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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

FORM 20-F

(Mark One)

☐ REGISTRATION STATEMENT PURSUANT TO SECTION 12(b) OR 12(g) OF THE SECURITIES
EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

☒ ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES
EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2025

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES
EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

☐ SHELL COMPANY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES
EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

Date of event requiring this shell company report_____

For the transition period from_____to_____

Commission File Number: 001-41801

Cheche Group Inc.

(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter)

Not applicable		Cayman Islands
(Translation of Registrant’s name into English)		(Jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)

Lei Zhang

8/F, Desheng Hopson Fortune Plaza

13-1 Deshengmenwai Avenue

Xicheng District, Beijing 100088, China

(86) 10 5083-0911

(Name, Telephone, Email and/or Facsimile number and Address of Company Contact Person)

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class	Trading Symbol(s)	Name of exchange on which registered
Class A ordinary shares, $0.00001 par value per share	CCG	The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC
Warrants, each exercisable for one Class A ordinary share at an exercise price of $11.50 per share	CCGWW	The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:

None

(Title of Class)

Securities for which there is a reporting obligation pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Act:

None

(Title of Class)

Indicate the number of outstanding shares of each of the issuer’s classes of capital or common stock as of the close of the period covered by this annual report:

As of December 31, 2025, there were (1) 83,020,061 ordinary shares (excluding 709,432 Class A Ordinary Shares held in treasury), consisting of 64,423,557 Class A ordinary shares and 18,596,504 Class B ordinary shares, and (2) 10,608,609 warrants to purchase 10,608,609 Class A ordinary shares issued and outstanding.

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☐ No ☒

If this report is an annual or transition report, indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or an emerging growth company. See definition of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer	☐	Accelerated filer	☐	Non-accelerated filer	☒

				Emerging growth company	☒

If an emerging growth company that prepares its financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards† provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

†	The term “new or revised financial accounting standard” refers to any update issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board to its Accounting Standards Codification after April 5, 2012.

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting over Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☐

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐

Indicate by check mark which basis of accounting the registrant has used to prepare the financial statements included in this filing:

U.S. GAAP ☒

International Financial Reporting Standards as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board

☐

Other ☐

If “Other” has been checked in response to the previous question indicate by check mark which financial statement item the registrant has elected to follow. Item 17 ☐ Item 18 ☐

If this is an annual report, indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

(APPLICABLE ONLY TO ISSUERS INVOLVED IN BANKRUPTCY PROCEEDINGS DURING THE PAST FIVE YEARS)

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed all documents and reports required to be filed by Sections 12, 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 subsequent to the distribution of securities under a plan confirmed by a court. Yes ☐ No ☐

TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION		ii
FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS		v
PART I
ITEM 1.	IDENTITY OF DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND ADVISERS	1
ITEM 2.	OFFER STATISTICS AND EXPECTED TIMETABLE	1
ITEM 3.	KEY INFORMATION	1
ITEM 4.	INFORMATION ON THE COMPANY	68
ITEM 4A.	UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS	124
ITEM 5.	OPERATING AND FINANCIAL REVIEW AND PROSPECTS	124
ITEM 6.	DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND EMPLOYEES	138
ITEM 7.	MAJOR SHAREHOLDERS AND RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS	147
ITEM 8.	FINANCIAL INFORMATION	151
ITEM 9.	THE OFFER AND LISTING	152
ITEM 10.	ADDITIONAL INFORMATION	152
ITEM 11.	QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK	163
ITEM 12.	DESCRIPTION OF SECURITIES OTHER THAN EQUITY SECURITIES	164
PART II
ITEM 13.	DEFAULTS, DIVIDEND ARREARAGES AND DELINQUENCIES	165
ITEM 14.	MATERIAL MODIFICATIONS TO THE RIGHTS OF SECURITY HOLDERS AND USE OF PROCEEDS	165
ITEM 15.	CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES	165
ITEM 16.	RESERVED	166
ITEM 16A.	AUDIT COMMITTEE FINANCIAL EXPERT	166
ITEM 16B.	CODE OF ETHICS	166
ITEM 16C.	PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES	167
ITEM 16D.	EXEMPTIONS FROM THE LISTING STANDARDS FOR AUDIT COMMITTEES	167
ITEM 16E.	PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES BY THE ISSUER AND AFFILIATED PURCHASERS	167
ITEM 16F.	CHANGE IN REGISTRANT’S CERTIFYING ACCOUNTANT	167
ITEM 16G.	CORPORATE GOVERNANCE	167
ITEM 16H.	MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURE	167
ITEM 16I.	DISCLOSURE REGARDING FOREIGN JURISDICTIONS THAT PREVENT INSPECTIONS	167
ITEM 16J.	INSIDER TRADING POLICIES	168
ITEM 16K.	CYBERSECURITY	168
PART III
ITEM 17.	FINANCIAL STATEMENTS	169
ITEM 18.	FINANCIAL STATEMENTS	169
ITEM 19.	EXHIBITS	169
EXHIBIT INDEX		169

INTRODUCTION

Except as otherwise indicated or required by context and for purposes of this annual report on Form 20-F only:

●

“Acquisition Closing” refers to the closing of the Acquisition Merger.

●

“Acquisition Closing Date” refers to the date of closing of the Acquisition Merger.

●

“Acquisition Merger” refers to the merger on the Closing Date of Merger Sub with and into CCT, with CCT surviving the merger as a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company.

●

“Acquisition Merger Effective Time” refers to the date and time at which the Acquisition Merger becomes effective.

●

“Affiliated Entities” refers to the VIE, Beijing Cheche Technology Co., Ltd., and its subsidiaries, Cheche Insurance Sales & Services Co., Ltd. (“Cheche Insurance”), Huicai Insurance Brokerage Co., Ltd. and Cheche Zhixing (Ningbo) Car Service Co., Ltd.

●

“Amended and Restated Memorandum and Articles of Association” refers to our currently effective memorandum and articles of association, which became effective on September 14, 2023.

●

“Backstop Private Placement” refers to the offer and sale to the Backstop Investor, an aggregate of 500,000 Class A Ordinary Shares at a purchase price equal to $10.00 per share, pursuant to the Backstop Agreement dated September 11, 2023, by and among Prime Impact, the Company and the Backstop Investor.

●

“Business Combination” refers to the Initial Merger, the Acquisition Merger, and all other transactions contemplated by the Business Combination Agreement.

●

“Business Combination Agreement” refers to that certain Business Combination Agreement, dated as of January 29, 2023, by and among Prime Impact, Merger Sub, the Company and CCT.

●

“CAC” refers to the Cyberspace Administration of the PRC.

●

“Cayman Companies Act” refers to the Companies Act (As Revised) of the Cayman Islands.

●

“CCT” refers to Cheche Technology Inc., its subsidiaries and, in the context of describing the operations and consolidated financial statements, the Affiliated Entities.

●

“Class A Ordinary Shares” refers to Class A Ordinary Shares, par value $0.00001 per share, of the Company, each of which will be entitled to one vote.

●

“Class B Ordinary Shares” refers to Class B Ordinary Shares, par value $0.00001 per share, of the Company, each of which will be entitled to three votes.

●

“Closing Date” refers to September 14, 2023, the date on which the Initial Closing and the Acquisition Closing occurred.

●

“Code” refers to the U.S. Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended.

●

“CSRC” refers to the China Securities Regulatory Commission.

●

“Exchange Act” refers to the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.

●

“HFCAA” refers to the Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act.

●

“Hong Kong Subsidiaries” refers to Cheche Technology (HK) Limited and any other Hong Kong-incorporated subsidiary that we may have in the future.

●

“Initial Merger” refers to the merger of Prime Impact with and into the Company, with the Company surviving the merger as a publicly traded entity.

●

“Initial Merger Effective Time” refers to the date and time at which the Initial Merger becomes effective.

●

“Innoven Warrants” refers to the warrant to purchase 63,552 Class A Ordinary Shares assumed by us at the Acquisition Merger Effective Time.

●

“insurance carriers” refers to companies that offer one or more types of insurance policies to individual consumers or corporate customers, either directly or through insurance agencies or brokers. Many insurance carriers in China maintain provincial and municipal branches, as under PRC Law, an insurance carrier can only issue auto insurance policies in the provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities where it is incorporated or has established branches.

●

“insurance carrier customers” refers to provincial or municipal branches, as the case maybe, of insurance carriers that have entered into contracts with us.

●

“iResearch” refers to iResearch Inc., a third-party research firm, which has prepared an industry report regarding our industry and market position in China.

●

“Merger Sub” refers to Cheche Merger Sub Inc.

●

“NEV” refers to new energy vehicle.

●

“NFRA” refers to the National Financial Regulatory Administration, previously known as the China Banking and Insurance Regulatory Commission (“CBIRC”).

●

“Ordinary Shares” refers to the Class A Ordinary Shares and Class B Ordinary Shares of the Company.

●

“PCAOB” refers to the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board.

●

“PRC” or “China” refers to the People’s Republic of China (including, for the avoidance of doubt, the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region and the Macau Special Administrative Region), and only in the context of describing the industry matters, including those derived from the report of iResearch, and the PRC laws, rules, regulations, regulatory authorities, and any PRC entities or citizens under such rules, laws and regulations and other legal or tax matters in this annual report, excludes Taiwan, the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region and the Macau Special Administrative Region.

●

“PRC Subsidiaries” refers to Baodafang Technology Co., Ltd., Cheche Technology (Ningbo) Co., Ltd. and any other PRC-incorporated subsidiary that we may have in the future.

●

“Prime Impact” refers to Prime Impact Acquisition I.

	●	“Private Placement” refers to the offer and sale to the PIPE Investor, an aggregate of 1,300,000 Class A Ordinary Shares at a purchase price equal to $10.00 per share, pursuant to the Subscription Agreement dated September 11, 2023, by and among the Company, Prime Impact and the PIPE Investor.

	●	“Public Warrants” refers to the redeemable warrants, each entitling its holder to purchase one Class A Ordinary Share at an exercise price of $11.50 per share, subject to adjustment.

●

“RMB” refers to Renminbi, the lawful currency of the PRC.

iii

●

“SaaS” refers to software as a service, a software licensing and delivery model in which software is licensed on a subscription basis and is centrally hosted.

●

“SEC” refers to the Securities and Exchange Commission.

●

“Securities Act” refers to the Securities Act of 1933, as amended.

●

“Sponsor” refers to Prime Impact Cayman, LLC.

●

“Sponsor Warrants” refers to the warrants held by the Sponsor, each entitling the Sponsor to purchase one Class A Ordinary Share at an exercise price of $11.50 per share, subject to adjustment.

●

“U.S. GAAP” refers to accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

●

“VATS” refers to the value-added telecommunication services.

●

“VIE” refers to Beijing Cheche Technology Co., Ltd., the variable interest entity that CCT consolidates through contractual arrangements.

●

“Warrants” refers to, collectively, the Public Warrants and the Sponsor Warrants.

●

“we,” “us,” “our,” “our company,” or “the Company” refer to Cheche Group Inc. and its subsidiaries and, in the context of describing the operations and consolidated financial statements, the Affiliated Entities (as defined herein).

●

“WFOE” or “Cheche Ningbo” refers to Cheche Technology (Ningbo) Co., Ltd., our wholly foreign owned subsidiary domiciled in China.

●

“$” or “US$” refers to United States dollars, the lawful currency of the United States of America.

FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This annual report contains “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (or the “Exchange Act”) that involve substantial risks and uncertainties. All statements other than statements of historical facts contained in this annual report, including statements regarding our future financial position, business strategy and plans and objectives of management for future operations, are forward-looking statements. In some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements by terminology such as “may,” “will,” “should,” “expect,” “plan,” “anticipate,” “could,” “intend,” “target,” “project,” “contemplate,” “believe,” “estimate,” “predict,” “potential” or “continue” or the negative of these terms or other similar expressions. Forward-looking statements include, without limitation, our expectations concerning the outlook for our business, productivity, plans and goals for future operational improvements and capital investments, operational performance, future market conditions or economic performance and developments in the capital and credit markets and expected future financial performance, as well as any information concerning our possible or assumed future results of operations as set forth in this annual report.

Forward-looking statements involve a number of risks, uncertainties and assumptions, and actual results or events may differ materially from those projected or implied in those statements. Important factors that could cause such differences include, but are not limited to:

●

the outcome of any legal proceedings that have been or may be instituted against us;

●

the ability to maintain the listing of the Class A Ordinary Shares on Nasdaq;

●

our markets are rapidly evolving and may decline or experience limited growth;

●

our ability to retain and expand our customer base;

●

our ability to compete effectively in the markets in which we operate;

●

our relationships with insurance carriers, referral partners and consumers;

●

failure to maintain and enhance our brand;

●

failure to prevent security breaches or unauthorized access to our or our third-party service providers’ data;

●

the rapidly changing and increasingly stringent laws, contractual obligations and industry standards relating to privacy, data protection and data security;

●

risks related to our corporate structure, in particular the VIE structure; and

●

the other matters described in the section titled “Item 3. Key Information – D. Risk Factors.”

We caution you against placing undue reliance on forward-looking statements, which reflect current beliefs and are based on information currently available to us as of the date a forward-looking statement is made. Forward-looking statements set forth herein speak only as of the date of this annual report. We do not undertake any obligation to revise forward-looking statements to reflect future events, changes in circumstances, or changes in beliefs. In the event that any forward-looking statement is updated, no inference should be made that we will make additional updates with respect to that statement, related matters, or any other forward-looking statements. Any corrections or revisions and other important assumptions and factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from forward-looking statements, including discussions of significant risk factors, may appear, in our public filings with the SEC, which are accessible at www.sec.gov, and which you are advised to consult.

Market, ranking and industry data used throughout this annual report, including statements regarding market size, is based on independent industry surveys and publications, including reports by iResearch Inc. These data involve a number of assumptions and limitations, and you are cautioned not to give undue weight to such estimates. While we are not aware of any misstatements regarding the industry data presented herein, such estimates involve risks and uncertainties and are subject to change based on various factors, including those discussed under the headings “Item 3. Key Information – D. Risk Factors” and “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects” in this annual report.

PART I

ITEM 1. IDENTITY OF DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND ADVISERS

Not applicable.

ITEM 2. OFFER STATISTICS AND EXPECTED TIMETABLE

Not applicable.

ITEM 3. KEY INFORMATION

Our Holding Company Structure and Contractual Arrangements with the VIE and Its Shareholders

The VIE structure and its associated risks

The VIE structure was established through a series of agreements entered into between WFOE, the VIE and its shareholders, comprising an exclusive business cooperation agreement, an equity interest pledge agreement, an exclusive option agreement, the shareholders’ power of attorney and spousal consent letters. The contractual arrangements allow us to (1) consolidate the financial results of the Affiliated Entities, (2) receive substantially all of the economic benefits of the Affiliated Entities, (3) have the pledge right over the equity interests in the VIE as the pledgee to secure its fulfillment of obligations, and (4) have an exclusive option to purchase all or part of the equity interests and assets in the VIE when and to the extent permitted by PRC law. As a result of our direct ownership in WFOE and the contractual arrangements with the VIE, we are the primary beneficiary of the VIE for accounting purposes, and, therefore, has consolidated the financial results of the Affiliated Entities into our consolidated financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP.

The VIE structure involves unique risks to investors. It may not be as effective as direct ownership in providing us with control over the VIE or its subsidiaries, and we may incur substantial costs to enforce the terms of the arrangements. The agreements under the contractual arrangements among WFOE, the VIE and its shareholders have not been tested in a court of law. There are also substantial uncertainties regarding the interpretation and application of current and future PRC laws, regulations and rules regarding our rights with respect to our contractual arrangements with the VIE and its shareholders. It is uncertain whether any new PRC laws or regulations relating to the VIE structure will be adopted or, if adopted, what they would provide. The PRC regulatory authorities could disallow the VIE structure at any time in the future. If the PRC government deems that the contractual arrangements with the VIE do not comply with PRC regulatory restrictions on foreign investment in the relevant industries, or if these regulations or the interpretation of existing regulations change or are interpreted differently in the future, we could be subject to severe penalties or be forced to relinquish our interests in these operations. We, our subsidiaries and the Affiliated Entities, and investors of Class A Ordinary Shares face uncertainty with respect to potential future actions by the PRC government that could affect the enforceability of the contractual arrangements with the VIE and, consequently, significantly affect the financial performance of the Affiliated Entities and us as a whole. See “—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure.”

The following diagram illustrates our simplified corporate structure, including our principal subsidiaries, the VIE and its subsidiaries, as of the date of this annual report.

(1)

VIE equity interests holders include Lei Zhang, Zhendong Wang, Hangzhou Shunying Equity Investment Partnership (L.P.), Zhuhai Hengqin Huarong Zhifu Investment Management Co., Ltd., Beijing Cheche Technology Investment Center, LLP, Beijing Zhongjin Huicai Investment Management Co., Ltd., Shenzhen Ruiyuan Investment Enterprise, LLP, Huzhou Zhongze Jiameng Equity Investment Enterprise, LLP, Beijing Zhongyun Ronghui Investment Center, LLP and Guangzhou Lianzhan Enterprise Management Co., Ltd., which hold approximately 35.6%, 1.1%, 8.8%, 8.2%, 9.8%, 14.2%, 8.0%, 4.9%, 8.8% and 0.6% of the equity interests in the VIE, respectively.

Cash and Asset Flows through Organization

Dividend Distribution and Taxation: In light of our holding company structure and the VIE structure, our ability to pay dividends to the shareholders, and to service any debt we may incur, may depend upon dividends paid by WFOE to us and service fees paid by the Affiliated Entities to WFOE, despite that we may obtain financing at the holding company level through other methods. However, the WFOE and the Affiliated Entities in China are subject to certain statutory reserve and solvency conditions before they can distribute dividends or make payment to us, which, if failed, may restrict their ability to pay dividends or make payment to us. Under PRC laws and regulations, WFOE is permitted to pay dividends only out of their retained earnings, if any, as determined in accordance with PRC accounting standards and regulations. Furthermore, WFOE and the Affiliated Entities are required to make appropriations to certain statutory reserve funds or may make appropriations to certain discretionary funds, which are not distributable as cash dividends except in the event of a solvent liquidation of the companies. The statutory reserve fund requires that annual appropriations of 10% of net after-tax income should be set aside prior to payment of any dividends, until the aggregate amount of such fund reaches 50% of their registered capital. As a result of such restrictions under PRC laws and regulations, our PRC Subsidiaries and the Affiliated Entities are restricted in their ability to transfer a portion of their net assets to us either in the form of dividends, loans or advances, which restricted portion amounted to RMB370.5 million and RMB500.6 million as of December 31, 2024 and 2025, respectively. As of the date of this annual report, none of us and our subsidiaries has made any dividends or distributions to our respective shareholder(s), including any U.S. investors, nor do we have any present plan to pay any cash dividends in the foreseeable future. Any determination to pay dividends in the future will be at the discretion of the respective our board of directors. As of the date of this annual report, none of us, WFOE and the VIE intends to distribute earnings or settle amounts owed under the VIE agreements. Under Cayman Islands law, we may only pay dividends out of our profits, or out of monies otherwise available for dividend in accordance with the Cayman Companies Act, provided always that in no circumstances may a dividend be paid if this would result in us being unable to pay our debts as they fall due in the ordinary course of business.

Subject to the “passive foreign investment company” rules, the gross amount of any distribution that we make to a U.S. Holder (as defined in “Certain Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Consequences”) with respect to the Class A Ordinary Shares (including any amounts withheld to reflect PRC withholding taxes) will be taxable as a dividend for United States federal income tax purposes, to the extent paid out of our current or accumulated earnings and profits, as determined under United States federal income tax principles.

Foreign Exchange Restriction: We, the PRC Subsidiaries and the Affiliated Entities are subject to restrictions on foreign exchange and our ability to transfer cash between entities, across borders, and to U.S. investors. Under PRC foreign exchange regulations, payments of current account items, including profit distributions, interest payments and trade and service-related foreign exchange transactions, can be made in foreign currencies without prior approval of SAFE by complying with certain procedural requirements. However, approval from or registration with appropriate government authorities is required where Renminbi is to be converted into foreign currency and remitted out of China to pay capital expenses such as the repayment of loans denominated in foreign currencies. The PRC government imposes controls on the convertibility of RMB into foreign currencies and the remittance of funds out of China, which may restrict the transfer of cash between us, the PRC Subsidiaries, the Affiliated Entities or the investors. Under PRC laws and regulations, the PRC Subsidiaries and the Affiliated Entities are subject to certain restrictions with respect to payment of dividends or otherwise transfers of any of their net assets to us. Remittance of dividends by the PRC Subsidiaries out of China is also subject to certain procedures with the banks designated by the PRC State Administration of Foreign Exchange. These restrictions are benchmarked against the paid-up capital and the statutory reserve funds of the PRC Subsidiaries and the net assets of the VIE in which we do not have legal ownership. While there are currently no such restrictions on foreign exchange and our ability to transfer cash or assets between us and our Hong Kong subsidiary, if certain PRC laws and regulations, including existing laws and regulations and those enacted or promulgated in the future were to become applicable to the Hong Kong subsidiary in the future, and to the extent our cash or assets are in Hong Kong or a Hong Kong entity, such funds or assets may not be available due to interventions in or the imposition of restrictions and limitations on our ability to transfer funds or assets by the PRC government. Furthermore, there can be no assurance that the PRC government will not intervene or impose restrictions on us, our subsidiaries and the Affiliated Entities to transfer or distribute cash within the organization, which could result in an inability of or prohibition on making transfers or distributions to entities outside of mainland China and Hong Kong. See “—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China—Governmental control of currency conversion may limit the ability of us, the PRC Subsidiaries and the Affiliated Entities to utilize our net revenues effectively and our ability to transfer cash among the group, across borders, and to investors and affect the value of your investment.”

Transfer of Cash and Asset: Cash may be transferred within the group in the following manner: (1) we may transfer funds to our subsidiaries, including the PRC Subsidiaries, by way of capital contributions, inter-group advances or loans; (2) we and our subsidiaries may provide loans to the VIE and vice versa; (3) funds may be transferred from the VIE to WFOE, as service fees for services contemplated by the VIE agreements; and (4) our subsidiaries, including WFOE, may make dividends or other distributions to us. Cash is transferred within the group to satisfy working capital requirement of the respective operating entities, and is managed by our finance department based on fund control policy and procedure. Neither we nor our subsidiaries are able to make direct capital contributions to the VIE or its subsidiaries, and the VIE is not able to make dividends or other distributions to us. In 2023, the repayment of the loans in the amount of RMB63.5 million was transferred from the Affiliated Entities to CCT and its PRC Subsidiaries. In 2024, the repayment of the loans in the amount of RMB87.8 million was transferred from the Affiliated Entities to CCT and its PRC Subsidiaries. In 2025, the repayment of the loans in the amount of RMB3.5 million was transferred from the Affiliated Entities to CCT and its PRC Subsidiaries. As of the date of this annual report, no other transfers, dividends or distributions have been made among us, our subsidiaries and the VIE, or to investors; and no other cash flows and transfers of other assets by type have occurred between us, the PRC Subsidiaries, and the VIE.

As an offshore holding company, we may use the proceeds of our offshore fund-raising activities to provide loans or make capital contributions to the PRC Subsidiaries or provide loans to the VIE, in each case subject to the satisfaction of applicable regulatory requirements. See “—Dividend Distribution and Taxation” and “—Foreign Exchange Restriction.”

Financial Information Related to the Affiliated Entities

Cheche Group Inc. was incorporated in the Cayman Islands in January 2023 and did not carry out significant operations. CCT is the predecessor of us and, therefore, we disclosed combined condensed financial statements of Cheche Group Inc. and CCT (collectively, the “Parent Company”) as follows.

The following tables present the condensed consolidating schedule of financial information for the Parent Company, WFOE, CCT’s subsidiaries (other than WFOE), the VIEs and its subsidiaries for the periods and as of the dates presented.

Selected Condensed Consolidating Statements of Operations Data

	Year ended December 31, 2025
	Parent Company			Other subsidiaries			WFOE			VIE and its subsidiaries			Eliminations			Consolidated totals
	(RMB in thousands)
Net revenues		-			682,997			1,464			2,403,867			(78,483	)		3,009,845
Earned from third-party customers		-			615,412			-			2,394,433			-			3,009,845
Earned from the intra-Group transactions(1)		-			67,585			1,464			9,434			(78,483	)		-
Cost of revenues		-			(565,102	)		(1,294	)		(2,292,525	)		9,434			(2,849,487	)
Arising from non intra-Group transactions		-			(555,668	)		(1,294	)		(2,292,525	)		-			(2,849,487	)
Arising from the intra-Group transactions(1)		-			(9,434	)		-			-			9,434			-
Selling and marketing expenses(1)		-			(8,352	)		-			(128,946	)		69,049			(68,249	)
General and administrative expenses		(15,488	)		(6,791	)		(216	)		(53,263	)		-			(75,758	)
Research and development expenses		-			(15,043	)		-			(22,195	)		-			(37,238	)

Total operating costs and expense		(15,488	)		(595,288	)		(1,510	)		(2,496,929	)		78,483			(3,030,732	)

Operating (loss)/income		(15,488	)		87,709			(46	)		(93,062	)		-			(20,887	)
Share of loss from other subsidiaries(2)		(7,640	)		-			-			-			7,640			-
Share of loss of the WFOE(2)		-			(95,872	)		-			-			95,872			-
Share of loss of the VIE(2)		-			-			(95,799	)		-			95,799			-
Interest income from VIE(3)		1,815			-			3			-			(1,818	)		-
Interest expense to WFOE(3)		-			-			-			(3	)		3			-
Interest expense to Parent(3)		-			-			-			(1,815	)		1,815			-
Others, net		3,640			526			(30	)		(1,444	)		-			2,692
Loss before income taxes		(17,673	)		(7,637	)		(95,872	)		(96,324	)		199,311			(18,195	)

Income tax (expense)/benefit		(116	)		(3	)		-			525			-			406
Net loss		(17,789	)		(7,640	)		(95,872	)		(95,799	)		199,311			(17,789	)

	Year ended December 31, 2024
	Parent Company			Other subsidiaries			WFOE			VIE and its subsidiaries			Eliminations			Consolidated totals
	(RMB in thousands)
Net revenues		-			548,561			1,459			2,934,011			(10,892	)		3,473,139
Earned from third-party customers		-			548,561			-			2,924,578			-			3,473,139
Earned from the intra-Group transactions(1)		-			-			1,459			9,433			(10,892	)		-
Cost of revenues		-			(509,889	)		(1,236	)		(2,812,686	)		9,434			(3,314,377	)
Arising from non intra-Group transactions		-			(500,455	)		(1,236	)		(2,812,686	)		-			(3,314,377	)
Arising from the intra-Group transactions(1)		-			(9,434	)		-			-			9,434			-
Selling and marketing expenses(1)		-			(14,120	)		-			(66,839	)		1,458			(79,501	)
General and administrative expenses		(24,307	)		(20,207	)		(280	)		(63,063	)		-			(107,857	)
Research and development expenses		-			(20,821	)		-			(17,126	)		-			(37,947	)

Total operating costs and expense		(24,307	)		(565,037	)		(1,516	)		(2,959,714	)		10,892			(3,539,682	)

Operating loss		(24,307	)		(16,476	)		(57	)		(25,703	)		-			(66,543	)
Share of loss from other subsidiaries(2)		(45,658	)		-			-			-			45,658			-
Share of loss of the WFOE(2)		-			(29,802	)		-			-			29,802			-
Share of loss of the VIE(2)		-			-			(29,819	)		-			29,819			-
Interest income from VIE(3)		2,107			38			59			-			(2,204	)		-
Interest expense to WFOE(3)		-			-			-			(59	)		59			-
Interest expense to Parent(3)		-			-			-			(2,107	)		2,107			-
Interest expense to other subsidiaries(3)		-			-			-			(38	)		38			-
Others, net		6,856			582			15			(2,437	)		-			5,016
Loss before income taxes		(61,002	)		(45,658	)		(29,802	)		(30,344	)		105,279			(61,527	)

Income tax (expense)/benefit		(234	)		-			-			525			-			291
Net loss		(61,236	)		(45,658	)		(29,802	)		(29,819	)		105,279			(61,236	)

	Year ended December 31, 2023
	Parent Company			Other subsidiaries			WFOE			VIE and its subsidiaries			Eliminations			Consolidated totals
	(RMB in thousands)
Net revenues		-			217,938			1,825			3,089,988			(8,333	)		3,301,418
Earned from third-party customers		-			217,938			174			3,083,306			-			3,301,418
Earned from the intra-Group transactions(1)		-						1,651			6,682			(8,333	)		-
Cost of revenues		-			(209,365	)		(3,964	)		(2,954,546	)		6,682			(3,161,193	)
Arising from non intra-Group transactions		-			(202,683	)		(3,964	)		(2,954,546	)		-			(3,161,193	)
Arising from the intra-Group transactions(1)		-			(6,682	)		-			-			6,682			-
Selling and marketing expenses		-			(21,839	)		(32	)		(89,583	)		-			(111,454	)
General and administrative expenses(1)		(14,272	)		(17,328	)		(373	)		(109,063	)		1,651			(139,385	)
Research and development expenses		-			(22,359	)		-			(34,808	)		-			(57,167	)

Total operating costs and expense		(14,272	)		(270,891	)		(4,369	)		(3,188,000	)		8,333			(3,469,199	)

Operating loss		(14,272	)		(52,953	)		(2,544	)		(98,012	)		-			(167,781	)
Share of loss from other subsidiaries(2)		(149,974	)		-			-			-			149,974			-
Share of loss of the WFOE(2)		-			(102,588	)		-			-			102,588			-
Share of loss of the VIE(2)		-			-			(100,142	)		-			100,142			-
Interest income from VIE(3)		1,790			587			101			-			(2,478	)		-
Interest expense to WFOE(3)		-			-			-			(101	)		101			-
Interest expense to Parent(3)		-			-			-			(1,790	)		1,790			-
Interest expense to other subsidiaries(3)		-			-			-			(587	)		587			-
Others, net		3,024			4,984			(3	)		(177	)		-			7,828
Loss before income taxes		(159,432	)		(149,970	)		(102,588	)		(100,667	)		352,704			(159,953	)

Income tax (expense)/benefit		(158	)		(4	)		-			525			-			363
Net loss		(159,590	)		(149,974	)		(102,588	)		(100,142	)		352,704			(159,590	)

Selected Condensed Consolidating Balance Sheets Data

	As of December 31, 2025
	Parent Company		Other subsidiaries			WFOE			VIE and its subsidiaries			Eliminations			Consolidated totals
	(RMB in thousands)
ASSETS
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents		55,394		32,092			2,098			54,927			-			144,511
Restricted cash		-		-			-			5,000			-			5,000
Short-term investments		-		-			-			226			-			226
Accounts receivable, net		-		324,192			-			821,560			-			1,145,752
Prepayments and other current assets		2,912		3,133			187			53,827			-			60,059
Amount due from Parent(4)		-		-			-			2,949			(2,949	)		-
Amount due from VIE and its subsidiaries(4)		860		178,518			17,419			-			(196,797	)		-
Total current assets		59,166		537,935			19,704			938,489			(199,746	)		1,355,548

Non-current assets:
Restricted cash		-		21,086			-			-			-			21,086
Amount due from other subsidiaries(4)		474,592		-			-			-			(474,592	)		-
Amount due from VIE and its subsidiaries(4)		185,128		40,000			-			-			(225,128	)		-
Property, equipment and leasehold improvement, net		-		54			-			777			-			831
Intangible assets, net		-		-			-			3,850			-			3,850
Right-of-use assets		-		-			-			6,453			-			6,453
Goodwill		-		-			-			84,609			-			84,609
Other non-current assets		2,477		-			-			-			-			2,477

Total non-current assets		662,197		61,140			-			95,689			(699,720	)		119,306

Total assets		721,363		599,075			19,704			1,034,178			(899,466	)		1,474,854

LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable		-		220,232			-			622,496			-			842,728
Short-term borrowings		-		40,700			-			39,800			-			80,500
Contract liabilities		-		1,041			-			3			-			1,044
Payroll and welfare payable		-		18,928			631			64,127			-			83,686
Tax payable		-		10,557			1			12,099			-			22,657
Amounts due to related party		-		-			-			50,626			-			50,626
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities		4,211		1,967			-			13,028			-			19,206
Short-term lease liabilities		-		-			-			4,727			-			4,727
Amount due to other subsidiaries(4)		-		-			-			178,518			(178,518	)		-
Amount due to VIE and its subsidiaries(4)		2,949		-			-			-			(2,949	)		-
Amount due to parent(4)		-		474,592			-			860			(475,452	)		-
Amount due to WFOE(4)		-		-			-			17,420			(17,420	)		-
Deficit in other subsidiaries(5)		357,519		-			-			-			(357,519	)		-
Deficit in WFOE(5)		-		178,777			-			-			(178,777	)		-
Deficit in VIE and its subsidiaries(5)		-		-			197,851			-			(197,851	)		-

Total current liabilities		364,679		946,794			198,483			1,003,704			(1,408,486	)		1,105,174

Non-current liabilities:
Deferred tax liabilities		-		-			-			963			-			963
Long-term lease liabilities		-		-			-			801			-			801
Amount due to parent(4)		-		-			-			185,128			(185,128	)		-
Amount due to other subsidiaries(4)		-		-			-			40,000			(40,000	)		-
Long-term borrowings		-		9,800			-			-			-			9,800
Deferred revenue		-		-			-			1,432			-			1,432
Warrant		1,512		-			-			-			-			1,512

Total non-current liabilities		1,512		9,800			-			228,324			(225,128	)		14,508

Total liabilities		366,191		956,594			198,483			1,232,028			(1,633,614	)		1,119,682

Total shareholders’ equity/(deficit)		355,172		(357,519	)		(178,779	)		(197,850	)		734,148			355,172

Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity		721,363		599,075			19,704			1,034,178			(899,466	)		1,474,854

	As of December 31, 2024
	Parent Company		Other subsidiaries			WFOE			VIE and its subsidiaries			Eliminations			Consolidated totals
	(RMB in thousands)
ASSETS
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents		58,898		25,123			1,493			31,958			-			117,472
Short-term investments		32,423		-			-			3,000			-			35,423
Accounts receivable, net		-		200,622			-			781,857			-			982,479
Prepayments and other current assets		4,642		9,009			210			31,575			-			45,436
Amount due from Parent(4)		-		-			-			3,016			(3,016	)
Amount due from VIE and its subsidiaries(4)		879		133,303			18,074			-			(152,256	)		-
Total current assets		96,842		368,057			19,777			851,406			(155,272	)		1,180,810

Non-current assets:
Restricted cash		-		-			-			5,000			-			5,000
Amount due from other subsidiaries(4)		462,797		-			-			-			(462,797	)		-
Amount due from VIE and its subsidiaries(4)		187,505		40,000			-			-			(227,505	)		-
Property, equipment and leasehold improvement, net		-		129			-			1,239			-			1,368
Intangible assets, net		-		-			-			5,950			-			5,950
Right-of-use assets		-		-			-			5,653			-			5,653
Goodwill		-		-			-			84,609			-			84,609
Other non-current assets		4,305		-			-			225			-			4,530

Total non-current assets		654,607		40,129			-			102,676			(690,302	)		107,110

Total assets		751,449		408,186			19,777			954,082			(845,574	)		1,287,920

LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable		-		174,601			-			551,214			-			725,815
Short-term borrowings		-		20,000			-			10,000			-			30,000
Contract liabilities		-		1,656			-			125			-			1,781
Payroll and welfare payable		-		18,908			631			60,838			-			80,377
Tax payable		-		4,933			1			7,077			-			12,011
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities		6,468		1,614			-			17,166			-			25,248
Short-term lease liabilities		-		-			-			3,037			-			3,037
Amount due to other subsidiaries(4)		-		-			-			133,303			(133,303	)		-
Amount due to VIE and its subsidiaries(4)		3,016		-			-			-			(3,016	)		-
Amount due to parent(4)		-		462,797			-			879			(463,676	)		-
Amount due to WFOE(4)		-		-			-			14,874			(14,874	)		-
Deficit in other subsidiaries(5)		383,182		-			-			-			(383,182	)		-
Deficit in WFOE(5)		-		106,860			-			-			(106,860	)		-
Deficit in VIE and its subsidiaries(5)		-		-			126,004			-			(126,004	)		-

Total current liabilities		392,666		791,369			126,636			798,513			(1,230,915	)		878,269

Non-current liabilities:
Deferred tax liabilities		-		-			-			1,488			-			1,488
Long-term lease liabilities		-		-			-			2,137			-			2,137
Amount due to parent(4)		-		-			-			187,505			(187,505	)		-
Amount due to other subsidiaries(4)		-		-			-			40,000			(40,000	)		-
Amount due to WFOE(4)				-			-			3,200			(3,200	)		-
Long-term payables		-		-			-			45,811			-			45,811
Deferred revenue		-		-			-			1,432			-			1,432
Warrant		3,032		-			-			-			-			3,032

Total non-current liabilities		3,032		-			-			281,573			(230,705	)		53,900

Total liabilities		395,698		791,369			126,636			1,080,086			(1,461,620	)		932,169

Total shareholders’ equity/(deficit)		355,751		(383,183	)		(106,859	)		(126,004	)		616,046			355,751

Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity		751,449		408,186			19,777			954,082			(845,574	)		1,287,920

Summary Condensed Consolidating Cash Flows Data

	Year ended December 31, 2025
	Parent Company			other subsidiaries			WFOE			VIE and its subsidiaries			Eliminations			Consolidated totals
	(RMB in thousands)
Net cash (used in)/provided by transactions with intra-group companies(1)		(22,429	)		37,651			(1,249	)		(13,973	)		-			-
Net cash (used in)/provided by transactions with third-parties		(11,168	)		(39,627	)		(1,587	)		11,832			-			(40,550	)

Net cash used in operating activities		(33,597	)		(1,976	)		(2,836	)		(2,141	)		-			(40,550	)

Repayment of the investments in and loans from VIE and its subsidiaries		-			-			3,457			-			(3,457	)		-
Purchase of property, equipment and leasehold improvement		-			-			-			(75	)		-			(75	)
Placement of short-term investments		(17,572	)		-			-			794			-			(16,778	)
Cash received from maturities of short-term investments		49,202			-			-			3,000			-			52,202
Proceeds from disposal of fixed assets, intangible assets and other long-term assets		-			-			-			48			-			48
Net cash provided by investing activities		31,630			-			3,457			3,767			(3,457	)		35,397

Repayment to other subsidiaries		-			-			-			(3,457	)		3,457			-
Cash received of short-term borrowings from bank		-			50,700			-			51,800			-			102,500
Cash repayment of short-term borrowings to bank		-			(30,000	)		-			(22,000	)		-			(52,000	)
Cash received from long-term borrowings from bank		-			10,000			-			-			-			10,000
Cash repayments of long-term borrowings to bank		-			(200	)		-			-			-			(200	)
Cash repayment of short-term borrowings to a third party		-			-			-			(5,000	)		-			(5,000	)
Proceeds from exercise of share-based awards		104			-			-			-			-			104

Net cash provided by financing activities		104			30,500			-			21,343			3,457			55,404

Effect of foreign exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash		(1,641	)		(469	)		(16	)		-			-			(2,126	)
Net (decrease)/increase in cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash		(3,504	)		28,055			605			22,969			-			48,125
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at the beginning of the period		58,898			25,123			1,493			36,958			-			122,472
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at the end of the period		55,394			53,178			2,098			59,927			-			170,597

	Year ended December 31, 2024
	Parent Company			other subsidiaries			WFOE			VIE and its subsidiaries			Eliminations			Consolidated totals
	(RMB in thousands)
Net cash (used in)/provided by transactions with intra-group companies(1)		-			(10,000	)		1,545			8,455			-			-
Net cash (used in)/provided by transactions with third parties		(26,291	)		(104,196	)		(18,471	)		34,824			-			(114,135	)

Net cash (used in)/provided by operating activities		(26,291	)		(114,196	)		(16,926	)		43,279			-			(114,135	)

Investments in and loans to WFOE		-			(351	)		-			-			351			-
Repayment of the investments in and loans from VIE and its subsidiaries		-			71,021			16,800			-			(87,821	)		-
Purchase of property, equipment and leasehold improvement		-			12			-			(1,675	)		-			(1,663	)
Loan provided to a third party		-			-			-			(10,000	)		-			(10,000	)
Loan repaid by a third party		-			-			-			10,000			-			10,000
Placement of short-term investments		(161,739	)		(21,565	)		-			(3,167	)		-			(186,471	)
Proceeds from short-term investments		129,392			43,130			-			-			-			172,522
Proceeds from disposal of fixed assets, intangible assets and other long-term assets		-			-			-			12			-			12
Net cash (used in)/provided by investing activities		(32,347	)		92,247			16,800			(4,830	)		(87,470	)		(15,600	)

Capital contribution from other subsidiaries		-			-			351			-			(351	)		-
Repayment to other subsidiaries		-			-			-			(87,821	)		87,821			-
Cash received from short-term borrowings from bank		-			20,000			-			10,000			-			30,000
Cash repayments of short-term borrowings to bank		-			(10,000	)		-			(10,000	)		-			(20,000	)
Cash repayments of short-term borrowings to related parties		-			-			-			(10,000	)		-			(10,000	)
Cash repayments of short-term borrowings to Alta		(3,055	)		-			-			-			-			(3,055	)
Cash received from short-term borrowing from third party		-			-			-			5,000			-			5,000
Net cash (used in)/provided by financing activities		(3,055	)		10,000			351			(92,821	)		87,470			1,945

Effect of foreign exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash		1,558			303			9			-			-			1,870
Net (decrease)/increase in cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash		(60,135	)		(11,646	)		233			(54,372	)		-			(125,920	)
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at the beginning of the period		119,033			36,769			1,260			91,330			-			248,392
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at the end of the period		58,898			25,123			1,493			36,958			-			122,472

	Year ended December 31, 2023
	Parent Company			other subsidiaries			WFOE		VIE and its subsidiaries			Eliminations			Consolidated totals
	(RMB in thousands)
Net cash (used in)/provided by/transactions with intra-group companies(1)		-			(35,000	)		-		35,000			-			-
Other operating activities		(20,885	)		(114,715	)		480		108,170			-			(26,950	)

Net cash (used in)/provided by operating activities		(20,885	)		(149,715	)		480		143,170			-			(26,950	)

Investments in and loans to WFOE		-			(358	)		-		-			358			-
Repayment of the investments in and loans from VIE and its subsidiaries		-			63,485			-		-			(63,485	)		-
Purchase of property, equipment and leasehold improvement		-			(67	)		-		(482	)		-			(549	)
Placement of short-term investments		-			(42,496	)		-		(226	)		-			(42,722	)
Proceeds from short-term investments		-			56,071			-		-			-			56,071
Proceeds from disposal of fixed assets, intangible assets and other long-term assets		-			-			-		22			-			22
Net cash provided by/(used in) investing activities		-			76,635			-		(686	)		(63,127	)		12,822

Proceeds from ordinary shares		137,908			-			-		-			-			137,908
Capital contribution from other subsidiaries		-			-			358		-			(358	)		-
Repayment to other subsidiaries		-			-			-		(63,485	)		63,485			-
Cash received from short-term borrowings from bank		-			10,000			-		10,000			-			20,000
Cash repayments of short-term borrowings to third parties		-			-			-		(12,610	)		-			(12,610	)
Cash repayments of financing cost		-			-			-		(4,953	)		-			(4,953	)
Net cash provided by/(used in) financing activities		137,908			10,000			358		(71,048	)		63,127			140,345

Effect of foreign exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash		1,002			1,225			3		-			-			2,230
Net increase / (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash		118,025			(61,855	)		841		71,436			-			128,447
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at the beginning of the period		1,008			98,624			419		19,894			-			119,945
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at the end of the period		119,033			36,768			1,260		91,331			-			248,392

(1)

Represents the elimination of the intercompany licensing and other services charge at the consolidation level. In the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, the total amount of the service fees that charged by VIE under the relevant agreements were RMB9.4 million, RMB9.4 million and RMB6.7 million, respectively. In the year ended December 31, 2025, the total amount of the service fees that VIE paid to the other subsidiaries under the relevant agreements was RMB14.0 million. In the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, the total amount of the service fees that the other subsidiaries paid to VIE under the relevant agreements were RMB 10.0million and RMB35.0 million, respectively.

(2)	Represents the elimination of incurrence of losses by parent company, other subsidiaries and WFOE for their respective subsidiaries, WFOE and VIE and its subsidiaries.

(3)	Represents the elimination of interest income/expense from intercompany loans at the consolidation level.

(4)	Represents the elimination of intercompany balances among parent company, other subsidiaries, WFOE and the VIE and its subsidiaries. The balances as of December 31, 2025 and 2024 were related to intercompany loans and prepayment related service charges under certain service agreements.

(5)	Represents the elimination of the deficit in other subsidiaries, WFOE and VIE and its subsidiaries by parent company, other subsidiaries and WFOE.

Our Operations in China and Permissions Required from the PRC Authorities for Our Operations

We face various legal and operational risks and uncertainties related to doing business in China, as us, through WFOE and the Affiliated Entities, conducts our operations in China. We are subject to complex and evolving laws and regulations in China. The PRC government has indicated an intent to exert more oversight and control over offerings that are conducted overseas and/or foreign investment in China-based issuers, and initiated various regulatory actions and made various public statements, some of which are published with very short notice, including cracking down on illegal activities in the securities market, enhancing supervision over China-based companies listed overseas, adopting new measures to extend the scope of cybersecurity reviews, and expanding efforts in anti-monopoly enforcement. For example, we face risks associated with regulatory approvals on overseas offerings and oversight on cybersecurity and data privacy, which may impact our ability to conduct certain business, accept foreign investments, or list and conduct offerings on a U.S. or other foreign stock exchange. These risks could result in a material adverse change in our operations, and significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer securities to investors, or cause the value of such securities to significantly decline or be worthless. See “—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China.”

The Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act

The Holding Foreign Companies Accountable Act (the “HFCAA”) and related regulations restrict the trading of securities of issuers that retain registered public accounting firms that the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (the “PCAOB”) determines it is unable to inspect or investigate completely. Our independent registered public accounting firm, Marcum Asia CPAs LLP, is headquartered in New York, New York. The PCAOB has regular and complete access to inspect and investigate Marcum Asia CPAs LLP. We are not subject to the inspection and investigation restrictions that apply to firms headquartered in mainland China or Hong Kong, and we are not included on the SEC’s list of Commission-identified Issuers under the HFCAA.

If, in the future, we were to retain a registered public accounting firm that the PCAOB determines it is unable to inspect or investigate completely for two consecutive years, the SEC would identify us as a “Commission-identified Issuer.” In that event, the trading of our securities on any U.S. national securities exchange, as well as any over-the-counter trading in the United States, would be prohibited. While we do not currently face this risk, any future change in our auditor or in the PCAOB’s ability to inspect our auditor could result in delisting or trading prohibitions, which would materially and adversely affect the value of your investment.

Regulatory licenses for our operations in China

Many aspects of our business depend on obtaining and maintaining licenses, approvals, permits or qualifications from PRC regulators. Obtaining such approvals, licenses, permits or qualifications depends on our compliance with regulatory requirements. PRC regulatory authorities also have relatively broad discretion to grant, renew and revoke licenses and approvals and to implement laws and regulations. Based on PRC laws and regulations currently in effect and the legal advice of our PRC legal counsel, Han Kun Law Offices, and subject to different interpretations of these laws and regulations that may be adopted by PRC authorities, the PRC Subsidiaries and the Affiliated Entities have obtained the following licenses and approvals necessary to operate in China as of the date of this annual report: (1) each of the PRC Subsidiaries and the Affiliated Entities has obtained a business license; (2) the VIE, through which the PRC Subsidiaries conduct their VATS business, has obtained a value-added telecommunications license for internet information services; and (3) Cheche Insurance Sales & Service Co., Ltd. has obtained the insurance intermediary license. Apart from these licenses and approvals, the PRC Subsidiaries and the Affiliated Entities may not be able to maintain existing licenses, permits and approvals and the government authorities may subsequently require the PRC Subsidiaries and the Affiliated Entities to obtain any additional licenses, permits and approvals. If the PRC Subsidiaries and the Affiliated Entities fail to obtain the necessary licenses, permits and approvals or inadvertently conclude that any permissions or approvals are not required, or if applicable laws, regulations, or interpretations change and the PRC Subsidiaries or the Affiliated Entities are required to obtain such permissions or approvals in the future, the PRC Subsidiaries and the Affiliated Entities may be subject to fines, confiscation of revenues generated from incompliant operations or the suspension of relevant operations. The PRC Subsidiaries and the Affiliated Entities may also experience adverse publicity arising from such non-compliance with government regulations that negatively impact us. See “—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China—Our business is subject to complex and evolving laws and regulations, many of which are subject to change and uncertain interpretation, which could result in changes to our business practices, reduced revenue and increased compliance costs or otherwise harm our business. Any failure to comply with laws or regulations may subject us to fines, injunctions and other penalties that could harm our business.”

CAC Approval

On July 6, 2021, the General Office of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the General Office of the State Council jointly issued the Opinions on Severely Cracking Down on Illegal Securities Activities According to Law (the “Opinions”). The Opinions stressed the need to strengthen the administration over illegal securities activities and the supervision over overseas listings by Chinese companies. Effective measures, such as promoting the construction of relevant regulatory systems, will be taken to deal with the risks and incidents of China-related overseas listed companies.

