tax rate	36,935	44,061	82,563
Tax effect of:
Tax rates in foreign jurisdictions	—	—	(153)
Share-based payment	(2,045)	(5,056)	(8,849)
CIR	1,123	1,663	765
Transaction costs related to capital increase	3,073	(112)	10,077
Decrease / (increase) in derivatives and other liabilities measured at FVTPL	748	(207)	(17,087)
Non-recognition of deferred tax assets related to tax losses and temporary differences	(39,612)	(40,399)	(61,320)
Other	(222)	49	(148)
Effective income tax (loss)	—	—	(5,848)


(In thousands of euros)
DEFERRED TAX ASSETS AND LIABILITIES BY NATURE	AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2023	AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2024	AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2025
Retirement benefit obligation	157	189	157
Leases	135	591	476
Other financial liabilities	351	1,678	—
Provisions for AGA taxes	83	142	11,454
Tax losses carryforward	114,946	152,372	228,239
Other items	335	744	1,568
Deferred tax assets	116,006	155,715	241,894
Subsidies	24	12	—
Leases	124	485	396
Royalty certificates	—	—	17,208
Other financial liabilities	285	1,075	—
Other items	10	12	11
Deferred tax liabilities	444	1,584	17,616
Deferred tax assets, net	115,562	154,131	224,279
Unrecognized deferred tax assets	(115,562)	(154,131)	(230,127)
Total deferred taxes, net recognized in the statement of financial position	—	—	(5,848)

The Group incurred tax losses in the reporting periods ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025. As the recoverability of these tax

losses is not considered probable in subsequent periods due to the uncertainties inherent in the Group’s business, the Group has not

recognized deferred tax assets beyond deferred tax liabilities arising within the same taxable entity under the same taxable regime and

with consistent timing of reversal, after considering, if applicable, limitations in the use of deductible tax losses carried forward from

prior periods applicable under tax laws in France and in the U.S..

As of December 31, 2025, the €17,208 thousand deferred tax liability on royalty certificates results from the difference between (i) the

amount already deducted from the Company's taxable income as of December 31, 2025 (based on the certificates' fair value minus the

F-72

subscription price) and (ii) the amount of the related financial liability recognized in the Group's Statements of Financial Position at

that date (measured at amortized cost using the original EIR).

As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, this difference resulted in a deferred tax asset of respectively €1,427 thousand (classified within

the "Other financial liabilities" line item) and €0.

As of December 31, 2025, the Group has assessed the expected reversal of temporary taxable and deductible differences existing at the

reporting date. The timing of reversal of the taxable difference on royalty certificates was estimated under the same cash flow schedule

and discount rate assumptions as the certificates' fair value as of December 31, 2025 (see Note 15.9).

Based on this assessment, under the above recoverability assumption and after taking into account the limitations on the use of

deductible tax losses carried forward in France, the Group determined that deferred tax assets amounting to €11,720 thousand should

be recognized as the related deductible temporary differences and losses carried forward will reverse and be utilized against future

taxable temporary differences in the same periods in this jurisdiction.

As a result, the net deferred tax position of the Group as of December 31, 2025 is a deferred tax liability of €5,848 thousand, relating

to royalty certificates.

The accumulated tax loss carry forwards for the Company amount to €459,752 thousand, €609,390 thousand and €911,776 thousand

as of December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025, respectively. In France, unused tax losses do not have any expiration date; however, their

annual utilization is limited to €1 million plus 50% of the taxable profit exceeding that amount.

The accumulated tax loss carry forwards for the U.S. Subsidiary consist of federal Net Operating Loss ("NOL") carry forwards and

amount to €38 thousand, €112 thousand and €1,083 thousand as of December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025, respectively. They do not

have any expiration date.

Note 23. Income (loss) per share

Basic losses per share is calculated by dividing income (loss) attributable to equity holders of the Group by the weighted-

average number of outstanding ordinary shares for the year.

Diluted losses per share are calculated by adjusting the weighted average number of ordinary outstanding shares to assume

conversion of all dilutive potential ordinary shares.


(amounts in thousands of euros, except share data)
BASIC AND DILUTED LOSS PER SHARE	YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2023	YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2024	YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2025
Weighted average number of outstanding shares	43,066,012	63,046,350	69,527,315
Net loss for the period	(147,740)	(176,242)	(336,102)
Basic and diluted loss per share (€/share)	(3.43)	(2.80)	(4.83)

Potential dilutive instruments (BCEs, BSAs, AGAs, BSA Kreos 1, OCEANE, Kreos/Claret BSA, Kreos/Claret OCABSA and

Height notes) have been excluded from the computation of diluted weighted-average shares outstanding because such instruments

had an antidilutive impact due to the losses reported. As of December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025, the number of potential dilutive

instruments were 28,754,280, 29,570,132 and 8,857,084 respectively, giving rights to a maximum number of shares to be issued of

6,510,658, 6,760,392 and 8,857,084 respectively.

F-73

Note 24. Related parties

The aggregate compensation of the members of the Group’s Board of Directors and to the Chief Executive Officer includes the

following:


(In thousands of euros)
COMPENSATION	YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2023	YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2024	YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2025
Fixed compensation owed	471	578	601
Variable compensation owed	282		450
Contributions in-kind	32	68	111
Employer contributions	—	—	—
Attendance fees—board of directors	375	495	608
Share-based payments	6,561	10,517	8,098
Consulting fees	1,210	—	—
Total	8,930	11,657	9,869

As of December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025, there was no liability related to post-employment defined benefit obligations for members

of the Group’s Board of Directors and Chief Executive Officer. No other post-employment benefits are granted.

Other arrangements with our Directors and Executive Officers

The Group entered into an intellectual property assignment agreement with CEO Hartmut Ehrlich on July 7, 2021. The purpose of this

agreement is to transfer to the Group all the intellectual property rights held by Hartmut Ehrlich on certain patents of which he is a co-

inventor. No compensation has been paid in respect of this transfer.

In connection with Dr. Hartmut Ehrlich’s retirement as CEO, the Group entered into a transition protocol with Dr. Ehrlich in April

2023. Pursuant to the transition protocol, Dr. Ehrlich remained a Group employee on a part-time basis until December 31, 2023 in a

capacity as advisor to the new Chief Executive Officer against payment of a total compensation of €100 thousand, and a departure

indemnity equal to €1,210 thousand was stated.

The Group entered into a management contract with CEO Marc de Garidel on April 18, 2023. In 2023, 2024 and 2025 the Group also

granted AGA plans to its CEO (see terms and conditions in Note 14).

The Group entered into a management contract with Chairman of the Board Sylvie Grégoire in July 2024. In 2024 and 2025, the

Group also granted BSA plans to its Chairman of the Board (see terms and conditions in Note 14).

Note 25. Off-balance sheet commitments given

Note 25.1. Commitments under collaboration, research, service provision and licensing agreements granted by the Group

Collaboration, research and development, and licensing agreements, and licensing options related to the “Modulation of RNA

biogenesis” platform.

•Exclusive licensing agreement with the CNRS, the University of Montpellier and the Institut Curie

On December 4, 2008, the French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS), the University of Montpellier and

the Institut Curie granted the Group four exclusive licenses. These licenses cover the use of their technology and

products by the Group in the field of human and veterinary health relating to the use of synthetic products modifying

mRNA splicing, for research, diagnosis, prevention and treatment of any possible indication. The licensing agreement

includes low single-digit royalties based on future net sales to be paid by the Group.

•Research and development contract with license option with the CNRS, the University of Montpellier and Theradiag

The CNRS, the University of Montpellier, the Group and Theradiag conducted since 2013 a collaborative project

notably in the fields of HIV and HTLV-1 called CARENA, in connection with a funding obtained through Bpifrance.

The overall project provided for co-ownership and cross-licenses on the project's results through various instruments.

The Group met all obligations and the project was closed in December 2024.