On December 28, 2021, the CAC, jointly with 12 other governmental authorities, promulgated the revised Cybersecurity Review Measures (2021), which became effective on February 15, 2022. According to the Cybersecurity Review Measures (2021), critical information infrastructure operators that intend to purchase internet products and services which may have an adverse effect on national security must apply for cybersecurity review. Meanwhile, online platform operators holding personal information of over one million users that intend to list their securities on a foreign stock exchange must apply for cybersecurity review. In the meantime, the governmental authorities have the discretion to initiate a cybersecurity review on any data processing activity if they deem such a data processing activity affects or may affect national security. The specific implementation rules on cybersecurity review are subject to further clarification by subsequent regulations.

On July 7, 2022, the CAC promulgated the Measures for the Security Assessment of Cross-Border Transfer of Data, which took effect on September 1, 2022. These measures aim to regulate cross-border transfers of data, requiring among other things, that data processors that provide data to overseas apply to CAC for security assessments if: (1) data processors provide important data to overseas parties; (2) critical information infrastructure operators and data processors process personal information of more than one million individuals provide personal information to overseas parties; (3) data processors that have cumulatively provided personal information of 100,000 people or sensitive personal information of 10,000 people to overseas parties since January 1 of the previous year, provide personal information to overseas parties; and (4) other scenarios required by the CAC to apply for security assessments are met. In addition, these measures require data processors to carry out self-assessments of risks of providing data to overseas parties before applying to the CAC for security assessments.

On September 24, 2024, the State Council promulgated the Regulations on the Administration of Cyber Data Security (the “Cyber Data Security Regulations”), which became effective on January 1, 2025. The Cyber Data Security Regulations provide that network data processors that engage in network data processing activities which affect or may affect national security shall undergo a national security review in accordance with relevant state regulations.

Given that the above-mentioned newly promulgated laws, regulations and policies were recently promulgated or issued, their interpretation, application and enforcement are subject to substantial uncertainties. We believe that such requirement for cybersecurity review under the revised Cybersecurity Review Measures (2021), are applicable to the PRC Subsidiaries and the VIE. As a network platform operator who possesses personal information of more than one million users for purposes of the Cybersecurity Review Measures (2021), we have applied for and completed a cybersecurity review with respect to our overseas listing pursuant to the Cybersecurity Review Measures (2021).

CSRC Filing

On February 17, 2023, the CSRC promulgated Trial Administrative Measures of the Overseas Securities Offering and Listing by Domestic Companies (the “Overseas Listing Trial Measures”) and circulated five supporting guidelines, which became effective on March 31, 2023. The Overseas Listing Trial Measures will comprehensively improve and reform the existing regulatory regime for overseas offering and listing of PRC domestic companies’ securities and will regulate both direct and indirect overseas offering and listing of PRC domestic companies’ securities by adopting a filing-based regulatory regime.

According to the Overseas Listing Trial Measures, PRC domestic companies that seek to offer and list securities in overseas markets, either in direct or indirect means, are required to fulfill the filing procedure with the CSRC and report relevant information. The Overseas Listing Trial Measures provides that an overseas listing or offering is explicitly prohibited, if any of the following: (1) such securities offering and listing is explicitly prohibited by provisions in laws, administrative regulations and relevant state rules; (2) the intended securities offering and listing may endanger national security as reviewed and determined by competent authorities under the State Council in accordance with law; (3) the domestic company intending to make the securities offering and listing, or its controlling shareholder(s) and the actual controller, have committed relevant crimes such as corruption, bribery, embezzlement, misappropriation of property or undermining the order of the socialist market economy during the latest three years; (4) the domestic company intending to make the securities offering and listing is currently under investigations for suspicion of criminal offenses or major violations of laws and regulations, and no conclusion has yet been made thereof; or (5) there are material ownership disputes over equity held by the domestic company’s controlling shareholder(s) or by other shareholder(s) that are controlled by the controlling shareholder(s) and/or actual controller.

The Overseas Listing Trial Measures also provides that if the issuer meets both the following criteria, the overseas securities offering and listing conducted by such issuer will be deemed as indirect overseas offering by PRC domestic companies: (1) 50% or more of any of the issuer’s operating revenue, total profit, total assets or net assets as documented in its audited consolidated financial statements for the most recent fiscal year is accounted for by domestic companies; and (2) the main parts of the issuer’s business activities are conducted in mainland China, or its main place(s) of business are located in mainland China, or the majority of senior management staff in charge of its business operations and management are PRC citizens or have their usual place(s) of residence located in mainland China. Where an issuer submits an application for initial public offering to competent overseas regulators, such issuer must file with the CSRC within three business days after such application is submitted. In addition, the Overseas Listing Trial Measures provides that the direct or indirect overseas listings of the assets of domestic companies through one or more acquisitions, share swaps, transfers or other transaction arrangements shall be subject to filing procedures in accordance with the Overseas Listing Trial Measures, which filing shall be submitted within three business days after the issuer submits its application documents relating to the initial public offering and/or listing or after the first public announcement of the relevant transaction (if the submission of relevant application documents is not required). The Overseas Listing Trial Measures also requires subsequent reports to be filed with the CSRC on material events, such as change of control or voluntary or forced delisting of the issuer(s) who have completed overseas offerings and listings.

Guidance for Application of Regulatory Rules - Overseas Offering and Listing No. 1, promulgated by CSRC together with the Overseas Listing Trial Measures, provides that if a domestic enterprise completes an overseas offering through an overseas special purposes acquisition company, it shall submit the filing materials within three business days after such overseas special purposes acquisition company publicly announces such acquisition transaction. In addition, according to the Notice on Administration for the Filing of Overseas Offering and Listing by Domestic Enterprises published by CSRC on its official website on February 17, 2023, companies that have already been listed on overseas stock exchanges prior to March 31, 2023 or the companies that have obtained the approval from overseas supervision administrations or stock exchanges for its offering and listing prior to March 31, 2023 and will complete their overseas offering and listing prior to September 30, 2023 are not required to make immediate filings for its listing, but are required to make filings for subsequent offerings in accordance with the Overseas Listing Trial Measures. Companies that have already submitted an application for an initial public offering to overseas supervision administrations but have not yet obtained the approval from overseas supervision administrations or stock exchanges for the offering and listing prior to March 31, 2023 may arrange for the filing within a reasonable time period and should complete the required CSRC filing procedure, the completion of which will be published on the CSRC website, before such companies’ overseas issuance and listing.

We completed the filing procedures in connection with the Business Combination under the Overseas Listing Trial Measures on September 14, 2023, and the result of such CSRC approval was posted on the official website of the CSRC on the same date. Pursuant to the Overseas Listing Trial Measures, we may need to complete filing procedures for future offshore fund-raising activities, including conducting follow-on offering in the United States. Any failure or perceived failure by us to comply with such filing requirements under the Overseas Listing Trial Measures may result in forced rectification, warnings and fines against us and could materially hinder our ability to raise fund overseas. See “—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China—The filing with the CSRC may be required in connection with future overseas fund-raising activities, and we cannot predict whether we will be able to obtain such approval or complete such filing.”

On February 24, 2023, the CSRC, the Ministry of Finance, the National Administration of State Secrets Protection and the National Archives Administration released the revised Provisions on Strengthening Confidentiality and Archives Administration of Overseas Securities Offering and Listing by Domestic Companies (the “Archives Rules”), which became effective on March 31, 2023. The Archives Rules regulate both overseas direct offerings and overseas indirect offerings, providing that, among other things:

●

in relation to the overseas listing activities of PRC enterprises, the PRC enterprises are required to strictly comply with the relevant requirements on confidentiality and archives management, establish a sound confidentiality and archives system, and take necessary measures to implement their confidentiality and archives management responsibilities;

●

during the course of an overseas offering and listing, if a PRC enterprise needs to publicly disclose or provide to securities companies or securities service providers and overseas regulators, any materials that contain relevant state secrets, government work secrets or information that has a sensitive impact (i.e., be detrimental to national security or the public interest if divulged), the PRC enterprise should complete the relevant approval/filing and other regulatory procedures; and

●

working papers produced in the PRC by securities companies and securities service providers, which provide PRC enterprises with securities services during their overseas issuance and listing, should be stored in the PRC, and competent PRC authorities must approve the transmission of all such working papers to recipients outside the PRC.

Any failure or perceived failure by us to comply with the Archives Rules and the confidentiality requirements and other PRC laws and regulations may result in us being held legally liable by competent authorities.

Recent Developments

In April 2025, our company entered into a partnership with Wuhu Jetour Automobile Sales Company Limited, an automotive brand under Chery Holding Group Co., Ltd., to deepen our partnerships with automobile manufacturers across China.

In September 2025, our company expanded our strategic partnership with Volkswagen (Anhui) Automotive Company Limited, through the agreement with Volkswagen (Anhui) Digital Sales and Services Co., Ltd., aiming to deliver end-to-end risk management for new energy vehicles.

In December 2025, our company entered into a partnership with FAW Bestune Automobile Co., Ltd. Sales Branch and Jilin Dingjia Automotive Business Service Co., Ltd., which are under China FAW Group Co., Ltd., aiming to launch fully digital one-stop vehicle delivery services.

In January 2026, our company, Volkswagen (Anhui) Digital Sales and Services Co., Ltd., and Beijing Cardif Airstar Property & Casualty Insurance Co., Ltd. held a strategic cooperation signing ceremony to announce a proposed collaboration to develop digital insurance services for Volkswagen owners and expand into areas such as intelligent pricing, intelligent-driving insurance, and non-auto insurance, aiming to establish a digital financial and insurance service system covering the full lifecycle of electric vehicle ownership.

Nasdaq Listing Compliance

On January 12, 2026, we received a notice (the “Notification Letter”) from Nasdaq stating that we are not in compliance with the $1.00 minimum bid price requirement for continued listing on Nasdaq under Nasdaq Listing Rule 5550(a)(2). The Notification Letter has no current effect on the listing or trading of our securities on Nasdaq. Pursuant to Rule 5810(c)(3)(A) of the Nasdaq Listing Rules, our company has a compliance period of 180 calendar days, or until July 13, 2026 (the “Compliance Period”), to regain compliance with Nasdaq’s minimum bid price requirement. If at any time during the Compliance Period, the closing bid price per Class A ordinary share is at least US$1.00 for a minimum of 10 consecutive business days, Nasdaq will provide our company a written confirmation of compliance and the matter will be closed. In the event that our company does not regain compliance by July 13, 2026, subject to the determination by the staff of Nasdaq, we may be eligible for an additional 180 calendar days compliance period if it meets the continued listing requirements for market value of publicly held shares and all other initial listing standards, with the exception of the bid price requirement of Nasdaq, and provides written notice to Nasdaq of its intention to cure for the minimum bid price requirement.

A.	Reserved

B.	Capitalization and Indebtedness

Not applicable.

C.	Reasons for the Offer and Use of Proceeds

Not applicable.

D.	Risk Factors

Our business and our industry are subject to significant risks. You should carefully consider all of the information set forth in This annual report and in our other filings with the SEC, including the following risk factors, in evaluating our business. If any of the following risks actually occur, our business, financial condition, results of operations, and growth prospects would likely be materially and adversely affected. This annual report also contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. See the section entitled “Forward-Looking Statements.”

Summary of Risk Factors

Risks Related to Our Business and Industry

Risks and uncertainties relating to our business and industry include, but are not limited to, the following:

●

We operate in a highly competitive and rapidly evolving market, which makes it difficult to evaluate our prospects.

●

Our business is subject to risks related to China’s digital insurance and the automotive industries.

●

Our business is subject to complex and evolving laws and regulations, many of which are subject to change and uncertain interpretation, which could result in changes to our business practices, reduced revenue and increased compliance costs or otherwise harm our business. Any failure to comply with laws or regulations may subject us to fines, injunctions and other penalties that could harm our business.

●

Failure to obtain or maintain permits necessary for our operations may subject us to regulatory penalties or require us to adjust our business model.

●

We have historically incurred net losses and negative operating cash flows, and may not achieve or maintain profitability in the future.

●

Our effort to expand into the non-auto insurance market and diversify our revenues may not be successful.

Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure

We carry out our business in China primarily through WFOE and our contractual arrangements with the Affiliated Entities. We are therefore subject to various legal and operational risks and uncertainties related to our corporate structure, which could materially and adversely affect our operations, cause the value of our securities to significantly decline or become worthless. Such risks and uncertainties include, but are not limited to, the following:

●

If the PRC government determines that the contractual arrangements in relation to the VIE structure do not comply with PRC regulatory restrictions on foreign investment in certain industries, or if these regulations or the way they are interpreted change, we, the PRC Subsidiaries and the Affiliated Entities could be subject to severe penalties or be forced to relinquish their interests in those operations, and the Class A Ordinary Shares may decline in value or become worthless.

●

Contractual arrangements with the VIE may result in adverse tax consequences to us, the PRC Subsidiaries or the Affiliated Entities.

●

We and the PRC Subsidiaries rely on contractual arrangements with the VIE and the VIE’s shareholders to operate their business, which may not be as effective as direct ownership in providing operational control.

●

Any failure by the VIE or its shareholders to perform their obligations under their contractual arrangements with WFOE would materially adversely affect the business, financial condition and results of operations of us and the PRC Subsidiaries.

●

VIE’s shareholders may have potential conflicts of interest with us, the PRC Subsidiaries and the Affiliated Entities, which may materially adversely affect the business and financial condition of us and the PRC Subsidiaries.

●

We may rely principally on dividends and other distributions on equity paid by the PRC Subsidiaries to fund our cash and financing requirements, and any limitation on the ability of the PRC Subsidiaries to pay dividends to us could adversely affect our ability to conduct our business.

●

PRC regulations of loans to and direct investment in PRC entities by offshore holding companies and governmental control of currency conversion may delay or prevent us from using proceeds from offshore fund-raising activities, to make loans or additional capital contributions to the PRC Subsidiaries, which could materially adversely affect our liquidity and our ability to fund and expand our business.

Risks Related to Doing Business in China

We face various legal and operational risks and uncertainties related to being based in and having significant operations in China, and therefore are subject to risks associated with doing business in China generally. Risks and uncertainties related to doing business in China could result in a material adverse change in our operations, significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to offer our securities to investors, and cause the value of our securities to significantly decline or become worthless. Such risks and uncertainties include, but not limited to, the following:

●

Chinese government has significant authority to intervene or influence our operations at any time, and to exert more control over offerings conducted overseas and/or foreign investment in China-based issuers. For details, see “ — D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China—The PRC government has significant authority to exert influence on the China operations of an offshore holding company, and offerings conducted overseas and foreign investment in China-based issuers, such as us. Changes in China’s economic, political or social conditions or government policies could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition, and the value of our securities,” “—Recent greater oversight by the CAC over data security, particularly for companies seeking to list on a foreign exchange, could significantly limit or completely hinder our ability in capital raising activities and materially and adversely affect our business and the value of your investment,” “—The filing with the CSRC may be required in connection with future overseas fund-raising activities, and we cannot predict whether we will be able to obtain such approval or complete such filing.”

●

Our securities may be delisted under the HFCAA if the PCAOB is unable to inspect auditors who are located in mainland China and Hong Kong. For details, see “—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China—The PCAOB has historically been unable to inspect our auditor in relation to their audit work performed for our financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report, and the inability of the PCAOB to conduct inspections of our auditor in the past has deprived investors with the benefits of such inspections,” and “—Trading in our securities on any U.S. stock exchange or the U.S. over-the-counter market may be prohibited under the HFCAA if the PCAOB is unable to inspect or investigate completely auditors located in China for two consecutive years. The delisting of our securities, or the threat of being delisted, may materially and adversely affect the value of your investment.”

●

We are subject to impact from PRC economic, political and social conditions, as well as changes in any government policies, laws and regulations. For details, see “—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China—The PRC government has significant authority to exert influence on the China operations of an offshore holding company, and offerings conducted overseas and foreign investment in China-based issuers, such as us. Changes in China’s economic, political or social conditions or government policies could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition, and the value of our securities,” and “—Adverse changes in economic and political policies of the PRC government could negatively impact China’s overall economic growth, which could materially adversely affect our business.”

●

We are subject to uncertainties with respect to the PRC legal system, including such relating to the enforcement of rules and regulations in China and the risk that rules and regulations can change quickly with little advance notice. For details, see “ —D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China—Uncertainties in the interpretation and enforcement of PRC laws, rules and regulations could materially adversely affect our business.”

Risks Related to Our Securities

	●	The price of our securities may be volatile, and the value of our securities may decline.

	●	The Warrants to purchase Class A Ordinary Shares will increase the number of shares eligible for future resale in the public market and result in dilution to our shareholders.

	●	A significant portion of our outstanding shares may be sold in the public market, which could cause the market price for our Class A ordinary Shares to decline.

●

We are a foreign private issuer within the meaning of the rules under the Exchange Act, and as such we are not subject to U.S. proxy rules and are exempt from certain provisions applicable to U.S. domestic public companies.

●

As a company incorporated in the Cayman Islands, we are permitted to adopt certain home country practices in relation to corporate governance matters that differ significantly from the Nasdaq Stock Market corporate governance listing standards; these practices may afford less protection to shareholders than they would enjoy if we complied fully with the Nasdaq Stock Market corporate governance listing standards.

●

You may face difficulties in protecting your interests, and your ability to protect your rights through U.S. courts may be limited, because we are incorporated under the law of the Cayman Islands, and will conduct substantially all of our operations in China, and a majority of our directors and executive officers will reside outside of the United States.

Risks Related to Our Business and Industry

We operate in a highly competitive and rapidly evolving market, which makes it difficult to evaluate our prospects.

We, through the VIE, commenced operations in September 2014. We operate in China’s insurance industry, which is highly competitive and rapidly evolving. Other participants in the industry, including insurance carriers, insurance intermediaries, third-party platforms, referral partners and insurance consumers, may have difficulty distinguishing our platform from those of our competitors. As the industry and our business develop, we may modify our business model or change our platform, services or products. These changes may not achieve expected results and may materially adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

Our net revenue was RMB3,301.4 million, RMB3,473.1 million and RMB3,009.8 million in 2023, 2024 and 2025, respectively. We may not achieve growth in future periods as we expand our operations. You should evaluate our business and prospects in light of the risks and challenges that we are likely to face as a company seeking to develop in a rapidly evolving market.

Our business is subject to risks related to China’s digital insurance and the automotive industries.

Our business depends on the growth of China’s digital insurance industry and in particular, China’s digital auto insurance transaction industry, which is relatively new and may not develop as expected. While the digital auto insurance transaction industry in China grew rapidly in the past years, it may not increase at the same rate in future periods.

The regulatory framework governing China’s digital insurance industry is evolving and is expected to remain uncertain for the foreseeable future. A reversal of, or a slowdown in, China’s digital insurance industry could reduce demand for our services and products for digital insurance transactions and insurance SaaS solutions and adversely affect our growth prospects and profitability.

We derive most of our revenues from providing auto insurance transaction services. As a result, our success depends on China’s automobile market. Decreased demand for automobiles could adversely affect the demand for auto insurance and, in turn, the number of insurance carrier customers, third-party platforms, referral partners, insurance intermediaries and consumers using our platform. Accordingly, if the automobile industry declines or fails to grow, our business, results of operations and financial condition could suffer.

A downturn in general economic conditions in China could reduce consumer spending, negatively impacting the growth rates of China’s automotive industry and the demand for auto insurance in China. Automobile purchasers are also sensitive to trends in the broader economy, including the cost of energy and gasoline, the availability and cost of credit, business and consumer confidence, stock market volatility and unemployment. In addition, the growing popularity of ride-hailing applications in China, could adversely affect automobile purchases and decrease the demand for auto insurance in China.

The insurance industry in China is subject to comprehensive government regulation and supervision. In recent years, the regulatory framework governing China’s insurance industry has changed significantly and may continue to change significantly in the future. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Government Regulations—Regulations of the Insurance Industry” for a discussion of the laws and regulations applicable to our operations. Some laws were recently amended, and their interpretation following such amendments remains unclear. Compliance with these laws and regulations can be difficult and costly. New laws or regulations or changes to laws and regulations can impose additional compliance costs, reduce our revenues, require us to change our operations to ensure compliance or otherwise harm our business.

In September 2020, the CBIRC (currently known as the NFRA) issued the Guiding Opinions on Implementing Comprehensive Reform of Auto Insurance. These opinions provided guidance for insurance carriers to (1) optimize actuarial and pricing practices, (2) expand protection coverages, and (3) enhance customer service quality for auto insurance. For commercial auto insurance products, insurance carriers must lower the cap on expense ratios from 35% to 25% of insurance premiums. Insurance carriers are also encouraged to optimize their cost structures to maintain higher loss ratios, from 65% to 75% of commercial auto insurance premiums. As a result, insurance carriers received lower premiums from selling commercial auto insurance, which adversely affected the service fees that we received from facilitating the sale of commercial auto insurance through our Easy-Insur since October 2020, and through Insurance Marketplace between October 2020 and April 2024, when we ceased to offer Insurance Marketplace due to strategic adjustment of our business.

PRC regulatory authorities have published regulations requiring insurance carriers and insurance intermediaries to register salespersons of insurance products with the CBIRC (currently known as the NFRA) before such salespersons begin practicing. Insurance intermediaries that engage in sales activities of insurance products with unregistered salespersons may be subject to warnings, fines and other penalties by regulatory authorities. However, due to the lack of detailed interpretation, the exact definition and scope of “sales activities” is unclear. Considerable uncertainties exist with respect to the interpretation of existing laws and regulations and new laws and regulations governing sales activities of insurance products. We may need to adjust our business model in response to evolving regulatory requirements.

PRC government authorities have also become increasingly vigilant in enforcing laws and regulations governing the digital auto insurance transaction industry. For example, pursuant to the Regulatory Measures for Risks in the Outsourcing of Information Technology by Banking and Insurance Institutions (the “Outsourcing Measures”) issued by the CBIRC (currently known as the NFRA) on December 30, 2021, adoption of our SaaS solution services and products by insurance carriers and insurance intermediaries may be deemed as their outsourcing of information services, and as a result, we must meet the outsourcing requirements of the Outsourcing Measures. We may from time to time be required to conduct self-inspections and rectify any non-compliance with regulatory requirements. As of the date of this annual report, we have conducted self-inspections in accordance with regulatory requirements and believes that we have rectified all material non-compliance identified in these inspections.

We may not have always been in full compliance with all applicable laws and regulations. For example, we used to offer insurance consumers small rewards to incentivize them to purchase insurance products through our platform. PRC regulators may deem these rewards to have violated PRC laws and regulations, which prohibit insurance intermediaries from offering insurance consumers benefits not stipulated in the relevant insurance contracts. We ceased offering these rewards to insurance consumers in late 2019. However, PRC regulators may impose retroactive administrative penalties on us for past rewards. As of the date of this annual report, we are not aware of any active inquires or investigation by relevant regulators with respect to the imposition of retroactive administrative penalties on us for such historical practices.

We invest significant time and resources to comply with regulatory requirements, which could divert the attention of our management team and key employees and adversely affect our business. Non-compliance with applicable regulations or requirements could subject us to, among others: (1) investigations, enforcement actions and sanctions; (2) mandatory changes to our business model or services; (3) mandatory disgorgement of profits, fines and damages; (4) civil, administrative and criminal penalties or injunctions; (4) claims for damages by ecosystem participants and other third parties; (5) damage to our public image and market reputation; (6) invalidation or termination of contracts; and (7) loss of intellectual property rights.

Any of the foregoing could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Failure to obtain or maintain permits necessary for our operations may subject us to regulatory penalties or require us to adjust our business model.

Based on PRC laws and regulations currently in effect and the legal advice of our PRC legal counsel, Han Kun Law Offices, and subject to different interpretations of these laws and regulations that may be adopted by PRC authorities, the PRC Subsidiaries and the Affiliated Entities have obtained the following licenses and approvals necessary to operate in China as of the date of this annual report: (1) each of the PRC Subsidiaries and the Affiliated Entities has obtained a business license; (2) the VIE, through which the PRC Subsidiaries conduct their VATS business, has obtained a value-added telecommunications license for internet information services; and (3) Cheche Insurance Sales & Service Co., Ltd. has obtained the insurance intermediary license.

The PRC Subsidiaries and the Affiliated Entities may not be able to maintain existing licenses, permits and approvals and government authorities may subsequently require the PRC Subsidiaries and the Affiliated Entities to obtain additional licenses, permits and approvals. If the PRC Subsidiaries and the Affiliated Entities fail to obtain the necessary licenses, permits and approvals or inadvertently conclude that any permissions or approvals are not required, or if applicable laws, regulations, or interpretations change and the PRC Subsidiaries or the Affiliated Entities are required to obtain such permissions or approvals in the future, the PRC Subsidiaries and the Affiliated Entities may be subject to fines, confiscation of revenues generated from incompliant operations or the suspension of relevant operations. The PRC Subsidiaries and the Affiliated Entities may also experience adverse publicity arising from such non-compliance with government regulations that negatively impact our brand.

We have historically incurred net losses and negative operating cash flows, and may not achieve or maintain profitability in the future.

We have incurred net losses since our inception. We incurred net losses of RMB159.6 million, RMB61.2 million and RMB17.8 million in 2023, 2024 and 2025, respectively. We had operating cash outflow of RMB27.0 million, RMB114.1 million and RMB40.6 million in 2023 , 2024 and 2025, respectively. We must grow our revenues to become profitable, and, even if we do, we may not maintain or increase our profitability. We expect to incur losses for the foreseeable future as we invest substantial financial and other resources in, among other things:

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investments in the development of new services and products and enhancing our existing service and product portfolio;

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expansion of our operations and infrastructure organically and through acquisitions and strategic partnerships; and

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general administration, including legal, risk management, accounting, and other expenses related to being a public company.

These expenditures may not result in additional revenue or the growth of our business. Accordingly, we may not generate sufficient revenue to offset our expected cost increases and achieve and sustain profitability. If we fail to achieve and sustain profitability, the market price of our Class A Ordinary Shares could decline.

Our effort to expand into the non-auto insurance market and diversify our revenues may not be successful.

While we historically focused on the auto insurance market, we have expanded into the non-auto insurance market in recent years to diversify our revenues. Our management believes that as non-auto insurance market develops, insurance carriers offering auto-insurance products are expected to have more opportunities to sell across different types of insurance products by utilizing their mature marketing channels, and non-auto insurance products tend to have more favorable margins. However, we may incur significant costs in research and development, recruiting additional personnel and engaging more third-party service providers to develop our non-auto insurance business, and such investment may not generate expected returns. Moreover, the non-auto insurance market may not develop as we expect. If we fail to diversify our revenues, our revenues may grow at a slower rate than we anticipate, and our business, financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected.

We face intense competition and we may not be able to compete effectively.

We face significant competition from companies that provide services and products for digital insurance transactions or insurance SaaS solutions to insurance carriers and insurance intermediaries. In addition, insurance carriers can attract consumers directly through their own sales and marketing teams, other traditional methods of distribution or digital distribution channels. Insurance carriers and insurance intermediaries may also develop their own systems, instead of purchasing SaaS solution products from us or other vendors. We also expect that new competitors will enter China’s digital insurance industry in China with competing platforms, services and products, and we may face new competitors as we expand into new insurance markets. We must develop new services and products to respond to our ecosystem participants’ evolving needs. Our investments in new services and products may not be successful. See “—If we fail to enhance and expand our services and products in a manner that responds to our ecosystem participants’ evolving needs, our business may be adversely affected.”

Our competitors may have significantly more financial, technical, marketing and other resources than we have, and may devote greater resources to develop, promote and support their platforms and services. In addition, they may have more extensive insurance industry relationships than we have, longer operating histories and greater brand recognition. As a result, these competitors may be able to respond more quickly to new technologies, regulatory requirements and consumer demand.

If insurance carriers, third-party platforms or insurance intermediaries compete directly with us or partner with our competitors, it may be difficult for us to attract and retain referral partners, consumers and other ecosystem participants. This could reduce our revenues and market share and materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our success also depends on our ability to keep pace with advances in technologies and improve our platform to address the increasingly sophisticated and varied needs of our ecosystem participants; adapt our services and products to emerging industry standards and practices; and comply with evolving regulatory requirements. Our efforts to adapt to changes in technology could require substantial investments. Our ability to sustain and grow our business will suffer if we fail to respond to advances in technology in a timely and cost-effective manner.

Our competitors also may develop and market new technologies that render our platform less competitive, unmarketable or obsolete. For example, if our competitors develop platforms with similar or superior functionality to us, and the volume of transactions facilitated through our platform declines, we may need to decrease our transaction service fees. If we cannot maintain our pricing structure due to competitive pressures, our revenues could decline or fail to grow as we expect.

Competition may intensify as our competitors enter into business combinations or alliances or raise additional capital, or as established companies in other market segments or geographic markets expand into our market segments or geographic markets. Furthermore, current and future competitors could offer a different pricing model or undercut prices to increase market share. If we cannot compete successfully against current and future competitors, our business, results of operations and financial condition could deteriorate.

If we fail to enhance and expand our services and products in a manner that responds to our ecosystem participants’ evolving needs, our business may be adversely affected.

Our success depends on our ability to provide innovative services that make our platform useful for insurance carriers, third-party platforms, referral partners, insurance intermediaries and consumers. Accordingly, we must invest resources in technology and developments of new services and products to improve our platform. This may require significant investments in acquiring additional personnel, engaging third-party service providers and conducting research and development activities. We may not have the resources to make such investments.

While we historically focused on the auto insurance market, we have expanded into the non-auto insurance market. We also began to provide SaaS solution products to insurance intermediaries in December 2020 and to insurance carriers in March 2021, and we plan to further expand our service and product offerings. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Services and Products.” We have limited experience in these new market segments, services and products, and our ecosystem participants may not respond favorably to new services and products. If the services or products that we introduce fail to engage ecosystem participants, we may fail to generate sufficient revenue or other value to justify our investments.

If we fail to penetrate new insurance markets or introduce new services and products successfully, our revenues may grow at a slower rate than we anticipate. Any of the foregoing could damage our reputation and materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

If we are unable to maintain and expand our local network, we may not be able to grow our business.

We had a nationwide network of approximately 320 service personnel in 25 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities in China as of December 31, 2025. Our service personnel negotiate service fees and other contract terms with insurance carrier customers and facilitate the settlement and issuance of auto insurance policies to end consumers. We face significant challenges and risks in managing our geographically dispersed network. If one or more of our service personnel were to depart and join a competitor, they may divert business from us to our competitor, which could materially adversely affect our business.

As we grow our business, we need to expand the geographic reach of our network. This depends largely on our ability to meet local regulatory requirements and hire and retain service personnel with long-lasting relationships with insurance carriers and insurance intermediaries. Failure to do so would prevent us from expanding our business and maintaining our market share.

We may also need to seek additional business partners to assist in our expansion efforts. If we cannot successfully expand our nationwide network, our growth may be adversely impacted. In addition, the expansion of our nationwide network may not produce the expected financial or results of operations. Any of the foregoing could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

If we cannot maintain and enhance our relationships with insurance carriers, our business, results of operations and financial condition could be materially adversely affected.

We generate most of our revenues from services and products provided to insurance carriers and insurance intermediaries. Our contracts with insurance carrier customers for digital insurance transaction services and with insurance carrier customers and insurance intermediaries for SaaS solution services typically have a one-year term. Insurance carrier customers and insurance intermediaries may terminate some of these contracts with relatively short notice periods under certain circumstances. We may not be able to renew any of these contracts upon their expiration on terms comparable to or better than existing contracts, if at all.

Our relationships with insurance carriers depend on our ability to deliver an attractive volume of consumers that match their desired consumer profiles. At the same time, our ability to attract consumers to our platform depends on the quantity and quality of insurance products insurance carriers offer through our platform.

If we cannot maintain our relationships with insurance carriers and add new insurance carriers to our ecosystem, we may be unable to offer our consumers the insurance buying experience they expect. The foregoing risks could reduce referral partners’ and consumers’ confidence in our products and services. As a result, referral partners and consumers could cease to use us, or use us at a decreasing rate, which would reduce our attractiveness to insurance carriers and materially adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

The fees that we charge for selling insurance products through our platform may fluctuate or decline significantly due to factors beyond our control, which could significantly harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We derive substantially all of our revenues from transaction service fees that we charge insurance carrier customers and other intermediaries for selling policies through our platform. We negotiate the transaction service fees with insurance carrier customers and other intermediaries based on prevailing economic and regulatory conditions, market demand and related factors. Many of these factors are beyond our control.

In particular, the transaction service fees that we charge depend on:

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local regulatory guidelines on the level of commissions provided by insurance carriers to insurance intermediaries;

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the policies and profitability of insurance carriers;

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the availability and cost of comparable products from other product providers;

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the availability of alternative insurance products to consumers; and

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the volume of insurance products sold on our platform.

Because we do not control the decisions of insurance carrier customers, the transaction services fees that we receive from insurance carrier customers and other intermediaries vary significantly from period to period and among different insurance carrier customers, auto insurance products, transactions and geographic markets. We cannot determine or predict the timing or extent of any changes in our transaction service fees.

For example, insurance industry associations across China voluntarily agreed to limit the fee rates that insurance carriers pay insurance intermediaries, which resulted in industry-wide fee decreases for insurance intermediaries in accordance with the Circular of the General Office of the China Banking and Insurance Regulatory Commission on Matters relating to Further Tightened Regulation of Vehicle Insurance, which was promulgated and implemented by the CBIRC (currently known as the NFRA) on January 14, 2019. Government regulations also prohibit insurance carriers in China from paying insurance intermediaries more than what they report to the CBIRC (currently known as the NFRA) and require insurance intermediaries to keep a true and complete record of the amount and collection of commission. In practice, some insurance carriers pay insurance intermediaries additional fees in the form of fees for consulting, technical support or marketing services or through other means. The CBIRC (currently known as the NFRA) punished some insurance carriers and insurance intermediaries for this practice. Historically, we charged third-party automobile service companies referral fees, as we referred insurance carrier customers and each unique insurance policy underwritten by them to third-party car services companies in 2020, which may be recognized by the CBIRC (currently known as the NFRA) as commission received from insurance carrier customers. We terminated such referral services in 2021. Although we have ceased these payment practices, the NFRA may still penalize us for having received such referral revenue. As of the date of this annual report, we are not aware of any announcement by the NFRA to impose penalties for such historical payment practices.

As a result, it is difficult for us to assess the effect of changes in transaction services fees on our operations. Any decrease in transaction service fees could adversely affect our revenues, cash flow and results of operations.

We may fail to maintain and grow our relationships with third-party platforms and referral partners and to effectively manage such relationships.

We collaborate with third-party platforms and insurance referral partners to direct consumers interested in insurance products to our platform and maintain and grow our consumer base. Our third-party platform partners and referral partners may enter into business collaborations with our competitors, or offer insurance products directly and compete with our business.

If our third-party platform partners or referral partners do not effectively market our platform, or if they choose to use greater efforts to market their own digital insurance transaction services and/or products of our competitors, the value of our platform to insurance carriers and the number of transactions on our platform may decline or fail to grow as we expect.

We pay fees to third-party platforms and referral partners for referring consumers to us and facilitating the purchase of insurance products through our platform. We may need to increase our fees for third-party platform partners and referral partners to incentivize them to promote our platform, which would reduce our profit margins. If we cannot source and engage insurance consumers through third-party platforms and referral partners at reasonable costs, our business, results of operations and prospects may be materially adversely affected.

We may not successfully attract prospective consumers.

The growth of our business depends on our ability to attract prospective consumers at reasonable costs. To expand the base of our consumers, we must invest significant resources to develop new services and build our relationships with insurance carriers, third-party platforms, referral partners and other ecosystem participants.

Our ability to successfully launch, operate and expand our services to attract prospective consumers depends on many factors, including our ability to anticipate and effectively respond to changing interests and preferences of consumers, anticipate and respond to changes in the competitive landscape, and develop and offer services that address the needs of consumers. Our ability to attract prospective consumers also depends on our referral partners’ ability to effectively market our platform. See “—We may fail to maintain and grow our relationships with third-party platforms and referral partners and to effectively manage such relationships.”

To attract prospective consumers, we must devote significant resources to enhancing the functionality and reliability of our platform and the speed with which it processes insurance purchase applications. If our efforts are unsuccessful, our base of consumers and the insurance transactions we facilitate may not increase at the rate we anticipate or may even decrease.

Our ability to attract prospective consumers also depends on consumers receiving competitive prices, convenience, customer service and responsiveness from insurance carriers on our platform. If these insurance carriers do not meet consumer expectations, our brand value and ability to attract consumers to our platform may decline, which could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our business may be adversely affected if we are unable to maintain relationship with our insurance carriers, in particular certain group-wide insurance carrier conglomerates in China, as well as our referral partners and third-party platforms.

We have established relationships with a broad and diversified network of approximately 100 insurance carriers of all sizes, including group-wide insurance conglomerates and other medium and small insurance carriers. Through our nationwide network, our local branches have entered into contracts with insurance carrier customers that are affiliated with such insurance carrier conglomerates for the sale of our insurance products. We also cooperate with other intermediaries to settle, issue and deliver auto insurance policies in regions where consumers register their vehicles and other insurance policies in their local regions. We have not entered into long-term contracts with other intermediaries. The loss or reduction of business from any major insurance carrier customers or insurance carrier conglomerates or services from any major intermediary partners could materially adversely affect our revenues, financial condition and results of operations. If one or more of our major insurance carrier customers or intermediary partners were to experience financial difficulties, reduce our sales of insurance products or limit or cease operations, our business and results of operations would suffer. In addition, fluctuations in the sales patterns of insurance carrier customers could adversely affect our revenues, financial condition or results of operations.

We utilize referral partners and third-party platforms to direct consumers interested in insurance products to our platform. Although we currently do not rely on any particular referral partners or third-party platforms to attract consumers, we may do so in the future, and the loss of any such referral partner or third-party platform would adversely impact our business. We have not entered into long-term contracts with our referral partners. To the extent that we will rely on one or few referral partners or third-party platforms to attract consumers to our platform in the future, if one or several such referral partners or third-party platforms were to discontinue promoting our platform, or promote our competitors over us, the volume of transactions on our platform may decrease. In addition, the loss of such referral partner or third-party platform would require us to identify and collaborate with alternative referral partners or third-party platform, or to rely more heavily on direct-to-consumer sales, which we may be unable to do successfully, or which could prove time-consuming and expensive.

The lag time between the payment of our referral service fees to referral partners and the receipt of our transaction service fees from insurance carrier customers and other intermediaries may adversely affect our liquidity and cash flows.

As is typical for a digital insurance service provider in China, we usually pay referral service fees to referral partners within a few days after referred consumers buy insurance policies from our platform. However, we generally receive payments of transaction service fees from insurance carrier customers and other intermediaries on a monthly basis. This time lag requires us to maintain significant working capital to fund our operations.

We expect that as our business grows, we will need additional working capital. We have entered into financing arrangements to manage our working capital needs. For example, on November 6, 2024, we entered into an RMB30.0 million credit facility with the China Minsheng Bank that will expire on November 5, 2025 to support its operations, which was jointly guaranteed by Cheche Insurance and Baodafang. Under this credit facility, we drew down RMB5.0 million on December 11, 2024. The loans of RMB 5.0 million has been repaid on October 31, 2025. In addition, under this credit facility, we drew down RMB9.9 million on January 14, 2025 and RMB9.9 million on November 3, 2025, respectively. There are no financial covenants for the credit facility. On June 20, 2024, Baodafang obtained an RMB50.0 million (updated to RMB20.0 million on December 25, 2024) credit facility from the Bank of Beijing to support its operations. The credit facility expires on June 19, 2026 and is guaranteed by Beijing Cheche. On June 10, 2025, Beijing Cheche entered into non-recourse factoring agreement with the Bank of Beijing, whereby the Bank of Beijing would settle Baodafang’s accounts payable by providing RMB10.0 million to Baodafang’s supplier, Beijing Cheche. The interest was prepaid and the principal will be due upon maturity on June 5, 2026. In addition, under this credit facility, we drew down RMB10.0 million on June 19, 2025. There are no financial covenants for the credit facility. On May 30, 2025, we entered into a loan contract of RMB5.0 million with the Industrial Bank Co., Ltd. (“Industrial Bank”) that will expire on May 29, 2026 to support our operations, which was guaranteed by Cheche Insurance. There are no financial covenants for the loan. On October 14, 2025, we entered into a loan contract of RMB10.0 million with the Industrial and Commercial Bank of China that will expire on June 26, 2026 to support our operations, which was guaranteed by Baodafang and Cheche Insurance. There are no financial covenants for the credit facility. On June 27, 2025, we entered into a loan contract of RMB5.0 million with the Industrial and Commercial Bank of China that will expire on June 26, 2026 to support our operations, which was guaranteed by Beijing Cheche and Cheche Insurance. There are no financial covenants for the credit facility. On June 30, 2025, we entered into an RMB10.0 million credit facility with the Bank of China that will expire on June 28, 2026 to support our operations, which was guaranteed by Beijing Cheche. Under this credit facility, we drew down RMB10.0 million on June 30, 2025. There are no financial covenants for the credit facility. On December 8, 2025, we entered into an RMB5.0 million credit facility with the Bank of Shanghai that will expire on August 24, 2026 to support our operations, which was guaranteed by Cheche Insurance. Under this credit facility, we drew down RMB5.0 million on December 8, 2025. There are no financial covenants for the credit facility. On November 28, 2025, we entered into an RMB5.0 million credit facility with the Bank of Shanghai that will expire on August 26, 2026 to support our operations, which was guaranteed by Cheche Insurance. Under this credit facility, we drew down RMB5.0 million on November 28, 2025. There are no financial covenants for the credit facility. On December 29, 2025, we entered into an RMB10.0 million credit facility with the China CITIC Bank that will expire on December 20, 2026 to support our operations, which was guaranteed by Beijing Cheche. Under this credit facility, we drew down RMB0.7 million on December 31, 2025. There are no financial covenants for the credit facility. On May 8, 2025, we entered into an RMB20.0 million credit facility with the Bank of Beijing that will expire on May 8, 2027 to support our operations, which was guaranteed by the deposit pledge of USD 3.0 million. Under this credit facility, we drew down RMB5.0 million on June 3, 2025, of which RMB0.2 million in principal was repaid on December 3, 2025. In addition, we drew down another RMB5.0 million on October 22, 2025. There are no financial covenants for the credit facility. These financing arrangements may not continue to be available on acceptable terms, or at all. If we do not have sufficient working capital, we may not be able to pursue our growth strategy, respond to competitive pressures or fund key strategic initiatives, which may harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our SaaS solution services and products may not gain market acceptance, which could materially adversely affect our results of operations.

We began to provide SaaS solution services and products to insurance intermediaries in December 2020 and to insurance carrier customers in March 2021. The success of our SaaS solutions business depends on the adoption of SaaS solutions in China’s insurance industry, which may be affected by, among other things, regulatory requirements and widespread acceptance of SaaS solutions in general.

Market acceptance of SaaS solutions depends on a variety of factors, including but not limited to price, security, reliability, performance, customer preferences, public concerns regarding privacy and the enactment of restrictive laws or regulations. It is difficult to predict the demand for insurance SaaS solutions and the future growth rate and size of the insurance SaaS solutions market.

If we or other providers of SaaS solution services or products in the insurance industry or other industries experience security breaches, loss of customer data, disruptions in delivery or other problems, the market for SaaS solution services and products may suffer. If SaaS solutions do not achieve widespread adoption or the demand for SaaS solutions fails to grow due to a lack of customer acceptance, technological challenges, weakening economic conditions, security or privacy concerns, competing technologies and solutions, reductions in corporate spending or otherwise, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially adversely affected.

If we do not effectively manage our growth, control our expenses or implement our business strategies, we may be unable to maintain high-quality services or compete effectively.

We have experienced rapid growth in recent years, which has strained our management and resources. We believe that our growth will depend on our ability to:

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attract and maintain relationships with ecosystem participants;

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develop new sources of revenue;

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capture growth opportunities in new insurance products and services and geographies;

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retain and expand our local network;

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improve our operational and financial systems, procedures and controls, including our technology infrastructure and accounting and other internal management systems;

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expand, train, manage and motivate our workforce and manage our relationships with ecosystem participants;

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implement our marketing strategies; and

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compete against our existing and future competitors.

Our expansion may require us to penetrate new cities in China, where we may have difficulty in satisfying local market demands and regulatory requirements. The foregoing risks will require substantial management skills and efforts and significant expenditures. We may not achieve any of the foregoing.

The expansion by we may divert our management, operational or technological resources from our existing operations. We may not successfully maintain our growth rate or implement our future business strategies effectively. Failure to do so may materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

If we fail to build and maintain our brand, we may not be able to attract enough ecosystem participants to grow our business.

Maintaining and enhancing our brand is critical to expanding our business. Maintaining and enhancing our brand largely depend on providing useful, reliable and innovative services, which we may not do successfully. We may introduce new services or terms of service that our ecosystem participants do not like, which may negatively affect our brand. We may also fail to provide adequate customer service, which could erode confidence in our brand.

Maintaining and enhancing our brand may require us to make substantial investments, which may not be successful. If we fail to successfully promote and maintain our brand, or if we incur excessive expenses in this effort, our business, financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected.

Any negative publicity about our industry, our ecosystem participants or our other business partners may materially adversely affect our business and results of operations.

Our ability to attract and retain ecosystem participants depends in part upon public perception of our products, services, management and financial performance. Customer complaints, governmental investigations or service failures of our platform could cause substantial adverse publicity.

China’s insurance industry is highly regulated. China’s digital insurance industry is relatively new and the regulatory framework for this industry is evolving. Press coverage, social media messaging or other public statements that insinuate improper conduct by us or other participants in China’s insurance industry, and the digital insurance industry in particular, even if inaccurate, may result in negative publicity, litigation, governmental investigations or additional regulations.

Negative publicity about our ecosystem participants, including insurance carriers, third-party platforms, referral partners, insurance intermediaries and our other business partners could also adversely affect us. Addressing negative publicity and any resulting litigation or investigations may distract management, increase costs and divert resources. Negative publicity may also harm our reputation and the morale of our employees. Any of these developments could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations and the price of our Class A Ordinary Shares.

We may acquire other companies or technologies that are complementary to our business, which could divert our management’s attention, dilute our shareholders, disrupt our operations and harm our results of operations.

On October 26, 2017, the VIE acquired 100% of the equity interests in Fanhua Times, which primarily engaged in the auto insurance agency business, for total consideration of approximately RMB225.4 million. If appropriate opportunities arise, we may acquire additional assets, products, technologies or businesses complementary to our business. In addition to obtaining shareholder approval, we may have to obtain approvals and licenses from government authorities for the acquisitions. These approvals and licenses could result in delays and increased costs, and may derail our business strategy if we fail to obtain them.

Acquisitions involve a number of risks and present financial, managerial and operational challenges, including potential disruption of our ongoing business and distraction of management, difficulty with integrating personnel and financial systems, hiring additional management and other critical personnel and increasing the scope, geographic diversity and complexity of our operations. We may not realize any anticipated benefits or achieve the synergies that we expect from acquired businesses or assets. Our ecosystem participants may react unfavorably to our acquisitions. We may be exposed to additional liabilities of any acquired business.

In addition, future acquisitions may involve the issuance of additional securities, which may dilute your equity interest in us. Any of the foregoing risks could materially adversely affect our revenues and results of operations.

Improper access to, use or disclosure of data could harm our reputation and adversely affect our business.

Our platform generates, stores and processes a large quantity of data. As a result, we are exposed to risks inherent in accessing and handling large volumes of data, including those associated with:

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protecting the data hosted on our technology systems, applications, APIs, website and SaaS solutions, including against attacks by outside parties or employee error or malfeasance;

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addressing concerns related to data privacy, sharing and security; and

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complying with laws, rules and regulations governing the use and disclosure of personal information.

Cybersecurity and data privacy issues have become subject to increasing legislative and regulatory focus in China. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Government Regulations—Regulation of Internet Content Providers” and “—Regulation of Privacy Protection.” Many of these laws and regulations are subject to frequent modification and differing interpretations.

Complying with these evolving regulatory requirements could require significant expense and effort and require us to change our business practices and privacy policies in a manner adverse to our ecosystem participants and our business. Failure to comply with existing or future cybersecurity and data privacy laws and regulations could result in litigation, fines and penalties, regulatory enforcement actions and reputational harm. In addition, changes in our ecosystem participants’ expectations and requirements regarding privacy and data protection could restrict our ability to collect and use information collected on our platform, which in turn could harm our ability to serve our ecosystem participants. Any of the foregoing risks could materially adversely affect our business, reputation, or financial results.

Any global systemic economic and financial crisis could negatively affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our business, financial condition and results of operations may be negatively impacted by any prolonged slowdown in the global or Chinese economy. The global financial markets have experienced significant disruptions since 2008 and the United States, Europe and other economies have experienced periods of recession. The recovery from the lows of 2008 and 2009 has been uneven and there are new challenges, including the escalation of the European sovereign debt crisis from 2011 and the slowdown of Chinese economic growth since 2012, which may continue. The market panics over the global outbreak of coronavirus COVID-19 and the drop in oil price materially and negatively affected the global financial markets in March 2020, which resulted in a slowdown of the world’s economy. There have also been concerns over unrest in Ukraine, the Middle East and Africa, which have resulted in volatility in financial and other markets, concerns over the significant potential changes to United States trade policies, treaties and tariffs, including trade policies and tariffs regarding China, concerns about the economic effect of the relationship between China and surrounding Asian countries, and concerns over the rising level of inflation and worries that efforts to curb inflation may result in recession. For instance, if the inflation intensifies in China, we may have to increase the price level of our product and service offerings while our costs and operating expenses may also increase in the meantime. In that case, our profit margin will depend on our ability to pass on the additional costs and operating expenses to our customers.

The United States government has made statements and taken certain actions that may lead to changes in United States and international trade policies towards China. It remains unclear what additional actions, if any, will be taken by the United States or other governments with respect to international trade agreements, the imposition of tariffs on goods imported into the United States, tax policy related to international commerce, or other trade matters. In February and March 2025, the United States administration imposed an additional 20 percent duty on Chinese imports. Subsequently, authorities in China announced tariffs over selected United States products and regulatory investigation against United States companies in response to the tariff imposed by the United States. Furthermore, on April 2, 2025, President Trump announced that the United States would impose a 10% tariff on all countries, effective on April 5, 2025, and an individualized reciprocal higher tariff on countries with which the United States has the largest trade deficits, including a 34% additional reciprocal tariff on goods imported from China that brings the total tariff rate to 54%. On April 4, 2025, the Foreign Ministry of China announced that China would impose a retaliatory 34% tariff on goods imported from the United States. On April 8, 2025, President Trump announced to impose an additional 50% tariff on Chinese imports. The Trump administration proceeded to implement a 104% tariff on goods imported from China on April 9, 2025. Subsequently, on April 10, 2025, President Trump announced a temporary suspension of reciprocal tariff measures targeting most U.S. trading partners for a 90-day period, while concurrently escalating tariffs on Chinese goods, which currently amounts to 145% and may become even higher in the future. This sequence of actions underscored a strategic recalibration of the United States trade policy, emphasizing heightened pressure on international trades. We are closely monitoring potential changes in international trade policy and assessing the potential impact of these and other trade policy changes on our business operations and financial performance.

Additionally, political tensions between the United States and China have escalated due to various incidents relating to trade dispute, sovereign integrity, and sanctions, among others. For example, on October 28, 2024, the U.S. Department of the Treasury (the “Treasury”) issued a final rule on outbound investment (the “Final Rule”) to implement the executive order of August 9, 2023. The Final Rule became effective on January 2, 2025, and restricts direct and indirect investment by U.S. persons into companies with specified connections to China that use specific technologies of concern related to three sectors: (1) semiconductors and microelectronics, (2) quantum information technologies, and (3) artificial intelligence systems. On December 18, 2025, U.S. President Trump signed into law the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2026, which includes the Comprehensive Outbound Investment National Security Act of 2025 (the “COINS Act”). The Final Rule remains in effect, but the COINS Act requires Treasury to propose certain revisions to the Final Rule within 450 days of December 18, 2025. Those revisions ultimately will include, among other changes to the Final Rule, an expansion of the countries of concern, an expansion of the technologies covered to include hypersonic systems, revisions to key defined terms, and the establishment of a formal advisory opinion process. Against this backdrop, China has implemented, and may further implement, measures in response to the changing trade policies, treaties, tariffs and sanctions and restrictions against Chinese companies initiated by the U.S. government. If the political tension between the United States and China intensifies and further regulations affecting our business or customers are passed, our business may be materially and adversely affected.

We have limited ability to protect and defend our intellectual property rights, and unauthorized parties may infringe upon or misappropriate our intellectual property, which could harm our business and competitive position.

Our success depends on our ability to protect the know-how and technologies that we have developed. We cannot protect our intellectual property if we cannot enforce our rights or does not detect unauthorized use of our intellectual property. If we fail to protect our intellectual property rights adequately, our competitors may gain access to our technology and our business could be adversely affected.

We rely on a combination of patents, trademarks, trade secrets, copyrights, contractual restrictions and other intellectual property laws and confidentiality procedures to establish and protect our proprietary rights. However, the steps we take to protect our intellectual property may be inadequate.

Any patents, trademarks or other intellectual property rights that we obtain may be challenged by others or invalidated through administrative processes or litigation. We enter into confidentiality agreements with key employees and include confidentiality provisions in agreements with our business partners. These agreements may not be effective in controlling access to and distribution of our proprietary information.

Legal standards relating to the validity, enforceability and scope of protection of intellectual property rights are uncertain. The laws of the PRC with respect to protecting intellectual property rights are still evolving, and legal procedures for enforcing intellectual property rights may be inadequate in China. Accordingly, despite our efforts, we may not prevent third parties from infringing upon or misappropriating our intellectual property.

We may expend significant resources to monitor and protect our intellectual property rights. We may also pursue litigation to protect our intellectual property rights and protect our trade secrets. Litigation to protect and enforce our intellectual property rights could be costly, time-consuming and distracting to management. Litigation could also result in the impairment or loss of portions of our intellectual property.

Our efforts to enforce our intellectual property rights may face defenses, counterclaims and countersuits attacking the validity and enforceability of our intellectual property rights. Our failure to protect our proprietary technology against unauthorized copying or use, as well as any costly litigation or diversion of our management’s attention and resources, could delay introductions of new services, result in substituting less effective or more costly technologies into our platform, or injure our reputation.

Infringement or misappropriation claims by third parties could subject us to significant liabilities and other costs.

Our success depends largely on our ability to use and develop our technology and know-how without infringing the intellectual property rights of third parties. Our competitors or other third parties may claim that we are infringing upon their intellectual property rights, and we may be found to be infringing upon such rights.

Any claims or litigation, regardless of merit, could cause us to incur significant expenses. If successfully asserted against it, these claims could require that we pay substantial damages or ongoing royalty payments, prevent us from offering our services or require that we comply with other unfavorable terms.

Even if the claims do not result in litigation or resolve in our favor, these claims, and the time and resources spent in resolving them, could divert management resources and adversely affect our business and results of operations. We expect that the occurrence of infringement claims is likely to grow as the industry and our business grows. Accordingly, our exposure to damages resulting from infringement claims could increase and divert our financial and management resources.

Any significant disruption in our technology systems, including events beyond our control, could prevent us from offering our services and products or reduce our attractiveness and result in a loss of our ecosystem participants.

The performance, reliability and availability of our platform and the underlying technology infrastructure are critical to our operations, reputation and ability to attract and retain ecosystem participants. A system outage, malfunction or data loss could harm our ability to provide services.

Third-party cloud providers host our applications, APIs, website, SaaS solutions and supporting services. Our operations depend on service providers’ ability to protect our systems and their own systems against damage or interruption from natural disasters, power or telecommunications failures, environmental conditions, computer viruses or attempts to harm our systems, criminal acts and similar events, many of which are beyond our control. We offer our digital insurance transaction service products through application stores and third-party applications such as WeChat. Disruptions to the services of these stores and applications may negatively affect the delivery of our services to our ecosystem participants.

If our arrangements with these service providers terminate or if the services are no longer cost-effective to us, we could experience interruptions in our services and products as well as delays and additional expenses to serve our ecosystem participants. Our ability to exchange information with insurance carriers and other ecosystem participants could also experience interruptions.

Our applications, APIs, website and SaaS solutions may malfunction from time to time. In addition, we need to update our applications, APIs, website and SaaS solutions to improve functions, incorporate new functions or adapt major updates for operating systems of different users. If our applications, APIs, website and SaaS solutions fail to perform, user experience and our reputation may deteriorate, which could materially adversely affect our business.

We had connected our platform with the core technology systems of approximately 60 insurance carriers as of December 31, 2025. As a result, the safety and stability of system connections are critical to the user experience on our platform and insurance carriers’ confidence in our technology, as well as our operating efficiency. If our system connections with insurance carriers experience disruptions or suspensions, or attacks by external sources, our operations could be materially adversely affected.

Any interruptions or delays in our technology systems, products or services, whether as a result of third-party errors, natural disasters or security breaches, whether accidental or willful, could harm our relationships with consumers and insurance carriers and other ecosystem participants and our reputation. We may not have sufficient capacity to recover all data and services lost in the event of an outage.

These factors could prevent us from facilitating insurance transactions or providing SaaS solutions, damage our brands and reputation, divert the attention of our employees, reduce our revenue, subject us to liability; and cause referral partners, consumers, insurance carriers, insurance intermediaries, third-party platforms and other ecosystem participants to abandon our services and products.

As of the date of this annual report, we have not experienced severe interruptions or delays in our technology systems, services or products. However, we could be subject to such interruptions and delays in the future. Any of the foregoing could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our operations depend on the performance of the internet infrastructure and fixed telecommunications networks in China.

Substantially all access to the internet in China is maintained through state-owned telecommunication operators under the administrative control and regulatory supervision of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology (the “MIIT”). Third-party cloud providers host our applications, APIs, website, SaaS solutions and supporting services. These service providers may have limited access to alternative networks or services in the event of disruptions, failures or other problems with China’s internet infrastructure or fixed telecommunications networks.

As our business expands, we may need to upgrade our technology and infrastructure to keep up with the increasing number and variety of transactions on our platform. Our technology systems and the underlying internet infrastructure and fixed telecommunications networks in China may not support the demands of continued growth in internet usage.

In addition, we do not control the costs of services provided by telecommunication service providers which may affect the cost of data center services. If the prices that we pay for data center services rise significantly, our results of operations may be adversely affected.

Misconduct or other improper activities by our employees, ecosystem participants and other third parties could harm our business and reputation.

Our employees, ecosystem participants and other third parties may engage in misconduct or other improper activities, which could subject us to financial losses or regulatory sanctions and seriously harm our reputation. This misconduct could include unauthorized activities resulting in unknown risks or losses, improper use of confidential or privacy information or fraudulent and other illegal or improper activities. It is not always possible to deter misconduct that occurs on our platform, and the precautions that we take to prevent and detect this activity may not be effective in all cases.

We cooperate with referral partners to attract potential insurance purchasers to our platform. These referral partners help consumers purchase insurance policies through our platform. As a result, consumers may associate these referral partners with us and hold us accountable for their misconduct.

We are also subject to the risk of fraudulent activities by consumers, who may provide us with inaccurate or misleading information or engage in other improper activities through our platform. Misconduct or other improper activities by our employees, ecosystem participants and other third parties could damage our brand and reputation, discourage ecosystem participants from using our services and require us to take additional steps to reduce improper and illegal activities on our platform, which could significantly increase our costs.

Our SaaS solution products offered to insurance carriers and insurance intermediaries are complex and are used in a wide variety of network environments. Such SaaS solution products may be intentionally misused or abused by customers, their employees or third parties who access or use our solution products. Because our customers rely on our SaaS solution products, services and maintenance support to manage a wide range of operations, the incorrect or improper use of our SaaS solution products, our failure to properly train customers on how to efficiently and effectively use our solution products, or our failure to properly provide maintenance services to our customers may result in negative publicity or legal claims against us.

As we expand our SaaS customer base, any failure by our employees to properly provide these services will likely result in lost opportunities for future sales of our SaaS solution products. Any of the foregoing could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our business depends on the continued efforts of our senior management. If one or more members of our senior management were unable or unwilling to serve in their present positions, our business may be severely disrupted.

Our operations depend on the continued services of our senior management, particularly the executive officers named in this annual report. In particular, Mr. Lei Zhang, our founder and chief executive officer, is critical to the management of our business and the development of our strategic direction. While we have provided various incentives to our management, we may be unable to retain their services.

As the number of service and product providers for digital insurance transactions and insurance SaaS solutions in China increases, competitors may attempt to hire our senior management members. If we lose the services of any member of our senior management team, we may not be able to effectively manage our business or implement our growth strategies. If any of our senior management members joins a competitor or forms a competing company, we may lose trade secrets and relationships with our ecosystem participants, and our business may suffer.

Intense competition for employees and increases in labor costs in the PRC may adversely affect our business and results of operations.

We believe that our success depends on our ability to attract, develop, motivate and retain highly qualified and skilled employees. Qualified individuals are in high demand, and we may incur significant costs to attract and retain them. Experienced information technology personnel, who are critical to the success of our business, are in particularly high demand in China.

Competition for talent is intense, and retaining such individuals can be difficult. The loss of any of our key employees could materially adversely affect our ability to execute our business plan and strategy, and we may not find adequate replacements on a timely basis, or at all. We may not retain the services of any key employees. If we do not attract well-qualified employees, or retain and motivate existing employees, our business could be materially adversely affected.

We invest significant time and expenses to train our employees, which increases their value to competitors who may seek to recruit them. If we fail to retain our employees, we could incur significant expenses in hiring and training their replacements. As a result, the quality of our services and our ability to serve consumers, insurance carriers and other industry participants could diminish, materially adversely affecting our business.

The Chinese economy has experienced increases in inflation and labor costs in recent years. As a result, average wages in the PRC are expected to increase. In addition, PRC laws and regulations require us to pay various statutory employee benefits, including pension insurance, housing funds, medical insurance, work-related injury insurance, unemployment insurance and maternity insurance to designated government agencies for the benefit of employees. We expect that our labor costs, including wages and employee benefits, will increase. Unless we can control our labor costs or pass on these increased labor costs, our financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected.

Our business fluctuates seasonally.

Our revenues and results of operations could vary significantly from period to period and fail to match expectations as a result of a variety of factors, some of which are outside of our control. Our results may vary as a result of fluctuations in the number of consumers and insurance carrier customers using our platform and seasonal promotions offered by insurance carrier customers and purchase patterns of insurance consumers. In addition, the digital insurance industry is subject to cyclical trends and uncertainties. Traditionally, higher levels of vehicle sales in China occur in September and October, which results in increased sales of auto insurance policies. As a result, we typically record higher transaction volumes and revenue for our digital insurance transaction service business during the second half of each year. These fluctuations are likely to continue and results of operations for any period may not be indicative of our performance in any future period. In addition, our liquidity may suffer during periods in which we receive lower cash flows.

Our leased property interests may be defective and our rights to the leased properties affected by such defects may be challenged, which could significantly disrupt our operations.

We lease a significant number of properties from third parties for our business. As of December 31, 2025, we leased a total gross floor area of over 7,500 square meters, which we primarily used for office space. We may need to relocate for a number of reasons. For example, we may not be able to renew our leases, and may move to more premium locations or relocate our operations. In those cases, we may not be able to locate desirable alternative sites for our offices under favorable terms.

We have not received from lessors of certain of our leased properties copies of title certificates or proof of authorization to lease the properties to us. If our lessors are not the owners of the properties and they have not obtained consents from the owners or their lessors or permits from the relevant government authorities, our leases could be invalidated. If this occurs, we may have to renegotiate the leases with the owners or the parties who have the right to lease the properties, and the terms of the new leases may be less favorable to us.

We have not entered into written contracts with our lessors for some of our leased properties and the lessors of such properties may terminate our leases. Some of our leased properties were subject to mortgage at the time the leases were entered into. If no consent had been obtained from the mortgage holder under such circumstances, the lease may not be binding on the transferee of the property in the event that the mortgage holder forecloses on the mortgage and transfers the property to another party.

In addition, we have not registered most of our lease agreements with relevant government authorities as required by PRC law. Although failure to complete lease registrations would not affect the legal effectiveness of the leases under PRC law, real estate administrative authorities may require the parties to the lease agreements to register the leases within a prescribed period. Failure to do so may subject the parties to fines from RMB1,000 to RMB10,000 for each such lease. If any competent authority requires that we complete such lease registrations within a prescribed period of time, we would use our best efforts to comply with such requirements. While we have not been subject to any material penalties or disciplinary actions due to the failure to register our leases, we could face penalties or other disciplinary actions for past and future non-compliance.

As of the date of this annual report, we are not aware of any material actions, claims or investigations threatened against us or our lessors with respect to the defects in our leasehold interests. However, if any of our leases terminate as a result of challenges by third parties or governmental authorities due to a lack of title certificates or proof of authorization to lease, we may relocate the affected offices or warehouses and incur additional expenses.

Our risk management systems may not assess or mitigate all risks to which we are exposed.

We have established risk management systems, consisting of policies and procedures that we believe are appropriate for our business. However, we may fail to successfully implement these policies and procedures.

We may also be exposed to fraud or other misconduct committed by our employees or third parties and other events that are out of our control. These events could adversely affect the quality of our services and reputation and subject us to financial losses or sanctions from government authorities. As a result, we cannot assure you that our risk management systems will be effective.

We may be subject to legal proceedings in the ordinary course of our business. Litigation could distract management, increase our expenses or subject us to material money damages and other remedies.

From time to time, we may be a party to litigation and other legal proceedings commenced by or against us, including but not limited to disputes with employees and ecosystem participants. The outcome of any legal proceeding is uncertain. If any legal proceedings were to result in an unfavorable outcome, it could materially adversely affect our business, financial position and results of operations.

Even if we successfully defend ourselves, we may incur substantial costs, time and efforts to defend against any legal action. In addition, any adverse publicity resulting from actual or potential litigation may also adversely affect our reputation, which in turn could harm our business.

We may not have sufficient insurance coverage.

Insurance carriers in China currently do not offer as extensive a range of insurance products as insurance carriers in more developed economies. We do not maintain property insurance or business interruption insurance, nor do we maintain product liability insurance or key-man life insurance. Any business disruption or litigation, or any liability or damage to, or caused by, our facilities or our personnel beyond our insurance coverage may result in substantial costs and may divert our resources.

We face risks related to natural disasters, health epidemics, including the COVID-19 outbreak, natural disasters and other events that could significantly disrupt our operations.

We are vulnerable to natural disasters and other calamities. Fire, floods, typhoons, earthquakes, power loss, telecommunications failures, break-ins, war, riots, terrorist attacks or similar events may cause server interruptions, breakdowns, system failures or internet failures. These incidents could cause the loss or corruption of data or malfunctions of software or hardware and adversely affect our ability to provide our services.

The effects of COVID-19, monkey pox, Ebola, H1N1 flu, H7N9 flu, avian flu, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (“SARS”), or other epidemics could also affect our business. If any of our employees has a contagious disease or condition, we may need to quarantine our employees and/or disinfect our offices, which would negatively impact our business. For example, the outbreak of COVID-19 and protective public health measures undertaken by governments, businesses and individuals to contain the spread of COVID-19 adversely affected workforces, businesses and other organizations, economies and financial markets globally, leading to an economic downturn and increased market volatility. In particular, the COVID-19 outbreak has disrupted the normal operations of many businesses, including our insurance carrier customers, third-party platforms, referral partners and other business partners. If as a result of any recurring or new outbreak of severe contagious diseases, we or our business partners experience shutdowns or business disruptions, our ability to conduct our business as planned could be materially and negatively affected. In addition, our results of operations could be adversely affected to the extent that any of these epidemics harms the Chinese economy in general.

Any failure by us or third parties with which we collaborate to comply with anti-money laundering and anti-terrorist financing laws and regulations could damage our reputation, expose us to significant penalties, and decrease our revenues and profitability.

We have implemented policies and procedures to comply with applicable anti-money laundering and anti-terrorist financing laws and regulations. These include internal controls and “know-your-customer” procedures, for preventing money laundering and terrorist financing. In addition, we rely on insurance carriers to have their own appropriate anti-money laundering policies and procedures.

Insurance carriers with which we collaborate are subject to anti-money laundering obligations under applicable anti-money laundering laws and regulations and are regulated by the People’s Bank of China (the “PBOC”). We have adopted commercially reasonable procedures for monitoring insurance carriers with which we collaborate.

We have not been subject to fines or other penalties, or suffered material business or other reputational harm, as a result of actual or alleged money laundering or terrorist financing activities in the past. However, our policies and procedures may not prevent other parties from using us or any insurance carriers with which we collaborate as a conduit for money laundering (including illegal cash operations) or terrorist financing without our knowledge.

If we were associated with money laundering (including illegal cash operations) or terrorist financing, our reputation could suffer. We could also become subject to regulatory fines, sanctions, or legal enforcement, including being added to any “blacklists” that would prohibit certain parties from engaging in transactions with us, all of which could materially adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

Even if we and insurance carriers with which we collaborate comply with applicable anti-money laundering laws and regulations, we and these insurance carriers may not be able to eliminate money laundering and other illegal or improper activities in light of their complexity and the secrecy of these activities. Any negative perception of the industry, including that which may arise from any failure of other insurance transaction service providers to detect or prevent money laundering activities, even if factually incorrect or based on isolated incidents, could compromise our image, undermine the trust and credibility that we have established, and negatively impact our financial condition and results of operation.

We have granted, and will grant, options and other types of awards under our share incentive plan, which may result in increased share-based compensation expenses.

Our 2019 Equity Incentive Plan and 2023 Equity Incentive Plan allow us to grant share-based compensation awards to employees, directors and outside consultants to incentivize their performance and align their interests with us. Under the 2019 Equity Incentive Plan and 2023 Equity Incentive Plan, we are authorized to grant options, restricted shares, restricted share units and other types of awards. We recognized share-based compensation expenses in our consolidated financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP.

As of the date of this annual report, options and restricted share awards that covered an aggregate of 15,006,076 Class A Ordinary Shares were granted and outstanding under the 2019 Equity Incentive Plan and 2023 Equity Incentive Plan. In 2023, 2024 and 2025, we recorded share-based compensation expenses of RMB110.0 million, RMB33.9 million and RMB24.4 million, respectively. We may continue to record share-based compensation expenses in relation to such share option grants, and we plan to grant options and other types of awards under the 2019 Equity Incentive Plan and 2023 Equity Incentive Plan, as we believe the granting of share-based compensation helps us attract and retain key personnel and employees. As a result, our expenses associated with share-based compensation may increase, which may adversely affect our results of operations.

Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure

We, the PRC Subsidiaries and the VIE face material risks relating to our corporate structure. Investors in the Class A Ordinary Shares are not purchasing equity interests in the VIE domiciled in China but instead are purchasing equity interests in us, the ultimate Cayman Islands holding company. We are not a Chinese operating company but a Cayman Islands holding company with operations conducted by their subsidiaries and through contractual arrangements with VIE based in China, and this structure involves unique risks to investors. The VIE structure provides investors with exposure to foreign investment in China- based companies where Chinese law prohibits or restricts direct foreign investment in the operating companies, and investors may never hold equity interests in the Chinese operating companies. The PRC government regulates telecommunications-related businesses through strict business licensing requirements and other government regulations. These laws and regulations include limitations on foreign ownership of PRC companies that engage in telecommunications-related businesses. Foreign investors are generally not allowed to own more than a 50% equity interest in any PRC companies engaging in value-added telecommunications businesses (excluding e-commerce services, domestic multi-party communications, store-and-forward and call centers).

Because we are an exempted company incorporated in the Cayman Islands, we are classified as a foreign enterprise under PRC laws and regulations, and each of the PRC Subsidiaries is a foreign-invested enterprise (“FIE”). To comply with PRC laws and regulations, we conduct our business in China through the VIE and the Affiliated Entities pursuant to a series of contractual arrangements among WFOE, the VIE and its shareholders. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—C. Organizational Structure—Contractual Arrangements with the VIE and its Shareholders.” We, our subsidiaries and the investors do not have an equity ownership in, direct foreign investment in, or control through such ownership or investment of the VIE. The contractual arrangements with respect to the VIE are not equivalent to an equity ownership in the business of the VIE. Any references in this annual report to control or benefits that accrue to us and our subsidiaries because of the VIE are limited to, and subject to conditions for consolidation of, the VIE under U.S. GAAP. Consolidation of VIE under U.S. GAAP generally occurs if we or our subsidiaries (1) have an economic interest in the VIE that provides significant exposure to potential losses or benefits from the VIE and (2) have power over the most significant economic activities of the VIE. For accounting purposes, we are the primary beneficiary of the VIE. In addition, the contractual agreements governing the VIE have not been tested in a court of law.

We believe that our corporate structure and contractual arrangements comply with PRC laws and regulations. Based on our understanding of the relevant laws and regulations, our PRC counsel, Han Kun Law Offices, is of the opinion that each of the contracts among WFOE, the VIE and its shareholders is valid, binding and enforceable in accordance with its terms.

However, substantial uncertainties remain regarding the interpretation and application of PRC laws and regulations. PRC government authorities may not agree that we and our subsidiaries’ corporate structure or any of the foregoing contractual arrangements comply with PRC licensing, registration or other regulatory requirements or policies.

If regulators deem we, our subsidiaries and the VIE’s corporate structure and contractual arrangements to be illegal, either in whole or in part, we may lose our ability to consolidate the financial results of the Affiliated Entities, and may have to modify our corporate structure to comply with regulatory requirements. We and our subsidiaries may not be able to achieve this without materially disrupting their business.

If we, our subsidiaries and the VIE’s corporate structure and contractual arrangements violate existing or future PRC laws or regulations, the relevant regulatory authorities would have broad discretion in dealing with such violations, including:

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revoking their business and operating licenses;

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levying fines on us, the PRC Subsidiaries and/or the Affiliated Entities;

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confiscating any of the income generated by us, the PRC Subsidiaries and/or the Affiliated Entities that the relevant regulatory authorities deem to be obtained through illegal operations;

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discontinuing or restricting the operations of us, the PRC Subsidiaries and/or the Affiliated Entities in China;

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imposing conditions or requirements with which we, the PRC Subsidiaries and/or the Affiliated Entities may not be able to comply;

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shutting down the servers or blocking the applications, APIs, website, SaaS solutions or supporting services of us;

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requiring us, the PRC Subsidiaries and the Affiliated Entities to change their corporate structure and contractual arrangements;

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restricting the right by us, the PRC Subsidiaries and the Affiliated Entities to collect revenue;

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restricting or prohibiting our use of the proceeds from overseas offering to finance the Affiliated Entities’ operations; and

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taking other regulatory or enforcement actions that could harm our business.

New PRC laws, rules and regulations may impose additional requirements on us, our subsidiaries and the VIE’s corporate structure and contractual arrangements, which could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. If any of these penalties or requirements causes us and our subsidiaries to lose the rights to direct the activities of the VIE or their right to receive economic benefits, we will no longer be able to consolidate the VIE’s financial results in our consolidated financial statements, which could cause the value of the Class A Ordinary Shares to decline significantly or become worthless.

On February 17, 2023, the CSRC released the Overseas Listing Trial Measures and five supporting guidelines, which became effective on March 31, 2023. At the press conference held for the Overseas Listing Trial Measures on the same day, officials from the CSRC clarified that, as for companies seeking overseas listing with contractual arrangements, the CSRC will solicit opinions from relevant regulatory authorities and complete the filing of the overseas listing of such companies if they duly meet the compliance requirements, and support the development and growth of these companies by enabling them to utilize two markets and two kinds of resources. We completed the CSRC filing procedures under the Overseas Listing Trial Measures for the Business Combination on September 14, 2023. If we, the PRC Subsidiaries or the Affiliated Entities fail to complete the filing with the CSRC for any future offering, or any other capital raising activities which are subject to the filings under the Overseas Listing Trial Measures, due to our contractual arrangements, our ability to raise or utilize funds from such overseas fund-raising activities could be materially and adversely affected, and we may even need to unwind the contractual arrangements or restructure the business operations to rectify the failure to complete the filings. However, given that the Overseas Listing Trial Measures were recently promulgated, there remains substantial uncertainties as to their interpretation, application, and enforcement and how they will affect our operations and our future financing.

Contractual arrangements with the VIE may result in adverse tax consequences to us, the PRC Subsidiaries or the Affiliated Entities.

We, the PRC Subsidiaries and/or the Affiliated Entities could face material and adverse tax consequences if PRC tax authorities determine that WFOE’s contractual arrangements with the VIE were not made on an arm’s length basis and adjust the VIE’s income and expenses for PRC tax purposes by requiring a transfer pricing adjustment.

A transfer pricing adjustment could adversely affect us, the PRC Subsidiaries and the Affiliated Entities by (1) increasing the tax liabilities of the Affiliated Entities without reducing the tax liability of the PRC Subsidiaries, which could result in late payment fees and other penalties to the Affiliated Entities for underpaid taxes; or (2) limiting the Affiliated Entities’ ability to obtain or maintain preferential tax treatments and other financial incentives.

We and the PRC Subsidiaries rely on contractual arrangements with the VIE and its shareholders to operate their business. These contractual arrangements may not be as effective as direct ownership in providing us and the PRC Subsidiaries with control over the VIE.

Because we and the PRC Subsidiaries do not have a direct ownership interest in the VIE, we consolidate our financial results by relying on the performance by the VIE and its shareholders of their respective obligations under the contractual arrangements with them. The shareholders of the VIE may not act in the best interests of us and the PRC Subsidiaries, or otherwise fail to perform their contractual obligations.

We and the PRC Subsidiaries may replace the shareholders of the VIE pursuant to the contracts with the VIE and its shareholders. However, if any dispute relating to these contracts or the replacement of the VIE’s shareholders remains unresolved, we and the PRC Subsidiaries must enforce their rights under these contracts under PRC law and be subject to uncertainties in the PRC legal system.

If the VIE or its shareholders fail to perform their respective obligations under their contractual arrangements with WFOE, we and the PRC Subsidiaries may incur substantial costs and expend additional resources to enforce such arrangements. We and the PRC Subsidiaries may also have to rely on legal remedies under PRC law, including seeking specific performance or injunctive relief, and claiming damages. Such remedies may not be effective.

WFOE’s contractual arrangements with the VIE and its shareholders are governed by PRC laws and provide for the resolution of disputes through arbitrations in the PRC. Accordingly, these contractual arrangements would be interpreted in accordance with PRC laws, and any disputes arising from these contractual arrangements would be resolved in accordance with PRC legal procedures.

Uncertainties in the PRC legal system could limit the abilities of us and the PRC Subsidiaries to enforce these contractual arrangements. For example, there have been very few precedents and little formal guidance as to how contractual arrangements in the context of a variable interest entity should be interpreted or enforced under PRC laws. In addition, in the PRC, rulings by arbitrators are final, and parties cannot appeal the arbitration results in courts. If the losing parties fail to carry out the arbitration awards within a prescribed time limit, the prevailing parties may only enforce arbitration awards in PRC courts through arbitration award recognition proceedings, which would require additional expenses and delays. In the event that we and the PRC Subsidiaries cannot enforce the contractual arrangements with respect to the VIE, or suffer significant delays or other obstacles in enforcing these contractual arrangements, we and the PRC Subsidiaries may not be able to consolidate the financial results of the Affiliated Entities. As a result, the ability of us and PRC Subsidiaries to conduct our business, and our financial condition and results of operations may be materially adversely affected. See “—Risks Related to Doing Business in China—Uncertainties in the interpretation and enforcement of PRC laws, rules and regulations could materially adversely affect our business.”

The VIE’s shareholders may have potential conflicts of interest with us, the PRC Subsidiaries and the Affiliated Entities, which may materially adversely affect our business and financial condition.

The interests of the VIE’s shareholders may differ from the interests of us, the PRC Subsidiaries and the VIE. When conflicts of interest arise, any or all of these individuals or entities may not act in the best interests of us, the PRC Subsidiaries and/or the Affiliated Entities, and any conflicts of interest may not resolve in the favor of us, the PRC Subsidiaries and/or the Affiliated Entities. In addition, these individuals or entities may breach or cause the VIE and the PRC Subsidiaries to breach or refuse to renew existing contractual arrangements with WFOE.

None of us, the PRC Subsidiaries or the Affiliated Entities has arrangements to address potential conflicts of interest between these shareholders and any of themselves. We, the PRC Subsidiaries and the Affiliated Entities rely on these shareholders to abide by the laws of the Cayman Islands and China. These laws provide that directors owe a fiduciary duty to the us to act in good faith and in our best interests and not to use their respective positions for personal gain.

However, the legal frameworks of China and the Cayman Islands do not provide guidance on resolving conflicts in the event of a conflict with another corporate governance regime. If we, the PRC Subsidiaries and/or the Affiliated Entities cannot resolve any conflict of interest or dispute between any of themselves and the shareholders of the VIE, we, the PRC Subsidiaries and the Affiliated Entities will likely rely on legal proceedings, which could disrupt their business and subject them to substantial uncertainty as to the outcome of such proceedings.

We rely principally on dividends and other distributions on equity paid by the PRC Subsidiaries, in particular, WFOE, Cheche Ningbo, which in turn relies on consulting and other fees paid to it by the VIE, for our cash and financing requirements, including the funds necessary to pay dividends and other cash distributions to our shareholders and service any debt that we may incur. Relevant PRC laws and regulations permit PRC companies to pay dividends only out of their retained earnings, if any, as determined in accordance with PRC accounting standards and regulations. Additionally, the PRC Subsidiaries and the Affiliated Entities can only distribute dividends upon approval of the shareholders after they have met the PRC requirements for appropriation to the statutory reserve fund. The statutory reserve fund requires that annual appropriations of 10% of net after-tax income should be set aside prior to payment of any dividends, until the aggregate amount of such fund reaches 50% of their registered capital. As a result of these and other restrictions under PRC laws and regulations, the PRC Subsidiaries and the Affiliated Entities are restricted in their ability to transfer a portion of their net assets to us either in the form of dividends, loans or advances, which restricted portion amounted to RMB370.5 million and RMB500.6 million as of December 31, 2024 and 2025, respectively. If the PRC Subsidiaries incur debt on their own behalf, the instruments governing the debt may restrict their ability to pay dividends or make other distributions to us. In addition, PRC tax authorities may require one of the PRC Subsidiaries, Cheche Ningbo to adjust our taxable income under the contractual arrangements that we currently have in place with the VIE in a manner that would materially adversely affect our ability to pay dividends and other distributions to us.

Under PRC laws and regulations, the PRC Subsidiaries, as wholly foreign-owned enterprises in the PRC, may pay dividends only out of their accumulated profits as determined in accordance with PRC accounting standards and regulations. In addition, wholly foreign-owned enterprises, such as the PRC subsidiaries, must set aside at least 10% of their accumulated after-tax profits after making up the previous year’s accumulated losses each year, if any, to fund statutory reserve funds, until the aggregate amount of such fund reaches 50% of their registered capital.

We may allocate a portion of our after-tax profits based on PRC accounting standards to discretionary reserve funds according to our shareholder’s decision. These statutory reserve funds and discretionary reserve funds are not distributable as cash dividends. In addition, the EIT Law and its implementation rules provide that a withholding tax rate of 10% will be applicable to dividends payable by PRC companies to non-PRC-resident enterprises unless otherwise exempted or reduced according to treaties or arrangements between the PRC central government and governments of other countries or regions where the non-PRC-resident enterprises are incorporated.

For example, pursuant to the Arrangement between Mainland China and the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region for the Avoidance of Double Taxation and Tax Evasion on Income (the “Arrangements”), Hong Kong resident enterprises that own no less than 25% equity interest in a PRC enterprise may qualify for a 5% withholding tax rate on dividends received from the PRC enterprise. Under the Administrative Measures for Non-Resident Enterprises to Enjoy Treatments under Tax Treaties, non-resident enterprises must determine whether they qualify for reduced withholding tax rates under the relevant tax treaties and file the relevant materials with the tax authorities. A non-resident enterprise must also meet other conditions to enjoy the reduced withholding tax rate based on other tax rules and regulations.

As of December 31, 2025, we reported accumulated loss and had no retained earnings for offshore dividend distributions. We intend to re-invest all the future earnings of the PRC Subsidiaries in our operations in China. We could be subject to significant withholding taxes if the PRC Subsidiaries decide to pay dividends to offshore entities. The tax authorities may also challenge our determination that we qualify for the reduced withholding tax of 5% under the Arrangements for dividends paid from the PRC Subsidiaries to the Hong Kong Subsidiaries, and the Hong Kong Subsidiaries may not be able to complete the tax filings to enjoy the reduced withholding tax rate.

Substantial uncertainties with respect to the implementation of the Foreign Investment Law may significantly impact the corporate structure and operations of us, the PRC Subsidiaries and the Affiliated Entities.

On March 15, 2019, the National People’s Congress published the Foreign Investment Law of the People’s Republic of China (the “Foreign Investment Law”), which became effective on January 1, 2020 and replaced the Sino-Foreign Equity Joint Venture Enterprise Law, the Sino-Foreign Cooperative Joint Venture Enterprise Law and the Foreign Owned Enterprise Law to become the legal foundation for foreign investment in the PRC. Although the Foreign Investment Law stipulates three forms of foreign investment, it does not explicitly stipulate the contractual arrangements as a form of foreign investment.

The Foreign Investment Law stipulates that the concept of a foreign investment includes foreign investors investing in China through “any other methods” under laws, administrative regulations, or provisions prescribed by the State Council. Future laws, administrative regulations or provisions prescribed by the State Council may regard contractual arrangements as a form of foreign investment. As a result, the contractual arrangements may be deemed to violate foreign investment access requirements and the interpretation of the above-mentioned contractual arrangements.

Changes in PRC laws and regulations could materially adversely affect the contractual arrangements and the business of us, the PRC Subsidiaries and the Affiliated Entities. If future laws, administrative regulations or provisions prescribed by the State Council mandate further actions by companies with existing contractual arrangements, we, the PRC Subsidiaries and the Affiliated Entities may face substantial uncertainties as to the timely completion of such actions. We, the PRC Subsidiaries and the Affiliated Entities could potentially be required to unwind the contractual arrangements and/or dispose the VIE, which could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

The bankruptcy or liquidation of the VIE could materially adversely affect our business, our ability to generate revenue and the market price of the Class A Ordinary Shares.

If the VIE or any of the Affiliated Entities becomes the subject of a bankruptcy or liquidation proceeding, we and the PRC Subsidiaries may lose the ability to use and enjoy assets held by the VIE or any such Affiliated Entity. We and the PRC Subsidiaries conduct operations in China through contractual arrangements with the VIE and its shareholders and subsidiaries. As part of these arrangements, the VIE and its subsidiaries hold substantially all of the assets that are important to the operation of our business.

If any of these entities goes bankrupt and all or part of their assets become subject to liens or rights of third-party creditors, they may be unable to continue some or all of their business activities, which could in turn materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. If the VIE or any of the Affiliated Entities undergoes a voluntary or involuntary liquidation proceeding, their shareholders or unrelated third-party creditors may claim rights to some or all of these assets, which would hinder their ability to operate their business, and could in turn materially adversely affect our business, our ability to generate revenue, and the market price of the Class A Ordinary Shares.

If the custodians or authorized users of our controlling non-tangible assets, including chops and seals, fail to fulfill their responsibilities, or misappropriate or misuse these assets, our business may be materially adversely affected.

Under PRC law, legal documents for corporate transactions, including agreements and contracts such as the leases and sales contracts, are executed using the chop or seal of the signing entity or with the signature of a legal representative whose designation is registered and filed with the relevant local branch of the State Administration for Market Regulation (the “SAMR”) (formerly known as State Administration for Industry and Commerce (the “SAIC”)). We generally execute legal documents by affixing chops or seals, rather than having the designated legal representatives sign the documents.

The relevant entities typically hold the chops of the Affiliated Entities and the PRC Subsidiaries, allowing them to execute documents locally. To maintain the physical security of these chops, we typically store them in secure locations accessible only to custodians and designated key employees of our legal, administrative or finance departments.

Although we have implemented approval procedures and monitored our chop custodians and key employees, including the designated legal representatives of the Affiliated Entities and the PRC Subsidiaries, the procedures may not prevent all instances of abuse or negligence. Our chop custodians, key employees or designated legal representatives may abuse their authority, for example, by binding the Affiliated Entities and the PRC Subsidiaries with contracts against these entities’ interests.

We may be required to honor these contracts if the other contracting party acts in good faith in reliance on the authority of our chops or signatures of our legal representatives. If any designated legal representative obtains control of the chop in an effort to obtain control over the relevant entity, we need to pass a shareholder or board resolution to designate a new legal representative and to take legal actions to seek the return of the chop, apply for a new chop, or otherwise seek legal remedies for the legal representative’s misconduct.

If any of the designated legal representatives obtains, misuses or misappropriates these chops and seals or other controlling intangible assets for whatever reason, we could experience disruptions in our operations. We may also have to take corporate or legal action, which could involve significant time and resources to resolve while distracting management from our operations, materially adversely affecting our business and results of operations.

Any funds we transfer to the PRC Subsidiaries, either as shareholder loans or as an increase in registered capital, are subject to approval by or registration with relevant governmental authorities in China. According to the relevant PRC regulations on FIEs in China, capital contributions to the PRC Subsidiaries are subject to the information report requirement with MOFCOM or their respective local branches and registration with a local bank authorized by State Administration of Foreign Exchange (“SAFE”). In addition, any foreign loan procured by the PRC Subsidiaries cannot exceed statutory limits and is required to be registered with SAFE or its respective local branches.

We may use the proceeds of our offshore fund-raising activities to provide loans or make capital contributions to the PRC Subsidiaries or provide loans to the VIE, in each case subject to the satisfaction of applicable regulatory requirements. Any medium or long-term loan to be provided by us or our offshore subsidiaries to the PRC Subsidiaries and the Affiliated Entities must be registered with NDRC and SAFE or its local branches. Before we or our offshore entities provide loans to the onshore entities (i.e., the PRC Subsidiaries and the Affiliated Entities), the borrower must make filings with the SAFE or its local counterparts in accordance with relevant PRC laws and regulations. In addition, in accordance with Administrative Measures for Review and Registration of Medium- and Long-term Foreign Debts of Enterprises issued by the NDRC on January 5, 2023, which took effect on February 10, 2023, for loans provided by us or our offshore entities to the PRC Subsidiaries or the Affiliated Entities with a term of more than one year, the borrower must also obtain a certificate of review and registration from the NDRC before obtaining such loan, and report relevant information to the NDRC afterward. We or our offshore subsidiaries may not complete such registrations on a timely basis, with respect to future capital contributions or foreign loans by us or our offshore subsidiaries to our onshore entities (i.e., the PRC Subsidiaries and the Affiliated Entities entities). If we or our offshore subsidiaries fail to complete such registrations, our ability to use the proceeds of securities offering, and to capitalize our PRC operations may be negatively affected, which could adversely affect our liquidity and our ability to fund and expand our business.

On March 30, 2015, SAFE promulgated the Circular on Reforming the Management Approach Regarding the Foreign Exchange Capital Settlement of Foreign-Invested Enterprises (“SAFE Circular 19”), which took effect on June 1, 2015, and was partially repealed on December 30, 2019 and latest amended on March 23, 2023. SAFE Circular 19 launched a nationwide reform of the administration of the settlement of the foreign exchange capital of FIEs and allows FIEs to settle their foreign exchange capital at their discretion. However, SAFE Circular 19 prohibits FIEs from using the Renminbi funds converted from their foreign exchange capital for expenditures beyond their business scopes, providing entrusted loans or repaying loans between nonfinancial enterprises.

SAFE issued the Circular on Reforming and Regulating Policies on the Control over Foreign Exchange Settlement of Capital Accounts (“SAFE Circular 16”), effective in June 2016, and was amended on December 4, 2023. Pursuant to SAFE Circular 16, enterprises registered in China may convert their foreign debts from foreign currency to Renminbi on a discretionary basis. SAFE Circular 16 provides an integrated standard for conversion of foreign exchange under capital account items (including but not limited to foreign currency capital and foreign debts) on a discretionary basis which applies to all enterprises registered in China.

In addition, a foreign invested enterprise shall use its capital pursuant to the principle of authenticity and self-use within its business scope. The capital of a foreign invested enterprise shall not be used for the following purposes:

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directly or indirectly used for payment beyond the business scope of the enterprises or the payment prohibited by relevant laws and regulations;

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directly or indirectly used for investment in securities or investments other than banks’ principal-secured products unless otherwise provided by relevant laws and regulations;

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the granting of loans to non-affiliated enterprises, except where it is expressly permitted in the business license; or

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paying the expenses related to the purchase of real estate that is not for self-use (except for the foreign-invested real estate enterprises).

In light of the requirements imposed by PRC regulations on loans to and direct investment in PRC entities by offshore holding companies, we cannot assure you that we can complete the necessary government registrations or obtain the necessary government approvals or filings on a timely basis, if at all, with respect to future loans or with capital contributions by us to the PRC Subsidiaries and/or the Affiliated Entities in the PRC. If we fail to complete such registrations or obtain such approvals, our ability to capitalize or otherwise fund our PRC operations may be negatively affected, which could adversely affect our ability to fund and expand the business.

Risks Related to Doing Business in China

The PRC government has significant authority to exert influence on the China operations of an offshore holding company, and offerings conducted overseas and foreign investment in China-based issuers, such as us. Changes in China’s economic, political or social conditions or government policies could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition, and the value of our securities.

We conduct our business in China and substantially all of our assets are located in China. Accordingly, our business, results of operations and financial condition may be influenced to a significant degree by the PRC political, economic and social conditions. The PRC government may intervene or influence our operations at any time, which could result in a material change in our operations and/or the value of our securities.

The economic, political and social conditions in China differ from those of the countries in other jurisdictions in many respects, including with respect to the amount of government involvement, level of development, growth rate, control of foreign exchange and allocation of resources. The PRC government has implemented measures emphasizing the utilization of market forces for economic reform, the reduction of state ownership of productive assets, and the establishment of improved corporate governance in business enterprises. These reforms have resulted in significant economic growth and social prospects. However, a substantial portion of productive assets in China is still owned by the government. The PRC government exercises significant control over China’s economic growth by allocating resources, controlling payment of foreign currency-denominated obligations, setting monetary policy, regulating financial services and institutions, providing preferential treatment to particular industries or companies, or imposing industry-wide policies on certain industries. Economic reform measures may also be adjusted, modified or applied inconsistently from industry to industry or across different regions of the country, and there can be no assurance that the Chinese government will continue to pursue a policy of economic reform or that the direction of reform will continue to be market friendly.

While the Chinese economy has experienced significant growth in the past four decades, growth has been uneven, both geographically and among various sectors of the economy. Various measures implemented by the PRC government to encourage economic growth and guide the allocation of resources may benefit the overall Chinese economy, but may also have a negative effect on us. Our results of operations and financial condition could be materially and adversely affected by government control over capital investments, foreign investment or changes in applicable tax regulations. The PRC government has also implemented certain measures in the past, including interest rate adjustment, to control the pace of economic growth. These measures may cause decreased economic activity, which in turn could lead to a reduction in demand for our products and consequently have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition. In addition, the recurring or new outbreak of severe contagious diseases may also have a severe and negative impact on the Chinese economy. Any severe or prolonged slowdown in the rate of growth of the Chinese economy may adversely affect our business and results of operations, leading to reduction in demand for our products and adversely affect our competitive position.

Additionally, the PRC government may promulgate laws, regulations or policies that seek to impose stricter scrutiny over, or completely revise, the current regulatory regime in certain industries or in certain activities. For instance, the PRC government has significant discretion over the business operations in China and may intervene with or influence specific industries or companies as it deems appropriate to further regulatory, political and societal goals, which could have a material and adverse effect on the future growth of the affected industries and the companies operating in such industries. Furthermore, the PRC government has also recently indicated an intent to exert more oversight and control over overseas securities offerings and foreign investments in China-based companies. Any such actions may adversely affect our operations, and significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to offer or continue to offer securities to you and cause the value of our securities to significantly decline or be worthless.

Our ability to successfully maintain or grow business operations in China depends on various factors, which are beyond our control. These factors include, among others, macro-economic and other market conditions, political stability, social conditions, measures to control inflation or deflation, changes in the rate or method of taxation, changes in laws, regulations and administrative directives or their interpretation, and changes in industry policies. If we fail to take timely and appropriate measures to adapt to any of the changes or challenges, our business, results of operations and financial condition could be materially and adversely affected.

Recent greater oversight by the CAC over data security, particularly for companies seeking to list on a foreign exchange, could significantly limit or completely hinder our ability in capital raising activities and materially and adversely affect our business and the value of your investment.

On December 28, 2021, the CAC, jointly with 12 other governmental authorities, promulgated the revised Cybersecurity Review Measures (2021), which became effective on February 15, 2022. According to the Cybersecurity Review Measures (2021), critical information infrastructure operators that intend to purchase internet products and services which have or may have an adverse effect on national security must apply for cybersecurity review. Meanwhile, online platform operators holding personal information of over one million users that intend to list their securities on a foreign stock exchange must apply for cybersecurity review. In the meantime, the governmental authorities have the discretion to initiate a cybersecurity review on any data processing activity if they deem such a data processing activity affects or may affect national security.

On July 7, 2022, the CAC promulgated the Measures for the Security Assessment of Cross-Border Transfer of Data, which took effect on September 1, 2022. These measures aim to regulate cross-border transfers of data, requiring among other things, that data processors that provide data overseas apply to CAC for security assessments if: (1) data processors provide important data overseas; (2) critical information infrastructure operators or data processors process personal information of more than one million individuals provide personal information to overseas parties; (3) data processors that have cumulatively provided personal information of 100,000 people or sensitive personal information of 10,000 people to overseas since January 1 of the previous year, provide personal information to overseas parties; or (4) other scenarios required by the CAC to apply for security assessments occur. In addition, these measures require data processors to carry out self-assessments of risks of providing data overseas before applying to the CAC for security assessments. As of the date of this annual report, the Measures for the Security Assessment of Cross-Border Transfer of Data has not materially affected our business or results of operations. Since the Measures for the Security Assessment of Cross-Border Transfer of Data was newly enacted, there remain substantial uncertainties about its interpretation and implementation, and it is unclear whether the relevant PRC regulatory authority would reach the same conclusion as us.

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during the course of an overseas offering and listing, if a PRC enterprise needs to publicly disclose or provide to securities companies, securities service providers or overseas regulators, any materials that contain relevant state secrets, government work secrets or information that has a sensitive impact (i.e., be detrimental to national security or the public interest if divulged), the PRC enterprise should complete the relevant approval/filing and other regulatory procedures; and

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On February 12, 2025, the CAC published the Administrative Measures for Personal Information Protection Compliance Audits, which came into effect on May 1, 2025. According to such measures, the term “compliance audit of personal information protection” refers to the supervisory activities that review and evaluate whether the personal information processing activities performed by personal information processors comply with laws and administrative regulations. Personal information processors that process personal information of more than 10 million individuals shall carry out a compliance audit of personal information protection at least once every two years.

Given that the above-mentioned newly promulgated laws, regulations and policies were recently promulgated or issued, their interpretation, application and enforcement are subject to substantial uncertainties. Complying with new laws and regulations could cause us to incur substantial costs or require us to change our business practices in a manner materially adverse to our business.