F-74

Exclusive licensing contract with “The Scripps Research Institute, University of Chicago and Brigham Young University” with the

“Immune Stimulation” platform (ABX196 product)

On 11 November 2006, The Scripps Research Institute (La Jolla, California, USA), in agreement with the University of Chicago

(Chicago, Illinois, USA) and Brigham Young University (Provo, Utah, USA), granted the Group an exclusive license in the field of

human and veterinary health on its technology and products relating to the use of iNKT agonists for research, diagnosis, prevention

and treatment of all possible indications. In consideration for the licensing rights granted to it under the agreement, the Group had to:

•pay The Scripps Research Institute milestones at different stages of clinical and regulatory development of the first

product (the milestones amount to $50 thousand at IND filing, paid in September 2019 and capitalized, $300 thousand at

Phase 3 and $500 thousand at IND approval) and low single-digit royalties for vaccines, diagnostic tests and therapeutic

products, according to the amount of net sales, and

•give The Scripps Research Institute, University of Chicago and Brigham Young University an equitable interest in the

Group (as of the date of these financial statements, these three academic institutions hold 0.41% of the Group’s

undiluted capital).

During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Group made the decision to freeze the development program for ABX196 in the

treatment of hepatocellular cancer. Subsequently, in 2024, the licensing contract was terminated.

Note 25.2. Commitments under BPI conditional advances

Bpifrance CARENA contract

As part of the development of therapeutic and diagnostic solutions targeting alternative splicing and RNA interference in the fields of

virology (HIV-AIDS, HTLV-1) and metabolism (obesity), SPLICOS (absorbed by the Group on 31 October 2014) has entered into a

Master Support Agreement with Bpifrance as well as a conditional advance contract in the name of the “CARENA” Strategic

Industrial Innovation Project dated December 16, 2013. The Group, acting as project leader for the CARENA project, was associated

as part of a consortium contract with Theradiag, a Group specializing in in vitro diagnostics and the development of theranostic tests

for monitoring biotherapies, as well as at the CNRS and the University of Montpellier.

The CARENA project aimed to develop the anti-HIV-AIDS therapeutic program with the compound ABX464 up to the Phase 2b

study, as well as a companion test set up by Theradiag simultaneously with the clinical development. Beyond the anti-HIV-AIDS

program, the CARENA project could extend its pharmacological investigations to another retrovirus that could be combated by the

same approach: HTLV-1.

The Group is committed to reimbursing the received conditional advances up to €3,840 thousand. The Group will also have to pay an

annuity of 50% of the proceeds from the sale of the intellectual property rights resulting from the project, as well as the sale of the

prototypes, preproduction and models produced under the project; the sum due to Bpifrance under this provision will be deducted

from the repayment of the conditional advances. In addition, if the advance is repaid under the conditions outlined above, the Group

will pay to Bpifrance, over a period of five consecutive years after the date on which the repayment schedule ends and provided that

the Group has reached cumulative pre-tax revenue greater than or equal to €50 million, an amount equal to 1.20% of the annual

revenue generated from the sale of the products developed as part of the project. This supplementary payment amount is capped at

€6,800 thousand. The total period, including fixed payments and incentive payments, is limited to 15 years.

In June 2024, the Group and Bpifrance agreed to terminate the project due to technical failure. Termination became effective in

December 2024 after the Group refunded €234 thousand corresponding to a portion of the funding received. The Group is therefore

released of its obligations to pay an annuities on the proceeds from the sale of the intellectual property rights resulting from the

project.

Bpifrance RNP-VIR contract

In pursuit of the CARENA project, focused on the clinical development of a drug molecule and demonstrating the validity of an

innovative therapeutic approach targeting viral RNPs, the Group has entered into a Master Support Agreement with Bpifrance as well

as a beneficiary agreement with conditional advance for the “RNP-VIR” structuring research and development project for

competitiveness dated December 16, 2016.

The RNP-VIR project aimed to further the discovery of new molecules for the treatment of multiple infectious diseases by the

development of the antiviral technology platform. The Group, acting as project leader of the RNP-VIR project, was associated in a

consortium contract with the CNRS and the University of Montpellier.

F-75

The Group is committed to reimburse the received conditional advances up to €6,576 thousand. If applicable, the Group will also have

to pay an annuity of 50% of the proceeds from the sale of the intellectual property rights resulting from the project, as well as the sale

of the prototypes, preproduction and models produced under the project. The sum due to Bpifrance under this provision will be

deducted from the last payment (and if needed from the previous payments).