As a network platform operator who possesses personal information of more than one million users for purposes of the Cybersecurity Review Measures (2021), we applied for and completed a cybersecurity review with respect to our overseas listing pursuant to the Cybersecurity Review Measures (2021). We have not received any material adverse findings in such cybersecurity review and we are in compliance with the existing regulations and policies by the CAC regarding the Cybersecurity Review Measures (2021) as of the date of this annual report. However, it remains uncertain as to how the existing regulatory measures will be interpreted or implemented in the future, and whether the PRC regulatory agencies, including the CAC, may adopt new laws, regulations, rules, or detailed implementation and interpretation related to the measures, which may have a material adverse impact on our future capital raising activities, or even retrospectively, on the Business Combination and the listing of our securities on Nasdaq. If any such new laws, regulations, rules, or implementation and interpretation come into effect, we face uncertainty as to whether any review or other required actions can be timely completed, or at all. Given such uncertainty, we may be further required to suspend our business or to face other penalties, which could materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition, and/or the value of our securities, or could significantly limit or completely hinder our ability to offer securities to investors. In addition, if any of these events causes us unable to direct the VIE’s activities or lose the right to receive the economic benefits of the Affiliated Entities, we may not be able to consolidate the Affiliated Entities into our consolidated financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, which could cause the value of our securities to significantly decline or become worthless.

Adverse changes in economic and political policies of the PRC government could negatively impact China’s overall economic growth, which could materially adversely affect our business.

We conduct substantially all of operations through the PRC Subsidiaries, the VIE and the Affiliated Entities in China. Accordingly, our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects depend significantly on economic developments in China. China’s economy differs from the economies of most other countries in many respects, including the amount of government involvement in the economy, the general level of economic development, growth rates and government control of foreign exchange and the allocation of resources.

While the PRC economy has grown significantly over the past few decades, this growth has remained uneven across different periods, regions and economic sectors. The PRC government also exercises significant control over China’s economic growth by allocating resources, controlling the payment of foreign currency denominated obligations, setting monetary policy and providing preferential treatment to particular industries or companies. Any actions and policies adopted by the PRC government could negatively impact the Chinese economy, which could materially adversely affect our business.

Uncertainties in the interpretation and enforcement of PRC laws, rules and regulations could materially adversely affect our business.

We, the PRC Subsidiaries and the Affiliated Entities face risks arising from the legal system in China, including risks and uncertainties regarding the interpretation and enforcement of laws and that rules and regulations in China can change quickly with very short notice.

The PRC legal system is based on written statutes. Unlike under common law systems, decided legal cases have limited value as precedents in subsequent legal proceedings. In 1979, the PRC government began to publish a comprehensive system of laws and regulations governing economic matters in general, and forms of foreign investment (including wholly foreign-owned enterprises and joint ventures) in particular. These laws, regulations and legal requirements are relatively new and often change, and their interpretation and enforcement may raise uncertainties that could limit the reliability of the legal protections available to us, the PRC Subsidiaries and the Affiliated Entities. In addition, the PRC legal system is based in part on government policies and internal rules, some of which are not published on a timely basis, and which may have retroactive effect. As a result, we may not be aware of violation of these policies and rules until after the violation occurs.

We cannot predict future developments in the PRC legal system. We may need to procure additional permits, authorizations and approvals for our operations, which we may not be able to obtain. Our inability to obtain such permits or authorizations may materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Administrative and court proceedings in China may be protracted, resulting in substantial costs and diversion of resources and management attention. Since PRC administrative and court authorities retain significant discretion in interpreting and implementing statutory and contractual terms, it may be difficult to evaluate the outcome of administrative and court proceedings and the level of legal protection that we may enjoy. These uncertainties may impede our ability to enforce contracts and could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

The filing with the CSRC may be required in connection with future overseas fund-raising activities, and we cannot predict whether we will be able to obtain such approval or complete such filing.

On August 8, 2006, six PRC regulatory agencies jointly adopted the Rules on Mergers and Acquisition of Domestic Enterprises by Foreign Investors (the “M&A Rules”), which came into effect on September 8, 2006 and were amended on June 22, 2009. The M&A Rules include, among other things, provisions that require that an offshore special purpose vehicle formed for the purpose of an overseas listing of equity interests in a PRC company obtain the approval of the CSRC prior to the listing and trading of such special purpose vehicle’s equity securities on an overseas stock exchange. However, substantial uncertainty remains regarding the scope and applicability of the M&A Rules to offshore special purpose vehicles. The regulations also established additional procedures and requirements that are expected to make merger and acquisition activities in China by foreign investors more time-consuming and complex, including requirements in some instances that MOFCOM be notified in advance of any change-of-control transaction in which a foreign investor takes control of a PRC domestic enterprise, or that the approval from MOFCOM be obtained in circumstances where overseas companies established or controlled by PRC enterprises or residents acquire affiliated domestic companies.

On July 6, 2021, the General Office of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the General Office of the State Council jointly issued the Opinions on Severely Cracking Down on Illegal Securities Activities. According to Law, which emphasized the need to strengthen administration over illegal securities activities and supervision of overseas listings by China-based companies. The Opinions proposed promoting regulatory systems to deal with risks facing China-based overseas-listed companies, and provided that the State Council will revise provisions regarding the overseas issuance and listing of shares by companies limited by shares and will clarify the duties of domestic regulatory authorities.

On September 6, 2024, NDRC and MOFCOM jointly issued the Special Administrative Measures for Entry of Foreign Investment (Negative List) (2024 Version) (the “Negative List”), which became effective and replaced the previous version on November 1, 2024. According to the Negative List, domestic enterprises engaging in businesses in which foreign investment is prohibited shall obtain approval from the relevant authorities before offering and listing their shares on an overseas stock exchange. In addition, certain foreign investors shall not be involved in the operation or management of the relevant enterprise, and shareholding percentage restrictions under relevant domestic securities investment management regulations shall apply to such foreign investors.

Since none of the PRC Subsidiaries or the Affiliated Entities engages in businesses in which foreign investment is prohibited, we believe that the PRC Subsidiaries and the Affiliated Entities are not required to obtain such approval under the Negative List. However, the abovementioned newly promulgated laws, regulations and policies were recently promulgated or issued, and have not yet taken effect (as applicable), their interpretation, application and enforcement are subject to substantial uncertainties, and uncertainties remain regarding the interpretation and implementation of the new rules and regulations.

On February 17, 2023, the CSRC promulgated the Overseas Listing Trial Measures and circulated five supporting guidelines, which became effective on March 31, 2023.

The Overseas Listing Trial Measures also provides that if the issuer meets both the following criteria, the overseas securities offering and listing conducted by such issuer will be deemed as indirect overseas offering by PRC domestic companies: (1) 50% or more of any of the issuer’s operating revenue, total profit, total assets or net assets as documented in its audited consolidated financial statements for the most recent fiscal year is accounted for by domestic companies; and (2) the main parts of the issuer’s business activities are conducted in mainland China, or its main place(s) of business are located in mainland China, or the majority of senior management staff in charge of its business operations and management are PRC citizens or have their usual place(s) of residence located in mainland China. Where an issuer submits an application for initial public offering to competent overseas regulators, such issuer must file with the CSRC within three business days after such application is submitted. In addition, the Overseas Listing Trial Measures provide that the direct or indirect overseas listings of the assets of domestic companies through one or more acquisitions, share swaps, transfers or other transaction arrangements shall be subject to filing procedures in accordance with the Overseas Listing Trial Measures, which filing shall be submitted within three business days after the issuer submits its application documents relating to the initial public offering and/or listing or after the first public announcement of the relevant transaction (if the submission of relevant application documents is not required). The Overseas Listing Trial Measures also requires subsequent reports to be filed with the CSRC on material events, such as change of control or voluntary or forced delisting of the issuer(s) who have completed overseas offerings and listings.

Guidance for Application of Regulatory Rules - Overseas Offering and Listing No.1, promulgated by CSRC together with the Overseas Listing Trial Measures, provides that if a domestic enterprise completes an overseas offering through an overseas special purposes acquisition company, it shall submit the filing materials within three business days after such overseas special purposes acquisition company publicly announces such acquisition transaction. In addition, according to the Notice on Administration for the Filing of Overseas Offering and Listing by Domestic Enterprises promulgated by CSRC on its official website on February 17, 2023, the companies that have already been listed on overseas stock exchanges prior to March 31, 2023 or the companies that have obtained the approval from overseas supervision administrations or stock exchanges for its offering and listing prior to March 31, 2023 and will complete their overseas offering and listing prior to September 30, 2023 are not required to make immediate filings for its listing, but are required to make filings for subsequent offerings in accordance with the Overseas Listing Trial Measures. Companies that have already submitted an application for an initial public offering to overseas supervision administrations but have not yet obtained the approval from overseas supervision administrations or stock exchanges for the offering and listing prior to March 31, 2023 may arrange for the filing within a reasonable time period and should complete the required CSRC filing procedure, the completion of which will be published on the CSRC website, before such companies’ overseas issuance and listing. We completed the filing procedures in connection with the Business Combination under the Overseas Listing Trial Measures on September 14, 2023, and the result of such CSRC approval was posted on the official website of the CSRC on the same date.

Pursuant to the Overseas Listing Trial Measures, we may need to complete filing procedures for future offshore fund-raising activities, including conducting follow-on offering in the United States. We may not be able to complete the filing procedures, obtain the approvals or authorizations, or complete required procedures or other requirements in a timely manner, or at all, and may face adverse actions or sanctions by the CSRC or other PRC regulatory agencies as a result. These regulatory agencies may impose penalties on us, including forced rectification, warning and fines from RMB1,000,000 to RMB10,000,000 against us, and could materially hinder our ability to raise fund overseas.

In addition, we cannot guarantee that new rules or regulations promulgated in the future will not impose any additional requirement on us, the PRC Subsidiaries or the Affiliated Entities or otherwise tighten the regulations on overseas listing of PRC domestic companies, or subsequent offshore fund-raising activities. To the extent that our future offshore fund-raising activities is subject to any CSRC approval, filing, other governmental authorization or requirements, we cannot assure you that we, the PRC Subsidiaries or the Affiliated Entities could obtain such approval or meet such requirements in a timely manner or at all. Such failure may subject us, the PRC Subsidiaries or the Affiliated Entities to fines, penalties or other sanctions which may have a material adverse effect on our business and financial condition.

We may be liable for improper use or appropriation of personal information provided by our customers.

Our business involves collecting and retaining certain internal and customer data. We also maintain information about various aspects of our operations as well as regarding our employees. The integrity and protection of customer, employee and company data are critical to our business. Our customers and employees expect that we will adequately protect their personal information. We are required by applicable laws to keep strictly confidential the personal information that we collect, and to take adequate security measures to safeguard such information.

The PRC regulatory requirements regarding cybersecurity are evolving. For instance, various regulatory bodies in China, including the CAC, the Ministry of Public Security and the SAMR have enforced data privacy and protection laws and regulations with varying and evolving standards and interpretations.

In July 2021, the CAC and other related authorities released the draft amendment to the Cybersecurity Review Measures for public comments through July 25, 2021, the final version of which became effective on February 15, 2022. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Government Regulations—Regulation of Internet Security.” We, the PRC Subsidiaries and the Affiliated Entities are subject to enhanced cybersecurity review. As a network platform operator who possesses personal information of more than one million users for purposes of the Cybersecurity Review Measures (2021), we applied for and completed a cybersecurity review with respect to our overseas listing pursuant to the Cybersecurity Review Measures (2021). However, we, the PRC Subsidiaries could become subject to other relevant investigations launched by PRC regulators in the future. Any other non-compliance with the related laws and regulations may result in fines or other penalties, including suspension of business, website closure, removal of our applications from the relevant application stores, and revocation of prerequisite licenses, as well as reputational damage or legal proceedings or actions against us, which may materially adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations.

On June 10, 2021, the SCNPC promulgated the PRC Data Security Law, which took effect in September 2021. The PRC Data Security Law imposes data security and privacy obligations on entities and individuals carrying out data activities, and introduces a data classification and hierarchical protection system based on the importance of data in economic and social development, and the degree of harm it will cause to national security, public interests, or legitimate rights and interests of individuals or organizations when such data is tampered with, destroyed, leaked, illegally acquired or used. The PRC Data Security Law also provides for a national security review procedure for data activities that may affect national security and imposes export restrictions on certain data and information.

As uncertainties remain regarding the interpretation and implementation of these laws and regulations, there can be no assurance that we will comply with such regulations in all respects, and we may be ordered to rectify or terminate any actions that are deemed illegal by regulatory authorities. We may also become subject to fines and/or other sanctions which may materially adversely affect our business, operations and financial condition.

While we have taken various measures to comply with applicable data privacy and protection laws and regulations, our current security measures and those of our third-party service providers may not always be adequate for the protection of customers, employees or company data. We may be a target for computer hackers, foreign governments or cyber terrorists in the future.

Unauthorized access to our proprietary internal and customer data may be obtained through break-ins, sabotage, breach of secure network by an unauthorized party, computer viruses, computer denial-of-service attacks, employee theft or misuse, breach of the security of the networks of third-party service providers, or other misconduct. Because the techniques used by computer programmers who may attempt to penetrate and sabotage proprietary internal and customer data change frequently and may not be recognized until launched against a target, we may be unable to anticipate these techniques.

Unauthorized access to our proprietary internal and customer data may also be obtained through inadequate use of security controls. Any of such incidents may harm our reputation and adversely affect our business and results of operations. In addition, we may be subject to negative publicity about security and privacy policies, systems, or measurements. Any failure to prevent or mitigate security breaches, cyber-attacks or other unauthorized access to our systems or disclosure of our customers’ data, including their personal information, could result in loss or misuse of such data, interruptions to the service system, diminished customer experience, loss of customer confidence and trust or impairment of technology infrastructure, and harm our reputation and business, resulting in significant legal and financial exposure and potential lawsuits.

As online insurance business evolves, we believe that increased regulation by the PRC or other governments of data privacy on the internet is likely. We may become subject to new laws and regulations applying to the solicitation, collection, processing or use of personal or consumer information that could affect how we store, process and share data with customers, partners and third-party providers. We generally strive to comply with laws and industry standards and are subject to the terms of our own privacy policies.

Compliance with any additional laws, along with the push for comprehensive data protection regulation, could be expensive, and may place restrictions on the conduct of our business and the manner in which we interact with customers and ecosystem participants. Any failure by us or our ecosystem partners to comply with applicable regulations could result in regulatory enforcement actions against us and adversely impact our reputation.

PRC regulations relating to investments in offshore companies by PRC residents may subject PRC-resident beneficial owners or the PRC Subsidiaries to liability or penalties, limit our ability to inject capital into the PRC Subsidiaries or limit the PRC Subsidiaries’ ability to increase their registered capital or distribute profits to us, or may otherwise adversely affect our business and financial condition.

On July 4, 2014, SAFE issued the Circular on Relevant Issues Concerning Foreign Exchange Administration on Domestic Residents’ Offshore Investment and Financing and Roundtrip Investment through Special Purpose Vehicles (“Circular 37”). Circular 37 replaced the Notice on Issues Relating to the Administration of Foreign Exchange in Fund-Raising and Reverse Investment Activities of Domestic Residents Conducted Through Offshore Special Purpose Companies (“Notice 75”), which became effective on November 1, 2005.

Circular 37 stipulates that prior to establishing or assuming control of an offshore company (the “Offshore SPV”), for financing that Offshore SPV with assets of, or equity interests in, an enterprise in the PRC, each PRC resident (whether a natural or legal person) who is a beneficial owner of the Offshore SPV must complete prescribed registration procedures with the local branch of SAFE. Pursuant to Circular 37, PRC residents must amend their SAFE registrations under certain circumstances, including upon any injection of equity interests in, or assets of, a PRC enterprise to the Offshore SPV or upon any material change in the capital of the Offshore SPV (including a transfer or swap of shares, a merger or division).

On February 13, 2015, SAFE issued the Notice on Further Simplifying and Improving Policies for the Foreign Exchange Administration of Direct Investment (“Notice 13”), which became effective on June 1, 2015 and was partially repealed on December 30, 2019. Notice 13 states that local PRC banks will examine and handle foreign exchange registrations for overseas direct investment, including the initial foreign exchange registration and amendment registration, from June 1, 2015. However, substantial uncertainties remain with respect to the interpretation and implementation of this notice by governmental authorities and banks.

On December 26, 2017, the NDRC issued the Measures for the Administration of Overseas Investment of Enterprises (“Measures 11”), which became effective from March 1, 2018. Measures 11 states that PRC enterprises must obtain approval from the NDRC or file with the NDRC their offshore investments made through controlled Offshore SPVs.

Pursuant to the Measures 11 and the Measures for the Administration of Outbound Investment published by the MOFCOM in September 2014, any outbound investment of PRC enterprises must be approved by or filed with MOFCOM, NDRC or their local branches. State-owned enterprises may also be required to complete approval or filing procedures with state-owned assets supervision and administration authorities with respect to certain outbound direct investments.

We have requested that our current shareholders and beneficial owners who, to our knowledge, are PRC residents complete the foreign exchange registrations and that those who, to our knowledge, are PRC enterprises comply with outbound investment related regulations. However, we may not be fully aware of the identities of beneficial owners who are PRC residents. We do not have control over our beneficial owners and cannot guarantee that all of our beneficial owners who are PRC residents will comply with the requirements under Circular 37 or related SAFE rules, or other outbound investment related regulations.

If any of our beneficial owners who are PRC residents fail to comply with Circular 37 or related SAFE rules or other outbound investment related regulations, the PRC Subsidiaries could be subject to fines and legal penalties. Failure to comply with Circular 37 or related SAFE rules or other outbound investment related regulations could be deemed as evasion of foreign exchange controls and subject us to liability under PRC law. As a result, SAFE could restrict our foreign exchange activities, including dividends and other distributions made by the PRC Subsidiaries to us and our capital contributions to the PRC Subsidiaries.

If any of our beneficial owners who are PRC residents fail to comply with Measures 11, the investments of such beneficial owners could be subject to suspension or termination, while such beneficial owners could be subject to warnings or applicable criminal liabilities. Any of the foregoing could materially adversely affect our operations, acquisition opportunities and financing alternatives.

Failure to comply with the registration requirements for employee stock ownership plans or share option plans may subject us and our PRC equity incentive plan participants to fines and other legal or administrative sanctions.

Pursuant to Circular 37, PRC residents who participate in share incentive plans in overseas non-publicly-listed companies due to their position as director, senior management or employee of the PRC Subsidiaries of overseas companies may submit applications to SAFE or its local branches for foreign exchange registration before exercising rights. Our directors, executive officers and other employees who are PRC residents that have been granted options may follow Circular 37 to apply for foreign exchange registration.

We and our directors, executive officers and other employees who are PRC residents that have been granted options are subject to the Notice on Issues Concerning the Foreign Exchange Administration for Domestic Individuals Participating in Stock Incentive Plan of Overseas Publicly Listed company, issued by SAFE in February 2012. According to the Notice, employees, directors, supervisors and other management members participating in any stock incentive plan of an overseas publicly listed company who are PRC residents must register with SAFE through a domestic qualified agent and complete certain other procedures.

Failure to complete SAFE registrations may subject our employees, directors, supervisors and other management members participating in our stock incentive plans to fines and legal sanctions or limit the PRC Subsidiaries’ ability to distribute dividends to us. Failure to complete SAFE registrations may also limit our ability to make payments under the share incentive plans or receive dividends or sales proceeds related thereto, or to contribute additional capital into the PRC Subsidiaries and the Affiliated Entities in China. In addition, we face regulatory uncertainties that could restrict our ability to adopt additional share incentive plans for our directors and employees under PRC law.

We may be treated as a resident enterprise for PRC tax purposes under the PRC Enterprise Income Tax Law and may therefore be subject to PRC income tax.

Under the PRC Enterprise Income Tax Law effective from January 1, 2008 and last amended on December 29, 2018, as well as its implementation rules effective from January 1, 2008 and amended on April 23, 2019, an enterprise established outside of the PRC with a “de facto management body” in the PRC is considered a resident enterprise and will be subject to a 25% enterprise income tax on its global income. The implementation rules define the term “de facto management body” as an establishment that carries out substantial and overall management and control over the manufacturing and operations, personnel, accounting and properties of an enterprise.

The State Administration of Taxation has issued guidance, known as Circular 82, which provides certain specific criteria for determining whether the “de facto management body” of a Chinese-controlled offshore-incorporated enterprise is located in China. Circular 82 only applies to offshore enterprises controlled by PRC enterprises, not those, such as us, controlled by foreign enterprises or individuals.

However, the determining criteria set forth in Circular 82 may reflect the State Administration of Taxation’s general position on how the “de facto management body” test should determine the tax resident status of offshore enterprises, regardless of whether they are controlled by PRC enterprises. We may be considered a PRC tax resident under the new tax law and may become subject to the uniform 25% enterprise income tax on their global income, which could materially adversely affect their results of operations.

Dividends payable to foreign investors and gains on the sale of Class A Ordinary Shares by foreign investors may become subject to PRC tax law.

Under the PRC Enterprise Income Tax Law and its implementing rules, in general, a 10% PRC withholding tax is applicable to dividends payable to investors that are non-resident enterprises that do not have an establishment or place of business in the PRC, or have such establishment or place of business but the dividends are not effectively connected with such establishment or place of business, in each case to the extent such dividends are derived from sources within the PRC. Similarly, any gain realized on the transfer of Class A Ordinary Shares by such investors is also subject to PRC tax at a current rate of 10%, subject to any reduction or exemption set forth in relevant tax treaties, if such gain is regarded as income derived from sources within the PRC.

If we are deemed as a PRC resident enterprise, dividends paid on the Class A Ordinary Shares, and any gain realized from the transfer of the Class A Ordinary Shares, will be treated as income derived from sources within the PRC and be subject to PRC taxation. Furthermore, if we are deemed as a PRC resident enterprise, dividends payable to individual investors who are non-PRC residents and any gain realized on the transfer of the Class A Ordinary Shares by such investors may be subject to PRC tax at a current rate of 20%, subject to any reduction or exemption set forth in applicable tax treaties.

If we or any of our subsidiaries established outside China are considered a PRC resident enterprise, it is unclear whether holders of the Class A Ordinary Shares can claim the benefit of income tax treaties or agreements entered into between China and other countries or areas. If dividends payable to non-PRC investors or gains from the transfer of the Class A Ordinary Shares by such investors are subject to PRC tax, the value of your investment in the Class A Ordinary Shares may decline significantly.

Our shareholders face uncertainties with respect to indirect transfers of equity interests in PRC resident enterprises by their non-PRC holding companies.

On February 3, 2015, the State Administration of Taxation issued the Circular on Issues of Enterprise Income Tax on Indirect Transfers of Assets by Non-PRC Resident Enterprises (“Circular 7”), which replaced or supplemented certain previous rules under the Notice on Strengthening Administration of Enterprise Income Tax for Share Transfers by Non-PRC Resident Enterprises (the “Circular 698”), issued by the State Administration of Taxation on December 10, 2009. Circular 7 sets out a wider scope of indirect transfer of PRC assets that might be subject to PRC enterprise income tax. Circular 7 also includes detailed guidelines regarding when such indirect transfer is considered to lack a bona fide commercial purpose and thus regarded as avoiding PRC tax. On October 17, 2017, the SAT issued the Announcement on Issues Relating to Withholding at Source of Income Tax of Non-resident Enterprises (the “SAT Circular 37”), which came into effect on December 1, 2017 and was amended on June 15, 2018. SAT Circular 37 further clarifies the practices and procedures for withholding non-resident enterprise income tax.

The conditional reporting obligation of the non-PRC investor under Circular 698 is replaced by a voluntary reporting by the transferor, the transferee or the underlying PRC resident enterprise transferred. Using a “substance over form” principle, PRC tax authorities may disregard the existence of the overseas holding company if the company lacks a reasonable commercial purpose and was established for the purpose of reducing, avoiding or deferring PRC tax. As a result, gains derived from such indirect transfer may be subject to PRC enterprise income tax, currently at a rate of 10%, and the transferee has an obligation to withhold tax from the sale proceeds.

Gains from the sale of shares by investors through a public stock exchange are not subject to the PRC enterprise income tax pursuant to Circular 7 where such shares were acquired in a transaction through a public stock exchange.

There remains uncertainty as to the application of Circular 7 and the SAT Circular 37. PRC tax authorities may determine that Circular 7 and the SAT Circular 37 are applicable to offshore restructuring transactions or sale of the shares of offshore subsidiaries where non-resident enterprises, as the transferors, were involved. PRC tax authorities may pursue such non-resident enterprises with respect to a filing regarding the transactions and request the PRC Subsidiaries to assist in the filing.

As a result, our non-resident subsidiaries in such transactions may risk being subject to filing obligations or being taxed under Circular 7 and the SAT Circular 37, unless it can be justified that the transactions are of reasonable business purposes such as group restructuring or other allowed circumstances. Practically, there has been no major transaction of similar nature challenged by the PRC tax authorities. However, given the increasingly tightened tax administration in China and the uncertainties under Circular 7, we cannot assure you that there is no tax reporting or settlement risk for such transactions.

Governmental control of currency conversion may limit the ability of us, the PRC Subsidiaries and the Affiliated Entities to utilize our net revenues effectively and our ability to transfer cash among the group, across borders, and to investors and affect the value of your investment.

The PRC government imposes controls on the convertibility of Renminbi into foreign currencies and, in certain cases, the remittance of currency out of China. The PRC Subsidiaries receive substantially all of their net revenue in Renminbi. Under the current corporate structure, we primarily rely on dividend payments from the PRC Subsidiaries to fund any cash and financing requirements we may have.

The Renminbi is convertible under the “current account,” which includes dividends, trade and service-related foreign exchange transactions, but not under the “capital account,” which includes foreign direct investment and loans, including loans we may secure from or for our onshore subsidiaries or the Affiliated Entities. Certain PRC Subsidiaries may purchase foreign currency for settlement of “current account transactions” without the approval of SAFE by complying with certain procedural requirements.

However, PRC governmental authorities may limit or eliminate the ability of the PRC Subsidiaries and the Affiliated Entities to purchase foreign currencies for current account transactions. Foreign exchange transactions under the capital account remain subject to limitations and require approvals from, or registration with, SAFE and other relevant PRC governmental authorities.

Since a significant amount of the PRC Subsidiaries’ revenue is denominated in Renminbi, any existing and future restrictions on currency exchange may limit their ability to utilize cash generated in Renminbi to fund their business activities outside of the PRC or pay dividends in foreign currencies to the shareholders, including holders of the Class A Ordinary Shares. These restrictions may also limit our ability to obtain foreign currency through debt or equity financing for the PRC Subsidiaries and the Affiliated Entities.

Fluctuations in the value of the Renminbi may materially adversely affect your investment.

The value of the Renminbi against the U.S. dollar and other currencies may fluctuate and is affected by, among other things, changes in political and economic conditions in China and by China’s foreign exchange policies. With the development of the foreign exchange market and progress towards interest rate liberalization and Renminbi internationalization, the PRC government may announce further changes to the exchange rate system, and the Renminbi may appreciate or depreciate significantly against the U.S. dollar. It is difficult to predict how market forces or PRC or U.S. government policy may impact the exchange rate between the Renminbi and the U.S. dollar.

Significant revaluation of the Renminbi may materially adversely affect your investment. For example, to the extent that we need to convert U.S. dollars received from offshore financing activities into Renminbi for the operations of the PRC Subsidiaries and the Affiliated Entities, appreciation of the Renminbi against the U.S. dollar would decrease the Renminbi amount that we would have received from the conversion. Conversely, if we, the PRC Subsidiaries and the Affiliated Entities convert Renminbi into U.S. dollars for the purpose of making payments for dividends on the Class A Ordinary Shares or for other business purposes, appreciation of the U.S. dollar against the Renminbi would reduce the U.S. dollar amount available to us, the PRC Subsidiaries and the Affiliated Entities.

Limited hedging options are available in China to reduce our exposure to exchange rate fluctuations. As of the date of this annual report, we have not entered into any material hedging transactions to reduce our exposure to foreign currency exchange risk. While we may enter into hedging transactions in the future, the availability and effectiveness of these hedges may be limited, and we may not be able to adequately hedge our exposure. In addition, currency exchange losses may be magnified by PRC exchange control regulations that restrict our ability to convert Renminbi into foreign currency.

Trading in our securities on any U.S. stock exchange or the U.S. over-the-counter market may be prohibited under the HFCAA if the PCAOB is unable to inspect or investigate completely our independent registered public accounting firm for two consecutive years. The delisting of our securities, or the threat of being delisted, may materially and adversely affect the value of your investment.

The HFCAA stipulates that if the SEC determines that we have filed audit reports issued by a registered public accounting firm that has not been subject to inspection by the PCAOB for two consecutive years beginning in 2022, the SEC shall prohibit our securities from being traded on a national securities exchange or in the over-the-counter trading market in the United States.

Our current independent registered public accounting firm, Marcum Asia CPAs LLP, is headquartered in New York, New York. The PCAOB has regular and complete access to inspect and investigate Marcum Asia CPAs LLP. Consequently, we are not currently subject to the inspection and investigation restrictions that apply to firms headquartered in mainland China or Hong Kong, and we have not been identified as a Commission-identified Issuer under the HFCAA.

In accordance with HFCAA, our securities will be delisted from the Nasdaq Stock Market, and will not be permitted for trading over the counter if we are identified as a Commission-identified Issuer for two consecutive years under the HFCAA and the CAA. Although the PCAOB currently has full access to inspect and investigate Marcum Asia CPAs LLP, a change in our independent registered public accounting firm or an adverse change in the PCAOB’s ability to inspect any future auditor we retain could subject us to the HFCAA’s requirements. If, in the future, we were to engage an auditor that the PCAOB determines it is unable to inspect or investigate completely for two consecutive years, the SEC would identify us as a Commission-identified Issuer. In that event, our securities would be delisted from the Nasdaq Stock Market and prohibited from trading over the counter in the United States.

If our securities are prohibited from trading in the United States, we cannot assure you that such securities will be listed on a non-U.S. exchange or that a market for our securities will develop outside of the United States. Such a prohibition would substantially impair your ability to sell or purchase our securities when you wish to do so, and the risk and uncertainty associated with delisting would have a negative impact on the price of our securities. Moreover, the HFCAA, CAA or other efforts to increase U.S. regulatory access to audit information could cause investor uncertainty for affected issuers, including us, and the market price of our securities could be adversely affected. Also, such a prohibition would significantly affect our ability to raise capital on acceptable terms, or at all, which would have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition, and prospects.

The enforcement of the PRC Labor Contract Law and other labor-related regulations in the PRC may adversely affect our business and results of operations. Failure to make adequate contributions to employee benefit plans as required by PRC regulations may subject us to penalties.

The Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress enacted the Labor Contract Law in 2008, and amended it on December 28, 2012. The Labor Contract Law introduced specific provisions related to fixed-term employment contracts, part-time employment, probationary periods, consultation with labor unions and employee assemblies, employment without a written contract, dismissal of employees, severance, and collective bargaining to enhance previous PRC labor laws.

Under the Labor Contract Law, an employer must sign an unlimited-term labor contract with any employee who has worked for the employer for ten consecutive years. Furthermore, if an employee requests or agrees to renew a fixed-term labor contract that has already been entered into twice consecutively, the resulting contract, with certain exceptions, must have an unlimited term, subject to certain exceptions.

With certain exceptions, an employer must pay severance to an employee where a labor contract is terminated or expires. In addition, PRC governmental authorities have introduced various new labor-related regulations since the effectiveness of the Labor Contract Law. Under the PRC Social Insurance Law and the Administrative Measures on Housing Fund, employees must participate in pension insurance, work-related injury insurance, medical insurance, unemployment insurance, maternity insurance, and housing funds. Employers must apply for social insurance registration and open housing fund accounts for the employees and are required, together with their employees or separately, to pay the social insurance premiums and housing funds for their employees.

Certain of the PRC Subsidiaries and the Affiliated Entities have not made full contributions to social security insurance plans and housing provident fund for our employees in compliance with the relevant PRC regulations. As a result, we may be required to make up the contributions for these plans as well as to pay late fees and fines.

In addition, certain of the PRC Subsidiaries and the Affiliated Entities provide social security insurance through third-party human resources agencies to pay social insurance premiums and make contributions to housing funds. Under the agreements entered into between the third-party human resources agencies and the PRC Subsidiaries, the Affiliated Entities and their relevant subsidiaries, the third-party human resources agencies are obligated to pay social insurance premiums and housing funds for employees of these entities. Such arrangement may be deemed as a failure to comply with the relevant PRC laws and regulations which require an employer to pay social insurance premiums and make contributions to housing funds. Furthermore, if the third-party human resource agencies fail to pay the social insurance premiums or housing fund contributions for and on behalf of employees as required under applicable PRC laws and regulations, the PRC Subsidiaries, the Affiliated Entities and their subsidiaries may be subject to penalties imposed by the local social insurance authorities and the local housing fund management centers for failing to discharge their obligations to pay social insurance and housing funds as an employer. In addition, we have accrued in the financial statements but not made full contributions to the social insurance plans and the housing provident fund for employees as required by the relevant PRC laws and regulations. As of this annual report, we are not aware of any notice from regulatory authorities or any claim or request from these employees in this regard.

As the interpretation and implementation of these regulations are evolving, employment practices of the PRC Subsidiaries and the Affiliated Entities may not be at all times deemed in compliance with the regulations. As a result, these entities could be subject to penalties or incur significant liabilities in connection with labor disputes or investigations.

There are uncertainties under the PRC laws relating to the procedures for U.S. regulators to investigate and collect evidence from companies located in the PRC.

Shareholder claims or regulatory investigation that are common in the United States generally are difficult to pursue as a matter of law or practicality in China. For instance, in China, there are significant legal and other obstacles to providing information needed for regulatory investigations or litigations initiated outside China. Although the authorities in China may establish a regulatory cooperation mechanism with the securities regulatory authorities of another country or region to implement cross-border supervision and administration, such cooperation with the securities regulatory authorities in the Unities States may not be efficient in the absence of mutual and practical cooperation mechanism.

According to Article 177 of the PRC Securities Law (the “Article 177”), which became effective in March 2020, no overseas securities regulator is allowed to directly conduct investigation or evidence collection activities within the territory of the PRC. Accordingly, without PRC government approval, no entity or individual in China may provide documents and information relating to securities business activities to overseas regulators when it is under direct investigation or evidence discovery conducted by overseas regulators, which could present significant legal and other obstacles to obtaining information needed for investigations and litigation conducted outside of China. The inability for an overseas securities regulator to directly conduct investigation or evidence collection activities within China may further increase difficulties faced by you in protecting your interests. Furthermore, as of the date of this annual report, there have not been implementing rules or regulations regarding the application of Article 177, and, accordingly, it remains unclear as to how it will be interpreted, implemented or applied by relevant government authorities. As such, there are also uncertainties as to the procedures and requisite timing for the overseas securities regulatory agencies to conduct investigations and collect evidence within the territory of the PRC. If the U.S. securities regulatory agencies are unable to conduct such investigations, there exists a risk that they may determine to suspend or de-register our registration with the SEC and may also delist our securities from trading market within the United States. See also “—Risks Related to Our Securities—You may face difficulties in protecting your interests, and your ability to protect your rights through U.S. courts may be limited, because we are incorporated under the law of the Cayman Islands, and will conduct substantially all of our operations in China, and a majority of our directors and executive officers will reside outside of the United States.”

Risks Related to Our Securities

The price of our securities may be volatile, and the value of our securities may decline.

We cannot predict the prices at which our securities will trade. The price of our securities may not bear any relationship to any established criteria of the value of our business and prospects, and the market price of our securities may fluctuate substantially. In addition, the trading price of our securities have been, and is likely to continue to be volatile, and could fluctuate widely in response to various factors, some of which are beyond our control. The volatility of and fluctuations in the trading price of our Class A Ordinary Shares could cause you to lose all or part of your investment. Factors that could cause fluctuations in the trading price of our securities include the following:

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actual or anticipated fluctuations in our financial condition or results of operations;

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variance in our financial performance from expectations of securities analysts;

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changes in our projected operating and financial results;

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changes in laws or regulations applicable to our business;

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announcements by our or our competitors of significant business developments, acquisitions or new offerings;

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sales of our securities by our shareholders or warrant holders;

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significant breaches of, disruptions to or other incidents involving our information technology systems or those of our business partners;

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our involvement in material litigation;

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conditions or developments affecting the digital insurance industry in China;

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changes in senior management or key personnel;

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the trading volume of our securities;

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general economic and market conditions; and

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other events or factors, including those resulting from war, incidents of terrorism, global pandemics or responses to these events.

If we do not satisfy the requirements for continued listing on Nasdaq Stock Market, the Class A Ordinary Shares could be suspended for trading or delisted from Nasdaq.

Our Class A Ordinary Shares are currently listed on the Nasdaq Stock Market. The Nasdaq Listing Rules has minimum requirements that a company must meet for continued listing on the Nasdaq Stock Market.

On January 12, 2026, we received a notice (the “Notification Letter”) from Nasdaq stating that we are not in compliance with the $1.00 minimum bid price requirement for continued listing on Nasdaq under Nasdaq Listing Rule 5550(a)(2). The Notification Letter has no current effect on the listing or trading of our securities on Nasdaq. Pursuant to Rule 5810(c)(3)(A) of the Nasdaq Listing Rules, our company has a compliance period of 180 calendar days, or until July 13, 2026 (the “Compliance Period”), to regain compliance with Nasdaq’s minimum bid price requirement. In the event that our company does not regain compliance by July 13, 2026, subject to the determination by the staff of Nasdaq, we may be eligible for an additional 180 calendar days compliance period if it meets the continued listing requirements for market value of publicly held shares and all other initial listing standards, with the exception of the bid price requirement of Nasdaq, and provides written notice to Nasdaq of its intention to cure for the minimum bid price requirement. We may implement a reverse stock split to increase the bid price of our Class A Ordinary Shares, but there can be no assurance that we will regain or maintain compliance with Nasdaq’s minimum bid price requirement in a timely manner.

We cannot assure you that we will always be able to continue to meet the financial and corporate governance requirements to qualify for continued listing, including the minimum bid price requirement of the Nasdaq Listing Rules. The issuance and sale of any securities in the future may be dilutive to our existing shareholders and may cause the price of the Class A Ordinary Shares to decline, which may prevent us from being able to maintain compliance with the minimum bid price requirement of Nasdaq Listing Rules, and result in the Class A Ordinary Shares being suspended or delisted from the Nasdaq Stock Market. If a suspension or delisting of the Class A Ordinary Shares were to occur, there would be significantly less liquidity in the suspended or delisted Class A Ordinary Shares. In addition, our ability to raise additional capital through equity or debt financing would be greatly impaired.

The Warrants to purchase Class A Ordinary Shares will increase the number of shares eligible for future resale in the public market and result in dilution to our shareholders.

As of the date of this annual report, there are 10,608,609 warrants issued and outstanding, consisting of 7,684,496 Public Warrants, 2,860,561 Sponsor Warrants, and 63,552 Innoven Warrants. The Warrants became exercisable 30 days after the Closing (provided that at the time of such exercise a registration statement under the Securities Act covering the issuance of the Class A Ordinary Shares underlying the Public Warrants is effective and a prospectus relating thereto is current), and will expire five years after the Closing. A registration statement on Form F-1 (Registration No. 333-274806), as amended by a post-effective amendment on Form F-3, covering the issuance of the Class A Ordinary Shares underlying the Warrants has been filed with the SEC. Each Warrant entitles the holder thereof to purchase one Class A Ordinary Share at a price of $11.50 per whole share, subject to adjustment. The Warrants may be exercised only for a whole number of Class A Ordinary Shares. To the extent the Warrants and the Innoven Warrants are exercised, additional Class A Ordinary Shares will be issued, which will result in dilution to the then-existing holders of Class A Ordinary Shares and increase the number of shares eligible for resale in the public market. Sales of substantial numbers of such shares in the public market could adversely affect the market price of Class A Ordinary Shares. The exclusive forum provision in the amended and restated warrant agreement can result in increased costs to investors to bring a claim.

A significant portion of our outstanding shares may be sold in the public market, which could cause the market price for our Class A Ordinary Shares to decline.

The sale of our Class A Ordinary Shares by existing shareholders in the public market, or the perception that such sales could occur, could increase the volatility of the market price of the Class A Ordinary Shares or result in a significant decline in the public trading price of the Class A Ordinary Shares, even if our business is doing well. These sales, or the possibility that these sales may occur, also might make it more difficult for us to sell equity securities in the future at a time and at a price that we deem appropriate.

The lock-up restrictions applicable to former shareholder of CCT expired on March 14, 2024. Furthermore, 4,261,052 Class A Ordinary Shares as well as 2,860,561 Warrants (collectively, the “Sponsor Securities”) held by the Sponsor are subject to lock-up and transfer restrictions pursuant to the terms of the Sponsor Support Agreement dated January 29, 2023, as amended on September 13, 2023, which may not be released until the earliest of (1) the consummation of a change of control of us after the Acquisition Closing, (2) the first date that the closing price of the Class A Ordinary Shares equals or is greater than $12.50 per share (as adjusted for share sub-divisions, share capitalizations, reorganizations, recapitalizations and the like) for any 20 trading days within any 30- trading day period after the first anniversary of Acquisition Closing, (3) with respect to twenty seven and one half percent (27.5%) of the Sponsor Securities six months after the Acquisition Closing (i.e., March 14, 2024), (4) with respect to an additional twenty seven and one half percent (27.5%) of the Sponsor Securities twelve months after the Acquisition Closing, and (5) with respect to forty five percent (45.0%) of the Sponsor Securities twenty four months after the Acquisition Closing. Following the expiration of the applicable lock-up period described in this this annual report and as restrictions on resale end and registration statements are available for use, the market price of the Class A Ordinary Shares could decline if the holders of restricted or locked up shares sell them or are perceived by the market as intending to sell them. These sales, or the perception in the market that such sales could occur, could reduce the market price of the Class A Ordinary Shares.

The warrant agreement relating to the Warrants provides that we agree that any action, proceeding or claim against us arising out of or relating in any way to such agreement will be brought and enforced in the courts of the State of New York or the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York, and that we irrevocably submit to such jurisdiction, which jurisdiction will be the exclusive forum for any such action, proceeding or claim. This exclusive forum provision could limit warrant holders’ ability to obtain what they believe to be a favorable judicial forum for disputes related to the A&R Warrant Agreement.

In connection with the Business Combination, we entered into the A&R Warrant Agreement on August 7, 2023, which relates to the Warrants. Under the A&R Warrant Agreement, we, in collaboration with the warrant agent, are required to deliver Class A Ordinary Shares to warrant holders, provided that they duly exercise their Warrants and make payment in accordance with the terms of the A&R Warrant Agreement. Disputes with warrant holders may arise in connection with the performance of our contractual obligations under the A&R Warrant Agreement. The A&R Warrant Agreement provides that any action, proceeding or claim against us arising out of or relating in any way to such agreement will be brought and enforced in the courts of the State of New York or the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York, which will be the exclusive forum for any such action, proceeding or claim. This provision will apply to claims under the Securities Act but as discussed below, will not apply to claims under the Exchange Act.

Section 27 of the Exchange Act creates exclusive federal jurisdiction over all suits brought to enforce any duty or liability created by the Exchange Act or the rules and regulations thereunder. As a result, the exclusive forum provision in the A&R Warrant Agreement will not apply to suits brought to enforce any duty or liability created by the Exchange Act or any other claim for which the federal courts have exclusive jurisdiction. Accordingly, the exclusive forum provision does not designate the courts of the State of New York as the exclusive forum for any derivative action arising under the Exchange Act, as there is exclusive federal jurisdiction in that instance.

Section 22 of the Securities Act creates concurrent jurisdiction for federal and state courts over all suits brought to enforce any duty or liability created by the Securities Act or the rules and regulations thereunder. As a result, the enforceability of the exclusive forum provision in the A&R Warrant Agreement is uncertain, and a court may determine that such provision will not apply to suits brought to enforce any duty or liability created by the Securities Act or any other claim for which the federal and state courts have concurrent jurisdiction. Further, compliance with the federal securities laws and the rules and regulations thereunder cannot be waived by investors in our securities.

The exclusive forum provision in the A&R Warrant Agreement may limit a warrant holder’s ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that it finds favorable for disputes related to the A&R Warrant Agreement, which may discourage such lawsuits against us and our directors or officers. Alternatively, if a court were to find this exclusive forum provision inapplicable to, or unenforceable in respect of, one or more of the specified types of actions or proceedings, we may incur additional costs associated with resolving such matters in other jurisdictions, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations and result in a diversion of the time and resources of our management and board of directors.

Our Warrants may never be in the money, and they may expire worthless.

The exercise price for our Warrants is $11.5 per share (subject to adjustment as described in the A&R Warrant Agreement), which exceeds the market price of our Class A Ordinary Shares, which was $0.0193 based on the closing price of our Class A Ordinary Shares on Nasdaq on April 22, 2026. The likelihood that warrant holders will exercise the Warrants and any cash proceeds that we would receive is dependent upon the market price of our Class A Ordinary Shares. If the market price for our Class A Ordinary Shares is less than $11.50 per share, we believe warrant holders will be unlikely to exercise their Warrants, and we are unlikely to receive proceeds from the exercise of Warrants.

We may redeem your unexpired the Warrants prior to their exercise at a time that is disadvantageous to you, thereby making your Warrants worthless.

After the Closing, subject to the terms of the A&R Warrant Agreement, we have the ability to redeem the outstanding Warrants at any time after they become exercisable and prior to their expiration, at a price of $0.01 per warrant, if, among other things, the Reference Value (as defined in the A&R Warrant Agreement) equals or exceeds $18.00 per share (as adjusted for share sub-divisions, share capitalizations, reorganizations, recapitalizations and the like). If and when the Warrants become redeemable, we may exercise such redemption right even if it is unable to register or qualify the underlying securities for sale under all applicable state securities laws. Redemption of the outstanding Assumed Public Warrants as described above could force you to (1) exercise your warrants and pay the exercise price therefor at a time when it may be disadvantageous for you to do so, (2) sell your warrants at the then-current market price when you might otherwise wish to hold your warrants or (3) accept the nominal redemption price which, at the time the outstanding warrants are called for redemption, is expected to be substantially less than the market value of the Warrants.

In addition, we will have the ability to redeem the outstanding Warrants at any time after they become exercisable and prior to their expiration, at a price of $0.10 per warrant if, among other things, the Reference Value equals or exceeds $10.00 per share (as adjusted for share sub-divisions, share dividends, rights issuances, reorganizations, recapitalizations and the like). In such a case, the holders will be able to exercise their warrants prior to redemption for a number of Class A Ordinary Shares determined based on the redemption date and the fair market value of such Class A Ordinary Shares. The value received upon exercise of the Warrants (1) may be less than the value the holders would have received if they had exercised their warrants at a later time where the underlying share price is higher and (2) may not compensate the holders for the value of the warrants, including because the number of Class A Ordinary Shares to be received is capped at 0.361 shares of Class A Ordinary Shares per warrant (subject to adjustment) irrespective of the remaining life of the Warrants.

None of the Sponsor Warrants will be redeemable so long as they are held by the Sponsor or its permitted transferees. However, we will have the ability to redeem the Sponsor Warrants once such Sponsor Warrants are transferred (other than to Sponsor’s permitted transferees), provided that the criteria for redemption as set forth in the A&R Warrant Agreement are met.

We currently report under the Exchange Act as a non-U.S. company with foreign private issuer status. Because we qualify as a foreign private issuer under the Exchange Act, we are exempt from certain provisions of the Exchange Act that are applicable to U.S. domestic public companies, including, among others, (1) the sections of the Exchange Act regulating the solicitation of proxies, consents or authorizations in respect of a security registered under the Exchange Act, (2) the sections of the Exchange Act requiring insiders to file public reports of their share ownership and trading activities and liability for insiders who profit from trades made in a short period of time, and (3) the rules under the Exchange Act requiring the filing with the SEC of quarterly reports on Form 10-Q containing unaudited financial and other specified information. In addition, foreign private issuers such as us are required to file their annual report on Form 20-F within four months of the end of each fiscal year, while U.S. domestic issuers that are accelerated filers are required to file their annual report on Form 10-K within 75 days after the end of each fiscal year, and U.S. domestic issuers that are large accelerated filers are required to file their annual report on Form 10-K within 60 days after the end of each fiscal year. In addition, we currently intend to publish our financial results on a quarterly basis through press releases, distributed pursuant to the rules and regulations of Nasdaq. Press releases relating to financial results and material events will also be furnished to the SEC on Form 6-K. However, the information we are required to file with or furnish to the SEC will be less extensive and less timely than that required to be filed with the SEC by U.S. domestic issuers. As a result of all of the above, you may not have the same protections afforded to shareholders of a company that is not a foreign private issuer.

Our securities are listed on the Nasdaq Stock Market. The Nasdaq Stock Market corporate governance listing standards permit a foreign private issuer such as us to follow the corporate governance practices of its home country. Certain corporate governance practices in the Cayman Islands, which is our home country, may differ significantly from the Nasdaq Stock Market corporate governance listing standards.

For instance, we are not required to:

	●	have a majority of the board be independent;

	●	have a compensation committee or a nominations and corporate governance committee consisting entirely of independent directors; or

	●	have regularly scheduled executive sessions with only independent directors each year.

We do not intend to have a compensation committee and a nominating and corporate governance committee consisting entirely of independent directors, or hold an annual meeting of shareholders. We may also continue to rely on this and other exemptions available to foreign private issuers in the future, and to the extent that we choose to do so, our shareholders may be afforded less protection than they otherwise would have under the Nasdaq Stock Market Rules applicable to U.S. domestic issuers.

We are an exempted company limited by shares incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands. We conduct a majority of our operations through the PRC Subsidiaries and the Affiliated Entities in China. Substantially all of our assets are located outside of the United States. A majority of our officers and directors reside outside the United States and a substantial portion of the assets of those persons are located outside of the United States. As a result, it could be difficult or impossible for you to bring an action against the us or against these individuals outside of the United States in the event that you believe that your rights have been infringed upon under the applicable securities laws or otherwise. Even if you are successful in bringing an action of this kind, the laws of the Cayman Islands and of the PRC could render you unable to enforce a judgment against the relevant assets or the assets of the relevant directors and officers.

In addition, our corporate affairs are governed by our Amended and Restated Memorandum and Articles of Association, the Cayman Companies Act and the common law of the Cayman Islands. The rights of investors to take action against our directors, actions by minority shareholders and the fiduciary duties of our directors to us under Cayman Islands law are to a large extent governed by the common law of the Cayman Islands. The common law of the Cayman Islands is derived in part from comparatively limited judicial precedent in the Cayman Islands as well as from the common law of England, the decisions of whose courts are of persuasive authority, but are not binding, on a court in the Cayman Islands. The rights of our shareholders and the fiduciary duties of our directors under Cayman Islands law may not be as clearly established as they would be under statutes or judicial precedent in some jurisdictions in the United States. In particular, the Cayman Islands has a different body of securities laws than the United States. Some U.S. states, such as Delaware, may have more fully developed and judicially interpreted bodies of corporate law than the Cayman Islands. In addition, Cayman Islands companies may not have standing to initiate a shareholder derivative action in a federal court of the United States.

Shareholders of Cayman Islands exempted companies like us have no general rights under Cayman Islands law to inspect corporate records or to obtain copies of lists of shareholders of these companies (save for the memorandum and articles of association, the register of mortgages and charges, and special resolutions of our shareholders). Our directors have discretion under the Amended and Restated Memorandum and Articles of Association to determine whether or not, and under what conditions, our corporate records may be inspected by our shareholders, but we are not obliged to make them available to the shareholders. This may make it more difficult for you to obtain the information needed to establish any facts necessary for a shareholder’s motion or to solicit proxies from other shareholders in connection with a proxy contest.

Certain corporate governance practices in the Cayman Islands, which is our home country, differ significantly from requirements for companies incorporated in other jurisdictions such as the United States. To the extent we choose to follow home country practice with respect to corporate governance matters, our shareholders may be afforded less protection than they otherwise would under rules and regulations applicable to U.S. domestic issuers. See “—As a company incorporated in the Cayman Islands, we are permitted to adopt certain home country practices in relation to corporate governance matters that differ significantly from the Nasdaq Stock Market corporate governance listing standards; these practices may afford less protection to shareholders than they would enjoy if we complied fully with the Nasdaq Stock Market corporate governance listing standards.”

As a result of all of the above, our shareholders may have more difficulty in protecting their interests in the face of actions taken by management, members of the board of directors or controlling shareholders than they would as Public Shareholders of a company incorporated in the United States.

The Amended and Restated Memorandum and Articles of Association contain certain provisions, including anti- takeover provisions that limit the ability of shareholders to take certain actions and could delay or discourage takeover attempts that shareholders may consider favorable.

The Amended and Restated Memorandum and Articles of Association contain provisions that could have the effect of rendering more difficult, delaying, or preventing an acquisition that shareholders may consider favorable, including transactions in which shareholders might otherwise receive a premium for their shares. These provisions could also limit the price that investors might be willing to pay in the future for the Class A Ordinary Shares, and therefore depress the trading price of the Class A Ordinary Shares. These provisions could also make it difficult for shareholders to take certain actions, including electing directors who are not nominated by us or taking other corporate actions, including effecting changes in our management. See “Item 10. Additional Information—B. Memorandum and Articles of Association.” These provisions, alone or together, could delay or prevent hostile takeovers and changes in control or changes in our board of directors or management.

A market for our securities may not develop or be sustained, which would adversely affect the liquidity and price of our securities.

The price of our securities has fluctuated, and may continue to fluctuate significantly due to the market’s reaction to our financial performance, results of operations, and general market and economic conditions. An active trading market for our securities may not be sustained. In addition, the price of our securities may vary due to general economic conditions and forecasts, our general business condition and the release of our financial reports. Additionally, if our securities are delisted from the Nasdaq Stock Market and are quoted on over-the-counter market, the liquidity and price of our securities may be more limited than if our securities were quoted or listed on the Nasdaq Stock Market or another national securities exchange. You may be unable to sell your securities unless a market can be established or sustained.

If securities or industry analysts do not publish or cease publishing research or reports about us, our business, our market or competitors, or if they change their recommendations regarding our securities adversely, the price and trading volume of our securities could decline.

The trading market for our securities will be influenced by the research and reports that industry or securities analysts may publish about us, our business, our market or competitors. If any of the analysts who may cover us change their recommendation regarding our securities adversely, or provide more favorable relative recommendations about our competitors, the price of our securities would likely decline. If any analyst who may cover us were to cease their coverage or fail to regularly publish reports on us, we could lose visibility in the financial markets, which could cause the price or trading volume of our securities to decline.

Additional disclosure requirements to be adopted by and regulatory scrutiny from the SEC in response to risks related to companies with substantial operations in China could increase our compliance costs, subject it to additional disclosure requirements, and/or suspend or terminate our future securities offerings, resulting in difficulties in our capital-raising efforts.

On July 30, 2021, in response to the recent regulatory developments in China and actions adopted by the PRC government, the Chairman of the SEC issued a statement asking the SEC staff to seek additional disclosures from offshore issuers associated with China-based operating companies before their registration statements will be declared effective. As such, we may be subject to additional disclosure requirements and review that the SEC or other regulatory authorities in the United States may adopt for companies with China-based operations, which could increase our compliance costs, subject us to additional disclosure requirements, and/or suspend or terminate our future securities offerings, resulting in difficulties in our capital-raising efforts.

If we fail to implement and maintain effective internal controls to remediate the material weaknesses over financial reporting, we may be unable to accurately report our results of operations, meet our reporting obligations or prevent fraud, and investor confidence and the market price of the Class A Ordinary Shares may be materially adversely affected.

In connection with the audit of our consolidated financial statements for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025, we and our independent registered public accounting firms identified two material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting. As defined in the standards established by the PCAOB, a “material weakness” is a deficiency, or combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of the annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis.

The material weaknesses that have been identified relate to (1) our lack of sufficient accounting and financial reporting personnel with requisite knowledge of and experience in the application of U.S. GAAP related to accounting treatment for certain equity transactions, leases and expected credit losses of receivables, and (2) our lack of formal financial closing policies and effective control over the periodic financial closing procedures and the preparation and review of the consolidated financial statements, which resulted in adjustments related to revenue, cost of sales, expenses cut-off and disclosures to the financial statements. We are in the process of implementing a number of measures to address the material weaknesses identified. See “Item 15. Controls and Procedures—Internal Control over Financial Reporting.” However, we cannot guarantee that these measures may fully remediate the material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting, or we may not be able to conclude that they have been fully remediated.

We are subject to the reporting requirements of the Exchange Act, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and the rules and regulations of the Nasdaq Stock Market. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act requires, among other things, that we maintain effective disclosure controls and procedures and internal controls over financial reporting. Commencing with our fiscal year ended December 31, 2025, we must perform system and process evaluation and testing of our internal controls over financial reporting to allow management to report on the effectiveness of our internal controls over financial reporting in our Form 20-F filing for that year, as required by Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. See “Item 15. Disclosure Controls and Procedures” for details.

Once we cease to be an “emerging growth company” as the term is defined in the JOBS Act, our independent registered public accounting firm must attest to and report on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. Our management and independent registered public accounting firm may conclude that our internal control over financial reporting is not effective. As a result, we may incur significant expenses and devote substantial effort to expand our accounting and finance functions. We were previously not required to test our internal controls within a specified period, and as a result, we may experience difficulty in meeting these reporting requirements in a timely manner.

Our internal control over financial reporting will not prevent or detect all errors and all fraud. A control system, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the control system’s objectives will be met. Because of the inherent limitations in control systems, misstatements due to error or fraud could occur in the future, and a control system could fail to detect control issues and fraud.

If we fail to comply with the requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act in a timely manner, or to maintain proper and effective internal controls, we may not produce accurate financial statements in a timely manner. As a result, the market price of the Class A Ordinary Shares may decline and we could be subject to sanctions or investigations by the Nasdaq Stock Market, SEC or other regulatory authorities.

Our principal shareholders, including our founder Mr. Lei Zhang, have the ability to exert significant influence over important corporate matters that require approval of shareholders, which may deprive you of an opportunity to receive a premium for the Class A Ordinary Shares and materially reduce the value of your investment.

Our outstanding share capital consists of Class A Ordinary Shares and Class B Ordinary Shares. On a poll, each Class A Ordinary Share is entitled to one vote and each Class B Ordinary Share is entitled to three votes at general meetings of our shareholders. As of the date of this annual report, Mr. Lei Zhang beneficially owns all of Class B Ordinary Shares, representing approximately 22.4% of our issued and outstanding share capital, and approximately 46.4% of voting power. This concentration of ownership and the protective provisions in the Amended and Restated Memorandum and Articles of Association may discourage, delay or prevent a change in control, which could have the dual effect of depriving our shareholders of an opportunity to receive a premium for their shares as part of a sale and reducing the price of the Class A Ordinary Shares. As a result of the foregoing, the value of your investment could be materially reduced.

The issuance of additional share capital in connection with financings, acquisitions, investments, our equity incentive plans or otherwise will dilute all other shareholders.

We expect to issue additional share capital in the future that will result in dilution to all other shareholders. We also expect to grant equity awards to key employees under the 2023 Equity Incentive Plan. We may also raise capital through equity financings in the future. As part of our business strategy, we may acquire or make investments in companies, solutions or technologies and issue equity securities to pay for any such acquisition or investment. Any such issuances of the additional share capital may cause shareholders to experience significant dilution of their ownership interests and the per share value of the Class A Ordinary Shares to decline.

We do not intend to pay dividends before we become profitable, and as a result, your ability to achieve a return on your investment in the foreseeable future will depend on appreciation in the price of the Class A Ordinary Shares.

We do not intend to pay any cash dividends before we become profitable, which may not occur in the foreseeable future. Any determination to pay dividends in the future will be at the discretion of our board of directors. Accordingly, you may need to rely on sales of the Class A Ordinary Shares after price appreciation, which may never occur, as the only way to realize any future gains on your investment.

We are an “emerging growth company,” and the reduced reporting and disclosure requirements applicable to emerging growth companies may make our securities less attractive to investors.

We are an “emerging growth company,” as defined in the JOBS Act, and we may take advantage of certain exemptions from various reporting requirements that are applicable to other public companies that are not “emerging growth companies,” including the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation in our periodic reports and proxy statements, and the requirements of holding a nonbinding advisory vote on executive compensation and shareholder approval of any golden parachute payments not previously approved.

Further, Section 102(b)(1) of the JOBS Act exempts emerging growth companies from being required to comply with new or revised financial accounting standards until private companies (that is, those that have not had a Securities Act registration statement declared effective or do not have a class of securities registered under the Exchange Act) are required to comply with the new or revised financial accounting standards. The JOBS Act provides that a company can elect to opt out of the extended transition period and comply with the requirements that apply to non-emerging growth companies but any such election to opt out is irrevocable. We do not intend to opt out of such extended transition period, which means that when a standard is issued or revised and it has different application dates for public or private companies, we, as an emerging growth company, can adopt the new or revised standard at the time private companies adopt the new or revised standard. This may make comparison of our financial statements with certain other public companies difficult or impossible because of the potential differences in accounting standards used.

We will remain an emerging growth company until the earlier of: (1) the last day of the fiscal year (i) following the fifth anniversary of the consummation of the Business Combination, (ii) in which we have total annual gross revenue of at least $1.235 billion, or (iii) in which we are deemed to be a large accelerated filer, which means the market value of our common equity that is held by non-affiliates exceeds $700 million as of the last business day of our most recently completed second fiscal quarter; and (2) the date on which we have issued more than $1.00 billion in non-convertible debt securities during the prior three-year period.

Investors may find our securities less attractive, and there may be a less active trading market for our securities, and the price of such securities may be more volatile.

We will incur increased costs as a result of operating as a public company, and our management will be required to devote substantial time to comply with a public company’s responsibilities and corporate governance practices.

As a public company, we will incur significant legal, accounting and other expenses, which we expect to further increase after we are no longer an “emerging growth company.” The Sarbanes-Oxley Act, the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, the continued listing requirements of Nasdaq, and other applicable securities rules and regulations impose various requirements on public companies. Our management and other personnel are not experienced in managing a public company and will be required to devote a substantial amount of time to compliance with these requirements. Moreover, these rules and regulations will increase our legal and financial compliance costs and will make some activities more time-consuming and costly.

In the past, shareholders of some public companies brought securities class action suits against these companies following periods of instability in the market price of these companies’ securities. Our involvement in a class action suit could divert a significant amount of our management’s attention and other resources from our business, which could harm our results of operations and require us to incur significant expenses to defend the suit.

Any such class action suit, whether or not successful, could harm our reputation and restrict our ability to raise capital in the future. In addition, if a claim is successfully made against us, we may be required to pay significant damages, which could materially adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

If we are characterized as a passive foreign investment company (“PFIC”) for U.S. federal income tax purposes, U.S. Holders may experience adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences.

Based on the composition of our income and assets and the estimated value of our assets, we do not believe we were a PFIC for the most recent taxable year ended December 31, 2025.

A non-U.S. corporation generally will be treated as a PFIC for U.S. federal income tax purposes, in any taxable year if either (1) at least 75% of its gross income for such year is passive income or (2) at least 50%of the value of its assets (generally based on an average of the quarterly values of the assets) during such year is attributable to assets that produce or are held for the production of passive income. Although the law in this regard is unclear, we treat the VIEs as being owned by us for U.S. federal income tax purposes, not only because we exercise significant influence over the operation of such entities but also because we are entitled to substantially all of their economic benefits, and, as a result, we consolidate their results of operation in our financial statements. Assuming that we are the owner of the VIEs for United States federal income tax purposes and based upon our historical income and assets, we do not believe that we were classified as a PFIC for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2025. However, the application of the PFIC rules is subject to uncertainty in several respects, and there can be no assurance that the Internal Revenue Service (the “IRS”) will not take a contrary position or that a court will not sustain such a challenge by the IRS.

Whether we (or any of our subsidiaries) are or will become a PFIC for the current or any subsequent taxable year is a factual determination that depends on, among other things, the composition of our income and assets (which may differ from our historical results and current projections) and the market value of our securities. If we retain significant amounts of liquid assets or if our market capitalization declines, our risk of being classified as a PFIC may substantially increase. The PFIC status is a factual determination that must be made annually at the close of each taxable year, and, thus, we cannot assure you that we will not be a PFIC for the current or subsequent taxable years.

If we (or any of our subsidiaries) are a PFIC for any taxable year, a U.S. Holder of our securities may be subject to adverse tax consequences and may incur certain information reporting obligations. For a further discussion, see “Item.10 Additional Information—E. Taxation— United States Federal Income Taxation—Passive foreign investment company rules.” U.S. Holders of our securities are strongly encouraged to consult their tax advisors regarding the potential application of these rules to us and the ownership of our securities.

ITEM 4. INFORMATION ON THE COMPANY

A.	History and Development of the Company

Corporate History

The VIE commenced our auto insurance business in September 2014. In September 2018, CCT was incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands as the ultimate offshore holding company of its PRC Subsidiaries. In October 2018, Cheche HK, a wholly-owned subsidiary in Hong Kong, was established. In October 2018, Cheche HK established WFOE, Cheche Ningbo, a wholly-owned subsidiary in the PRC. In December 2020, Cheche HK established another wholly-owned subsidiary in the PRC, Baodafang.

We conduct our business in China primarily through the Affiliated Entities, which operate the relevant applications and website, www.chechegroup.com. Due to PRC laws and regulations restricting foreign ownership of companies that engage in internet and other related businesses, WFOE has entered into a series of contractual arrangements with the VIE and its shareholders. The VIE holds ICP licenses as an internet content provider in China. As a result of our direct ownership in WFOE and the contractual arrangements with the VIE, we are considered the primary beneficiary of the VIE. We treat the Affiliated Entities as our consolidated affiliated entities under U.S. GAAP, and have consolidated the financial results of these entities in its consolidated financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP. Consolidation of VIE under U.S. GAAP generally occurs if we or our subsidiaries (1) have an economic interest in the VIE that provides significant exposure to potential losses or benefits from the VIE and (2) have power over the most significant economic activities of the VIE. See “—C. Organizational Structure—Contractual Arrangements with the VIE and its Shareholders.”

We are an exempted company incorporated in the Cayman Islands with limited liability on January 3, 2023. Our principal executive office is 8/F, Desheng Hopson Fortune Plaza, 13-1 Deshengmenwai Avenue, Xicheng District, Beijing 100088, People’s Republic of China and its telephone number is +86 10 5083-0911. Our website address is IR@chechegroup.com. The information contained on the website does not form a part of, and is not incorporated by reference into, this annual report.

Business Combination with Prime Impact

On September 14, 2023, we consummated the business combination with Prime Impact, pursuant to the Business Combination Agreement dated January 29, 2023, by and among Prime Impact, the Company, Merger Sub, and CCT. Following the Business Combination, our Class A Ordinary Shares and the Warrants to purchase our Class A Ordinary Shares are listed on Nasdaq under the symbols “CCG” and “CCGWW,” respectively.

Pursuant to the Business Combination Agreement, the Business Combination were effected in two steps. On September 14, 2023 (the “Closing Date”), (1) Prime Impact merged with and into the Company (the “Initial Merger”), with the Company surviving the Initial Merger as a publicly traded entity (the time at which the Initial Merger became effective is referred to herein as the “Initial Merger Effective Time”); and (2) immediately following the Initial Merger, Merger Sub merged with and into CCT (the “Acquisition Merger” and, together with the Initial Merger, the “Mergers,” and together with all other transactions contemplated by the Business Combination Agreement, the “Business Combination”), with CCT surviving the Acquisition Merger as a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company.

At the Initial Merger Effective Time, pursuant to the Initial Merger: (1) each ordinary share of the Company, par value $0.00001 per share, issued and outstanding immediately prior to the Initial Merger Effective Time were redeemed for par value; (2) each then issued and outstanding Class A ordinary share of Prime Impact, par value $0.0001 per share and Class B ordinary share of Prime Impact, par value $0.0001 per share, were canceled and convert automatically, on a one-for-one basis, into one Class A ordinary share of the Company, par value $0.00001 per share (the “Class A Ordinary Shares”); and (3) each then issued, outstanding and unexercised whole warrant exercisable for one Class A ordinary share of Prime Impact (including public warrants sold as part of the units in Prime Impact’s initial public offering, and warrants sold to the Sponsor) were assumed and converted automatically into one whole warrant exercisable for one Class A Ordinary Share (each resulting warrant, a “Warrant”).

On the Closing Date and immediately prior to the effective time of the Acquisition Merger (the “Acquisition Merger Effective Time”), each preferred share of CCT then issued and outstanding immediately prior to the Acquisition Merger Effective Time were converted automatically into a number of ordinary shares, par value $0.00001 per share, of CCT at the then-effective conversion rate in accordance with CCT’s sixth amended and restated articles of association (the “Conversion”).

At the Acquisition Merger Effective Time, pursuant to the Acquisition Merger: (1) each ordinary share of CCT, par value $0.00001 per share (the “CCT Ordinary Shares”), including CCT Ordinary Shares resulting from the Conversion, that were (i) then issued and outstanding and (ii) held in CCT’s treasury, were canceled and converted into the right to receive a number of Class A Ordinary Shares based on the Per Share Merger Consideration (as defined in the Business Combination Agreement); (2) each then issued and outstanding CCT Ordinary Share held by Mr. Lei Zhang and Mutong Holding Limited (“CCT Founder Shares”) were canceled and converted into the right to receive a number of Class B ordinary shares of the Company, par value $0.00001 per share (the “Class B Ordinary Shares”), based on the Per Share Merger Consideration; (3) each outstanding and unexercised warrant of CCT were assumed by the Company and converted into a warrant to acquire Class A Ordinary Shares; (4) each CCT option to purchase a CCT Ordinary Share that was outstanding and unexercised were assumed and converted into an option to purchase such number of Class A Ordinary Shares based on the Per Share Merger Consideration; and (5) each CCT restricted share that was issued and outstanding were converted into such number of Class A Ordinary Shares based on the Per Share Merger Consideration, subject to the terms and conditions that applied to the corresponding CCT restricted share awards.

Additional Agreements in connection with the Business Combination

This section describes the material provisions of certain additional agreements entered into pursuant to or in connection with the Business Combination Agreement.

Shareholder Support Agreement

In connection with the execution of the Business Combination Agreement, CCT has delivered to Prime Impact the Shareholder Support Agreement, pursuant to which, among other things, the Written Consent Parties (as defined in the Shareholder Support Agreement), whose ownership interests collectively represent the outstanding CCT Ordinary Shares and CCT Preferred Stock (voting on an as-converted basis) sufficient to approve the Business Combination on behalf of CCT, will agree to support the approval and adoption of the transactions contemplated by the Business Combination Agreement, including agreeing to execute and deliver the Written Consent within 48 hours of the Registration Statement becoming effective. The Support Agreement will terminate upon the earliest to occur of (a) the Acquisition Merger Effective Time, (b) the date of the termination of the Business Combination Agreement in accordance with its terms, and (c) the effective date of a written agreement of Prime Impact, CCT, and the Written Consent Parties terminating the Support Agreement. For details for the terms of the Shareholder Support Agreement, please refer to Exhibit 4.12 to this annual report.

Release of Lock-up and Transfer Restrictions

On September 12, 2023, we, Prime Impact and CCT entered into certain irrevocable waiver to release, on a pro rata basis, 2,874,556 Class A Ordinary Shares to be issued to existing shareholders of the CCT from the lock-up and transfer restrictions set forth under Section 2.1 (b) of certain Shareholder Support Agreements to satisfy the initial listing requirements of the Nasdaq Capital Market. For details for the terms of the irrevocable waiver, please refer to Exhibit 4.16 to this annual report.

Sponsor Support Agreement

In connection with the execution of the Business Combination Agreement, the Sponsor and certain officers, directors and advisors of Prime Impact entered into a Sponsor Support Agreement (the “Sponsor Support Agreement”) with Prime Impact and the Company, pursuant to which, among other things, certain of Prime Impact’s officers and directors have agreed to (a) waive the anti-dilution rights set forth in Prime Impact’s organizational documents, (b) vote all of their Prime Impact Class A ordinary shares and Prime Impact Class B ordinary shares in favor of the Business Combination and (c) waive, for no consideration, their redemption rights with respect to their Prime Impact Class B ordinary shares and any public shares they own in connection with the consummation of the Business Combination.

In connection with the Business Combination, Sponsor agrees to (1) forfeit and surrender, for no consideration, 2,557,736 of its Prime Impact Class B ordinary shares and 2,860,561 Prime Impact warrants prior to the Initial Merger, (2) if the Aggregate Capital Raised (as defined in the Sponsor Support Agreement) is less than $50 million, forfeit and surrender, for no consideration, effective as of immediately prior to the Initial Merger Effective Time, an additional 1,203,315 Prime Impact founder shares. The Sponsor and certain officers and directors of Prime Impact have agreed, among other things, to impose certain transfer restrictions with respect to the Prime Impact founder shares as follows: (a) the Lockup Shares will be subject to a six month lock-up; and (b) the Lockup Shares will be released from such lockup if Class A Ordinary Shares equals or exceeds $12.50 for at least 20 trading days out of any 30 consecutive trading days commencing after the Closing Date. If earlier, each of the foregoing lock-up periods would terminate on the date after the Closing on which a Change of Control (as defined in the Sponsor Support Agreement) of the Company occurs.

On September 13, 2023, the Sponsor, Prime Impact, CCT and the Company entered into an amendment to the Sponsor Support Agreement, pursuant to which the Sponsor agreed, among other things, that it shall not transfer the 4,261,052 Class A Ordinary Shares held by the Sponsor (the “Sponsor Shares”), as well as 2,860,561 Warrants held by the Sponsor (the “Sponsor Warrants,” and together with the Sponsor Shares, the “Sponsor Securities”) until the earlier of (1) the consummation of a change of control of us after the Acquisition Closing, (2) the first date that the closing price of the Class A Ordinary Shares equals or is greater than $12.50 per share (as adjusted for share sub-divisions, share capitalizations, reorganizations, recapitalizations and the like) for any 20 trading days within any 30- trading day period after the first anniversary of Acquisition Closing, (3) with respect to twenty seven and one half percent (27.5%) of the Sponsor Securities six months after the Acquisition Closing, (4) with respect to an additional twenty seven and one half percent (27.5%) of the Sponsor Securities twelve months after the Acquisition Closing, and (5) with respect to forty five percent (45.0%) of the Sponsor Securities twenty four months after the Acquisition Closing.

For details for the terms of the Sponsor Support Agreement and its amendment, please refer to Exhibits 4.13 and 4.14 to this annual report.

A&R Registration Rights Agreement

In connection with the Acquisition Closing, the IPO Registration Rights Agreement were amended and restated, and the Company and the Registration Rights Holders entered into the A&R Registration Rights Agreement on September 14, 2023. Pursuant to the A&R Registration Rights Agreement, we have agreed that, within 30 days after the Closing Date (or within 90 days following the Closing Date if we are required to include therein additional financial information that is not included in the Registration Statement at the time of the Closing), we will use commercially reasonable efforts to file with the SEC (at our sole cost and expense) the resale registration statement (the “Resale Registration Statement”), and we will use our commercially reasonable efforts to have the Resale Registration Statement declared effective as soon as reasonably practicable after the filing thereof. In certain circumstances, certain shareholders that are parties to the A&R Registration Rights Agreement can demand up to three underwritten offerings, and all of holders of Registration Rights can demand three block trades within any 12-month period and will be entitled to customary piggyback registration rights. For details for the terms of the A&R Registration Rights Agreement, please refer to Exhibit 4.2 to this annual report.

PIPE and Backstop Agreements

On September 11, 2023, the Company entered into a certain Subscription Agreement (the “Subscription Agreement”) with Prime Impact and certain leading global investor (the “PIPE Investor”), pursuant to which, among other things, the PIPE Investor agreed to subscribe for and purchase, and the Company agreed to issue and sell to the PIPE Investor, an aggregate of 1,300,000 Class A Ordinary Shares, at a purchase price equal to $10.00 per share (the “Private Placement”) in connection with a financing effort related to the transactions contemplated by the Business Combination Agreement. The Private Placement was closed concurrently with the closing of the Business Combination.

In addition to the Private Placement, on September 11, 2023, the Company entered into a certain Backstop Agreement (the “Backstop Agreement”) with Prime Impact and a certain investor (the “Backstop Investor”), pursuant to which, among other things, the Backstop Investor agreed (1) to purchase Class A ordinary shares of Prime Impact with an aggregate market value of no less than US$5.0 million (“SPAC Shares”) in open market or private transactions, (2) not to redeem or transfer any SPAC Shares purchased pursuant to the Backstop Agreement until and after the consummation of the Business Combination, and (3) to subscribe for and purchase an aggregate of 500,000 Class A Ordinary Shares, at a purchase price equal to $10.00 per share (the “Backstop Private Placement”) in connection with a financing effort related to the transactions contemplated by the Business Combination Agreement.

On September 14, 2023, the Company entered into a certain Sponsor Subscription Agreement (the “Sponsor Subscription Agreement”) with Prime Impact and the Sponsor, pursuant to which, among other things, the Sponsor agreed to subscribe for and purchase, and the Company agreed to issue and sell to the Sponsor, an aggregate of 634,228 Class A Ordinary Shares, at a purchase price equal to $10.00 per share (the “Sponsor Private Placement”) in connection with the settlement of the SPAC transaction expenses as contemplated under the Business Combination Agreement and a letter agreement by and among, Company, Prime impact and other relevant parties. The Sponsor Private Placement was closed concurrently with the closing of the Business Combination.

For details for the terms of the Subscription Agreement, the Backstop Agreement and the Sponsor Subscription Agreement, please refer to Exhibits 4.3, 4.4 and 4.5 to this annual report.

Letter Agreement

On September 13, 2023, the Sponsor, Prime Impact, CCT and the Company entered into a letter agreement pursuant to which, among other things, the parties agreed that following the consummation of the Business Combination, the greater of (i) the sum of (1) the balance of Trust Fund following the exercise of Redemption Rights on September 8, 2023 (which, for the avoidance of doubt, shall not include any reversal of Redemption Rights after September 8, 2023), and (2) US$1.0 million funded by the Company, and (ii) the balance of Trust Fund following the exercise of Redemption Rights as of the Closing minus the reversal of Redemption Rights effected by the Backstop Investor (as defined in the Backstop Agreement), shall be used for the payment of the SPAC Transaction Expenses (including any promissory note extended by the Sponsor to SPAC) (such greater amount, the “Closing Trust Amount”). As a result, each of Prime Impact, the Company, CCT and the Sponsor agreed that the Overage Amount, as previously defined in Section 9.03 of the Business Combination Agreement, shall now mean the excess of (1) SPAC Transaction Expenses, over (2) the combined proceeds from (x) the Closing Trust Amount, plus (y) the gross proceeds raised from the portion of the PIPE Investment that was procured through the efforts led by the SPAC, its Affiliates and/or Representative. The Overage Amount shall be borne and paid by the Sponsor, in exchange for such number of Class A Ordinary Shares equal to the quotient obtained by dividing (1) the Overage Amount, by (2) US$10.00, in each case, pursuant to the terms and conditions of a subscription agreement consistent with the terms of the subscription agreements entered into pursuant to the Private Placement. For details for the terms of the letter agreement, please refer to Exhibit 4.17 to this annual report.

B.	Business Overview

Unless the context otherwise requires, all references in this section to “we,” “us,” or “our” refer collectively to CCT, the PRC Subsidiaries and the Affiliated Entities prior to the completion of the Business Combination and Cheche Group Inc., the PRC Subsidiaries and the Affiliated Entities following the consummation of the Business Combination.

Overview

We are an exempted company with limited liability incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands with no substantive operation. We carry out our business in China primarily through WFOE and our contractual arrangements, commonly known as the VIE Structure, with the Affiliated Entities. See “—C. Organizational Structure—Contractual Arrangements with the VIE and its Shareholders.” Capitalizing on our leading position in auto insurance transaction services, we have evolved into a nationally leading platform with a nationwide network that offers a full suite of services and products for digital insurance transactions and insurance SaaS solutions in China.

China’s auto insurance market is one of the largest ones in the world. However, for years the way that insurance policies have been quoted, compared, underwritten and purchased remained opaque, cumbersome and manual. See “—Market Opportunities.” We started our business in 2014 with the goal of transforming China’s auto insurance market and digitalizing the end-to-end insurance purchase process in a way that is transparent, accessible and efficient. Since our inception, we have consistently invested in data technology to improve the way insurance carriers attract and connect with consumers online as digitalization in China’s insurance market accelerates.

We offer unified, cloud-based platform that we believe delivers considerable value propositions to each of the participants in our ecosystem, including insurance carriers, insurance intermediaries, third-party platforms, referral partners and consumers. These participants access and utilize our flagship digital insurance transaction products Easy-Insur (车保易) and NEV Insurance Solution, as well as the insurance SaaS solution products Digital Surge (澎湃保) and Sky Frontier (天境) on our platform, respectively. These products are designed and programmed in different forms, including mobile, web, WeChat and third-party applications. The open architecture of our platform also enables interoperability of these products with numerous applications, systems and other offerings adopted by our ecosystem participants.

Harnessing the power of technology and our nationwide service network, the digital insurance transaction products offered on our platform connect our ecosystem participants through diversified referral and marketing channels:

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Integration with insurance carriers’ systems. As of December 31, 2025, we had integrated our platform with the core technology systems of approximately 60 insurance carriers in China. We are one of the very few innovative digital platforms for auto insurance transaction services that connects to the core technology systems of all of China’s top 20 property and casualty (“P&C”) insurance carriers in terms of gross written premiums in 2021, according to iResearch. This allows us to swiftly provide quotes from multiple insurance carriers and reduce the time and cost required to issue and deliver insurance policies to consumers.

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Nationwide service network with deep local penetration. We own an extensive nationwide service network, with 108 branches licensed to sell insurance policies in 25 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities in China as of December 31, 2025. As of the same date, our local branches had entered into over 1,800 contracts with insurance carrier customers. Through our service network, we build and strengthen relationships with insurance carrier customers, our referral partners, other ecosystem participants and local regulatory authorities. This is crucial for ascertaining and negotiating localized, competitive terms for insurance policies, while keeping abreast of the evolving needs of our ecosystem participants and adapting quickly to the changing regulatory environment.

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Cooperation with third-party platforms and referral partners. As of December 31, 2025, we maintained collaboration with over 700 third-party platforms and approximately 1.4 million insurance referral partners to expand the platform’s user base. Our third-party platform partners include automotive industry players, such as leading NEV manufacturers, ride-hailing and consumer internet companies. Our referral partners mainly include insurance brokers and auto service professionals. Cooperation with third-party platforms and referral partners allows us to expand the reach of our platform cost-effectively by serving the large and growing customer base of our third-party platform and referral partners. We also enable third-party platforms and referral partners to better serve their customers, diversify their income sources and achieve better economics.

We have diversified our platform with a broad and growing suite of non-auto insurance products. Our strong foothold in the auto insurance market and trusted brand helps to expand product offerings and enhance cross-selling potential as our platform grows. Through Easy-Insur, we offered approximately 71 non-auto insurance types underwritten by a broad range of insurance carriers, covering approximately 20,300 insurance products, including both standard and customized non-auto products, such as non-auto P&C products as of December 31, 2025.

We are also an innovator in China’s insurance SaaS solutions market. We have leveraged our technology capabilities and understanding of China’s insurance industry to develop and launch two cloud-based SaaS solution products for insurance carriers and intermediaries. One SaaS solution product is an intelligent one-stop SaaS solution product that helps insurance intermediaries enhance operating efficiency and meet evolving regulatory requirements, while the other is an AI-based, analytics-driven recommendation SaaS engine that helps insurance carriers optimize underwriting and pricing strategies through market analytics and insights.

Our platform is powered by data. Through machine learning, we analyze a substantial amount of data to gain insights into the underwriting guidelines of insurance carriers and the needs and preferences of our referral partners, consumers and other ecosystem participants. This enables us to facilitate the underwriting approval process, enhance user experience and provide pricing recommendations to insurance carriers. As we continue to process data, our algorithms have become more powerful, which is a trend we expect to continue. We believe that our data analytics capabilities give us a significant competitive advantage.

Our data processing and analytics capabilities are supported by our advanced technology infrastructure. Our technology systems use an automated operations, maintenance and management framework. These systems are agnostic and can easily integrate with the vast majority of types of IT infrastructure used by insurance carriers and allow for automating smooth and uninterrupted periodic upgrades without human intervention.

We have created a unique ecosystem with powerful, self-reinforcing network effects. Our ecosystem participants include insurance carriers, third-party platforms, referral partners, insurance intermediaries and consumers. See “—Ecosystem” for our value proposition for each type of ecosystem participant.

We have scaled our business in a capital-efficient manner. We facilitated the issuance of insurance policies with written premiums of RMB22.6 billion, RMB24.3 billion and RMB27.0 billion in 2023, 2024 and 2025, respectively. The number of policies written through our platform in 2023, 2024 and 2025 was approximately 15.8 million, 17.3 million and 20.3 million, respectively. Our growth is propelled by rapid expansion in the number of our referral partners, which reached approximately 1.4 million as of December 31, 2025. Our track record of strong growth required minimal marketing efforts and was largely organic, with a substantial amount of business generated through word-of-mouth referrals. In 2023, 2024 and 2025, substantially all of the insurance transaction volumes on our platform came from our referral partner base. Our net revenue was RMB3,301.4 million, RMB3,473.1 million and RMB3,009.8 million in 2023, 2024 and 2025, respectively. Our net loss was RMB159.6 million, RMB61.2 million and RMB17.8 million in 2023, 2024 and 2025, respectively.

Market Opportunities

Auto insurance is the largest sector in China’s P&C insurance market, with attractive growth characteristics and market fundamentals. China had the world’s largest auto market as measured by auto sales and number of vehicles in 2021, according to iResearch. As auto insurance coverage is mandatory by law, demand for auto insurance is considerably stable and inelastic. Auto insurance is also usually the first insurance policy that many people purchase in their lives. As a result, the process of purchasing auto insurance significantly influences people’s general attitude towards insurance.

China’s auto insurance market is the second-largest in the world, according to iResearch. Total auto insurance premiums in China reached approximately RMB777.3 billion in 2021, representing approximately 66.6% of China’s total P&C insurance premiums, according to iResearch. iResearch also projected China’s auto insurance market to reach approximately RMB1.1 trillion in 2026.

We created our platform to serve and grow with our ecosystem participants. We believe that secular trends in the insurance industry will provide strong tailwinds for our business.

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The auto insurance distribution process is ripe for disruption. For years, the process of purchasing auto insurance remained opaque, cumbersome and manual for most consumers. Multiple layers of intermediaries are typically involved in what is known as a “pyramid” insurance distribution structure, with fees charged by each layer of insurance distribution value chain participants, resulting in lengthy insurance distribution processes and increased costs.

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Significant pricing disparities exist across insurance carriers, regions and distribution channels. Auto insurance pricing is a complex and region-specific process. The local branches of insurance carriers, at provincial, municipal or district levels, typically determine insurance pricing and underwriting rules based on historical claims experience and local conditions. Auto insurance pricing also depends on changes in the operating targets and strategies of insurance carriers. As a result, pricing for the same coverage can vary widely from one insurance carrier to another, even among different regions and sales channels within the same carriers. This phenomenon is exacerbated by comprehensive reforms in China’s insurance industry introduced in September 2020. As a result of the reforms, auto insurance pricing is not uniform and can vary by over 100% among different insurance carriers for the same vehicle, according to iResearch.

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With the trend toward digitalization in the insurance industry, digital platforms have become an increasingly important auto insurance distribution channel. According to iResearch, the penetration rate for digital auto insurance transactions in China was approximately 34.8% in 2021, and is expected to reach 72.9% by 2026. Digital platforms have become an increasingly important channel for auto insurance distribution in China, primarily driven by the efficiency and transparency they bring to auto insurance transactions.

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Regulatory reforms have created new opportunities for insurance technology platforms. In September 2020, PRC regulatory authorities introduced auto insurance industry reforms aimed at optimizing auto insurance cost structures and increasing auto insurance distribution efficiency. This heightens the need for digitalization in the auto insurance industry and creates opportunities for technology and data-driven transaction platforms and SaaS solution providers like us.

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The continued growth of the NEV sector calls for smart NEV insurance solutions. China’s NEV market experienced a sales surge, reaching 16.5 million units of sales in 2025, representing a year-over-year increase of 28.2%. According to iResearch, China’s NEV auto insurance market, in terms of written premiums, is expected to grow at a CAGR of 42.5% from 2021 to RMB163.7 billion in 2026. NEV manufacturers generally sell directly to consumers and offer streamlined services to consumers over the lifespan of a NEV. This has resulted in significant demand for compliant, transparent, standardized and smart one-stop NEV insurance solutions that cover insurance purchases, claims and after-sales support, with no requirement for NEV manufacturers to acquire insurance brokerage licenses, negotiate packages for NEV insurance products with insurance carriers, or establish insurance service networks and retain relevant personnel on their own.

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A growing and diversifying non-auto insurance market. According to iResearch, the non-auto insurance market in China has been developing rapidly. Non-auto insurance premiums in China grew from RMB3.0 trillion in 2018 to RMB3.7 trillion in 2021 at a CAGR of 7.1% and are expected to reach RMB5.8 trillion in 2026 at a CAGR of 9.2%. As non-auto insurance market develops, insurance carriers offering auto-insurance products are expected to have more opportunities to sell across different types of insurance products by utilizing their mature marketing channels. Non-auto insurance products also tend to have more favorable margins and are less digitalized, and auto insurance carriers with scale and operating leverage can increase the overall profitability and diversify revenue by increasing their non-auto insurance product offerings and seizing digitalization opportunities over time.

We believe that digitalization will transform the insurance industry in China. As a result, technology platforms with comprehensive products and services, proprietary technical infrastructure, robust data analytics, unparalleled user experience and strong brand recognition hold a competitive advantage in China’s insurance market.

Ecosystem

As China’s largest independent technology-empowered platform for auto insurance transaction services measured by digital auto insurance transaction premiums and fourth largest insurance technology company measured by gross written premiums in 2021, according to iResearch, we aim to empower China’s insurance distribution and services value chain through data and technology. Our ecosystem participants, including insurance carriers, insurance intermediaries, third-party platforms, referral partners and consumers, seamlessly interconnect through our platform.

As of December 31, 2025, we collaborated with approximately 100 insurance carriers, 4,500 insurance intermediaries and 700 third-party platforms, and worked with approximately 1.4 million referral partners on our platform. Our proven data and technology capabilities benefit the entire insurance value chain.

Utilizing our unique data analytics technologies, complex proprietary algorithms and extensive national network, we currently offer digital insurance transaction products-Easy-Insur and NEV Insurance Solution, and insurance SaaS solution products-Digital Surge and Sky Frontier.

	●	*Easy-Insur*. Easy-Insur is designed to be referral partner friendly and can be accessed from mobile, web, WeChat and third-party applications. Through Easy-Insur, we offer an extensive range of auto and non-auto insurance products underwritten by insurance carriers. Our referral partners typically access Easy-Insur and apply for insurance policies on behalf of the consumers that they refer to us.

	●	*NEV Insurance Solution.* Our NEV Insurance Solution assists NEV manufacturers in building a full-stack digital insurance service system encompassing NEV insurance, one-click renewal, intelligent claims, business management, interface operation and maintenance. Our NEV insurance service platform also provides customized system deployment and one-stop operation services for different business models of NEV manufacturers, and cooperates with NEV manufacturers and insurance carriers to explore the research, development and innovation of intelligent internet insurance based on data mining and large model construction.

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Digital Surge. As a cloud-based software designed specifically for insurance intermediaries, Digital Surge enables insurance intermediaries to digitalize their core operating processes and meet regulatory requirements without diverting operational resources, allowing them to focus on growing their own businesses.

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Sky Frontier. As a cloud-based software specifically developed for auto insurance carriers, our AI-based, analytics-driven Sky Frontier enables auto insurance carriers to optimize their underwriting and pricing strategies based on the automated analysis of a vast amount of insurance pricing data with our proprietary machine learning technology and algorithms.

We leverage the advantages of our platform to grow our business and launch new services and products, which draws more insurance carriers, third-party platforms, referral partners and insurance intermediaries to our platform, which in turn attracts more consumers. This virtuous circle strengthens our competitive advantages, enhances our value propositions to ecosystem participants and empowers our ecosystem to grow.

Prior to April 2024, we operated Insurance Marketplace, a consumer-friendly application accessible from mobile, web, WeChat and other third-party applications. Consumers could directly access Insurance Marketplace to browse and purchase from a broad range of auto insurance products offered by insurance carriers. In April 2024, we ceased to offer Insurance Marketplace due to strategic adjustment of our business.

Value Propositions

Value propositions for insurance carriers

Provide access to diversified touch points for consumer acquisition

Our platform provides insurance carriers access to diversified distribution channels, allowing them to lower consumer acquisition costs. We collaborate with insurance referral partners, which include insurance brokers and auto service professionals from a wide range of customer touchpoints, to connect insurance carriers with insurance purchasers, enabling insurance carriers to broaden their consumer reach.

Expedite policy underwriting and issuance

Our platform is highly scalable and can easily integrate with the IT infrastructure of most insurance carriers. We had integrated our platform with the core technology systems of approximately 60 insurance carriers in China as of December 31, 2025. Through our digital insurance transaction products, we offer insurance carriers a digital channel to target desired consumers and distribute products cost-effectively, allowing carriers to replace inefficient and expensive insurance agents that manually complete and deliver insurance policies without having to invest in the technology and infrastructure to build and operate their own online distribution networks.

We analyze a substantial amount of data to gain insights into the underwriting guidelines of insurance carriers and have built a “rules engine” based on these insights. Through such rules engine, we provide referral partners and consumers suggestions to adjust their policy application requests before submitting them to insurance carriers customers, which significantly helps increase favorable underwriting decisions and allows carriers to issue more policies.

Optimize product pricing and control risks without incurring additional technology and infrastructure investments

Through our AI-based, analytics-driven SaaS solution product Sky Frontier, we automate real-time analytics to omnichannel market data in China’s insurance industry, enabling insurance carriers to develop superior strategies in product design and pricing while achieving significant competitive advantages, improving profitability and enhancing risk management. For example, embedded with advanced analytical models, the built-in data-driven AI prediction engine of Sky Frontier uses machine learning to screen and capture product and transaction data in our ecosystem. The prediction engine then utilizes such data and analytics to deliver price recommendations by region to insurance carriers, allowing insurance carriers to better manage pricing strategies across different regions and acquire customers more effectively while enhancing risk controls.

Increase revenue and improve economics

By connecting insurance carriers directly with a large number of insurance consumers that match desired consumer profiles, we enable insurance carriers to significantly increase revenue from policy premiums. Moreover, we provide insurance carriers with better economics. Insurance carriers usually require teams of employees to verify, compare and process consumer data across multiple distribution channels. Our platform digitalizes and automates the insurance policy issuance processes, enabling insurance carriers to significantly increase efficiency and reduce labor costs.

Value propositions for third-party platforms

Improve customer services

We provide direct access to insurance products underwritten by leading insurance carriers to customers of third-party platform partners, including automotive industry players, such as leading NEV manufacturers, ride-hailing and consumer internet companies, enabling such third-party platform partners to better serve their customers and expand the scope of services to customers.

Diversify income sources to achieve better economics

We pay third-party platform partners fees for referring insurance consumers who purchase insurance products through our platform. This allows our third-party platform partners to generate additional income, diversify revenue sources and achieve better financial performance.

Value propositions for insurance referral partners

Offer competitive and diverse insurance products

Our platform allows referral partners to facilitate sales of a wide range of competitive insurance products to consumers. As of December 31, 2025, we had 73 auto and non-auto insurance types, covering approximately 20,300 insurance products underwritten by approximately 100 insurance carriers that are available on our platform to our referral partners. Our auto insurance products cover a comprehensive range of vehicle makes, models and styles, while our non-auto insurance products include both standardized and customized products. Our platform enables referral partners to address a wide range of their customers’ insurance needs by offering different types of insurance products across the auto and non-auto segments and achieve greater transaction volumes and repeat purchases.

Provide an easy-to-use digital experience to enhance customer conversions

Our flagship digital insurance transaction product Easy-Insur provides referral partners with an easy-to-use user experience, allowing them to submit insurance policy applications on behalf of customers through a few simple steps. Easy-Insur provides insurance options in a few minutes, allowing referral partners to help their customers facilitate the entire insurance policy issuance process at car dealerships, repair shops, car washes, gasoline stations and other insurance servicing situations. This helps referral partners substantially enhance their customer conversions.

Provide a more efficient and transparent process for selling insurance

We believe that traditional insurance agencies often work with only a few insurance carriers, limiting consumers to only a few choices. Our platform allows referral partners to swiftly obtain accurate and transparent quotes from multiple insurance carriers with a few simple steps, significantly enhancing efficiency and transparency.

Diversify income sources and achieve better economics

We pay referral partners services fees for referring insurance consumers and facilitating their purchase of insurance products through our platform. This enables our referral partners to diversify their income and achieve better economics from their existing customer base.

Value propositions for insurance intermediaries

Enable automation of core processes and improve operating efficiency

Insurance intermediaries in China have historically faced significant challenges in addressing inefficiencies in their back-office and other core business functions. Through our intelligent cloud-based one-stop SaaS solution product, Digital Surge, we aim to address the unmet needs for digital solutions from over 30,000 insurance intermediaries in China, and enable them to automate and optimize their core business processes. Digital Surge provides operations management, billing management, data management, human resources management, transaction management and report management functions to insurance intermediaries to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of their back-office business units. As the data analytics algorithms embedded in Digital Surge further develop, automation and streamlining across these multiple functions of Digital Surge are expected to increase.

Fulfill regulatory digitalization requirements at zero to low costs

In January 2021, the China Banking and Insurance Regulatory Commission published the Measures for Supervision of Digitalization of Insurance Intermediaries (the “Measures”), requiring insurance intermediaries to adopt a digital information system that meets regulatory requirements by February 1, 2022. By subscribing to Digital Surge, insurance intermediaries can meet these mandatory digitalization requirements at minimal or zero costs. In addition, the built-in report management function of Digital Surge automatically generates periodic operations reports that allow insurance intermediaries to satisfy regulatory reporting requirements at low cost.

Enhance competitiveness and diversity of insurance product offerings at minimum costs

For small to medium-sized insurance intermediaries whose business scales are not large enough to obtain from carriers insurance products that are as competitive and diverse as those offered on our platform, we provide access to the extensive insurance product pool on our platform through Digital Surge. Leveraging our extensive partnerships with insurance carriers and licensing capabilities, we allow these insurance intermediaries to sell more competitive and diverse insurance products without requiring these insurance intermediaries to incur significant business development costs.

Value propositions for insurance consumers

Offer competitive pricing

Through partnerships with approximately 100 insurance carriers as of December 31, 2025, we generally offer consumers insurance policies on more favorable terms at better prices than traditional insurance agents. In locations where certain local insurance intermediaries enjoy more favorable policy arrangements with local insurance carriers, we cooperate with these intermediaries to enable our consumers to benefit from more favorable policy arrangements, including better pricing terms.

Access to a comprehensive and diversified suite of insurance products

Our platform grants consumers access to a comprehensive and diversified suite of insurance products, covering both auto and non-auto segments. As of December 31, 2025, we had 73 auto and non-auto insurance types ,covering approximately 20,300 insurance products underwritten by approximately 100 insurance carriers on our platform. Our auto insurance product offerings cover a wide range of vehicle makes, models and styles, and our non-auto insurance product offerings include both standardized and customized products, covering extensive types of products such as non-auto P&C insurance.