If the advance is repaid under the conditions outlined above, the Group will pay to Bpifrance, over a period of five consecutive years

following the date on which the repayment schedule ends and provided that the Group has reached cumulative pre-tax revenue greater

than or equal to €25 million, an amount equal to 3% of the annual revenue generated from the sale of products developed as part of the

project. The supplementary payments amount is capped at €5,500 thousand. The total period, including fixed payments and incentive

payments, is limited to 15 years.

In June 2024, the Group and Bpifrance agreed to terminate the project due to technical failure. Termination became effective in

December 2024. The Group is therefore released of its obligations to pay an annuities on the proceeds from the sale of the intellectual

property rights resulting from the project.

Bpifrance Ebola

The Bpifrance and Occitanie Region joint support agreement granted on June 2, 2017 consists of conditional advances to the Group

for a total amount of up to €390 thousand, based on the success of the program (respectively €130 thousand from the Languedoc

Roussillon Midi Pyrénées Region and €260 thousand from Bpifrance). In September 2019, the Group decided to terminate this

program, due to the existence of a vaccine in the process of being licensed for this indication as well as changes in the macroeconomic

climate for public funding.

The reimbursement of the conditional advance was spread until June 2024.

Note 25.3. Pledge assets to Kreos, Claret and Heights

As part of the KREOS 1 & 2 bonds, Kreos benefits from first-rate collateral on the Group’s principal tangible and intangible assets,

including its commercial fund, intellectual property rights in its principal drug candidates, as well as a pledge of the Group’s bank

accounts and claims.

On August 21, 2023, the outstanding Kreos 1 & 2 bond loans were repaid in full, using the proceeds from the new Kreos / Claret

Financing (see Note 3.1).

The Kreos / Claret Financing provides for certain restrictive covenants (subject to customary exceptions) which include, among other

things, restrictions on the incurrence of indebtedness, cross-default, the distribution of dividends and the grant of security interests, and

which would cause the bonds to become repayable on demand in case of breach. As of December 31, 2024, the Group complied with

these restrictive covenants.

As security for the Kreos / Claret Financing, the lenders benefit from the grant of first-ranking collateral on the Group’s principal

tangible and intangible assets, including pledges over the Group’s business (fonds de commerce) as a going concern and intellectual

property rights in the Group's lead drug candidate, as well as pledges over the Group’s bank accounts and receivables. Such securities

apply to all tranches of the Kreos / Claret Financing.

Following the conversion of Tranche A bonds in August and November 2025, the exercise of the Kreos / Claret BSA in August 2025

and the repayment of Tranches B and C bonds in December 2025, the Group no longer holds any debt related to the Kreos / Claret

Financing and is therefore released from the aforementioned commitments.

The Heights Financing is a senior, unsecured financing. The terms and conditions of the Heights convertible notes include a standard

negative pledge providing that any security granted in favor of other borrowed debt or debt instruments should also be granted in favor

of the Heights convertible notes on an equal basis (with the exception of the securities issued pursuant to the Kreos / Claret Financing,

as detailed above).

Following the conversion of Tranche A in July 2025, the Group no longer holds any debt related to the Heights Financing and is

therefore released from the aforementioned commitment.

Note 25.4. Other commitments related to research and partnership arrangements

In the ordinary course of business, the Group regularly uses the services of subcontractors and enters into research and partnership

arrangements with various contract research organizations, or CROs, and with public- sector partners or subcontractors, who conduct

clinical trials and studies in relation to the drug candidates.

At December 31, 2023, 2024, and 2025 the Group’s commitments amounted to €201,777 thousand, €234,908 thousand and

205,131 thousand. The cost of services performed by CROs is recognized as an operating expense as incurred.

F-76

Note 25.5. Leases

Following the end (in December 31, 2021) of the Framework agreement with CNRS (French National Centre for Scientific Research)

and the University of Montpellier for research collaboration to create a cooperative laboratory, a hosting agreement was signed in

2022 with CNRS, so that the Group can continue its research program at the CNRS center for the year 2023, and was subsequently

renewed for 2024, 2025 and 2026. The lease fell under the IFRS 16 short-term lease exemption until the 2025 renewal. As of

December 31, 2025 a right-of-use asset and a lease liability were recognized.

In December 2022, following the end of the Research collaboration contract with the CNRS, the University of Montpellier and the

Institut Curie, the Company and the Institut Curie concluded a new contract for a duration of one year, renewable by amendment,

granting the Company access to some of the Institute’s equipment and consumables. The contract was subsequently renewed for 2024,

2025 and 2026, under similar conditions. Since the Group's right to use the equipment is non-exclusive, this agreement does not meet

the definition of a lease under IFRS 16, and the related rental expenses are therefore recognized in operating expenses as incurred.

The Group's commitments in relation to the above lease are not significant. Information on other ongoing leases recognized in the

balance sheet are set forth in Note 15.8 and 15.12.

Note 26. Off-balance sheet commitments received and contingent assets

The maximum amounts receivable by the Group after December 31, 2023 under the “RNP-VIR” and “CARENA” and innovation

agreements entered into with Bpifrance, subject to the provision of evidence to support the forecast expenses and the achievement of

scientific milestones, are €3,255 thousand and €1,853 thousand, respectively. In June 2024, the Group and Bpifrance agreed to

terminate the two projects due to technical failures (see Note 15.7).

As part of the Kreos / Claret Financing agreement, the Group has received loan commitments from Kreos and Claret for the tranches B

and C, of €25,000 thousand in aggregate principal amount each (subject to the conditions set forth in Note 15.1.). The B and C

tranches were drawn in March 2024 and June 2024, respectively. The Group redeemed all the tranches drawn as part of the Kreos /

Claret Financing agreement during the year ended December 31, 2025.

As part of the Heights Financing agreement, the Group has received a loan commitment from Heights for the tranche B, of up to

€40,000 thousand in aggregate principal amount (subject to the conditions set forth in Note 15.2.). On the limit date for the drawdown

of the second tranche of the Heights Financing (i.e. August 4, 2024), the Group had not drawn down this tranche and has therefore

forgone its right to do so in the future. Tranche A was converted by the noteholders in July 2025.

The Group has not received any significant off-balance sheet commitment and has no significant contingent asset as of December 31,

2025.

Note 27. Management and assessment of financial risks

The principal financial instruments held by the Group are cash and cash equivalents. The purpose of holding these instruments is to

finance the ongoing business activities of the Group. It is not the Group’s policy to invest in financial instruments for speculative

purposes. The Group does not use derivative financial instruments for hedging purposes.

The principal risks to which the Group is exposed to are liquidity risk, foreign currency exchange risk and credit risk.

Liquidity risk

Liquidity risk management aims to ensure that the Group disposes of sufficient liquidity and financial resources to be able to meet

present and future obligations.

The Group prepares short-term cash forecasts and annual operating cash flow forecasts as part of its budget procedures.

F-77

Prudent liquidity risk management involves maintaining sufficient liquidity, having access to financial resources through appropriate

credit facilities and being able to unwind market positions.

The Group’s operations have consumed substantial amounts of cash since inception. Developing pharmaceutical drug candidates,

including conducting clinical trials, is expensive, lengthy and risky, and the Group expects its research and development expenses to

increase substantially in connection with its ongoing activities. Accordingly, the Group will continue to require substantial additional

capital to continue its clinical development activities and potentially engage in commercialization activities.

The Group's estimate of its cash runway as of the date of approval of these financial statements is set forth in Note 2 - Going concern.

Interest rate risk

As of December 31, 2023, following the full repayment of the Kreos 1 bonds, all the Group’s non-derivative financial liabilities

accounted for at amortized cost bore fixed interest rates. Therefore, the Group had limited exposure.

Over the year ended December 31, 2024, the Group had drawn down the second and third tranches of the Kreos / Claret Financing,

bearing variable interest rates (consisting of a fixed margin of 7.5% + European Central Bank Base Rate (MRO), with a floor at 2.5%

and a cap at 4%) and had therefore performed a reassessment of its exposure to interest rate risk. Due to the interest rate collar having

a range of 150 bp, the Group concluded that it still had limited exposure.