Provide a digital, transparent and informed transaction experience

Our digital insurance transaction products enable consumers to easily shop auto- and non-auto insurance products and submit insurance policy applications through a few simple steps. With the pre-verification of consumer information available in some of our digital insurance transaction products, a consumer typically needs to provide fewer lines of information to complete an insurance policy application, as compared to a traditional insurance purchase process, which often times requires manual inputs. As a result, consumers usually complete an insurance purchase in one or few attempts on our platform, as opposed to multiple attempts typically required in other insurance purchase methods.

Whereas traditionally consumers approached several insurance agents, each of which had a limited range of products from a limited number of carriers, our platform allows consumers to obtain rapid, accurate and transparent quotes from multiple insurance carriers at the same time, make an informed purchase decision and obtain an insurance policy within minutes. As a result, our platform reduces the time that consumers typically need to spend on finding insurance agents and comparing products and quotes from different insurance carriers.

Services and Products

We currently offer the following digital insurance transaction services and SaaS solution services to our ecosystem participants:

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Digital insurance transaction services. Through our flagship digital insurance transaction product Easy-Insur, we facilitate the sale of both auto and non-auto insurance to consumers. Through our embedded insurance system in collaboration with NEV manufacturers, we provide one-stop NEV Insurance Solution, which is a full-stack digital insurance service system encompassing NEV insurance policy, one-click renewal, intelligent claims, repairs and other value-added services for NEV consumers.

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SaaS solution services.

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Digital Surge, an intelligent cloud-based one-stop SaaS solution that helps insurance intermediaries digitalize their operation processes, and

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Sky Frontier, an AI-based, analytics-driven pricing recommendation engine that helps insurance carriers optimize their underwriting and pricing strategies.

The following table sets forth the services provided through our digital insurance transaction products and SaaS solutions, the ecosystem participants on each of the digital insurance transaction products and the users of each of our SaaS solution services.

Digital insurance transaction services and products

Auto insurance transaction services and products

We provide auto insurance transaction services mainly through Easy-Insur, which is designed for referral partners who help consumers purchase auto insurance through mobile, web, WeChat and third-party applications.

Easy-Insur digitalizes various processes of facilitating the issuance of auto insurance. Connected to mobile applications, web-based terminals and APIs of insurance carriers, Easy-Insur enables referral partners to swiftly access quotes for insurance premiums, apply for auto insurance policies offered by a broad range of insurance carriers and pay premiums to insurance carriers.

Our data processing and analytic capabilities and proprietary algorithms efficiently match consumers with insurance policy options based on their individual circumstances and needs. This process decreases the time needed to compare insurance carriers, enhances user experience and increases the likelihood that users will purchase policies through our digital insurance transaction products.

The auto insurance products offered through Easy-Insur include:

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statutory automobile liability insurance, including compulsory traffic liability insurance and third-party liability insurance, and

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commercial auto insurance.

The following steps show how referral partners apply for an auto insurance policy on behalf of consumers through Easy-Insur.

Easy-Insur provides post-purchase renewal services. One to three months before an auto insurance policy purchased through Easy-Insur is due for renewal, Easy-Insur automatically sends reminders to referral partners and consumers and offer available renewal prices, allowing them to renew policies immediately with a quick decision. This process is much more challenging for traditional insurance agencies, which typically lack the systems and processes to send reminders in an accurate, timely and efficient manner.

Prior to April 2024, we operated Insurance Marketplace, a product that allow consumers to browse and purchase from a broad range of auto insurance products offered by insurance carriers. In April 2024, we ceased to offer Insurance Marketplace due to strategic adjustment of our business.

The rapid growth of the NEV market has created new opportunities for auto insurance offerings and propelled revenue growth of auto insurance providers. We started to collaborate with NEV manufacturers in 2022 in offering NEV Insurance Solution, and such collaboration yielded considerable results in 2025. Our NEV Insurance Solution assists NEV manufacturers in building a full-stack digital insurance service system encompassing NEV insurance, one-click renewal, intelligent claims, business management, interface operation and maintenance. Our NEV insurance service platform also provides customized system deployment and one-stop operation services for different business models of NEV manufacturers, and cooperates with NEV manufacturers and insurance carriers to explore the research, development and innovation of intelligent internet insurance based on data mining and large model construction.

We have been continually improving the user experience of our digital insurance transaction products, which have attracted an increasing number of referral partners and consumers. Easy-Insur had approximately 1.1 million, 1.3 million and 1.4 million referral partners as of December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025, respectively. Referral partners that use Easy-Insur include individual insurance practitioners and other individuals from a broad range of consumer touchpoints. See “—Ecosystem—Referral Partners.” In 2023, 2024 and 2025, gross written premiums of auto insurance policies sold on our digital insurance transaction products were RMB17,742.7 million, RMB18,997.0 million and RMB21,475.0 million, respectively.

Non-auto insurance transaction services and products

We also provide non-auto insurance transaction services. As of December 31, 2025, we offered 71 non-auto insurance types underwritten by a broad range of insurance carriers, covering approximately 20,300 insurance products, including both standard and customized non-auto products, such as non-auto P&C products.

Easy-Insur provides quotes for insurance premiums of standard non-auto insurance policies. Our referral partners also help consumers select non-auto insurance policies and pay premiums to insurance carriers through Easy-Insur. The process for purchasing non-auto insurance is similar to the process for purchasing auto insurance described above.

Our referral partners can also submit quote requests for non-standard non-auto insurance through Easy-Insur or directly through our local service personnel. Immediately upon receiving a quote request, our local service personnel obtain quick and accurate quotes from insurance carrier partners and recommend suitable non-standard non-auto insurance products to referral partners. Our local service personnel also help referral partners and consumers negotiate prices and other terms of the non-standard non-auto insurance and guide them through the insurance policy purchase process.

We also consider the demand, preferences and feedback from ecosystem participants. We believe this leads to higher customer satisfaction and distinguishes us from other non-auto insurance platforms that simply offer homogeneous non-auto insurance products available in the market. We also closely monitor non-auto insurance market dynamics and frequently update our product listings on Easy-Insur.

In 2023, 2024 and 2025, gross written premiums of non-auto insurance policies sold on our insurance transaction products amounted to RMB4,794.3 million, RMB5,226.2 million and RMB5,400.1 million, respectively.

SaaS solution services and products

Committed to re-shaping the insurance distribution and empowering the value chain through technology, we have launched our proprietary insurance-related SaaS solutions designed for insurance intermediaries and insurance carriers. By launching these SaaS solutions, we aim to capitalize on our technology capabilities and deep understanding of China’s insurance industry.

Digital Surge

Insurance intermediaries in China have historically faced significant challenges in addressing the inefficiencies in their back-office and other core business functions. In December 2020, we launched Digital Surge, an intelligent cloud-based one-stop SaaS solution, to improve the operating efficiency of insurance intermediaries by digitalizing their core business processes, including product management, contract management, billing management and regulatory reporting. The following chart sets forth the key product features of Digital Surge.

In January 2021, the China Banking and Insurance Regulatory Commission published the Measures for Supervision of Digitalization of Insurance Intermediaries (the “Measures”), requiring insurance intermediaries to adopt a digital information system. We believe these heightened regulatory requirements have increased and will continually increase the demand for solutions that help intermediaries meet regulatory requirements and increase operating efficiency.

Over 20,000 insurance intermediaries in China have unmet needs for digital solutions. Digital Surge operates a freemium business model, through which it offers most functions on a complimentary basis to expand customer base, and only charges a premium for selected transaction functions. We have quickly expanded the customer base of Digital Surge through referrals by our ecosystem participants, industrial organizations and local regulatory authorities and promotional activities such as product presentation events.

We offer Digital Surge which primarily consists of the following seven key modules:

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Operations management. This module enables intermediaries to digitalize the management of insurance policies and transaction records. For example, this module automatically alerts intermediaries in advance of the renewal date of insurance policies sold to end consumers. This model also allows intermediaries to manage information about insurance carriers and the licenses held by the intermediaries and their sales agents.

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Billing management. This module automates intermediaries’ billing processes and helps intermediaries better manage commission settlement and payment collections, which in turn enhances their financial performance and customer service.

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Contract management. This module helps intermediaries manage the creation, negotiation, execution and renewal of contracts they enter into with insurance carriers. For example, intermediaries can monitor the status of their contracts with insurance carriers and receive automatic renewal reminders for contracts about to expire.

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Data and privacy management. This module integrates an insurance intermediary’s operating data, allowing the intermediary to store, manage and track its data on the cloud.

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Human resources management. This module allows intermediaries’ human resources personnel to oversee different levels of management layers and administer employees’ accounts for employment-related purposes and set system access privileges, enabling them to operate more efficiently and maintain relatively leaner human resources teams.

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Transaction management. Directly connected to the transaction systems of about 60 insurance carriers, this module displays the insurance products an intermediary can sell based on our contracts with these insurance carriers. This module also captures updates made on insurance carriers’ transaction systems in real time. With a few simple clicks, an intermediary can check and compare the prices and other terms of insurance products offered by distinct insurance carriers.

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Reports management. This module features a built-in dashboard that gives intermediaries a holistic view of sales patterns based on insurance type. This module also automatically generates periodic reports for intermediaries in compliance with regulatory requirements.

The introduction of Digital Surge to the market allows us to diversify our product offerings and revenue sources. Through Digital Surge, we also accumulate more insurance transaction-related data insights from which we can leverage to optimize our algorithms and derive value. We believe that as more insurance intermediaries use Digital Surge and sell insurance products under our contracts with insurance carriers, our bargaining power with insurance carriers should increase, enabling us to obtain more favorable policy terms for insurance products and create more value for our ecosystem participants.

Sky Frontier

In March 2021, we launched Sky Frontier, an AI-based, analytics-driven pricing recommendation engine, to help insurance carriers optimize underwriting and pricing strategies and control risks. Sky Frontier is embedded with a data-driven AI prediction engine that uses machine learning to screen and capture extensive and multi-dimensional product and transaction data in our ecosystem. Through its prediction engine’s automated analytics, Sky Frontier provides pricing insights and strategies to insurance carriers using the following clusters of data:

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pricing data from the large number of transactions and quotes generated in our ecosystem;

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vehicle data, such as license plate number, VIN, engine number, vehicle make and model, vehicle style, vehicle year and vehicle use (passenger v. commercial); and

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the latest industry developments and competitive environment.

Sky Frontier provides insurance carriers with more granular risk segmentation and greater pricing precision based on an analysis of the vast amount of transaction data in our ecosystem through machine learning technology. Sky Frontier assigns vehicle makes and models into different risk categories for different insurance carriers based on algorithms tailored to each insurance carrier’s specific circumstances, including user and strategy preferences. This process enables insurance carriers to optimize their underwriting and pricing strategies as well as decision-making process. In addition, pricing has become a key competitive differentiator for insurance carriers, which in turn drives an increase in demand for intelligent SaaS solutions that help insurance carriers optimize underwriting and pricing strategies. We believe that the comprehensive reform provides a significant market opportunity for Sky Frontier.

Current key features of Sky Frontier include:

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Cross-dimensional pricing analysis. Built on a complex analytics model, this feature automatically labels the distinct clusters of data, including insurance quotes, pricing data as well as underwriting metrics and results. The platform then performs and visualizes cross-dimensional analysis to insurance carriers, allowing insurance carriers to easily monitor and analyze their pricing, underwriting and transaction performances.

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Vehicle and auto insurance profiles. This feature automates analysis based on the vehicle profile and relevant auto insurance data processed by us and captures up-to-date trends in China’s vehicle and auto insurance markets. This enables insurance carriers to strategically establish their product development plans.

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Industrial data mining. This feature tracks and allows insurance carriers to gain visibility to substantial historical and industrial data and regulatory information in China’s auto insurance market. This helps insurance carriers to consider the latest industry-wide developments when formulating their strategic operational initiatives.

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Smart predictive sales performance. Leveraging deep learning and predictive analytics algorithms, this feature visualizes insurance carriers’ historical auto insurance sales performance and provides forecasts for the future sales performance of these carriers and overall auto insurance market sales trends.

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Reporting and underwriting recommendations. This feature streamlines and integrates relevant data processed by us to generate qualitative and quantitative reports regarding a certain insurance carrier’s past underwriting patterns and prevailing market practices. It then provides recommendations to insurance carriers to help optimize their underwriting decisions.

Ecosystem

We have created a vibrant insurance ecosystem. Our insurance transaction services, comprehensive insurance offering, proven data and technology capabilities and advanced AI-enabled SaaS capabilities serve as the basis of our ecosystem.

Our platform attracts and connects key participants in our ecosystem, including insurance carriers, insurance intermediaries, third-party platforms, referral partners and consumers. The interactions among our ecosystem participants form a powerful flywheel, benefitting each ecosystem participant and providing us with significant monetization opportunities. The following graphic depicts the key participants and self-reinforcing network effect of our ecosystem to drive growth:

Insurance carriers

We believe we are the “go-to” digital channel partner for auto insurance carriers in China. As of December 31, 2025, we established relationships with a broad and diversified network of approximately 100 insurance carriers of all sizes, including group-wide insurance conglomerates and other medium sized and small insurance carriers.

Digital insurance transaction services

Top insurance carriers in China have increasingly relied on us to facilitate sales of insurance products. In 2025, we facilitated auto insurance transactions with aggregate premiums of RMB21.5 billion, representing an increase of 13.2% from aggregate premiums of RMB19.0 billion in 2024.

We are one of the very few innovative digital platforms for auto insurance transaction services that connect to the core technology systems of all of China’s top 20 property and casualty (“P&C”) insurance carriers in terms of gross written premiums in 2021. As of December 31, 2025, we had connected our platform to the core transaction systems of approximately 60 insurance carriers in China.

Integrating our platform with the transaction systems of insurance carriers allows us to swiftly provide consumers quotes for insurance policies and reduces the time required to deliver insurance policies, increasing efficiency, transparency and consumer satisfaction. We provide quotes for insurance policies within an average of a few minutes, significantly shorter than the time that is typically required to obtain insurance premium quotes though traditional auto insurance distribution channels.

Under PRC law, an insurance carrier can only issue auto insurance policies in the provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities where it is incorporated or has established branches. We partner with insurance carriers (including their provincial and municipal branches) to digitally facilitate the sale of auto and non-auto insurance products.

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We typically enter into framework agreements with insurance carriers, specifying the types of insurance that we will offer and the related service charges. These agreements usually contain terms from one to three years. Additionally, these agreements usually allow us to facilitate platform and system integrations with insurance carriers.

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We enter into contracts with insurance carrier customers, which are provincial and municipal branches, as the case may, of insurance carriers. These contracts typically specify the types of insurance that we are authorized to sell and transaction service fee rates in specified geographical locations.

Through our nationwide network, our local branches had entered into over 1,800 contracts with insurance carrier customers for the sale of auto and non-auto insurance products as of December 31, 2025. This allows us to obtain more favorable terms for insurance policies because such insurance carrier customers typically have more flexibility in pricing specific insurance policies.

Insurance carrier customers typically pay us different transaction service fees in different geographic markets based on the intensity of competition, the number of locally registered vehicles, applicable regulatory requirement, and other factors. In 2023, 2024 and 2025, the transaction fee rate that we received from insurance carriers averaged 14.5%, 14.2% and 11.1%, respectively.

SaaS solution services

We offer Sky Frontier, an AI-based, analytics-driven pricing recommendation engine, to help insurance carriers optimize underwriting and pricing strategies. See “—Services and Products—SaaS Solution Services and Products—Sky Frontier.”

We typically enter into SaaS service agreements with subscribers of Sky Frontier for a fixed term of one year. As of December 31, 2025, we had already entered into SaaS service agreements with approximately 100 insurance carrier customers. We generally charge Sky Frontier’s subscribers a yearly flat fee. In 2023, 2024 and 2025, the subscription revenue generated from Sky Frontier amounted to approximately RMB11.6 million, RMB7.5 million and RMB8.4 million, respectively.

Third-party platforms

We selectively partner with third-party platforms to attract users to our platform. We provide the users of third-party platforms direct access to insurance products underwritten by leading insurance carriers and facilitates their purchase of insurance. Our third-party platform partners include automotive industry players, such as leading NEV manufacturers, ride-hailing and consumer internet companies.

Our partnerships with NEV manufacturers empower NEV manufacturers to address the challenges they face with respect to auto insurance. By partnering with us, NEV manufacturers that generally sell direct to consumers can easily deploy our one-stop NEV insurance solutions and deliver NEV consumers streamlined auto insurance services ranging from insurance purchases to claims and after-sales support, without the need to acquire insurance brokerage licenses, negotiate packages for NEV insurance products with insurance carriers, or establish insurance service networks and retain relevant personnel on their own. We believe that the compliant, transparent, standardized and smart NEV insurance solutions offered by us allow NEV manufacturers to transform the way they connect with consumers over the NEV life span, achieve consumer-centric service innovation, increase consumer loyalty, and obtain sustainable competitive advantage in the rapidly evolving NEV sector. In 2025, we formed partnerships with 16 NEV manufacturers leading to approximately 2.0 million policies embedded in new NEV deliveries and corresponding premium of RMB6.3 billion, representing a significant increase as compared to 2024, when we collaborated with more than 15 NEV manufacturers, leading to over 1.1 million policies, and corresponding premium of RMB3.3 billion.

We typically enter into partnership agreements with our third-party platform partners for a term ranging from one year to three years. As of December 31, 2025, we had entered into partnership agreements with over 700 third-party platforms. We typically pay service fees to these third-party platforms for insurance transactions completed by their users through our platform.

Referral partners

Our referral partners direct consumers interested in insurance products to our platform. Referral partners use Easy-Insur to obtain insurance quotes for consumers and help consumers purchase insurance policies. Cooperation with referral partners allows us to access a large and growing consumer base.

We attract referral partners through third-party platform partners, promotional events, training courses and seminars. We also integrate Easy-Insur with applications and systems of third-party platform partners through APIs, enabling users of these platforms to be directed automatically to Easy-Insur to become referral partners and use Easy-Insur for insurance quotes and insurance transaction services. We also attract referral partners by conducting promotional activities with consumer internet companies at auto-related locations, such as automobile dealerships, vehicle repair and maintenance centers and car washes and gasoline stations. As of December 31, 2025, we had approximately 1.4 million referral partners.

As part of the registration process on Easy-Insur, we enter into user agreements with our referral partners. We typically pay referral partners following their successful facilitation of an insurance transaction. The referral services fees we pay these referral partners vary in different geographic markets based on the intensity of competition, the number of locally registered vehicles and other factors.

Insurance intermediaries

We offer Digital Surge, an intelligent cloud-based one-stop SaaS solution product, to help insurance intermediaries digitalize their operations to meet heightened regulatory requirements and increase operation efficiency. See “—Services and Products—SaaS Solution Services and Products—Digital Surge.”

We typically enter into SaaS service agreements with subscribers of Digital Surge for a fixed term of one year. As of December 31, 2025, we had entered into SaaS service agreements with over 4,500 insurance intermediaries.

Customers may subscribe for Digital Surge’s functions, many of which are offered on a complimentary basis. If a customer has subscribed for Digital Surge and elected to use charged transaction functions, such customer will be charged an annual fee, which may vary based on the type of charged services such customer selects. In 2023, 2024 and 2025, subscription revenue from Digital Surge amounted to RMB5.1 million, RMB6.0 million and RMB3.4 million, respectively.

Consumers

We attract consumers to our platform primarily through referral partners and third-party platforms. We believe that our consumers are typically tech-savvy people who seek transparency, affordability and convenience in their insurance purchase experience, with a strong preference for digital transactions.

Nationwide Network

Under PRC law, an insurance agent must obtain a license to sell insurance products. In addition, an insurance agent can only conduct businesses in the provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities where it is incorporated or has established branches.

We have established an extensive nationwide network, consisting of 108 branches licensed to sell insurance policies in 25 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities in China and approximately 320 service personnel as of December 31, 2025.

Through our nationwide network, we enter into contracts with insurance carrier customers and facilitate the issuance and delivery of insurance policies to consumers.

Our service personnel at local branches visit our insurance carrier customers regularly to promote and collect feedback about the digital insurance transaction and/or SaaS solution services provided to such insurance carrier customers and obtain the latest insurance product offerings and insurance policy updates from such carriers.

We believe that our nationwide network enables us to enhance relationships with and obtain more favorable terms from insurance carrier customers and keep abreast of the latest insurance product and policy information. Our local service personnel also hold educational seminars and networking events for referral partners and consumers and help them negotiate customized non-auto products with insurance carrier customers.

Data, Technology and Infrastructure

We believe that our data processing and analytic capabilities and proprietary technology represent the key to our success, which enable us to improve the experience we offer to our ecosystem participants.

Data advantage

Data process and analysis

As we continue to accumulate data from transactions completed by our ecosystem participants, our algorithms become more powerful. We believe our data analytics capabilities allow us to achieve a significant competitive advantage.

Data processed by us include:

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insurance quote requests;

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vehicle information (including license plate number, VIN, engine number, vehicle make and model, vehicle style, vehicle year and vehicle use (passenger versus commercial));

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insurance policy information (including insurance type and premiums);

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insurance quote and transaction data (including data of no-claim discounts); and

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personal information obtained from consumers through our ecosystem (including name, gender and contact information) as agreed by such consumers.

We analyze such data to:

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make informed decisions in our business operations and strategic planning, such as entry into new markets and verticals;

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optimize our analytics-based marketing efforts to increase consumer conversion and enhance overall user experience;

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enhance underwriting efficiencies through the creation and optimization of underwriting rules;

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help insurance carriers better manage underwriting and pricing strategy and launch promotions more effectively; and

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help referral partners enhance productivity and sales volume.

Algorithms

We utilize data analytics across our products. Our proprietary algorithms benefit from years of data accumulation and analysis, which are continually enriched with new data collected from our ecosystem participants and refined by our in-house data analytics team.

Through machine learning, we analyze data to gain insights into the underwriting guidelines of our insurance carrier partners. We believe that we are the only insurance technology platform in China that has built a “rules engine” based on these insights. Through the rules engine, which is embedded in each of our digital insurance transaction products, we provide referral partners and consumers suggestions to adjust their quote request entries before submitting them to insurance carriers, which we believe helps increase favorable underwriting decisions and enhance user experience.

For example, a vehicle model usually comes with various body and engine styles. The categories of vehicle styles, however, are not uniformly recognized among insurance carriers. Each auto insurance carrier in China has set its own rules to determine the style of a vehicle. As a result, different insurers may price insurance for a vehicle differently based on their own respective rules.

Immediately upon receiving the vehicle information provided by referral partners on Easy-Insur, our algorithms automatically suggest the specific style of vehicle to include in the quote requests based on our insights into insurance carriers’ rules for determining vehicle styles. This process enables referral partners to obtain more accurate quotes based on the style of vehicle.

Through the algorithms for our digital insurance transaction products, we present personalized insurance policy options to referral partners and matches them with insurance carriers most likely to provide the right coverage at a competitive price. These algorithms consider vehicle information provided by referral partners, referral partners’ preferences and economics as well as our own profit margins. We believe that the accuracy of the matches provided by our algorithms will further improve over time as we expand insurance carrier coverage in our ecosystem and further accumulate data insights.

We use machine learning through Sky Frontier to capture pricing coefficients from a significant number of transactions and quotes completed through our ecosystem and derive price recommendations by region for insurance carriers. Our algorithms also generate unique risk analytics for each auto make and model based on multi-dimensional data provided by referral partners, including driver profile and behavior, vehicle information, historical claims and other factors.

Data security and privacy

We deploy a variety of technical solutions to prevent and detect vulnerabilities in user privacy and data security, such as encryption, firewalls, vulnerability scanning and log audit. We have established stringent internal protocols with strictly defined and layered access authority.

We strictly control and manage the use of data within our various departments and output of data within our ecosystem. In addition, we conduct regular penetration testing performed by our own information security department and third-party testing companies.

Technology and infrastructure

“Solid Rock” (磐石) is our fundamental operating system. Built upon unique data analytics technologies and complex proprietary algorithms, “Solid Rock” supports the primary functions of our platform, such as automatic vehicle searches, quotes, order displays, error checks, generation of text messages and verification codes and channel management.

As of December 31, 2025, we had connected our “Solid Rock” system with the core transaction systems of approximately 60 insurance carriers in China. Integration with insurance carriers’ transaction systems requires strong and long-term relationships with insurance carriers, as well as technology capabilities to integrate with different transaction systems used by insurance carriers in China. We believe this differentiates us from our competitors and is a key factor for our success.

We work with insurance carriers to establish:

	●	sophisticated protocols that help ensure the safety, stability and confidentiality of data transfers with insurance carriers;

	●	interaction sequences that optimize data transfer efficiency; and

	●	rectification procedures that enable prompt correction of system failures or data transfer errors.

We maintain APIs to help ensure the stability of data transferred to and from insurance carriers. We also have a rapid software development cycle to increase the efficiency and capacity of our system.

We designed our technology systems to be partner-agnostic, modular, scalable, stable, robust and sustainable. Our technology systems utilize an automated operation, maintenance and management framework. These systems are easily adaptable to other types of IT infrastructure used by our insurance carriers, regardless of how old or complex, and allow for automating smooth and uninterrupted upgrades on a continual basis.

It usually takes only one to two weeks for us to customize our connection hubs and complete a connection with the core transaction system of a new insurance carrier. In terms of system upgrades, we typically complete an automatic system upgrade for our platform within an hour and in any event no later than 24 hours.

For example, auto insurance carriers in China were required to update their systems in accordance with the Guiding Opinions on Implementing Comprehensive Reform of Auto Insurance issued by CBIRC (currently known as the NFRA) on September 19, 2020 (the “Guiding Opinions”). Following the issuance of the Guiding Opinions, we not only upgraded our technology systems overnight to synchronize with nine insurance carriers’ updated transaction systems, but also completed technology upgrades to simultaneously adapt to the updated transaction systems of all other insurance carrier partners within two months. As of December 31, 2025, our technology systems underwent over 14,000 smooth and uninterrupted updates, including updates to support new functions of the digital insurance transaction and insurance SaaS solution products, as well as updates to synchronize with the changes in our insurance carrier partners’ transaction systems or policies.

Cloud providers such as Alibaba Cloud host our applications, websites, APIs, software and supporting services. Cloud computing allows us to efficiently allocate our IT resources, improve the management of our systems and lower our labor costs.

As of December 31, 2025, we had a team of 67 research and development personnel, accounting for 46.9% of our total number of headquarters employees, responsible for developing, maintaining and improving our technology infrastructure, including applications, websites, APIs, software and technology systems.

In 2023, 2024 and 2025, our research and development expenses were RMB57.2 million, RMB37.9 million and RMB37.2 million, accounting for 18.6%, 16.8% and 20.5% of our total operating expenses.

Marketing

We focus our marketing efforts on engaging insurance carriers, referral partners, insurance intermediaries and insurance consumers. We have a dedicated marketing team at our headquarters, which formulates and executes our overall sales, marketing and branding strategies.

Our service personnel at local branches visit our insurance carrier partners regularly to promote our services and products and hold educational seminars and networking events to attract referral partners. We also promote our products and services by attending conferences and industry exhibitions and through word-of-mouth referrals. We also utilize targeted advertisement placements for the “Cheche” brand and Easy-Insur, to increase brand exposure, build trust among potential users and improve user conversion.

When expanding into a region, we typically hire a team of marketing personnel to promote our services and products to local businesses and other referral partners.

Competition

We face competition principally from other auto insurance transaction services providers, including:

	●	large internet platforms, such as Alipay;

	●	vertical auto insurance transaction platforms; and

	●	insurance carriers’ direct online sales platforms.

We may face new competition as we introduce new services or products, as our existing services and products evolve, or as other companies introduce new services and products.

While the insurance industry is evolving rapidly and is becoming increasingly competitive, we believe that we compete favorably because of our strong technology and infrastructure capabilities, deep connections with insurance carriers and extensive distribution network.

Intellectual Property

We seek to protect our intellectual property through a combination of patent protection, copyrights, trademarks, service marks, domain names, trade secret laws, confidentiality procedures and contractual restrictions.

As of December 31, 2025, we had registered 69 trademarks, 164 software copyrights and 10 domain names, including chechegroup.com, in China. Information contained on, or that can be accessed through our website is not incorporated by reference into this annual report and you should not consider such information to be part of this annual report.

We enter into confidentiality agreements with our key employees. In addition, the cooperation agreements that we enter into with our business partners include confidentiality provisions.

Insurance

We provide social security insurance including pension insurance, unemployment insurance, work-related injury insurance and medical insurance for our employees. We do not maintain property insurance or business interruption insurance, nor do we maintain product liability insurance or key-man life insurance. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Business and Industry—We may not have sufficient insurance coverage.” We consider our insurance coverage to be in line with the industry practice as well as the customary practice in China.

Seasonality

We experience seasonality in our business, as a result of seasonality in vehicle sales and the promotional activities of auto insurance carriers in China. Traditionally, higher levels of vehicle sales in China occur in September and October, which drives significant increases in sales of auto insurance policies.

As a result, we typically record higher transaction volumes and revenue during the second half of each year. However, we have a limited operating history, and the seasonal trends that we have experienced in the past may not be representative.

Government Regulations

Set forth below is a summary of the most significant rules and regulations that affect our business activities in China, or the rights of our shareholders to receive dividends and other distributions from us.

Regulations of the Insurance Industry

The insurance industry in the PRC is highly regulated. In connection with the Institutional Reform Program of the State Council released by National People’s Council on March 17, 2018, the CBIRC (currently known as the NFRA) was established by a merger of China’s banking and insurance regulators: the China Banking Regulatory Commission and the China Insurance Regulatory Commission (the “CIRC”).

Subordinate to, and with the authorization of, the State Council, the NFRA functions as a centralized institution with administrative oversight and competence over the banking and insurance industry. The NFRA and its dispatch offices constitute the regulatory system for the insurance industry. Its major regulatory duties with respect to the insurance industry include:

	●	preparing principles and policies for the development of the insurance industry;

	●	formulating industry development strategies and plans;

	●	drafting laws and regulations for the supervision and regulation of the insurance industry and formulating industry rules and regulations;

	●	approving the establishment of insurance companies and their branches, insurance group companies and insurance holding companies;

	●	jointly with the relevant authorities approving the establishment of insurance asset management companies;

	●	approving the establishment of representative offices by overseas insurance institutions;

	●	approving the establishment of insurance intermediaries such as insurance agencies, insurance brokerage companies, insurance loss adjusting companies and their respective branches;

	●	approving the establishment of overseas insurance institutions by domestic insurance and non-insurance institutions;

	●	approving mergers, carve-outs, changes of corporate forms and dissolutions of insurance institutions and making decisions on receivership and the appointment of receivers;

	●	participating in and overseeing the bankruptcy and liquidation proceedings of insurance companies;

	●	examining and confirming the qualifications of senior management members in various types of insurance institutions;

	●	setting the basic qualification standards for insurance practitioners;

	●	approving the terms and premium rates of insurance products related to the public interest, statutory mandatory insurance and newly developed life and health insurance products;

	●	supervising other insurance products through registration of their terms and premiums;

	●	supervising the solvency and market activities of insurance companies;

	●	managing insurance guarantee funds and monitoring insurance security deposits;

	●	formulating the relevant rules and regulations on the basis of laws and policies of the PRC Government on the deployment of insurance funds, and supervising the deployment of funds by insurance companies;

	●	supervising public-policy-oriented insurance and statutory insurance;

	●	supervising organizational forms and operations such as captive insurance and mutual insurance;

	●	centralizing the administration of insurance industry associations and organizations such as the Insurance Association of China and the Insurance Institute of China;

	●	investigating and imposing penalties on illegal acts and misconduct of insurance institutions and practitioners, such as unfair competition and direct or disguised engagement in insurance business by non-insurance institutions;

	●	supervising overseas insurance institutions established by domestic insurance and non-insurance institutions;

	●	establishing the standards for information systems used in the insurance industry;

	●	establishing insurance risk-assessment, risk-warning and risk-monitoring systems;

	●	tracking, analyzing, monitoring and forecasting the operating conditions of the insurance market; and

	●	centralizing compilation of statistical data and reports for the national insurance industry and carrying out publication in accordance with relevant regulations.

Fundamental Regulation of Insuring Activities

The legal framework for monitoring and administering insuring activities within the territory of the PRC is underpinned by laws and regulations, including the Insurance Law of the People’s Republic of China (the “PRC Insurance Law”), and administrative regulations, departmental provisions and other regulatory documents in accordance with the PRC Insurance Law.

As the fundamental insurance law of the PRC, the PRC Insurance Law is the most important law in the regulatory and legal framework for the PRC insurance industry. The Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress approved the PRC Insurance Law on June 30, 1995. The PRC Insurance Law became effective on October 1, 1995 and was amended in 2002, 2009, 2014 and 2015.

Regulation of Insurance Brokerages

The principal regulation governing insurance brokerages is the Provisions on the Regulation of Insurance Brokers, effective from May 1, 2018. According to this regulation, “insurance brokers” refer to institutions, including insurance brokerage companies and their branches, that receive commissions for providing intermediary services for insurance contracts between applicants and insurance companies on behalf of applicants.

To establish an insurance brokerage company that conducts business in regions outside the province, autonomous region, municipality directly under the central government, or city specifically designated in the state plan where its business is registered, the minimum registered is RMB50 million. The registered capital of an insurance brokerage company must be paid-in monetary capital. An insurance brokerage company must obtain a license to operate an insurance brokerage business within the PRC.

An insurance brokerage company may conduct the following insurance brokering businesses:

	●	making insurance proposals, selecting insurance companies and handling the insurance application procedures for applicants;

	●	assisting the insured or the beneficiary to claim compensation;

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reinsurance brokering;

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providing consulting services to clients with respect to disaster and damage prevention, risk assessment and risk management; and

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performing other business activities specified by the CIRC.

We plan to expand our business to engage in insurance brokerage activities and apply for an insurance brokerage license with the NFRA in the future, and will be subject to additional rules and regulations as an insurance brokerage.

Regulation of Insurance Agencies

The principal regulation governing professional insurance agencies is the Provisions on the Regulation of Insurance Agencies, effective from January 1, 2021. The Provisions on the Regulation of Insurance Agencies regulate market access, operating rules, market exit, monitoring and inspection, and legal obligations for insurance agencies.

According to the Provisions on the Regulation of Insurance Agencies, “insurance agencies” refers to organizations or individuals that are entrusted by an insurance company and collect commissions from the insurance company to handle the insurance business on an agency basis within the scope authorized by the insurance company, including professional insurance agencies, sideline insurance agencies and individual insurance agents.

To establish a professional insurance agency, the minimum registered capital depends on its business region. For professional insurance agencies whose business regions are not limited to the province, autonomous region, municipality directly under the central government, or city specifically designated in the state plan where they are registered, the minimum registered capital should be RMB50 million, while for those operating within the province, autonomous region, municipality directly under the central government, or city specifically designated in the state plan where they are registered, the minimum registered capital should be RMB20 million. The registered capital of a professional insurance agency must be paid-in monetary capital. An insurance professional agency must obtain an Insurance Agent Operating License.

A professional insurance agency may engage in the following insurance agency businesses:

	●	selling insurance products on behalf of the insurer principal;

	●	collecting insurance premiums on behalf of the insurer principal;

	●	conducting loss surveys and handling claims of insurance businesses on behalf of the insurer principal; and

	●	other business activities specified by the CBIRC (currently known as the NFRA).

According to the Notice to Overhaul Chaotic Auto Insurance Market (the “Overhaul Notice”), promulgated by the CIRC on July 6, 2017, all property insurance companies must intensify their compliance management and control of vehicle insurance intermediary businesses, and comply with authorization and management responsibilities applicable to intermediaries and individuals. Property insurance companies may not entrust any institution without lawful qualification to conduct insurance sale activities, or pay vehicle insurance service charges to unqualified institutions, directly or in a disguised way.

Property insurance companies may not entrust or permit any cooperative intermediary to delegate vehicle insurance agency rights to any other institution. A property insurance company may entrust a third-party internet platform to provide webpage-linking services, but may not entrust or permit any third-party internet platform without a lawful qualification as an insurance intermediary to engage in insurance sale activities on its website, including trial calculations of insurance premiums, price quotations and comparisons, business promotions and fund payments.

Property insurance companies must submit for approval of the terms and premium ratios for vehicle insurance. Any property insurance company, insurance intermediary or individual may not grant or undertake to grant benefits not specified in an insurance contract to the policyholder or the insured, including by returning cash or providing prepaid cards, negotiable securities, insurance products, coupons or other property, or offsetting premiums by reward points or exchanging reward points for goods. Property insurance companies, insurance intermediaries or individuals may not pay interest or benefits not specified in an insurance contract in a disguised way such as by allowing the insured to participate in a promotional campaign organized by any other institution or individual.

According to the Guiding Opinions on Implementation of the Comprehensive Reform of Vehicle Insurance promulgated by the CBIRC (currently known as the NFRA) on September 2, 2020, insurance companies and intermediaries will be under simultaneous investigation and handling in the vehicle insurance field, to severely crack down on the illegal acts such as obtaining service charges by fabricating intermediary business, issuing false invoices and bundled sales. In addition, it is imperative to promote insurance companies and intermediaries to improve the connection of information systems, to regulate the settlement and payment of service charges, and prohibit the advance payment by sales personnel. Insurance intermediaries are prohibited from carrying out non-local vehicle insurance business.

Pursuant to the Administrative Measures for Insurance Sales Activities promulgated by the NFRA on September 20, 2023 and came into effect on March 1, 2024, insurance companies and insurance intermediaries shall not engage in insurance sales practices beyond the scope of business and regional scope approved by the law and regulatory system as well as regulatory agencies. Insurance sales personnel shall not engage in insurance sales practices beyond the scope of authorization of their respective institutions. Insurance companies and insurance intermediaries should strengthen the management of insurance sales channel business, implement the responsibility for insurance sales channel business compliance, improve the supervision of insurance sales channel compliance, and shall not use the insurance sales channel to carry out illegal and irregular activities.

Regulations of Informatization Work of Insurance Intermediaries

According to the Regulation of Informatization Work of Insurance Intermediaries promulgated by the CBIRC (currently known as the NFRA) on January 5, 2021, insurance intermediaries are required to apply modern information technologies to business processing, operation management and internal control, to continuously improve operational efficiency, optimize the allocation of internal resources and improve the level of risk prevention.

Insurance intermediaries shall perform the following obligations:

	●	comply with laws, administrative regulations and technical standards on cyber security and informatization work and the regulatory system of the CBIRC (currently known as the NFRA);

	●	formulate their respective informatization work plans, and ensure that such plans are consistent with their overall business plans;

	●	formulate an informatization system and establish an informatization management mechanism featuring reasonable division of work, clarified duties and clear reporting relations;

	●	prepare an informatization budget and ensure the funds required for the informatization work;

	●	carry out the informatization construction of their own institutions, and ensure that they have complete control of the management power over their own information systems and data;

	●	formulate their own emergency response plans for informatization emergencies, organize emergency drills, and timely report, quickly respond to and handle the informatization emergencies that have occurred in their own institutions;

	●	cooperate with the CBIRC (currently known as the NFRA) and its local bureau in carrying out the supervision and inspection of the informatization work, truthfully provide the relevant documents and materials, and make corrections according to the regulatory opinions;

	●	carry out informatization training, and enhance the informatization awareness, information security awareness and software legalization awareness of their employees; and

	●	other informatization duties as specified by the CBIRC (currently known as the NFRA).

Based on aforesaid principal obligations, insurance intermediaries shall, in particular, protect personal information in the process of collecting and handling such information. Without permission or authorization, an insurance intermediary shall not collect personal information irrelevant to the services it provides, or collect, use, provide or dispose of personal information in violation of the laws, administrative regulations or contractual stipulations, or divulge or distort personal information.

Where the informatization work of insurance intermediaries fails to meet the requirements of the Regulation of Informatization Work of Insurance Intermediaries, they shall be deemed as failing to meet the requirements of Articles 7, 12 and 18 of the Provisions on the Regulation of Insurance Agencies, Articles 7 and 16 of the Provisions on the Regulation of Insurance Brokers, Articles 16 and 18 of the Provisions on the Regulation of Insurance Assessors and other relevant conditions and shall not engage in insurance intermediary business.

Regulation of Services Provided by Professional Insurance Agency and Its Practitioners

Based on the Provisions on the Regulation of Insurance Agencies, professional insurance agencies and practitioners may not take the following deceptive actions in insurance agency activities:

	●	deceiving the insurer, applicant, the insured or beneficiary;

	●	concealing important information relating to the insurance contract;

	●	obstructing the applicant to perform his/her obligation of disclosure, or inducing him/her not to perform his/her obligation of disclosure;

	●	giving or promising to give the applicant, the insured or the beneficiary benefits other than those stipulated in the insurance contract;

	●	coercing, inducing or restricting the applicant to enter into an insurance contract by taking advantage of his/her administrative power, position or the advantage of his/her occupation or by other unfair means;

	●	forging or altering an insurance contract without authorization, or providing false supporting materials for the parties to an insurance contract;

	●	misappropriating, withholding or occupying insurance premiums or insurance benefits;

	●	seeking improper benefits for other institutions or individuals by taking advantage of his/her business;

	●	defrauding the insurance benefits by colluding with the applicant, the insured or beneficiary; or

	●	disclosing business secrets of the insurer, the applicant or the insured known in the business activities.

A professional insurance agency may not sign insurance contracts on behalf of a contributor. On April 2, 2019, the CBIRC (currently known as the NFRA) issued a Notice to Rectify the Irregularities in the Insurance Intermediary Market (the “Rectify Notice”), requiring all insurance companies and insurance intermediaries to conduct self-inspections to determine whether their practices violate relevant regulations.

According to the Rectify Notice, among other matters, insurance intermediaries and insurance agencies must rectify any non-compliance practices, such as granting or undertaking to grant policyholders, insured parties or beneficiaries benefits other than those agreed in the insurance contracts, failure to register the sales persons engaged by the insurance intermediaries with the Insurance Intermediaries Regulatory Information System, or hiring sales person with bad conduct or who do not have professional knowledge necessary for insurance sales. As of the date this annual report, we have completed the applicable rectification measures.

On June 23, 2020, the CBIRC (currently known as the NFRA) further issued the Notice to Follow-up Review of the Rectification of Market Chaos in Banking and Insurance Industries (the “Review Notice”), requiring all banking and insurance institutions to carry out strict self-examination and self-rectification. According to the Review Notice, among other matters, insurance companies and insurance intermediaries must rectify any non-compliance practices, such as misleading consumers to buy insurance products by making false publicity on the grounds that the sales of insurance products are about to be stopped or the premium rates are about to be adjusted, maliciously misleading or instigating clients to cancel insurance policies, making consumers suffer from unnecessary losses of contractual rights and interests, or disclosing client information in violation of regulations. We have completed the self-examination and self-rectification work and reported the same to the CBIRC (currently known as the NFRA).

Regulation of Foreign Investment in the Insurance Brokerage and Insurance Agency Industry

Pursuant to the Announcement of the China Insurance Regulatory Commission on Permitting Foreign Insurance Brokerage Companies to Establish Solely Foreign-invested Insurance Brokerage Companies, effective from December 11, 2006, in accordance with the related commitments of China for accession to the WTO, foreign insurance brokerage companies may establish wholly foreign-funded insurance brokerage companies in accordance with PRC laws and there are no restrictions other than those on establishment conditions and business scope. Pursuant to the Notice of the China Banking and Insurance Regulatory Commission on Widening the Scope of Business of Foreign-funded Insurance Brokerage Companies issued on and effective from April 27, 2018, foreign-funded insurance brokerage institutions that have obtained insurance brokerage business permits upon approval by the insurance regulatory authority of the State Council may engage in the same businesses as a PRC domestic insurance brokerage company.

Pursuant to the Public Announcement of the China Insurance Regulatory Commission on Relevant Matters Concerning the Application of the Insurance Agencies in Hong Kong and Macao for Establishing Solely-Invested Insurance Agencies in the Mainland issued on December 26, 2007, from January 1, 2008, local professional insurance agencies in Hong Kong or Macao which meet the requirements may apply for the establishment of solely-invested insurance agencies in the mainland of the PRC. Pursuant to the Supplements and Amendments VIII to the Mainland’s Specific Commitments on Liberalization of Trade in Services for Hong Kong and the Supplements and Amendments VIII to the Mainland’s Specific Commitments on Liberalization of Trade in Services for Macao, qualified insurance brokerage institutions in Hong Kong or Macao may establish solely-invested insurance agencies in Guangdong province (including Shenzhen) for practicing within Guangdong province. Pursuant to the Notice of the China Banking and Insurance Regulatory Commission on Allowing Overseas Investors to Operate Insurance Agent Business in China, effective from June 19, 2018, overseas insurance agency entities operating an insurance agency business for three or more years outside China and foreign-funded insurance companies in China which have operated for three or more years may apply to CBIRC (currently known as the NFRA) to establish a foreign-invested insurance agency within China.

Qualification Management for Directors, Supervisors and Senior Management Personnel

Based on the Provisions on the Regulation of Insurance Agencies, “senior managers of a professional insurance agency” refers to the following personnel:

	●	the general manager, deputy general manager of the professional insurance agency;

	●	the major principals of the provincial branches of the professional insurance agency; and

	●	other management personnel exercising important powers in the business management of the professional insurance agency.

The senior management personnel of a professional insurance agency must meet the criteria stipulated in the Provisions on the Regulation of Insurance Agencies and approved by the CBIRC (currently known as the NFRA).

Qualification Management for Practitioners of Insurance Agencies

Based on the Provisions on the Regulation of Insurance Agencies, the CBIRC (currently known as the NFRA) is authorized by law and the State Council to exercise centralized supervision and administration competence over practitioners of insurance agencies by category. Under the Provisions on the Regulation of Insurance Agencies, the term “practitioners of insurance agencies” refers to individuals of insurance agencies who engage in sale of insurance products or the relevant loss survey.

Based on the Provisions on the Regulation of Insurance Agencies, the Circular of the China Insurance Regulatory Commission on Issues concerning the Administration of Insurance Intermediary Practitioners promulgated by the CIRC on August 3, 2015 and Notice on Cancelling and Adjusting a Group of Administrative Approval Items promulgated by the CIRC on August 7, 2015, prior to practice of practitioners of insurance agencies, the employer should file practice registration information for such personnel on the CBIRC (currently known as the NFRA) insurance intermediaries monitoring information system, without requiring a qualification certificate as a prerequisite for practice registration management.

Professional insurance agencies, including us, are obligated to monitor the sales activities of the salespersons and restrict and prohibit the misconduct of such insurance sales practitioners employed by or cooperated with such professional insurance agencies. Any failure to do so may result in rectification orders, penalties or fines to the practitioners of insurance agencies and the professional insurance agencies themselves.

Regulation of Insurance Premium Rates

Pursuant to the PRC Insurance Law, insurance companies must formulate insurance clauses and insurance premium rates fairly and reasonably.

Based on the Administrative Measures for the Insurance Clauses and Premium Rates of Property Insurance Companies, effective from October 1, 2021, the Circular on Issues Concerning the Implementation of the Administrative Measures for the Insurance terms and Premium Rates of Property Insurance Companies, effective from May 1, 2010, and the Circular on Issues concerning Further Strengthening and Improving the Regulation of Products of Property Insurances Companies, effective from March 1, 2020, insurance clauses and insurance premium rates for the following property insurance products must be reported to the CBIRC (currently known as the NFRA) for approval:

	●	motor vehicle insurance (other than in the form of demonstration products);

	●	non-life investment insurance;

	●	guaranteed insurability and credit insurance with an insurance period of more than one year (other than in the form of demonstration products); and

	●	other insurance products recognized by the CBIRC (currently known as the NFRA) as related to the public interest and compulsory insurance required by laws and administrative regulations.

If insurance companies modify approved insurance clauses or insurance premium rates, they must submit the modifications for approval. In addition, insurance companies should report insurance clauses and insurance premium rates for insurance products outside the scope set out above to the CBIRC (currently known as the NFRA) or, as the case may be, the local CBIRC (currently known as the NFRA) bureau for filing within 10 business days after the implementation. In case of revisions or amendments to insurance liabilities in insurance clauses or insurance premium rates that have been filed, such revisions or amendments shall be filed again.

Pursuant to the Guidelines for the Development of Insurance Products by Property Insurance Companies promulgated by the CIRC on December 30, 2016 and effective from January 1, 2017, insurance premium rates must meet the principles of rationality, fairness and adequacy.

Pursuant to the Circular of the General Office of the China Banking and Insurance Regulatory Commission on Matters relating to Further Tightened Regulation of Vehicle Insurance, promulgated and implemented by the CBIRC (currently known as the NFRA) on January 14, 2019, property and casualty insurance companies must establish terms and premium rates for automobile insurance policies in strict compliance with PRC laws and regulations. Insurance companies are strictly prohibited from conducting the following activities:

	●	amending any term or premium rate directly or in disguise without approval of the CBIRC (currently known as the NFRA);

	●	providing premium rates beyond the approved range by offering or promising to offer payment of inappropriate interest not stipulated in the insurance policies to insurance policyholders or owners of insured vehicles in disguise;

	●	paying commission fee rates beyond the approved range by fabricating other expenses in disguise; and

	●	failing to apply the approved premium rate as required for insurance policies for new cars.

Pursuant to the Circular of the General Office of the China Banking and Insurance Regulatory Commission on Matters relating to Further Tightened Regulation of Vehicle Insurance, property and casualty insurance companies must strengthen the veracity of their business and financial data and ensure timely and truthful accounting journal entries of all operating costs and expenses. Insurance companies are strictly prohibited from conducting the following activities:

	●	fraudulently charging commission by recording insurance policies sold directly by insurance companies as having been sold through insurance agencies or other means;

	●	creating false expenses by fabricating false sales records or recording administrative expenses or other means;

	●	manipulating results of operations by setting aside reserves in violation of laws and regulations; and

	●	manipulating results of operations by deliberately deferring accounting journal entry of expenses.