As of December 31, 2025, the Group had reimbursed all its interest-bearing liabilities.

The Group's investments are short-term, highly liquid, and predominantly classified within Cash & cash equivalents.

Accordingly, the Group has very limited exposure to interest rate risk.

Foreign currency risk

The Group is exposed to a risk of exchange rates fluctuations on commercial transactions performed in currencies different from the

functional currency of the Group entity recording the transactions.

As of December 31, 2025, the monetary assets and liabilities denominated in U.S. dollars held by the Company amounted to

respectively €327,222 thousand (of which cash and cash equivalents of €143,180 thousand and intercompany receivables of €194,712

thousand) and €24,368 thousand (of which intercompany payables of €22,726 thousand).

As a result, a 10% adverse change in the euro closing exchange rate against the U.S. dollar would have resulted in a foreign exchange

loss of €29,747 thousand, while a 10% favorable change would have resulted in a foreign exchange gain of €36,358 thousand.

The U.S. Subsidiary does not hold any monetary asset or liability denominated in currencies different from its functioning currency

(the U.S. dollar).

At this stage, the Group has not adopted any recurring mechanism of hedging to protect its activity against currency fluctuations. From

time to time, the Group may nevertheless subscribe currency term accounts in order to cover a commitment in currency as described

above. The Group may consider in the future using a suitable policy to hedge exchange risks in a more significant manner if needed.

Credit risk

The credit risk related to the Group’s cash and cash equivalents is not significant in light of the quality of the co-contracting financial

institutions. As of December 31, 2025, substantially all of the Group’s cash and cash equivalents were maintained with five financial

institutions in France and in the United States. While the Group’s deposit accounts are insured up to the legal limit, the maintained

balances may, at times, exceed this insured limit. As of December 31, 2025, the Group maintained €92,482 thousand in bank deposit

accounts that are in excess of the legally insured limit in five legally insured financial institutions, in addition to €437,032 thousand

invested in mutual funds and structured notes, all invested with well-established financial institutions. The Group has not experienced

any losses in such accounts and does not believe that it is exposed to any significant credit risk related to these instruments.

The credit risk related to the Group’s Other receivables and related accounts is minimal. In particular, the credit risk related to

advances made to CROs (see Note 9) is deemed insignificant due to their credit ratings.


Chairperson & CEO	Allocation date	Type of AGAs	Number of AGAs allocated	Subscription price	Acquisition period
Marc de Garidel ..........	July-11-2023	Free Shares 2023-1	1,382,796	N/A	Minimum of 1 year (1)
	February-01-2024	Free Shares 2024-1	400,000	N/A	Minimum of 2 years (2)
	February-06-2025	Free Shares 2025-1	936,000	N/A	Minimum of 2 years (3)
	February-06-2025	Free Shares 2025-2	47,052	N/A	2 years
	August-01-2025	Free Shares 2025-7	100,000	N/A	Minimum of 2 years (2)
Sylvie Grégoire ...........	July-11-2024	Free Shares 2024-5	25,000	N/A	Minimum of 2 years (2)
	February-06-2025	Free Shares 2025-4	30,500	N/A	Minimum of 2 years (2)
Total ...........................			1,807,796


Plan name	Free ordinary share plan AGA 2023-3
General Meeting date	June 5, 2023
Board of Directors decision	September 28, 2023
Free ordinary shares granted by the Board of Directors	731,500
Marc de Garidel	0
Sylvie Grégoire	0
Didier Blondel	20,000
Fabio Cataldi	0
Others	711,500
Duration of vesting period	•50% of the ordinary shares allocated shall vest on September 28, 2025; •25% of the ordinary shares allocated shall vest on September 28, 2026; and •25% of the ordinary shares allocated shall vest on September 28, 2027.
Date of availability	The ordinary shares are not subject to a lock-up period once vested.
Free ordinary shares fully vested as of February 28, 2026	251,125
Free ordinary shares being vested as of February 28, 2026	200,000
Free ordinary shares lapsed as of February 28, 2026	280,375
Employment conditions	For all of the ordinary shares, the vesting is subject to the beneficiary of the plan retaining, on an ongoing basis, the status of corporate officer or employee of the Company and/or one of its direct and/or indirect subsidiaries, as applicable.