Pursuant to the Guiding Opinions on Implementation of the Comprehensive Reform of Vehicle Insurance, property insurance companies shall take the following actions for the sake of consumers:

	●	implement the new development concept, take the road of high-quality development;

	●	adjust and optimize the assessment mechanism, reduce the assessment weight of premium scale, business growth and market share;

	●	improve the assessment requirements of consumer satisfaction, compliance operation and quality benefit;

	●	carry out product development work, approval and filing, and information system transformation;

	●	strengthen the backtracking of terms and rates, and prevent the risk of insufficient premiums; and

	●	strengthen business training and team building, improve the underwriting and claims system, and improve the quality of underwriting and claims service.

Regulation of Internet Insurance

On December 7, 2020, CBIRC (currently known as the NFRA) issued Measures for the Regulation of Internet Insurance Businesses (the “Internet Insurance Measures”). Pursuant to the Internet Insurance Measures, no institutions or individuals other than insurance institutions, which refer to insurance companies, insurance agency companies, insurance brokerage companies and other qualified insurance intermediaries, may engage in the internet insurance business. Under the Internet Insurance Measures, an insurance institution may sell insurance products or provide insurance brokerage services via the Internet and self-service terminal equipment, so that consumers can independently learn the product information and complete insurance purchase on their own through such insurance institution’s self-operated network platform or the self-run network platforms of other insurance institutions. However, the insurance application pages must belong to the self-run network platform of such insurance institution. “Self-operated online platforms” refer to online platforms set up by insurance institutions with independent operation and complete data authority. Self-operated online platforms shall effectively isolate from its affiliated parties such as shareholders, actual controllers and senior executives of the company in such aspects as finance, business, information system and customer information protection etc.

An insurance institution conducting Internet insurance businesses and its self-operated network platform shall meet the following conditions:

	●	the place of service access is within the territory of the PRC;

	●	it shall meet the provisions of the relevant laws and regulations and the qualification requirements of the competent authority of the relevant industry;

	●	it shall have an information management system and core business system supporting the operation of Internet insurance businesses, which shall be effectively isolated from other irrelevant information systems of the insurance institution;

	●	it shall have sound cybersecurity monitoring, information notification and emergency response mechanisms, as well as sound cybersecurity protection means such as boundary protection, intrusion detection, data protection and disaster recovery;

	●	it shall implement the national graded protection system for cybersecurity, carry out record-filing of the grading of cybersecurity, regularly carry out graded protection assessment, and implement security protection measures for the corresponding grades;

	●	it shall have a legal and compliant marketing model and establish an operation and service system that meets the operation needs of Internet insurance, meets the characteristics of Internet insurance users and supports the service coverage regions;

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	●	it shall establish or specify an Internet insurance business management department, equip itself with corresponding professionals, designate a senior executive to serve as the person in charge of Internet insurance businesses, and specify the persons in charge of the self-run network platforms respectively;

	●	it shall have a sound management system and operating procedures for Internet insurance businesses.

	●	an insurance company shall, in carrying out Internet insurance sales, comply with the relevant provisions of the CBIRC (currently known as the NFRA) on the regulatory evaluation for solvency and protection of consumers’ rights and interests;

	●	a professional insurance intermediary shall be a national agency, and its business regions are not limited to the province where its head office is registered, and shall comply with the relevant provisions of the CBIRC (currently known as the NFRA) on the classified regulation of professional insurance intermediaries; and

	●	it shall meet other conditions prescribed by the CBIRC (currently known as the NFRA).

According to the Internet Insurance Measures, “Internet insurances companies” can be established upon special approval by the CBIRC and registered in accordance with the law without establishing branches and specialize in carrying out Internet insurance business nationwide in order to promote the integration and innovation of insurance business with the Internet, big data and other new technologies. An Internet insurance company shall not sell insurance products offline or through other insurance institutions.

In addition, an Internet enterprise is allowed to use the self-operated network platform to sell Internet insurance products and provide insurance services as an insurance agent, provided that such Internet enterprise shall obtain the insurance agency operating license for operating insurance agency business.

Non-insurance institutions may not carry out Internet insurance business, including but not limited to the following commercial acts: (i) providing consulting services for insurance products; (ii) comparing insurance products, trial calculation of insurance premiums and comparing quotations; (iii) designing insurance purchase plans for insurance applicants; (iv) going through insurance purchase formalities on behalf of clients; and (v) collecting insurance premiums as an agent.

The Internet Insurance Measures provides that the CBIRC (currently known as the NFRA) and its local offices are responsible for the development of the regulatory system for Internet insurance business in an overall manner, and the CBIRC (currently known as the NFRA) and its local offices shall, in accordance with the division of regulatory work for insurance institutions, implement daily monitoring and regulation of Internet insurance business.

Regulation of Anti-money laundering

Based on the Administrative Measures for the Anti-money Laundering Work in the Insurance Industry, effective from October 1, 2011, the CBIRC (currently known as the NFRA) organizes, coordinates and directs policies concerning anti-money laundering in the insurance industry. Under these measures, insurance companies, insurance asset management companies, professional insurance agencies and insurance brokers are required to materially improve their anti-money laundering related internal control competence on the basis of real-name policy issuance and on the principle of complete customer materials, traceable transaction records and regulated funds operation.

Based on provisions of the Administrative Measures for the Anti-money Laundering Work in the Insurance Industry, insurance companies carrying out the insurance business via professional insurance agencies or financial institution-based insurance joint offering agencies must include anti-money laundering provisions in their cooperation agreements. Professional insurance agencies and brokers must establish anti-money laundering internal control systems and prohibit equity investments with funds from illicit sources.

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Senior management personnel of professional insurance agencies and brokers must be versed in anti-money laundering laws and regulations. Professional insurance agencies and brokers must provide anti-money laundering training and education, properly manage major money laundering cases involving itself, facilitate anti-money laundering monitoring and inspection, administrative investigation and investigation of criminal activities involving money laundering, and keep confidential any information related to lawful anti-money laundering initiatives.

Regulation of Value-added Telecommunications Services and Foreign Investment Restrictions

On September 25, 2000, the Telecommunications Regulations of the People’s Republic of China (the “Telecom Regulations”), the primary governing law on telecommunication services, were issued by the PRC State Council. The Telecom Regulations were most recently amended and became effective on February 6, 2016. The Telecom Regulations set out the general framework for the provision of telecommunication services by PRC companies. Under the Telecom Regulations, telecommunications service providers are required to procure operating licenses prior to commencing operations.

The Telecom Regulations draw a distinction between “basic telecommunications services” and “value-added telecommunications services”. The Catalog of Telecommunications Business was issued as an attachment to the Telecom Regulations to categorize telecommunications services as basic or value-added. Information services via public communication networks, such as fixed networks, mobile networks and the internet, are classified as value-added telecommunications services.

On March 1, 2009, the MIIT issued the Administrative Measures for Telecommunications Business Operating Permit (the “Telecom Permit Measures”), which took effect on April 10, 2009. The Telecom Permit Measures were amended and became effective on September 1, 2017. The Telecom Permit Measures confirm that there are two types of telecom operating licenses for operators in China, namely, licenses for basic telecommunications services and licenses for value-added telecommunications services (the “VATS License”).

The operating scope of a license describes the permitted activities of the enterprise to which it is granted. An approved telecommunication services operator must conduct its business in accordance with the specifications listed in its VATS License. In addition, a VATS License’s holder is required to obtain approval from the original permit-issuing authority in respect of any change to its shareholders.

On July 13, 2006, the MIIT issued the Circular on Strengthening the Administration of Foreign Investment in and Operation of Value-added Telecommunications Business (the “MIIT Circular”), which requires foreign investors to set up foreign-invested enterprises and obtain a VATS License to conduct any value-added telecommunications business in China. Under the MIIT Circular, a domestic company that holds a VATS License is prohibited from leasing, transferring or selling the license to foreign investors in any form and from providing any assistance, including providing resources, sites or facilities, to foreign investors that conduct value-added telecommunications business illegally in China.

Furthermore, the relevant trademarks and domain names used in a value-added telecommunications business must be owned by the local VATS License holder or its shareholders. The MIIT Circular further requires each VATS License holder to have the necessary facilities for its approved business operations and to maintain such facilities in the regions covered by its license.

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Pursuant to the Provisions on Administration of Foreign Invested Telecommunications Enterprises promulgated by the State Council on December 11, 2001 and amended on September 10, 2008, February 6, 2016 and March 29, 2022 and Notice of Removing the Restrictions on Foreign Equity Ratios in Online Data Processing and Transaction Processing (Operating E-commerce) Business promulgated by MIIT on June 19, 2015, the ultimate foreign equity ownership in a value-added telecommunications services provider may not exceed 50%, except for online data processing and transaction processing businesses (operating e-commerce business) which may be 100% owned by foreign investors. Moreover, for a foreign investor to acquire any equity interest in a value-added telecommunications business in China, it must satisfy a number of stringent performance and operational experience requirements, including demonstrating good track records and experience in operating value-added telecommunications business overseas. On March 29, 2022, the State Council issued the Decision to Amend and Abolish Certain Administrative Regulations, which makes amendments to the Provisions on Administration of Foreign Invested Telecommunications Enterprises. The amendments include, among others, removing the performance and operational experience requirements for main foreign investors that invest in PRC companies conducting value-added telecommunication business as set out in the Provisions on Administration of Foreign Invested Telecommunications Enterprises. The amended Provisions on Administration of Foreign Invested Telecommunications Enterprises took effect on May 1, 2022.

Foreign investors must obtain approvals from the MIIT and the Ministry of Commerce (the “MOFCOM”) or their authorized local counterparts, which retain considerable discretion in granting approvals. Pursuant to publicly available information, the PRC government has issued telecommunications business operating licenses to Sino-foreign joint ventures in very limited circumstances. The Special Administrative Measures for Access of Foreign Investment (Negative List) (2024 Edition), promulgated on September 6, 2024 and effective on November 1, 2024, also imposes the 50% restrictions on foreign ownership in value-added telecommunications business except for operating e-commerce business, domestic multi-party communication business, information storage and re-transmission business and call center business.

On April 8, 2024, the MIIT issued the Circular on Implementing the Pilot Programs Work to Expand the Opening-up of the Value-Added Telecommunications Services (the “Circular”). The Circular states that the MIIT will launch pilot programs to expand the opening-up of value-added telecommunications services and the pilot programs will be initially launched in several regions, including Beijing Comprehensive Demonstration Zone for the Expansion and Opening up of Service Industries, Shanghai’s Lingang New Area within the China (Shanghai) Pilot Free Trade Zone, Hainan Free Trade Port, and the Shenzhen Pilot Demonstration Zone of Socialism with Chinese Characteristics. In the regions approved to launch pilot programs, foreign ownership restrictions in certain value-added telecommunications business will be removed, including internet data centers, content delivery networks, internet service providers, online data processing and transaction processing, and information publishing platforms and delivery services (excluding internet news information, online publishing, online audiovisual, and internet cultural operations) and information protection and processing services. Foreign invested enterprises conducting these services in approved pilot regions are required to obtain approval from the MIIT in accordance with applicable law and regulations. The Circular also indicates that based on the implementation of the pilot programs, the scope of the pilot regions may be expanded.

On September 25, 2000, the State Council promulgated the Administrative Measures on Internet Information Services (the “Internet Measures”), which were amended in January 2011 and December 2024. Under the Internet Measures, “internet information services” refer to the provision of information through the internet to online users, and are divided into “commercial internet information services” and “non-commercial internet information service”. Commercial Internet information services operators must obtain a license for provision of commercial internet information services (the “ICP License”), from the relevant government authorities before engaging in any commercial internet information services operations within the PRC.

Pursuant to the Internet Insurance Measures, self-operated internet platforms through which insurance institutions conduct internet insurance business must meet certain requirements such as obtaining ICP Licenses or making ICP filings and maintaining sound internet operation systems and information security systems. As of the date of this annual report, the VIE and its subsidiaries have obtained the requisite ICP licenses for our digital platforms.

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Regulation of Internet Content Providers

The content of internet information is highly regulated in China. Pursuant to the Internet Measures, the PRC government may shut down the websites of ICP License holders and revoke their ICP Licenses if they produce, reproduce, disseminate or broadcast information that is prohibited by law or administrative regulations. Commercial internet information services operators are also required to monitor their websites. They may not post or disseminate any content that falls within the prohibited categories, and must remove any such content from their websites, save the relevant records and report violations to the relevant governmental authorities.

According to the Cybersecurity Law of the People’s Republic of China promulgated by the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress on November 7, 2016, last amended on October 28, 2025 and effective from January 1, 2026, network service providers must comply with laws and regulations and ensure network security, effectively respond to cybersecurity incidents, prevent illegal and criminal activities committed on the network, and maintain the integrity, confidentiality and availability of network data.

On June 14, 2022, the CAC promulgated the Administrative Provisions on Mobile Internet Application Information Services (the “Mobile Application Administrative Provisions”), which took effect on August 1, 2022 and has replaced its previous version promulgated on June 28, 2016, to strengthen the regulation of mobile application information services. Pursuant to the Mobile Application Administrative Provisions, an internet application program provider must verify a user’s identity based on its mobile phone number, ID number, unified social credit code and other identifying information. An internet application program provider must not conduct false advertising or bundled installation, and shall process personal information under the principles of legitimacy, rightfulness, necessity and good faith, have clear and reasonable purposes, disclose processing rules, comply with the relevant provisions on the scope of necessary personal information, regulate personal information processing activities, and take necessary measures to ensure the security of personal information, and shall not, for any reason, force users to consent to personal information processing, or refuse users to use their basic functions and services on the ground that users do not agree to provide unnecessary personal information. The Mobile Application Administrative Provisions further clarifies the obligations of internet application program providers to protect minors and to inform the users and report to the governmental authorities upon the risk of application security.

In December 2016, the MIIT promulgated the Interim Measures on the Administration of Pre-Installation and Distribution of Applications for Mobile Smart Terminals (the “Mobile Application Interim Measures”), which took effect on July 1, 2017. The Mobile Application Interim Measures requires, among others, that internet information service providers must ensure that a mobile application, as well as its ancillary resource files, configuration files and user data can be uninstalled by a user on a convenient basis, unless it is a basic function software, which refers to a software that supports the normal functioning of hardware and operating systems of a mobile smart device.

Regulation of Privacy Protection

The Law of the People’s Republic of China on Protection of Consumer Rights and Interests, promulgated by the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress on October 31, 1993 and amended on August 27, 2009 and October 25, 2013, specifies that the personal information of consumers provided in purchasing and using commodities or receiving services shall be under the protection of the law, as follows:

	●	Business operators are required to follow the principles of legality, propriety and necessity when collecting and using consumers’ personal information, specifically notify consumers about the purpose, method and scope of the collection and use of the information and obtain the consumers’ consent.

	●	Business operators who collect and use consumers’ personal information are required to announce their policies on collection and use and may not collect and use the information in breach of laws and regulations and the agreement between the operators and the consumers.

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	●	Business operators and their staff must keep strictly confidential the consumers’ personal information that they collect and should not divulge, sell or unlawfully furnish to any third party such information.

	●	Business operators must implement technical and other necessary measures to ensure that the information is secure and to prevent the disclosure or loss of consumers’ personal information.

	●	In case the information is or is likely to be disclosed or lost, remedial action must be taken immediately.

	●	Business operators may not send commercial information to consumers who have not given their consent or have not made a request or have expressed explicit refusal.

The Provisions on the Technical Measures for the Protection of the Security of the Internet promulgated by the Ministry of Public Security on December 13, 2005 and effective from March 1, 2006 provide initial requirements on supervising the security of internet information. Providers of internet services and enterprise users of the network must establish appropriate management systems. The information registered by users may not be publicized or divulged without the approval of the users, unless it is otherwise specified by any law or administrative regulation. The providers of internet services and enterprise users of the network must adopt technical measures for the protection of internet security in accordance with relevant laws and regulations and shall not take technical measures to intervene the users’ freedom and confidentiality of communication under the pretext of protecting the security of the internet.

Under the Several Provisions on Regulating the Market Order of Internet Information Services effective from March 15, 2012, an internet information service provider may not collect any user’s personal information or provide any such information to third parties without the user’s consent. It must also expressly inform the user of the method, content and purpose of the collection and processing of such user’s personal information and may only collect such information as necessary for the provision of its services.

The Decision on Strengthening Information Protection on Networks promulgated by the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress on December 28, 2012, provides basic principles for protecting electronic information by which citizens can be identified and which involves the individual privacy of citizens.

The Provisions on Protecting the Personal Information of Telecommunications and Internet Users promulgated by the MIIT on July 16, 2013 and effective from September 1, 2013 further improve the personal information protection system of telecommunications and internet industries and specify the scope and obligation subjects of personal information protection of telecommunications and internet users, rules on collection and use of users’ personal information by telecommunications service operators and providers of internet information services and agent management and information security guarantee measures.

The Cybersecurity Law imposes certain data protection obligations on network operators, including that network operators may not disclose, tamper with, or damage users’ personal information that they have collected, and are obligated to delete unlawfully collected information and to amend incorrect information. Moreover, internet operators may not provide users’ personal information to others without consent. Exempted from these rules is information irreversibly processed to preclude identification of specific individuals. Also, the Cybersecurity Law imposes breach notification requirements that will apply to breaches involving personal information.

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With respect to the security of information collected and used by mobile apps, pursuant to the Announcement of Conducting Special Supervision against the Illegal Collection and Use of Personal Information by Apps, which was issued on January 23, 2019, app operators should collect and use personal information in compliance with the Cybersecurity Law and should be responsible for the security of personal information obtained from users and take effective measures to strengthen the personal information protection. Furthermore, app operators must not force their users to make authorization by means of bundling, suspending installation or in other default forms and should not collect personal information in violation of laws, regulations or breach of user agreements. Such regulatory requirements were emphasized by the Notice on the Special Rectification of Apps Infringing upon User’s Personal Rights and Interests, which was issued by MIIT on October 31, 2019. On November 28, 2019, the CAC, MIIT and the SAMR jointly issued the Measures to Identify Illegal Collection and Usage of Personal Information by Apps, which lists six types of illegal collection and usage of personal information, including “not publishing rules on the collection and usage of personal information,” “failing to expressly state the purpose, method and scope of collecting and using personal information,” “collecting or using personal information without the consent of users,” “collecting personal information unrelated to the services they provide in violation of the principle of necessity,” “providing others with personal information without the consent” “failure to provide the function of deleting or correcting personal information in accordance with the law or failure to disclose the information on complaints and whistleblowing reports”.

Pursuant to the Ninth Amendment to the PRC Criminal Law, issued by the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress on August 29, 2015, and became effective on November 1, 2015, any internet service provider that fails to fulfill its obligations related to internet information security administration as required under applicable laws and refuses to rectify upon orders shall be subject to criminal penalty. In addition, Interpretations of the Supreme People’s Court and the Supreme People’s Procuratorate on Several Issues Concerning the Application of Law in the Handling of Criminal Cases Involving Infringement of Personal Information, issued on May 8, 2017, and effective as of June 1, 2017, clarified certain standards for the conviction and sentencing of the criminals in relation to personal information infringement. In addition, on May 28, 2020, the National People’s Congress adopted the PRC Civil Code, which came into effect on January 1, 2021. Pursuant to the PRC Civil Code, the personal information of a natural person shall be protected by the law. Any organization or individual shall legally obtain such personal information of others when necessary and ensure the safety of such information, and shall not illegally collect, use, process or transmit personal information of others, or illegally purchase or sell, provide or make public personal information of others.

On August 20, 2021, the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress promulgated the Personal Information Protection Law of the PRC (the “Personal Information Protection Law”), which became effective on November 1, 2021. The Personal Information Protection Law requires, among others, that (i) the processing of personal information should have a clear and reasonable purpose which should be directly related to the processing purpose, in a method that has the least impact on personal rights and interests, and (ii) the collection of personal information should be limited to the minimum scope necessary to achieve the processing purpose to avoid the excessive collection of personal information. Different types of personal information and personal information processing will be subject to various rules on consent, transfer, and security. Entities handling personal information bear responsibilities for their personal information handling activities, and shall adopt necessary measures to safeguard the security of the personal information they handle. Otherwise, the entities handling personal information could be ordered to correct, or suspend or terminate the provision of services, and face confiscation of illegal income, fines or other penalties.

The General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine and Standardization Administration issued the Standard of Information Security Technology Personal Information Security Specification (2017 edition), which took effect in May 2018, and the Standard of Information Security Technology Personal Information Security Specification (2020 edition), which took effect in October 2020. Pursuant to these standards, any entity or person who has the authority or right to determine the purposes for and methods of using or processing personal information are seen as a personal data controller. Such personal data controller is required to collect information in accordance with applicable laws, and prior to collecting such data, the information provider’s consent is required.

The Measures for the Regulation of Internet Insurance Business, promulgated by CBIRC (currently known as the NFRA) on December 7, 2020 and effective on February 1, 2021, specify that when concluding insurance contracts and providing insurance services (i.e., the internet insurance business) by relying on the internet, insurance institutions shall not damage the legitimate rights and interests of consumers and public interest. Insurance institutions shall:

●

specify the measures for safeguarding consumers’ personal information, insurance transaction information and transaction security at a prominent position of the self-run network platform through which internet insurance business is conducted;

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	●	establish and improve an information technology infrastructure and security guarantee system compatible with the development of internet insurance businesses, and enhance the capability to ensure informatization and cybersecurity;

	●	assume the primary responsibility for protecting customer information, follow the principles of legitimacy, rightfulness and necessity in collecting, processing and using personal information, and ensure the safety and legality of information collection, processing and use.

On February 12, 2025, the CAC promulgated the Administrative Measures for Personal Information Protection Compliance Audits, which came into effect on May 1, 2025. According to such measures, the term “compliance audit of personal information protection” refers to the supervisory activities that review and evaluate whether the personal information processing activities performed by personal information processors comply with laws and administrative regulations. Personal information processors that process personal information of more than 10 million individuals shall carry out a compliance audit of personal information protection at least once every two years.

Regulation of Internet Security

The Decision Regarding the Safeguarding of Internet Security, enacted by the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress on December 28, 2000, and amended with immediate effect on August 27, 2009, makes it unlawful to: (i) gain improper entry into a computer or system of strategic importance; (ii) disseminate politically disruptive information; (iii) leak state secrets; (iv) spread false commercial information; or (v) infringe intellectual property rights.

The Provisions on Technological Measures for Internet Security Protection, promulgated on December 13, 2005 by the Ministry of Public Security require internet service providers and organizations that use interconnection implementing technical measures for internet security protection, such as technical measures for preventing any matter or act that may endanger network security, for example, computer viruses, invasion or attacks to or destruction of the network. All internet access service providers are required to take measures to keep a record of and preserve user registration information. Under these measures, value-added telecommunications services license holders must regularly update information security and content control systems for their websites and must also report any public dissemination of prohibited content to local public security authorities. If a value-added telecommunications services license holder violates these measures, the Ministry of Public Security and the local security bureaus may revoke its operating license and shut down its websites.

On July 1, 2015, the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress issued the PRC National Security Law, which came into effect on the same day. The National Security Law provides that the state shall safeguard the sovereignty, security and cyber security development interests of the state, and that the state shall establish a national security review and supervision system to review, among other things, foreign investment, key technologies, internet and information technology products and services, and other important activities that are likely to impact national security of China.

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The Cybersecurity Law applies to the construction, operation, maintenance and use of networks as well as the supervision and administration of cybersecurity in China. The Cybersecurity Law defines “networks” as systems that are composed of computers or other information terminals and relevant facilities used for the purpose of collecting, storing, transmitting, exchanging and processing information in accordance with certain rules and procedures. “Network operators,” who are broadly defined as owners and administrators of networks and network service providers, are subject to various security protection-related obligations, including: (i) complying with security protection obligations in accordance with tiered cybersecurity system’s protection requirements, which include formulating internal security management rules and manuals, appointing cybersecurity responsible personnel, adopting technical measures to prevent computer viruses and cybersecurity endangering activities, adopting technical measures to monitor and record network operation status and cybersecurity events; (ii) formulating cybersecurity emergency response plans, timely handling security risks, initiating emergency response plans, taking appropriate remedial measures and reporting to regulatory authorities; and (iii) providing technical assistance and support for public security and national security authorities for protection of national security and criminal investigations in accordance with the law. The Cybersecurity Law sets high requirements for the operational security of facilities deemed to be part of the PRC’s “critical information infrastructure”. These requirements include data localization, i.e., storing personal information and important business data in China, and national security review requirements for any network products or services that may impact national security. Among other factors, “critical information infrastructure” is defined as critical information infrastructure, that will, in the event of destruction, loss of function, or data breach, result in serious damage to national security, the national economy and people’s livelihoods, or the public interest. Network service providers who do not comply with the Cybersecurity Law may be subject to fines, suspension of their businesses, shutdown of their websites, and revocation of their business licenses.

On December 28, 2021, the CAC, the National Development and Reform Commission (the “NDRC”), the MIIT, and several other PRC governmental authorities jointly issued the Cybersecurity Review Measures (2021), which became effective on February 15, 2022 and replaced the Measures for Cybersecurity Review promulgated on April 13, 2020. Pursuant to Cybersecurity Review Measures (2021), critical information infrastructure operators that purchase network products and services and network platform operators engaging in data processing activities are subject to cybersecurity review under the Cybersecurity Review Measures (2021) if such activities affect or may affect national security. According to the Cybersecurity Review Measures (2021), before purchasing any network products or services, a critical information infrastructure operator shall assess potential national security risks that may arise from the launch or use of such products or services, and apply for a cybersecurity review with the cybersecurity review office of CAC if national security will or may be affected. In addition, network platform operators who possess personal information of more than one million users, and intend to be listed on a foreign stock exchange must be subject to the cybersecurity review. The relevant government authorities may initiate the cybersecurity review against the relevant operators if the authorities believe that the network products or services or data processing activities of such operators affect or may affect national security.

On June 10, 2021, the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress promulgated the PRC Data Security Law, which became effective in September 2021. The Data Security Law requires data processing, which includes the collection, storage, use, processing, transmission, provision and publication of data, to be conducted in a legitimate and proper manner. The Data Security Law provides for data security and privacy obligations on entities and individuals carrying out data processing activities. The Data Security Law also introduces a data classification and hierarchical protection system based on the importance of data in economic and social development, and the degree of harm it may cause to national security, public interests, or legitimate rights and interests of individuals or organizations if such data are tampered with, destroyed, leaked, illegally acquired or illegally used. The appropriate level of protection measures is required to be taken for each respective category of data. For example, a processor of important data is required to designate the personnel and the management body responsible for data security, carry out risk assessments of its data processing activities and file the risk assessment reports with the competent authorities. State core data, i.e., data having a bearing on national security, the lifelines of national economy, people’s key livelihood and major public interests, shall be subject to stricter management system. Moreover, the Data Security Law provides a national security review procedure for those data activities which affect or may affect national security and imposes export restrictions on certain data and information. In addition, the Data Security Law also provides that any organization or individual within the territory of the PRC shall not provide any foreign judicial body and law enforcement body with any data without the approval of the competent PRC governmental authorities. Violation of Data Security Law may subject the relevant entities or individuals to warning, fines, and business suspension, revocation of permits or business licenses, or even criminal liabilities.

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On August 16, 2021, the CAC, NDRC, MIIT, the Ministry of Public Security and the Ministry of Transport jointly issued the Several Provisions on the Management of Automobile Data Security (for Trial Implementation), which was implemented on October 1, 2021. According to Several Provisions on the Management of Automobile Data Security, automobile data processors including automobile manufacturers, components and parts and software suppliers, dealers, maintenance organizations, and ride-hailing and sharing service enterprises shall process automobile data in a lawful, legitimate, specific and clear manner, and such data include personal information and important data involved during the design, production, sales, use, operation and maintenance, among others, of vehicles. Automobile data processors shall obtain individual consent for processing personal information or rely on other legal bases in accordance with applicable laws and regulations. Illegal automobile data processors shall bear administrative punishment by laws and if a crime is committed, shall bear criminal liability.

The Opinions on Lawfully and Strictly Cracking Down Illegal Securities Activities, promulgated by the General Office of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the General Office of the State Council on July 6, 2021, called for the enhanced administration and supervision of overseas-listed China-based companies, proposed to revise the relevant regulation governing the overseas issuance and listing of shares by such companies and clarified the responsibilities of competent domestic industry regulators and government authorities. The aforesaid Opinions also called for the improvement of the relevant laws and regulations on data security, cross-border data flow and confidential information management, and proposed to revise the provisions on strengthening confidentiality and archive administration of overseas issuance and listing of securities, to consolidate responsibility for information security of overseas listed companies, and to strengthen the standardized management of the cross-border information provision mechanism and process.

On July 30, 2021, the State Council promulgated the Regulations for the Security Protection of Critical Information Infrastructure, which became effective on September 1, 2021, referring “critical information infrastructures” as important network facilities and information systems in important industries including public communications and information services, as well as those that may seriously endanger national security, national economy, people’s livelihood, or public interests in the event of damage, loss of function, or data breach. Pursuant to the Regulations for the Security Protection of Critical Information Infrastructure, the relevant government authorities are responsible for stipulating rules for the identification of critical information infrastructures with reference to several factors set forth therein and further identifying the critical information infrastructure in the related industries in accordance with such rules. The relevant authorities must also notify operators of the determination as to whether they are categorized as critical information infrastructure operators.

On September 17, 2021, the CAC and other eight government authorities jointly issued the Guiding Opinions on Strengthening the Comprehensive Governance of Network Information Service Algorithms, with the aim to, within three years, gradually establish a comprehensive governance pattern for algorithm security with a complete governance mechanism, a refined regulatory system and a standardized algorithm ecosystem. According to the Guiding Opinions on Strengthening the Comprehensive Governance of Network Information Service Algorithms, enterprises shall establish an algorithm security accountability system and a system for the review of scientific and technological ethics, enhance the organizational structure for algorithm security, intensify efforts in the prevention of risks and the handling of hidden dangers, and increase the capacity and level in handling algorithm security emergencies. Enterprises shall raise their awareness of responsibility and assume primary responsibilities for outcomes caused by the application of algorithms.

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On December 31, 2021, the CAC, the MIIT, the Ministry of Public Security, the Ministry of State Security promulgated the Administrative Provisions on Internet Information Service Algorithm Recommendation, which implements classification and hierarchical management for algorithm recommendation service providers based on varies criteria. Moreover, it requires algorithmic recommendation service providers to provide users with options that are not specific to their personal characteristics, or provide users with convenient options to cancel algorithmic recommendation services. If the users choose to cancel the algorithm recommendation service, the algorithm recommendation service provider shall immediately stop providing relevant services. Algorithmic recommendation service providers shall also provide users with the function to select, modify or delete user labels which are used for algorithmic recommendation services.

On July 7, 2022, the CAC promulgated the Measures for the Security Assessment of Cross-Border Transfer of Data, which took effect on September 1, 2022. The Measures aims to regulate the cross-border transfer of data, providing that, among other things, data processors that provide data overseas must apply for security assessment if: (i) the data processors provide important data overseas; (ii) the critical information infrastructure operators and the data processors that process personal information of more than 1 million people provide personal information overseas; (iii) the data processors, which have provided personal information of 100,000 people or sensitive personal information of 10,000 people overseas since January 1 of the previous year, provide personal information overseas; and (iv) other situations required to apply for security assessment as stipulated by the CAC and related authorities. Besides, the Measures also requires data processors to carry out self-assessment of the risk of providing data overseas before applying for the security assessment.

On March 22 2024, the CAC promulgated the Provisions on Promoting and Regulating Cross-Border Data Flows, effective on the same date. The provisions provide several exemptions from undergoing data security assessment, obtaining personal information protection certification, or entering into standard contract for outbound transfer of personal information for businesses. These exemptions include, among others, scenarios where a data processor, other than critical information infrastructure operator, has cumulatively transferred overseas the personal information (excluding sensitive personal information) of fewer than 100,000 individuals since January 1 of the current year. A data processor, other than critical information infrastructure operator, shall enter into a standard contract with overseas recipients for the cross-border transfer of personal information, or obtain certification for personal information protection if since January 1 of the current year, the data processor has cumulatively transferred to overseas recipients personal information of more than 100,000 but less than 1,000,000 individuals (excluding sensitive personal information), or sensitive personal information of less than 10,000 individuals. The provisions also explicitly state that data processors are not required to conduct data security assessment for cross-border data transfers if the data has not been notified or published as important data by relevant departments or regions.

On September 24, the State Council published the Cyber Data Security Regulations, which became effective on January 1, 2025, providing that network data processors that engage in network data processing activities which affect or may affect national security shall undergo a national security review in accordance with relevant state regulations.

Regulation of Company Establishment and Foreign Investment

The establishment, operation and management of companies in China is governed by the PRC Company Law, as amended in 1999, 2004, 2005, 2013, 2018 and 2023. According to the PRC Company Law, companies established in the PRC are either limited liability companies or joint stock limited liability companies. The PRC Company Law applies to both PRC domestic companies and foreign-invested companies.

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On March 15, 2019, National People’s Congress published the Foreign Investment Law, and on December 26, 2019, the State Council promulgated the Implementing Rules of the Foreign Investment Law (the “Implementing Rules”), both of which became effective on January 1, 2020. The Foreign Investment Law replaced the trio of laws regulating foreign investment in China: the Sino-foreign Equity Joint Venture Enterprise Law, the Sino-foreign Cooperative Joint Venture Enterprise Law and the Wholly Foreign-invested Enterprise Law. The Foreign Investment Law stipulates that “foreign investments” refer to any direct or indirect investment activities conducted by any foreign individual, enterprise, or organization (collectively referred to as “foreign investors”) in the PRC, which includes any of the following circumstances:

	●	foreign investors setting up foreign invested enterprises in China severally or jointly with other investors;

	●	foreign investors acquiring shares, equity, properties or other similar interests thereof within the PRC;

	●	foreign investors investing in new projects in the PRC severally or jointly with other investors; and

	●	foreign investors investing through any other methods under laws, administrative regulations, or provisions prescribed by the State Council.

The Implementing Rules introduce a see-through principle and further provide that foreign-invested enterprises that invest in the PRC shall also be governed by the Foreign Investment Law and the Implementing Rules.

The Foreign Investment Law stipulates that a “negative list” is applied in certain industry sectors. The “negative list” set out in the Foreign Investment Law classifies the relevant prohibited and restricted industries into the Catalog of Prohibitions and the Catalog of Restrictions, respectively. Where any foreign investor directly or indirectly holds shares, equity, properties or other interests in any enterprise within the PRC, such enterprise is not allowed to invest in any sector set out in the Catalog of Prohibitions.

Foreign investors may invest in sectors set out in the Catalog of Restrictions, subject to certain conditions. Foreign investors may invest in any sector beyond the “negative list” and shall manage such investments on the same basis as domestic investments.

On September 6, 2024, the NDRC and the MOFCOM promulgated the Special Entry Management Measures (Negative List) for the Access of Foreign Investment (2024 version) (the “2024 Negative List”), which took effect on November 1, 2024. In addition, the NDRC and the MOFCOM promulgated the Encouraged Industry Catalogue for Foreign Investment (2022 version) (the “Encouraged Industry Catalogue”), which was promulgated on October 26, 2022 and took effect on January 1, 2023. Industries not listed in the 2024 Negative List and Encouraged Industry Catalogue are generally open for foreign investments unless specifically restricted by other PRC laws. Where a foreign investor invests in the sectors specified in the Catalog of Prohibitions, the relevant competent departments shall order it to stop the investment activities, and dispose of the shares, properties or other necessary measures within a time limit to restore the state before the investment is implemented and the illegal income shall be confiscated (if any). Where the investment activities of a foreign investor violate the restrictive special management measures stipulated in the sectors specified in the Catalog of Restrictions, the relevant competent departments shall order it to make corrections and take necessary measures to meet the requirements for access to special management measures. Where the offender refuses to make corrections, punishments are implemented according to the preceding provisions for the offender of the Catalog of Prohibitions.

Pursuant to the Foreign Investment Law and the Implementing Rules, and the Information Reporting Measures for Foreign Investment jointly promulgated by the MOFCOM and the SAMR, which took effect on January 1, 2020, a foreign investment information reporting system shall be established and foreign investors or foreign-invested enterprises shall report investment information to competent commerce departments of the government through the enterprise registration system and the enterprise credit information publicity system, and the administration for market regulation shall forward the above investment information to the competent commerce departments in a timely manner. In addition, the MOFCOM shall set up a foreign investment information reporting system to receive and handle the investment information and inter-departmentally shared information forwarded by the administration for market regulation in a timely manner. The foreign investors or foreign-invested enterprises shall report the investment information by submitting reports including initial reports, change reports, deregistration reports and annual reports.

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In addition, the Foreign Investment Law and the Implementing Rules also specify other protective rules and principles for foreign investors and their investments in the PRC, including, among others, that local governments shall abide by their commitments to the foreign investors; except for special circumstances, in which case statutory procedures shall be followed and fair and reasonable compensation shall be made in a timely manner, expropriation or requisition of the investment of foreign investors is prohibited; mandatory technology transfer is prohibited, etc.

The Foreign Investment Law does not indicate what actions must be taken by existing companies with a VIE structure to obtain the market entry clearance if such VIE structure is deemed as a method of foreign investment. If the VIE structure were deemed as a method of foreign investment, and any of the business operation of us were to fall in the “negative list,” and if the interpretation and implementation of the Foreign Investment Law and the final “negative list” mandated further actions, such as the current MOFCOM market entry clearance, to be completed by companies with an existing VIE structure like us, we would face uncertainties as to whether such clearance could be timely obtained, or at all. See “Item 3. Key Information—Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure—If the PRC government determines that the contractual arrangements in relation to the VIE structure do not comply with PRC regulatory restrictions on foreign investment in certain industries, or if these regulations or the way they are interpreted change, we, our subsidiaries and the Affiliated Entities could be subject to severe penalties or be forced to relinquish their interests in those operations, and the Class A Ordinary Shares may decline in value or become worthless.”

Regulation of Foreign Exchange

Regulations on Foreign Currency Exchange

Pursuant to the Foreign Exchange Administration Regulations, as amended on August 5, 2008, Renminbi is freely convertible for current account items, including the distribution of dividends, interest payments, trade and service-related foreign exchange transactions, but not for capital account items, such as direct investments, loans, repatriation of investments and investments in securities outside of China, unless prior approval is obtained from SAFE and prior registration with SAFE is made.

SAFE promulgated the Notice of the State Administration of Foreign Exchange on Reforming the Administration of Foreign Exchange Settlement of Capital of Foreign Invested Enterprises (“SAFE Circular 19”), effective on June 1, 2015, which was partially repealed on December 30, 2019 and amended on March 23, 2023. SAFE further promulgated the Notice of the State Administration of Foreign Exchange on Reforming and Standardizing the Foreign Exchange Settlement Management Policy of Capital Account (“SAFE Circular 16”), effective on June 9, 2016, and was amended on December 4, 2023 which, among other things, amend certain provisions of Circular 19. According to SAFE Circular 19 and SAFE Circular 16, the flow and use of the Renminbi capital converted from foreign currency denominated registered capital of a foreign-invested company is regulated such that Renminbi capital may not be used for business beyond its business scope or to provide loans to persons other than affiliates unless otherwise permitted under its business scope. Violations of SAFE Circular 19 or SAFE Circular 16 could result in administrative penalties.

In 2012, SAFE promulgated the Circular of Further Improving and Adjusting Foreign Exchange Administration Policies on Foreign Direct Investment (“Circular 59”), as amended in May 2015. Pursuant Circular 59, the opening of various special purpose foreign exchange accounts, the reinvestment of RMB proceeds by foreign investors in the PRC and remittance of foreign exchange profits and dividends by a foreign-invested enterprise to its foreign shareholders no longer require the approval or verification of SAFE.

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SAFE also promulgated the Circular on Printing and Distributing the Provisions on Foreign Exchange Administration over Domestic Direct Investment by Foreign Investors and the Supporting Documents in May 2013, as amended in October 2018 and December 2019. The circular specifies that the administration by SAFE or its local branches over direct investment by foreign investors in the PRC shall be conducted by way of registration and banks shall process foreign exchange business relating to the direct investment in the PRC based on registration information provided by SAFE and its branches.

In February 2015, SAFE promulgated the Notice on Further Simplifying and Improving the Foreign Exchange Management Policies for Direct Investment (“SAFE Circular 13”), which took effect on June 1, 2015 and partially repealed in December 2019. SAFE Circular 13 delegates the power to enforce the foreign exchange registration in connection with inbound and outbound direct investments under relevant SAFE rules from local branches of SAFE to banks, further simplifying the foreign exchange registration procedures for inbound and outbound direct investments.

On January 26, 2017, SAFE issued the Notice on Improving the Examination of Authenticity and Compliance to Further Promote Foreign Exchange Control (“SAFE Circular 3”), which stipulates several capital control measures with respect to the outbound remittance of profit from domestic entities to offshore entities, including:

	●	under the principle of genuine transaction, banks shall check board resolutions regarding profit distribution, the original version of tax filing records and audited financial statements; and

	●	domestic entities shall hold income to account for previous years’ losses before remitting the profits.

Moreover, pursuant to SAFE Circular 3, domestic entities shall make detailed explanations of the sources of capital and utilization arrangements, and provide board resolutions, contracts and other proof when completing the registration procedures in connection with an outbound investment.

Regulation of Dividend Distributions

The principal regulations governing distribution of dividends of foreign-invested enterprises include the PRC Company Law, the Foreign Investment Law of the PRC, and the Implementing Rules. Under these laws and regulations, foreign-invested enterprises in China may pay dividends only out of their accumulated after-tax profits, if any, determined in accordance with PRC accounting standards and regulations.

In addition, enterprises in China are required to allocate at least 10% of their respective accumulated profits each year, if any, to fund certain reserve funds until these reserves have reached 50% of the registered capital of the enterprises. Companies may, at their discretion, allocate a portion of their after-tax profits based on PRC accounting standards to staff welfare and bonus funds. These reserves are not distributable as cash dividends.

Regulations on Foreign Exchange Registration of Overseas Investment by PRC Residents

SAFE promulgated the Circular on Relevant Issues Relating to Domestic Resident’s Investment and Financing and Roundtrip Investment through Special Purpose Vehicles (“SAFE Circular 37”), in July 2014. SAFE Circular 37 requires PRC residents or entities to register with SAFE or its local branch in connection with their establishment or control of an offshore entity established for the purpose of overseas investment or financing. In addition, such PRC residents or entities must update their SAFE registrations when the offshore special purpose vehicle undergoes material events relating to any change of basic information (including change of such PRC citizens or residents, name and operation term), increases or decreases in investment amount, transfers or exchanges of shares, or mergers or divisions.

SAFE Circular 37 was issued to replace the Notice on Relevant Issues Concerning Foreign Exchange Administration for PRC Residents Engaging in Financing and Roundtrip Investments via Overseas Special Purpose Vehicles (“SAFE Circular 75”), issued by SAFE in October 2005. SAFE further enacted SAFE Circular 13, which allows PRC residents or entities to register with qualified banks in connection with their establishment or control of an offshore entity established for the purpose of overseas investment or financing. However, remedial registration applications made by PRC residents that previously failed to comply with SAFE Circular 37 continue to fall under the jurisdiction of the relevant local branch of SAFE.

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In the event that a PRC shareholder holding interests in a special purpose vehicle fails to fulfill the required SAFE registration, the PRC subsidiaries of that special purpose vehicle may be prohibited from distributing profits to the offshore parent and from carrying out subsequent cross-border foreign exchange activities, and the special purpose vehicle may be restricted in its ability to contribute additional capital into its PRC subsidiary. Failure to comply with the various SAFE registration requirements described above could result in liability under PRC law for evasion of foreign exchange controls.

Regulation of Stock Incentive Plans

In February 2012, SAFE promulgated the Notice on Foreign Exchange Administration of PRC Residents Participating in Share Incentive Plans of Offshore Listed Companies (the “Stock Option Rules”). Under the Stock Option Rules and other relevant rules and regulations, PRC residents, which means the PRC citizens and non-PRC citizens residing in China for a continuous period of not less than one year, who participate in a stock incentive plan in an overseas publicly-listed company are required to register with SAFE or its local branches and complete certain other procedures. Participants of a stock incentive plan who are PRC residents must retain a qualified PRC agent, which could be a PRC subsidiary of the overseas publicly-listed company or another qualified institution selected by the PRC subsidiary, to conduct SAFE registration and other procedures with respect to the stock incentive plan on behalf of its participants. The participants must also retain an overseas entrusted institution to handle matters in connection with their exercise of stock options, the purchase and sale of corresponding stocks or interests and fund transfers.

In addition, The PRC agent is required to amend the SAFE registration with respect to the stock incentive plan if there is any material change to the stock incentive plan, the PRC agent or the overseas entrusted institution or other material changes. The PRC agent must, on behalf of the PRC residents who have the right to exercise the employee share options, apply to SAFE or its local branches for an annual quota for the payment of foreign currencies in connection with the PRC residents’ exercise of the employee share options.

The foreign exchange proceeds received by the PRC residents from the sale of shares under the stock incentive plans granted and dividends distributed by the overseas listed companies must be remitted into the bank accounts in the PRC opened by the PRC agents before distribution to such PRC residents. In addition, SAFE Circular 37 provides that PRC residents who participate in a share incentive plan of an overseas unlisted special purpose company may register with SAFE or its local branches before exercising rights.

Regulation of Tax

Enterprise Income Tax

Under the Enterprise Income Tax Law of the PRC (the “EIT Law”), which was promulgated on March 16, 2007, became effective on January 1, 2008 and amended on February 24, 2017 and December 29, 2018, and the Implementing Rules of the Enterprise Income Law of the PRC (the “Implementing Rules of the EIT Law”), which was promulgated on December 6, 2007, became effective on January 1, 2008 and amended on April 23, 2019 and December 6, 2024, enterprises are classified as resident enterprises and non-resident enterprises. PRC resident enterprises typically pay an enterprise income tax at the rate of 25% while non-PRC resident enterprises without any branches in the PRC should pay an enterprise income tax in connection with their income from the PRC at the tax rate of 10%.

An enterprise established outside of the PRC with its “de facto management bodies” located within the PRC is considered a “resident enterprise,” meaning that it can be treated in a manner similar to a PRC domestic enterprise for enterprise income tax purposes. The Implementing Rules of the EIT Law define a de facto management body as a managing body that in practice exercises “substantial and overall management and control over the production and operations, personnel, accounting, and properties” of the enterprise.

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The EIT Law and the Implementation Rules of the EIT Law permit certain “high and new technology enterprises with strong support from PRC government (“High and New Technology Enterprise”)” that independently own core intellectual property and meet statutory criteria, to enjoy a 15% preferential enterprise income tax rate. In January 2016, the State Administration of Taxation (the “SAT”), the Ministry of Science and Technology and the Ministry of Finance jointly issued the Administrative Rules for the Certification of High and New Technology Enterprises, specifying the criteria and procedures for the certification of High and New Technology Enterprises.

Withholding Tax on Dividend Distribution

The EIT Law prescribes a standard withholding tax rate of 20% on dividends and other China-sourced income of non-PRC resident enterprises which have no establishment or place of business in the PRC, or if established, the relevant dividends or other China-sourced income are in fact not associated with such establishment or place of business in the PRC. However, the Implementation Rules of the EIT Law reduced the income tax rate from 20% to 10%, which is normally applicable to dividends payable to investors that are “non-resident enterprises,” and gains derived by such investors, which (1) do not have an establishment or place of business in the PRC or (2) have an establishment or place of business in the PRC, but the relevant income is not effectively connected with the establishment or place of business to the extent such dividends and gains are derived from sources within the PRC. Such withholding tax on the dividends may be further reduced pursuant to a tax treaty between China and other jurisdictions.

Pursuant to the Arrangement between Mainland China and the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region for the Avoidance of Double Taxation and Tax Evasion on Income (the “Double Tax Avoidance Arrangement”), the withholding tax rate in respect to the payment of dividends by a PRC enterprise to a Hong Kong enterprise is reduced to 5% from a standard rate of 10% if the Hong Kong enterprise directly holds at least 25% of the PRC enterprise. However, pursuant to the Notice of the State Administration of Taxation on the Issues concerning the Application of the Dividend Clauses of Tax Agreements (“Circular 81”), issued on February 20, 2009 by the SAT, if the relevant PRC tax authorities determine, in their discretion, that a company benefits from such reduced income tax rate due to a structure or arrangement that is primarily tax-driven, such PRC tax authorities may adjust the preferential tax treatment.

According to the Circular on Several Questions regarding the “Beneficial Owner” in Tax Treaties (“Circular 9”), which was issued on February 3, 2018 by the SAT and took effect on April 1, 2018, when determining the applicant’s status as a “beneficial owner” with respect to the tax treatment of dividends, interest or royalties under certain tax treaties, several factors, including whether the applicant is obligated to pay more than 50% of his or her income over a twelve-month period to residents of a third country or region, whether the business operated by the applicant constitutes actual business activities; and whether the counterparty country or region to the tax treaty does not levy any tax, exempts the relevant income from tax or levies tax at an extremely low rate, will be taken into account and be analyzed according to the actual circumstances of specific cases. If the applicant’s status is not qualified as “beneficiary owner,” it may not enjoy the concessions under the Double Tax Avoidance Arrangement.

In October 2019, the State Administration of Taxation promulgated the Announcement on Issuing the Measures for the Administration of Non-Resident Taxpayers’ Enjoyment of the Treatment under Treaties (“Circular 35”), which became effective on January 1, 2020. Circular 35 provides that applicant who intend to prove his or her “beneficial owner” status shall gather and retain relevant documents, and shall submit the relevant documents to the competent tax bureau upon post-request by such tax bureau.