Plan name	Free ordinary share plan AGA 2024-2
General Meeting date	June 5, 2023
Board of Directors decision	March 28, 2024
Free ordinary shares granted by the Board of Directors	22,500
Marc de Garidel	—
Sylvie Grégoire	—
Didier Blondel	—
Fabio Cataldi	—
Others	22,500
Duration of vesting period	•50% of the ordinary shares allocated shall vest on March 28, 2026; •25% of the ordinary shares allocated shall vest on March 28, 2027; and •25% of the ordinary shares allocated shall vest on March 28, 2028.
Date of availability	The ordinary shares are not subject to a lock-up period once vested.
Free ordinary shares fully vested as of February 28, 2026	0
Free ordinary shares being vested as of February 28, 2026	22,500
Free ordinary shares lapsed as of February 28, 2026	0
Performance and employment conditions	For all of the ordinary shares, the vesting is subject to the beneficiary of the plan retaining, on an ongoing basis, the status of corporate officer or employee of the Company and/or one of its direct and/or indirect subsidiaries, as applicable.


Plan name	Free ordinary share plan AGA 2024-5
General Meeting date	May 30, 2024
Board of Directors decision	July 11, 2024
Free ordinary shares granted by the Board of Directors	25,000
Marc de Garidel	—
Sylvie Grégoire	25,000
Didier Blondel	—
Fabio Cataldi	—
Others	—
Duration of vesting period	•50% of the ordinary shares allocated shall vest on July 11, 2026; •25% of the ordinary shares allocated shall vest on July 11, 2027; and •25% of the ordinary shares allocated shall vest on July 11, 2028.
Date of availability	The ordinary shares are not subject to a lock-up period once vested.
Free ordinary shares fully vested as of February 28, 2026	0
Free ordinary shares being vested as of February 28, 2026	25,000
Free ordinary shares lapsed as of February 28, 2026	0
Performance and employment conditions	For all of the ordinary shares, the vesting is subject to the beneficiary of the plan retaining, on an ongoing basis, the status of corporate officer or employee of the Company and/or one of its direct and/or indirect subsidiaries, as applicable.


Plan name	Free ordinary share plan AGA 2025-5
General Meeting date	May 30, 2024
Board of Directors decision	March 20, 2025
Free ordinary shares granted by the Board of Directors	50,000
Marc de Garidel	—
Sylvie Grégoire	—
Didier Blondel	—
Fabio Cataldi	—
Others	50,000
Duration of vesting period	•50% of the ordinary shares allocated shall vest on the earliest of March 20, 2026 and the fulfillment of condition; and •50% of the ordinary shares allocated shall vest on the earliest of March 20, 2026 and the fulfillment of condition.
Date of availability	The ordinary shares are not subject to a lock-up period once vested.
Free ordinary shares fully vested as of February 28, 2026	0
Free ordinary shares being vested as of February 28, 2026	0
Free ordinary shares lapsed as of February 28, 2026	50,000
Performance and employment conditions	For all of the ordinary shares, the vesting is subject to the beneficiary of the plan retaining, on an ongoing basis, the status of corporate officer or employee of the Company and/or one of its direct and/or indirect subsidiaries, as applicable.


Plan name	Free ordinary share plan AGA 2025-6
General Meeting date	May 30, 2024
Board of Directors decision	May 28, 2025
Free ordinary shares granted by the Board of Directors	25,000
Marc de Garidel	—
Sylvie Grégoire	—
Didier Blondel	—
Fabio Cataldi	—
Others	25,000
Duration of vesting period	•50% of the ordinary shares allocated shall vest on May 28, 2027; •25% of the ordinary shares allocated shall vest on May 28 2028; and •25% of the ordinary shares allocated shall vest on May 28 2029.
Date of availability	The ordinary shares are not subject to a lock-up period once vested.
Free ordinary shares fully vested as of February 28, 2026	0
Free ordinary shares being vested as of February 28, 2026	25,000
Free ordinary shares lapsed as of February 28, 2026	0
Performance and employment conditions	For all of the ordinary shares, the vesting is subject to the beneficiary of the plan retaining, on an ongoing basis, the status of corporate officer or employee of the Company and/or one of its direct and/or indirect subsidiaries, as applicable.


Plan name	Free ordinary share plan AGA 2025-7
General Meeting date	June 6, 2025
Board of Directors decision	August 1, 2025
Free ordinary shares granted by the Board of Directors	1,711,000
Marc de Garidel	100,000
Sylvie Grégoire	0
Didier Blondel	130,000
Fabio Cataldi	50,000
Others	1,431,000
Duration of vesting period	•50% of the ordinary shares allocated shall vest on August 1, 2027; •25% of the ordinary shares allocated shall vest on August 1 2028; and •25% of the ordinary shares allocated shall vest on August 1, 2029.
Date of availability	The ordinary shares are not subject to a lock-up period once vested.
Free ordinary shares fully vested as of February 28, 2026	0
Free ordinary shares being vested as of February 28, 2026	1,631,000
Free ordinary shares lapsed as of February 28, 2026	80,000
Performance and employment conditions	For all of the ordinary shares, the vesting is subject to the beneficiary of the plan retaining, on an ongoing basis, the status of corporate officer or employee of the Company and/or one of its direct and/or indirect subsidiaries, as applicable.


Plan name	Free ordinary share plan AGA 2025-8
General Meeting date	June 6, 2025
Board of Directors decision	November 13, 2025
Free ordinary shares granted by the Board of Directors	4,000
Marc de Garidel	—
Sylvie Grégoire	—
Didier Blondel	—
Fabio Cataldi	—
Others	4,000
Duration of vesting period	•50% of the ordinary shares allocated shall vest on November 13, 2027; •25% of the ordinary shares allocated shall vest on November 13 2028; and •25% of the ordinary shares allocated shall vest on November 13, 2029.
Date of availability	The ordinary shares are not subject to a lock-up period once vested.
Free ordinary shares fully vested as of February 28, 2026	0
Free ordinary shares being vested as of February 28, 2026	4,000
Free ordinary shares lapsed as of February 28, 2026	0
Performance and employment conditions	For all of the ordinary shares, the vesting is subject to the beneficiary of the plan retaining, on an ongoing basis, the status of corporate officer or employee of the Company and/or one of its direct and/or indirect subsidiaries, as applicable.


Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID No. 1347) ........................	F-2
Consolidated Statements of Financial Position ..................................................................................	F-3
Consolidated Statements of Income (Loss) .......................................................................................	F-4
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) .............................................................	F-5
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity ..........................................................	F-6
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows ............................................................................................	F-7
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements ................................................................................	F-8


(Amounts in thousands of euros, except per share amounts)	Notes	YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2023	YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2024	YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2025
Other operating income	18	4,621	12,449	4,570
Total operating income		4,621	12,449	4,570
Sales and marketing	19.1	(6,431)	(5,954)	(5,194)
Research and development	19.2	(103,176)	(146,532)	(177,761)
General and administrative	19.3	(22,390)	(32,946)	(67,670)
Total operating expenses		(131,997)	(185,433)	(250,626)
Operating loss		(127,376)	(172,984)	(246,056)
Financial expenses		(27,875)	(16,991)	(111,743)
Financial income		7,511	13,732	27,545
Financial gain (loss)	21	(20,364)	(3,258)	(84,198)
Net loss before tax		(147,740)	(176,242)	(330,254)
Income tax	22	—	—	(5,848)
Net loss for the period		(147,740)	(176,242)	(336,102)
Loss per share (€/share)
Weighted average number of outstanding shares used for computing basic/diluted loss per share		43,066,012	63,046,350	69,527,315
Basic / diluted loss per share (€/share)	23	(3.43)	(2.80)	(4.83)


TYPE (in thousands of euros)	YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2023	YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2024		YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2025
BCEs	(112)	(112)	0	—
BSAs	—	(211)	0	(289)
AGAs	(8,067)	(19,900)	0	(35,108)
Social taxes related to AGAs	(426)	(717)	0	(48,990)
Total	(8,605)	(20,941)	0	(84,387)