Accordingly, Cheche Technology (HK) Limited, our subsidiary in Hong Kong, may be able to enjoy the 5% withholding tax rate for the dividends they receive from WFOE and Baodafang Technology Co., Ltd., if it satisfies the conditions prescribed under Circular 81 and other relevant tax rules and regulations. However, according to Circular 81, Circular 9 and Circular 35, if the relevant tax authorities consider the transactions or arrangements we have are for the primary purpose of enjoying a favorable tax treatment, the relevant tax authorities may adjust the favorable withholding tax in the future.

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Value-added Tax

According to the Value-added Tax Law of the PRC (the “VAT Law”), which was promulgated by the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress on December 25, 2024 and came into effect on January 1, 2026, and the Regulations for the Implementation of the Value-Added Tax Law of the PRC, which was promulgated by the State Council on December 25, 2025 and came into effect on January 1, 2026, all taxpayers selling goods, providing processing, repairing or replacement services or importing goods within the PRC shall pay value-added tax (the “VAT”). Unless provided otherwise, the VAT rate (i) shall be 13% for selling goods, providing processing, repair, and replacement services, leasing tangible movable property, or importing goods; (ii) shall be 9% for providing transportation, postal, basic telecommunications, construction, or real estate leasing services, selling real estate, transferring land use rights, or selling or importing agricultural products, tap water, heating, books, pesticides, and other specified goods; (iii) shall be 6% for providing services or intangible assets; (iv) shall be zero for exporting goods or for domestic entities and individuals engaging in cross-border sales of services or intangible assets within the scope specified by the State Council. On April 4, 2018, Ministry of Finance and the SAT jointly promulgated the Circular of the Ministry of Finance and the State Administration of Taxation on Adjustment of Value-Added Tax Rates (the “Circular 32”), according to which (i) for VAT taxable sales acts or import of goods originally subject to VAT rates of 17% and 11% respectively, such tax rates shall be adjusted to 16% and 10%, respectively; (ii) for purchase of agricultural products originally subject to tax rate of 11%, such tax rate shall be adjusted to 10%; (iii) for purchase of agricultural products for the purpose of production and sales or consigned processing of goods subject to tax rate of 16%, such tax shall be calculated at the tax rate of 12%; (iv) for exported goods originally subject to tax rate of 17% and export tax refund rate of 17%, the export tax refund rate shall be adjusted to 16%; and (v) for exported goods and cross-border taxable acts originally subject to tax rate of 11% and export tax refund rate of 11%, the export tax refund rate shall be adjusted to 10%. Circular 32 took effect on May 1, 2018 and shall supersede existing provisions which are inconsistent with Circular 32.

Since January 1, 2012, the Ministry of Finance and the State Administration of Taxation have implemented the Pilot Plan for Imposition of Value-Added Tax to Replace Business Tax (the “VAT Pilot Plan”), which imposes VAT in lieu of business tax for certain “modern service industries” in certain regions and eventually expanded to nation-wide application in 2013.

On March 23, 2016, the Ministry of Finance and the State Administration of Taxation jointly issued the Circular of Full Implementation of Business Tax to Value-added Tax Reform which confirms that business tax will be completely replaced by the VAT from May 1, 2016.

On March 20, 2019, the Ministry of Finance, the State Administration of Taxation and the General Administration of Customs jointly promulgated the Announcement on Relevant Policies for Deepening Value-Added Tax Reform, which took effect on April 1, 2019 and provides that (1) with respect to VAT taxable sales acts or import of goods originally subject to VAT rates of 16% and 10% respectively, such tax rates shall be adjusted to 13% and 9%, respectively; (2) with respect to purchase of agricultural products originally subject to tax rate of 10%, such tax rate shall be adjusted to 9%; (3) with respect to purchase of agricultural products for the purpose of production or consigned processing of goods subject to tax rate of 13%, such tax shall be calculated at the tax rate of 10%; (4) with respect to export of goods and services originally subject to tax rate of 16% and export tax refund rate of 16%, the export tax refund rate shall be adjusted to 13%; and (5) with respect to export of goods and cross-border taxable acts originally subject to tax rate of 10% and export tax refund rate of 10%, the export tax refund rate shall be adjusted to 9%.

Regulations related to income tax for share transfer

On February 3, 2015, the State Administration of Taxation issued the Announcement on Several Issues Concerning the Enterprise Income Tax on Indirect Transfer of Assets by Non-Resident Enterprises (“Circular 7”), which partially replaced and supplemented previous rules under the Notice of the State Administration of Taxation on Strengthening the Administration of Enterprise Income Tax on Income from Equity Transfer by Non-Resident Enterprises (“Circular 698”), issued by the SAT on December 10, 2009. Circular 7 provided comprehensive guidelines relating to, and heightened the mainland Chinese tax authorities’ scrutiny over, indirect transfers of taxable assets (including assets of organizations and premises in PRC, immovable property in the PRC, equity investments in PRC resident enterprises) by a non-resident enterprise in China.

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Under Circular 7, the tax authorities in China are entitled to reclassify the nature of an indirect transfer of taxable assets in China. For instance, when a non-resident enterprise transfers equity interests in an overseas holding company that directly or indirectly holds certain taxable assets in China and if the transfer is believed by the Chinese tax authorities to have no reasonable commercial purpose other than to evade enterprise income tax, the Circular 7 allows the Chinese tax authorities to reclassify the indirect transfer of taxable assets in China into a direct transfer and therefore impose a 10% rate of PRC enterprise income tax on the non-resident enterprise. However, Circular 7 contains certain exemptions, including:

	●	where a non-resident enterprise derives income from the indirect transfer of taxable assets in China by acquiring and selling shares of an overseas listed company which holds such taxable assets in China on a public market; and

	●	where there is an indirect transfer of taxable assets in China, the income from the transfer would have been disposed of such taxable assets in China, the income from the transfer would have been exempted from enterprise income tax in China under an applicable tax treaty or arrangement.

On October 17, 2017, the SAT issued Announcement of the State Administration of Taxation on Issues Concerning the Withholding of Non-resident Enterprise Income Tax at Source (“SAT Bulletin 37”), which came into effect on December 1, 2017 and concurrently abolished Circular 698 and certain provisions of Circular 7, and was amended by the Announcement of the State Administration of Taxation on Revising Certain Taxation Normative Documents issued on June 15, 2018 by the SAT. SAT Bulletin 37 further clarifies the practice and procedure of the withholding of non-resident enterprise income tax. Pursuant to SAT Bulletin 37, where the party responsible for the deduction of such income tax did not or was unable to make such deduction, the non-resident enterprise receiving such income should declare and pay the taxes that should have been deducted to the relevant tax authority.

By promulgating and implementing these circulars, the PRC tax authorities have enhanced their scrutiny over the direct or indirect transfer of equity interests or other taxable assets in a PRC resident enterprise by a non-resident enterprise. Under Circular 7 and SAT Bulletin 37, where a non-resident enterprise transfers the equity interests or other taxable assets of a PRC resident enterprise indirectly by disposition of the equity interests of an overseas holding company, the non-resident enterprise, being the transferor, or the transferee, or the PRC entity which directly owned the taxable assets may report to the relevant tax authority this indirect transfer. Using a “substance over form” principle, the PRC tax authority may re-characterize such indirect transfer as a direct transfer of the equity interests in the PRC tax resident enterprise and other properties in China. As a result, gains derived from such indirect transfer may be subject to PRC tax at a rate of up to 10%.

Regulations Related to M&A Rules and Overseas Listing

On August 8, 2006, six PRC governmental and regulatory agencies, including MOFCOM and CSRC, promulgated the M&A Rules, effective as of September 8, 2006 and later revised on June 22, 2009, which governs the mergers and acquisitions of domestic enterprises by foreign investors. The M&A Rules, among other things, requires that if an overseas company established or controlled by PRC companies or individuals intends to acquire equity interests or assets of any other PRC domestic company affiliated with such PRC companies or individuals, such acquisition must be submitted to MOFCOM for approval.

The M&A Rules also require that an offshore special purpose vehicle formed for overseas listing purposes and controlled directly or indirectly by the PRC individuals or companies shall obtain the approval of the CSRC prior to overseas listing and trading of such special purpose vehicle’s securities on an overseas stock exchange. On July 6, 2021, General Office of the State Council and General Office of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China issued the Opinions on Lawfully and Strictly Cracking Down Illegal Securities Activities. The opinions emphasized the need to strengthen the administration over illegal securities activities and the supervision on overseas listings by China-based companies and proposed to take effective measures, such as promoting the construction of relevant regulatory systems to deal with the risks and incidents faced by China-based overseas-listed companies. Please refer to “Item 3. Key Information-D. Risk Factors-Risks Related to Doing Business in China.”

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On February 17, 2023, the CSRC promulgated the Overseas Listing Trial Measures and relevant five guidelines, which became effective on March 31, 2023.

The Overseas Listing Trial Measures will comprehensively improve and reform the existing regulatory regime for overseas offering and listing of PRC domestic companies’ securities and will regulate both direct and indirect overseas offering and listing of PRC domestic companies’ securities by adopting a filing-based regulatory regime.

The Overseas Listing Trial Measures also provides that if the issuer meets both of the following criteria, the overseas securities offering and listing conducted by such issuer will be deemed as indirect overseas offering by PRC domestic companies: (1) 50% or more of any of the issuer’s operating revenue, total profit, total assets or net assets as documented in its audited consolidated financial statements for the most recent fiscal year is accounted for by domestic companies; and (2) the main parts of the issuer’s business activities are conducted in mainland China, or its main place(s) of business are located in mainland China, or the majority of senior management staff in charge of its business operations and management are PRC citizens or have their usual place(s) of residence located in mainland China. Where an issuer submits an application for initial public offering to competent overseas regulators, such issuer must file with the CSRC within three business days after such application is submitted. In addition, the Overseas Listing Trial Measures provide that the direct or indirect overseas listings of the assets of domestic companies through one or more acquisitions, share swaps, transfers or other transaction arrangements shall be subject to filing procedures in accordance with the Overseas Listing Trial Measures. The Overseas Listing Trial Measures also requires subsequent reports to be filed with the CSRC on material events, such as change of control or voluntary or forced delisting of the issuer(s) who have completed overseas offerings and listings.

On the same day, the CSRC also held a press conference for the release of the Overseas Listing Trial Measures and issued the Notice on Administration for the Filing of Overseas Offering and Listing by Domestic Companies, which, among others, clarifies that (1) on or prior to the effective date of the Overseas Listing Trial Measures, domestic companies that have already submitted valid applications for overseas offering and listing but have not obtained approval from overseas regulatory authorities or stock exchanges may reasonably arrange the timing for submitting their filing applications with the CSRC, and must complete the filing before the completion of their overseas offering and listing; (2) a six-month transition period will be granted to domestic companies which, prior to the effective date of the Overseas Listing Trial Measures, have already obtained the approval from overseas regulatory authorities or stock exchanges (such as the completion of hearing in the market of Hong Kong or the completion of registration in the market of the United States), but have not completed the indirect overseas listing; if domestic companies fail to complete the overseas listing within such six-month transition period, they shall file with the CSRC according to the requirements; and (3) the CSRC will solicit opinions from relevant regulatory authorities and complete the filing of the overseas listing of companies with contractual arrangements which duly meet the compliance requirements, and support the development and growth of these companies by enabling them to utilize two markets and two kinds of resources.

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Regulation of Employment

Pursuant to the PRC Labor Law, the PRC Labor Contract Law and the Implementing Regulations of the PRC Labor Contracts Law, labor relationships between employers and employees must be executed in written form. Wages may not be lower than the local minimum wage and must be paid to employees in a timely manner. Employers are prohibited from forcing employees to work above certain time limit and shall pay employees for overtime work in accordance with national regulations. In addition, employers must establish a system for labor safety and sanitation, strictly abide by state standards and provide relevant education to its employees. Employees are also required to work in safe and sanitary conditions.

Under PRC laws, rules and regulations, including the Social Insurance Law, the Interim Regulations on the Collection and Payment of Social Security Funds as amended in 2019, and the Regulations on the Regulations on Management of Housing Provident Fund as amended in 2019, employers are required to contribute, on behalf of their employees, to a number of social security funds, including funds for basic pension insurance, unemployment insurance, basic medical insurance, occupational injury insurance, maternity leave insurance and housing funds. These payments are made to local administrative authorities and any employer who fails to contribute may be fined and ordered to pay the deficit amount.

According to the Reform Plan of Tax Collection systems of State and Local Taxation promulgated by the General Office of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the General Office of the State Council on July 20, 2018, from January 1, 2019, the social insurance premiums such as basic endowment insurance premiums, basic medical insurance premiums, unemployment insurance premiums, employment injury insurance premiums, and maternity insurance premiums will be collected by the tax authorities.

Regulation of Intellectual Property

Trademark

Based on the Trademark Law of the PRC promulgated by the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress on August 23, 1982, and amended on February 22, 1993, October 27, 2001, August 30, 2013 and April 23, 2019, respectively, and the Implementing Regulations for the Trademark Law of the PRC promulgated by the State Council on April 29, 2014 and took effect on May 1, 2014, the rightful holder of a registered trademark shall have the right to exclusive use of such registered trademark. The valid period for registered trademark is 10 years from the date of approval and registration; to renewal trademark registration upon expiration, the trademark registrant should follow the provisions to manage renewal twelve months before expiration; if it is not processed within the period, a six-month extension period shall be given.

The valid period for each renewal is ten years from the next day after the previous expiration date. If renewal is not managed after expiration, the registered trademark shall be canceled. The SAMR shall sanction any infringement of trademark by law; where suspected crime is involved, the perpetrator shall be promptly apprehended by judicial agency for legal proceedings.

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Copyright

Based on the Copyright Law of the PRC promulgated by the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress on September 7, 1990, and amended on October 27, 2001, February 26, 2010, November 11, 2020, respectively, and effective from June 1, 2021, and the Implementing Regulations of the Copyright Law of the PRC promulgated by the State Council on January 30, 2013 and took effect on March 1, 2013, Chinese citizens, legal persons or any other organization shall be entitled to copyright of its work whether or not such work is published. Copyrights cover the following forms of creative works: literature, art, natural science, engineering technology works, writing, narration, music, drama, opera, dance and acrobatic works, fine art and architectural works, photography, films and cinematography works, drawings of engineering designs and product designs and other works as prescribed by laws and administrative regulations. Perpetrators infringing on copyright or copyright related rights shall be held liable for actual damage to the copyright owner, and may be fined, and have illegal income, pirate copies and properties used for illegal activity confiscated.

In order to further implement the Regulations on Computer Software Protection, promulgated by the State Council on June 4, 1991 and amended on December 20, 2001, January 8, 2011 and January 30, 2013, respectively, the National Copyright Administration issued the Measures for the Registration of Computer Software Copyright on April 6, 1992 and amended on February 20, 2002, which specify detailed procedures and requirements with respect to the registration of software copyrights.

Patent

According to the Patent Law of the PRC (the “Patent Law”), promulgated by the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress on March 12, 1984 and amended on September 4, 1992, August 25, 2000, December 27, 2008 and October 17, 2020, respectively, the State Intellectual Property Office is responsible for administering patent law in the PRC. The patent administration departments of provincial, autonomous region or municipal governments are responsible for administering patent law within their respective jurisdictions. The Chinese patent system adopts a first-to-file principle, which means that when more than one person file different patent applications for the same invention, only the person who files the application first is entitled to obtain a patent of the invention. To be patentable, an invention or a utility model must meet three criteria: novelty, inventiveness and practicability. A patent is valid for twenty years in the case of an invention, ten years in the case of utility models and fifteen years in case of designs.

Domain Name

The MIIT promulgated the Measures on Administration of Internet Domain Names (the “Domain Name Measures”), on August 24, 2017, which took effect on November 1, 2017 and replaced the Administrative Measures on China Internet Domain Names promulgated by MIIT on November 5, 2004. According to the Domain Name Measures, the MIIT is in charge of the administration of PRC internet domain names. The domain name registration follows a first-to-file principle. Applicants for registration of domain names shall provide the true, accurate and complete information of their identities to domain name registration service institutions. The applicants will become the holder of such domain names upon the completion of the registration procedure.

Regulation of Leasing

According to the Civil Code of the PRC (the “Civil Code”), which took effect from January 1, 2021, the lessee may sublease the leased premises to a third party, subject to the consent of the lessor. Where the lessee subleases the premises, the lease contract between the lessee and the lessor remains valid. The lessor is entitled to terminate the lease agreement if the lessee subleases the premises without the prior consent of the lessor.

In the case of a change of ownership of the leased property during the lease term, the effectiveness of the lease agreement shall not be affected. Pursuant to the Civil Code, if a mortgaged property has been leased and possessed by the lessee prior to the creation of the mortgage, the lease relationship shall not be affected by the mortgage.

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Pursuant to the Administrative Measures for Commodity Housing Tenancy issued by the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development on December 1, 2010 and came into effect on February 1, 2011, the parties to a housing tenancy shall go through the housing tenancy registration formalities with the competent construction (real estate) departments of the municipalities directly under the central government, cities and counties where the housing is located within 30 days after the housing tenancy contract is signed. Where the content of the housing tenancy registration is altered, or the housing tenancy contract is renewed or terminated, the parties concerned shall, within 30 days, undertake housing tenancy registration amendment, renewal or termination formalities at the department which originally registered the housing tenancy.

The competent construction (real estate) departments of the government of the municipalities directly under the Central Government, cities and counties shall urge those who do not register on time to make corrections within a specified time limit. The departments will impose a fine below RMB1,000 on individuals who fail to make corrections within the specified time limit, and a fine between RMB1,000 and RMB10,000 on companies which fail to make corrections within the specified time limit.

C.	Organizational Structure

The following diagram depicts a simplified organizational structure of the Company as of the date of this annual report. These subsidiaries are also set forth in Exhibit 8.1 to this annual report.

(1)

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Contractual arrangements with the VIE and its shareholders

As a Cayman Island company, we are classified as a foreign enterprise under PRC laws and regulations, and WFOE is a foreign invested entity (an “FIE”). FIEs are subject to a number of restrictions under PRC laws and regulations. In particular, the Affiliated Entities hold ICP licenses for internet information services, which are classified as value-added telecommunication services (Category II). As these services are subject to strict business licensing requirements, including limitations on foreign ownership and in order to have greater flexibility in carrying out business and implementing business strategies in compliance with PRC laws and regulations, we and the PRC Subsidiaries operate our businesses in China mainly through the VIE and its subsidiaries. As of December 31, 2024 and 2025, the VIE and its subsidiaries accounted for an aggregate of 73.9% and 69.9% of consolidated total assets, respectively, and 75.1% and 72.4% of our consolidated total liabilities, respectively. In 2023, 2024 and 2025, the VIE and its subsidiaries accounted for an aggregate of 93.9%, 84.2% and 79.6%, respectively, of our consolidated total net revenues.

The VIE and its subsidiaries are domestic PRC companies. WFOE has entered into a series of contractual arrangements with the VIE and its shareholders, through which we are able to consolidate the financial results of the VIE and its subsidiaries. These contractual arrangements allow us to:

	●	receive the economic benefits that could potentially be significant to the VIE in consideration for the services provided by WFOE;

	●	exercise effective control over the VIE; and

	●	hold an exclusive option to purchase all or part of the equity interests and an exclusive option to purchase all or part of the assets in the VIE when and to the extent permitted by PRC law.

As a result of these contractual arrangements, we are considered the primary beneficiary of the VIE and consolidate the VIE’s results of operations in its financial statements under U.S. GAAP. However, these contractual arrangements may not be as effective in providing operational control as direct ownership and the use of the contractual arrangements exposes us to certain risks. For example, the VIE or its shareholders may breach the contractual arrangements with WFOE. In such cases, we and the PRC Subsidiaries would have to rely on legal remedies under PRC law, which may not always be effective, particularly in light of uncertainties in the PRC legal system. See “Item 3. Key Information—Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure.”

The following is a summary of the currently effective contractual arrangements by and among WFOE (Cheche Ningbo), the VIE (Beijing Cheche) and the VIE’s shareholders.

Agreements that provide us and the PRC Subsidiaries with effective control over the VIE and its subsidiaries

Equity Interest Pledge Agreements. The VIE and its shareholders entered into certain equity interest pledge agreements with WFOE, dated October 10, 2019, June 18, 2021 and November 14, 2022, respectively. Pursuant to the equity interest pledge agreements, the shareholders of the VIE have pledged all of their equity interests in the VIE to guarantee the VIE and its shareholders’ performance of their obligations under the relevant contractual arrangements, which include the exclusive business cooperation agreement, exclusive option agreements and power of attorney. If the VIE or any of its shareholders breaches its contractual obligations under these agreements, WFOE, as pledgee, will have the right to auction or sell all or part of the pledged equity interests of the VIE and receive proceeds from such auction or sale.

Each of the shareholders of the VIE agrees that, during the term of the equity interest pledge agreement, such shareholder will not transfer the pledged equity interests or create or allow creation of any encumbrance on the pledged equity interests without the prior written consent of WFOE. WFOE is entitled to all dividends and other distributions on the pledged equity interests declared by the VIE unless prohibited by applicable laws and regulations.

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The equity interest pledge agreements will remain effective until the VIE and its shareholders discharge all their obligations under the contractual arrangements. Such pledge of equity interests in the VIE has been registered with the relevant offices of the SAMR in accordance with the PRC Civil Code.

Power of Attorney. Pursuant to the shareholders’ power of attorney among WFOE, the VIE and shareholders of the VIE, dated October 10, 2019, June 18, 2021 and November 14, 2022, respectively, each shareholder of the VIE has irrevocably appointed WFOE to act as such shareholder’s exclusive attorney-in-fact to exercise all shareholder rights, including the right to attend and vote on shareholders’ meetings and appoint directors and executive officers. Each power of attorney will remain in force as long as the shareholder remains a shareholder of the VIE.

Agreement that allows us and the PRC Subsidiaries to receive economic benefits from the VIE and its subsidiaries

Exclusive Business Cooperation Agreement. Pursuant to the exclusive business cooperation agreement dated November 22, 2018, WFOE has the exclusive right to provide the VIE with technical support, consulting services and other services. In exchange, WFOE is entitled to receive a service fee from the VIE on an annual basis and at an amount equal to 100% of the consolidated profit of the VIE, offset by the total accumulative losses (if any) for the previous years of the VIE and its subsidiaries and reduced by any working capital for operation, costs, taxes and other statutory contributions.

The VIE has granted WFOE the exclusive right to purchase any or all of their business or assets at the lowest price permitted under PRC law. This agreement remains effective unless otherwise agreed among the parties.

Agreements that provide us and the PRC Subsidiaries with the option to purchase the equity interest in the VIE

Exclusive Option Agreements. Pursuant to the exclusive option agreements among CCT, WFOE, the VIE and shareholders of the VIE, dated October 10, 2019, June 18, 2021 and November 14, 2022, respectively, the shareholders of the VIE have irrevocably granted WFOE an exclusive option to purchase, by itself or by persons designated by it, at its discretion at any time, to the extent permitted under PRC law, all or part of such shareholders’ equity interests in the VIE.

The purchase price of the equity interests in the VIE shall be equal to the amount of registered capital contributed by such shareholder in the VIE for such purchased equity interests (or such price may be as set forth in the equity transfer agreement to be executed between WFOE (or any person designated by it) and such shareholder of the VIE, provided that such price does not violate PRC laws and regulations and is acceptable to WFOE).

Without WFOE’s prior written consent, the VIE and its shareholders have agreed not to amend the VIE’s articles of association, increase or decrease the VIE’s registered capital, change the VIE’s structure or registered capital in another manner, sell or otherwise dispose of the VIE’s material assets or beneficial interests in the VIE, create or allow any encumbrance on the VIE’s material assets or provide any loans.

WFOE is entitled to all dividends and other distributions declared by the VIE, and the shareholders of the VIE have agreed to pay any such dividends or distributions to WFOE or any other person designated by WFOE. The exclusive option agreements will remain effective until all equity interests of the VIE held by its shareholders have been transferred or assigned to WFOE or its designated person.

Spousal Consent Letter. Each spouse of the relevant individual shareholders of the VIE has signed a spousal consent letter. Under the spousal consent letter, the signing spouse unconditionally and irrevocably agreed that the disposition of the equity interest in the VIE which is held by and registered under the name of his or her spouse shall be made pursuant to the above-mentioned equity interest pledge agreements, exclusive option agreements, shareholders’ power of attorney and exclusive business cooperation agreement, as amended from time to time. Moreover, the spouse undertook not to take any action in relation to such equity interest held by and registered under the name of his or her spouse.

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D.	Property, Plants and Equipment

We are headquartered in Beijing and had leased an aggregate of over 7,500 square meters of office space in 25 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities in China as of December 31, 2025. We lease our premises through lease agreements with unrelated third parties.

ITEM 4A. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

None.

ITEM 5. OPERATING AND FINANCIAL REVIEW AND PROSPECTS

Unless the context otherwise requires, all references in this section to “we,” “us,” or “our” refer collectively to CCT, the PRC Subsidiaries and the Affiliated Entities prior to the completion of the Business Combination, and Cheche Group Inc., the PRC Subsidiaries and the Affiliated Entities following the consummation of the Business Combination.

You should read the following discussion and analysis of our results of operations and financial condition together with the consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this annual report. This discussion contains forward-looking statements based upon current plans, expectations and beliefs that involve risks and uncertainties. Our actual results may differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of various factors, including those set forth in the section of this annual report captioned “Item 3. Key Information - D. Risk Factors” and in other parts of this annual report. Our fiscal year ends on December 31.

A. Operating Results

Key Factors Affecting Our Results of Operations

We believe the following factors significantly affect our results of operations:

Market conditions in China

We derive most of our revenues from facilitating insurance transactions on our platform, particularly auto insurance transactions. As such, our results of operations substantially depend on the growth of the automobile, auto insurance and digital auto insurance transaction markets in China.

We expect the growing number of automobiles in China to drive significant demand for auto insurance. We also expect that recent developments in the new energy vehicle sector with favorable government policies will drive the growth of China’s automobile industry.

The PRC government requires each automobile owner to purchase statutory automobile liability insurance and renew its auto insurance policy every year. We expect that the growth in automobile ownership will result in more purchases and renewals of statutory automobile liability insurance as well as other commercial auto insurance. The total number of vehicles sold in China is expected to grow from 26.3 million in 2021 to 33.0 million in 2026, according to iResearch. China’s auto insurance industry has expanded in recent years, driven by its rapid economic growth, increasing disposable income, urbanization, the growing number of automobiles and the increasing ease in purchasing auto insurance. China’s auto insurance industry is expected to grow from RMB777.3 billion in 2021 to RMB1.1 trillion in 2026, according to iResearch.

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We also believe that the increasing digitalization of auto insurance in China will drive demand for our auto insurance transaction services. Driven by technological advancements, policy reforms and more standardized digital operations, digital transaction volumes for auto insurance in China grew from RMB85.2 billion in 2018 to RMB270.9 billion in 2021, and are expected to grow to RMB832.0 billion in 2026, according to iResearch. The digital transaction penetration rate for auto insurance in China, defined as the amount of auto insurance premiums transacted digitally during a certain period, divided by the total premiums in the auto insurance industry during such period, increased from 10.9% in 2018 to 34.8% in 2021 and is expected to further grow to 72.9% in 2026, according to iResearch.

We have broadened our service and solution offerings in recent years to include services and solutions other than auto insurance transaction services. In particular, we commenced our non-auto P&C insurance transaction services in 2016 and insurance SaaS solutions in 2020. We are also co-developing digital products with our insurance carrier partners and large third-party technology platforms to enhance the breadth of their product and service offerings. These include innovative insurance products, such as embedded digital distributions to address the evolving needs of China’s insurance consumers. Our growth also depends on the growth of the non-auto P&C insurance, insurance SaaS solutions and insurance technology services industries in China, and our ability to diversify our distributions and integrate technology capabilities among such different sectors and develop innovative insurance products.

The non-auto insurance market in China includes non-auto P&C and life & health insurance and has been developing rapidly. Non-auto insurance premiums in China grew from RMB3.0 trillion in 2018 to RMB3.7 trillion in 2021 at a CAGR of 7.1% and are expected to reach RMB5.8 trillion in 2026 at a CAGR of 9.2%. Growth of the non-auto insurance market and our ability to capitalize on industry trends will significantly affect demand for our services and solutions and financial results.

On the other hand, the automobile, auto insurance and digital auto insurance transaction markets in China may be affected by global systemic economic and financial crisis, such as the recent concerns over the significant changes to United States trade policies, treaties and tariffs, including trade policies and tariffs regarding China. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Business and Industry—Any global systemic economic and financial crisis could negatively affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.”

Insurance premiums and transaction service fees

We generate revenue primarily from transaction service fees paid by insurance carriers and certain intermediaries, typically calculated as a percentage of the insurance premiums paid by consumers. Insurance premiums and transaction service fee rates we charge for our insurance transaction services fluctuate based on regulatory requirements, prevailing economic conditions, the competitive landscape, the volume of business that we generate, the availability of comparable services from our competitors and other factors.

We derive the majority of our insurance transaction service revenue from facilitating auto insurance transactions. Laws and regulations governing China’s auto insurance industry may significantly affect the premiums of auto insurance policies charged by insurance carriers and service fee rates we charge for auto insurance transactions. For example, historically, the PRC government has imposed stringent reporting requirements on the terms of auto insurance products sold by insurance carriers and rules regulating actuarial and pricing practices of insurance carriers and intermediaries, which have resulted in industry-wide decreases in the transaction service fee rates charged by industry participants, including us. Our results of operations from auto insurance transactions have been affected by, and will continue to depend on laws and regulations governing China’s auto insurance industry and their impacts on the transaction service fees we can charge.

Similarly, the service fee rates we charge for insurance transactions other than auto insurance transactions, including non-auto P&C insurance transactions, may also fluctuate based on factors such as changes in industry regulations and reforms, pricing strategies of our competitors, changes in sales and marketing policies and product demand from consumers, among others.

Collaboration with insurance carriers and insurance intermediaries.

We provide insurance transaction services and insurance SaaS solutions to insurance carriers, and insurance transaction services and insurance SaaS solutions to certain insurance intermediaries. As a result, our revenue growth depends on our ability to maintain relationships with these insurance carriers and insurance intermediaries. As of December 31, 2025, we collaborated with approximately 100 insurance carriers and 4,500 insurance intermediaries.

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We need to provide high quality insurance transaction services and SaaS solutions and help them reach and serve their target consumers. This affects whether insurance carriers or other insurance intermediaries will sell insurance products through our platform or use our SaaS solutions and the rates of transaction service fees, system purchase prices and subscription fees we receive. Any significant changes to our relationships with insurance carriers and other insurance intermediaries could materially impact our revenue and financial performance.

Collaboration with referral partners and third-party platforms

We collaborate with referral partners and third-party platforms to attract and acquire insurance consumers, facilitate transactions of a variety of insurance products to consumers, and retain such consumers on our platform. The number, type and productivity of our referral partners and third-party platform partners significantly affect our revenue and results of operations. To achieve profitability, we intend to retain and expand the base of our referral partners and third-party platform partners as well as their productivity in a cost-effective manner.

A large component of our operating costs are the referral fees paid to our referral partners. In light of the intense competition for referral partners in the insurance industry and rising salaries in China, we have proactively adjusted our referral fee rates in recent years to acquire and retain productive referral partners, which has increased our operating costs. We plan to optimize our referral fee rates for referral partners in response to market conditions and requirements in the future, which may increase our operating costs.

Our product and service offerings

Our revenue growth depends on our ability to improve existing products, services and solutions, enhance user experience and capture new opportunities to expand into additional insurance markets and services. We derive a majority of our revenues from facilitating auto insurance transactions. As such, our financial performance depends in part on our ability to collaborate with our insurance carrier partners to offer auto insurance products attractive to auto insurance consumers.

In addition to auto insurance products, we have been facilitating the sale of non-auto P&C insurance products since 2016 and life & health insurance products since 2019. We have also started to provide technology services to insurance carriers since 2016 as well as insurance SaaS solutions to insurance intermediaries and insurance carriers since December 2020 and March 2021, respectively. As our service and solution offerings may have different pricing strategies and cost structures, expansion of our business and changes to revenue mix may affect our financial position and profitability.

Our results of operations also depend upon our ability to diversify our distribution channels and product offerings. We believe the large base of our existing referral partners and third-party platforms presents us with significant opportunities to distribute various non-auto P&C insurance products and enables us to strengthen relationships with insurance carriers and referral partners, and increase engagement between referral partners and their customers. We also believe our extensive partnership network of insurance carriers and insurance intermediaries allows us to facilitate selling insurance SaaS solutions to these insurance carriers and insurance intermediaries as we have established relationships with them on our insurance transaction service offerings.

Operating efficiency of our platform

We have incurred significant costs and expenses in building our platform, growing our user and partnership base and developing capabilities in data analytics and technology. Our business model is highly scalable, and our platform supports our continued growth. While we expect our operating costs to increase in absolute terms as our business expands, we also expect them to decrease as a proportion of our revenues as we improve the operating efficiency of our platform and achieves more economies of scale.

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For our insurance transaction service business, which requires significant costs and expenses to acquire users and facilitate insurance transactions for these users on our platform, we pay referral fees to our referral partners, which constitute the largest component of our operating costs. We plan to enlarge our user base and optimize referral fees as a percentage of our total revenues by expanding our user base acquisition channels and collaborating with more influential third-party platform partners. In addition, we intend to optimize collaboration with third-party platforms and referral partners to improve user base acquisition and conversion, and diversify offerings among auto and non-auto P&C insurance products, to improve our operating margins for insurance transaction service.

For our insurance SaaS solutions business, we actively engage in selling and marketing efforts to capture marketing opportunities from which we can effectively increase our customer base, while focusing on more precise and effective ways of acquiring insurance intermediary and insurance carrier customers. As our insurance SaaS solutions business grows, we expect to improve the efficiency and utilization of our personnel and scale to achieve greater operating leverage.

Key Components of Results of Operations

Net Revenues

Net revenues include insurance transaction services income, SaaS and technical service income, and others. The following table sets forth a breakdown of our revenues for the periods indicated.

	Year ended December 31,
	2023				2024				2025
	RMB		%		RMB		%		RMB		%
	(in millions, except percentages)
Insurance transaction services income		3,275.2		99.2		3,447.4		99.3		2,989.8		99.3
SaaS and technical service income*		25.1		0.8		20.8		0.6		14.1		0.5
Others*		1.1		0.0		4.9		0.1		6.0		0.2
Total net revenues		3,301.4		100.0		3,473.1		100.0		3,009.9		100.0

*	Technical service income was reclassified from “Others” to “SaaS income” and renamed as “SaaS and technical services income” for all periods presented. See Note 2 to our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report.

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For our insurance transaction services business, we charge insurance carrier customers and other intermediaries a percentage of the insurance premiums generated from insurance transactions facilitated through our platform. Revenue generated from insurance transaction services is primarily affected by (1) the number of policies written through our platform, which increased by 9.5% from 15.8 million in 2023 to 17.3 million in 2024, and further increased by 17.3% to 20.3 million in 2025, (2) the gross premiums of transactions written through our platform, which increased by 7.5% from RMB22.6 billion in 2023 to RMB24.3 billion in 2024, and further increased by 11.1% to RMB27.0 billion in 2025, and (3) the written premiums from embedded policies through partnership with NEV companies, which increased by 127.8% from RMB1.4 billion in 2023 to RMB3.3 billion in 2024, and further increased by 91.0% to RMB6.3 billion in 2025. Our service fee rate was 14.5%, 14.2% and 11.1% in 2023, 2024 and 2025, respectively.

For our insurance SaaS and technical service business, we offer subscription services to our cloud-based insurance SaaS solutions, including Sky Frontier and Digital Surge, and provide technical services for our business partners, including industry-leading NEV manufacturers and auto service companies. We derive revenue from (1) charging insurance carrier customers and insurance intermediaries services fees for using Sky Frontier and Digital Surge, and (2) charging business partners for using our insur-tech system building services, respectively.

Revenue generated from Sky Frontier decreased from RMB11.6 million in 2023 to RMB7.5 million in 2024, primarily due to the decrease in the number of paying customers from 17 in 2023 to 9 in 2024. Revenue generated from Sky Frontier increased from RMB7.5 million in 2024 to RMB8.4 million in 2025, primarily due to the increase in the number of paying customers from 9 in 2024 to 12 in 2025.

Revenue generated from Digital Surge remained relative stable at RMB6.0 million in 2024, compared to RMB5.1 million in 2023. Revenue generated from Digital Surge decreased from RMB6.0 million in 2024 to RMB3.4 million in 2025, primarily due to a decrease in unit price, and a decrease in the number of paying customers from 1,241 in 2024 to 760 in 2025.

Revenue generated from technical services remained stable at RMB7.3 million in 2023, 2024 and decreased to RMB2.3 million 2025.

Revenues from other services include fees generated from our automotive after-sales service to third-party companies and individual consumers.

Cost of Revenues

We collaborate with referral partners and other third parties in the provision of insurance transaction services and SaaS services. Our cost of revenues primarily consists of cost of referral partners, service fee paid to third-party payment platforms, and other costs. These costs are charged to the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss as incurred.

	Year ended December 31,
	2023				2024				2025
	RMB		%		RMB		%		RMB		%
	(in millions, except percentages)
Cost of referral partners		3,017.9		95.5		3,199.1		96.5		2,748.0		96.4
Service fee paid to third-party payment platforms		129.5		4.1		101.7		3.1		89.1		3.1
Other costs		13.8		0.4		13.6		0.4		12.4		0.5
Total cost of revenues		3,161.2		100.0		3,314.4		100.0		2,849.5		100.0

Cost of referral partners refers to referral fees paid by us to referral partners and third-party platform partners, as a certain percentage of the insurance transaction service income generated from the insurance transactions referred by them. Our referral partners increased from approximately 1.1 million as of December 31, 2023 to approximately 1.3 million as of December 31, 2024, and further increased to approximately 1.4 million as December 31,2025. As we continue to scale our business, we are able to improve our ability to negotiate more favorable referral fee rates with referral partners and third-party platform partners, which enables us to reduce referral fee rate for each transaction and manage our costs of revenues for referral partners.

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Service fee paid to third-party payment platforms refer to fees charged by such payment platforms with respect to the referral fee payments we make to referral partners through such third-party payment platforms.

Other costs primarily include (1) salary and welfare benefits, (2) tax and surcharges and others, (3) amortization and depreciation and (4) cloud service fees.

Selling and marketing expenses

Our selling and marketing expenses primarily consist of salary and welfare benefits, share-based compensation expenses, amortization and depreciation expenses, related expenses for our sales and marketing personnel, and advertising and promotional expenses. Advertising and promotional expenses consist primarily of costs for the promotion of corporate image, online platform and mobile applications.

General and administrative expenses

Our general and administrative expenses primarily consist of salary and welfare benefits, share-based compensation expenses, professional service fees, amortization expenses and related expenses for employees involved in general corporate functions, including finance, legal and human resources; and costs associated with use by these functions of facilities and equipment, such as traveling and general expenses.

Research and development expenses

Our research and development expenses primarily consist of salary and welfare benefits and subcontracted development expenses incurred for the development and enhancement to our online platform, including SaaS platform, and mobile application.

Share-based compensation expenses

We periodically grant share-based awards, such as restricted shares and share options to eligible employees, directors and non-employees. In accordance with ASC 718 Stock Compensation, we recorded share-based compensation expense on the grant date of the equity interests to our employees equal to the estimated fair-value of such equity interests at the measurement date. The share-based compensation expense was recorded in cost of revenues, selling and marketing expenses, general and administrative expenses and research and development expenses on the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.

In November 2015, we adopted the 2015 Incentive Plan to grant options to relevant directors, officers, senior management, employees and non-employees. Option awards were granted with an exercise price determined by our board of directors. In January 2020, the 2015 Incentive Plan was terminated with the concurrent grant of replacement awards under the 2019 Incentive Plan. In January 2020, we adopted the 2019 Equity Incentive Plan to grant options and restricted shares to relevant directors, officers, other employees and non-employees. Option awards were granted with an exercise price determined by the board of directors. The options granted under the 2019 Equity Incentive Plan could either be granted with terms that (i) immediately vested upon grant; (ii) 50% vested on grant date and another 50% vested on anniversary; or (iii) 25% vested on each anniversary for vesting schedule of four years. The restricted shares granted under the 2019 Incentive Plan could either be granted with terms that (i) immediately vested upon grant; (ii) 25% vested on each anniversary or 6.25% vested on each quarter for vesting schedule of four years; or (iii) 50% vested on each anniversary for vesting schedule of two years. Our 2023 Equity Incentive Plan was adopted in September 2023. The stock options granted under the 2023 Incentive Plan could either be granted with terms that (i) immediately vested upon grant; (ii) 50% vested on grant date and another 50% vested on anniversary; (iii) 50% vested on each anniversary for vesting schedule of two years; or (iv) 25% vested on each anniversary for vesting schedule of four years. The restricted shares granted under the 2023 Incentive Plan could either be granted with terms that (i) immediately vested upon grant; (ii) 25% vested on each quarter for vesting schedule of one year; or (iii) 100% vested on one-year anniversary.

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The weighted average grant date fair value of options granted in 2023, 2024 and 2025 was RMB42.1761 (US$5.9404) . RMB15.1110 (US$2.0702) and RMB17.6163 (US$2.5191), respectively. The fair values of the restricted shares granted are estimated on the dates of grant using the binomial option pricing model with the following assumptions used.

	For the year ended December 31,
	2023			2024			2025
Options*
Fair value per share (US$)		6.33-6.37			0.79-0.80			0.68~1.04
Discount rate (after tax)		Not applicable			Not applicable			Not applicable
Risk-free interest rate		3.88	%		4.58	%		4.11%~4.24	%
Expected volatility		64.2	%		65.7	%		59.65%~73.81	%
Contractual term (in years)		10			10			10
Discount for lack of marketability (“DLOM”)		Not applicable			Not applicable			Not applicable

For the year ended December 31,

2023

2024

2025

Restricted shares

Fair value per share (US$)

4.90-5.45

Not applicable

Discount rate (after tax)

15.0%-16.0%

Not applicable

Discount for lack of marketability (“DLOM”)

5%-10%

Not applicable

The following table sets forth the breakdown of share-based compensation expenses by our expense line items for the periods presented.

	Year ended December 31,
	2023				2024				2025
	RMB		%		RMB		%		RMB		%
	(in millions, except percentages)
Selling and marketing expenses		30.7		27.9		5.7		16.8		3.1		12.7
General and administrative expenses		67.5		61.4		26.3		77.6		20.4		83.6
Research and development expenses		11.6		10.5		1.9		5.6		0.9		3.7
Cost of revenues		0.2		0.2		0.0		0.0		0.0		0.0
Total		110.0		100.0		33.9		100.0		24.4		100.0

Discussion of Certain Balance Sheet Items

The following is a discussion of selected balance items that are material to us. This information should be read together with our consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this annual report.

Accounts Receivable

Accounts receivable mainly represents amount due from insurance transaction services customers. The increase in the accounts receivable was primarily caused by customers’ stricter budget control in 2025.

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Accounts Payable

Accounts payable mainly includes payment to the cost of referral partners and third-party platform partners. Accounts payable increased from RMB725.8 million as of December 31, 2024 to RMB842.7 million as of December 31, 2025, which was consistent with the increase of accounts receivable.

Taxation

Cayman Islands

We are an exempted company incorporated in the Cayman Islands. Under the laws of the Cayman Islands, we are not subject to tax on income or capital gains, nor are we subject to withholding tax on any payment of dividends. The Cayman Islands enacted the International Tax Co-operation (Economic Substance) Act (As Revised) together with the Guidance Notes published by the Cayman Islands Tax Information Authority from time to time. If a company is considered to be a “relevant entity” and is conducting one or more of the nine “relevant activities”, then such company will be required to comply with the economic substance requirements in relation to the relevant activity from July 1, 2019. All companies whether a relevant entity or not is required to file an annual report with the Registrar of Companies of the Cayman Islands confirming whether or not it is carrying on any relevant activities.

Hong Kong

Our subsidiary incorporated in Hong Kong is subject to Hong Kong profit tax at a rate of 16.5% on its taxable income generated from operations in Hong Kong. Starting from the financial year commencing on April 1, 2018, the two-tiered profits tax regime took effect, under which the tax rate is 8.25% for assessable profits on the first HK$2 million and 16.5% for any assessable profits in excess of HK$2 million. Our subsidiary incorporated in Hong Kong is not subject to withholding tax on any payment of dividends.

PRC

We are subject to VAT at the rate of 6% on our services and solutions less any deductible VAT already paid. We are also subject to surcharges on VAT payments in accordance with PRC law.

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Under the Enterprise Income Tax Law of the PRC, the Company’s Chinese subsidiaries, VIE and subsidiaries of VIE are subject to an income tax of 25%, except for Beijing Cheche and Baodafang, as Beijing Cheche was entitled to a preferential tax rate of 15% from 2022 to 2024 and from 2025 to 2027 for its High and New Technology Enterprise (“HNTE”) status, and Baodafang was entitled to a preferential tax rate of 15% from 2023 to 2025 for its HNTE status, subject to annual evaluation and a requirement that they re-apply for the HNTE status every three years.

The EIT Law also imposes a withholding income tax of 10% on dividends distributed by a foreign-invested entity (“FIE”) to its immediate holding company outside of China, if such immediate holding company is considered as a non-resident enterprise without any establishment or place within China or if the received dividends have no connection with the establishment or place of such immediate holding company within China, unless such immediate holding company’s jurisdiction of incorporation has a tax treaty with China that provides for a different withholding arrangement. The Cayman Islands, where we were incorporated, does not have such tax treaty with China. According to the arrangement between Mainland China and Hong Kong Special Administrative Region on the Avoidance of Double Taxation and Prevention of Fiscal Evasion in August 2006, dividends paid by a FIE in China to its immediate holding company in Hong Kong will be subject to withholding tax at a rate of no more than 5% if all the requirements are satisfied. To the extent that the PRC Subsidiaries, VIE and its subsidiaries have undistributed earnings, we will accrue appropriate expected withholding tax associated with repatriation of such undistributed earnings. As of December 31, 2024 and 2025, we did not record any such withholding tax of the PRC Subsidiaries, VIE and its subsidiaries in the PRC as they are still in accumulated deficit position.

Results of Operations

The following table sets forth a summary of our consolidated results of operations for the periods presented, in absolute amount and as a percentage of our operating revenue. You should read this information in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this annual report. The results of operations in any period are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for any future period.

	Year ended December 31,
	2023						2024						2025
	RMB			%			RMB			%			RMB			%
	(in thousands, except percentages)
Net revenues		3,301,418			100.0			3,473,139			100.0			3,009,845			100.0
Cost of revenues		(3,161,193	)		(95.8	)		(3,314,377	)		(95.4	)		(2,849,487	)		(94.7	)
Gross profit		140,225			4.2			158,762			4.6			160,358			5.3
Operating expenses:
Selling and marketing expenses		(111,454	)		(3.4	)		(79,501	)		(2.3	)		(68,249	)		(2.3	)
General and administrative expenses		(139,385	)		(4.2	)		(107,857	)		(3.1	)		(75,758	)		(2.5	)
Research and development expenses		(57,167	)		(1.7	)		(37,947	)		(1.1	)		(37,238	)		(1.2	)
Total operating expenses		(308,006	)		(9.3	)		(225,305	)		(6.5	)		(181,245	)		(6.0	)
Operating loss		(167,781	)		(5.1	)		(66,543	)		(1.9	)		(20,887	)		(0.7	)
Other expenses:
Interest income		5,398			0.2			6,037			0.2			3,236			0.1
Interest expense		(1,446	)		(0.0	)		(838	)		(0.0	)		(2,279	)		(0.1	)
Foreign exchange (losses)/gains		(2,546	)		(0.1	)		(2,810	)		(0.1	)		4,805			0.2
Government grants		12,371			0.4			887			0.0			1,879			0.1
Changes in fair value of warrant		1,702			0.1			2,634			0.1			1,476			0.0
Changes in fair value of amounts due to related party		(7,524	)		(0.2	)		(757	)		(0.0	)		(4,461	)		(0.1	)
Others, net		(127	)		(0.0	)		(137	)		(0.0	)		(1,964	)		(0.1	)
Loss before income tax		(159,953	)		(4.8	)		(61,527	)		(1.8	)		(18,195	)		(0.6	)
Income tax credit		363			0.0			291			0.0			406			0.0
Net loss		(159,590	)		(4.8	)		(61,236	)		(1.8	)		(17,789	)		(0.6	)
Non-GAAP measure:
Adjusted net (loss)/income (1)		(33,192	)		(1.0	)		(24,789	)		(0.7	)		11,648			0.4

(1)

Adjusted net (loss)/income is defined as net loss adjusted for the impact of share-based compensation expenses, amortization of intangible assets related to acquisition, changes in fair value of warrant, changes in fair value of amounts due to related party, listing related professional expenses and dispute resolution expenses. Adjusted net loss is not a measure required by, or presented in accordance with, U.S. GAAP. The use of the non-GAAP measure has limitations as an analytical tool, and you should not consider it in isolation from, or as a substitute for analysis of, our results of operations or financial condition as reported under U.S. GAAP. For further details, see “—Non-GAAP Financial Measure.”

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Non-GAAP financial measure

We use adjusted net loss, a non-GAAP financial measure, in evaluating our results of operations and for financial and operational decision-making purposes. Adjusted net loss represents net loss excluding share-based compensation expenses, amortization of intangible assets related to acquisition, changes in fair value of warrant, changes in fair value of amounts due to related party, listing related professional expenses and dispute resolution expenses. Such adjustments have no impact on income tax.

We present the non-GAAP financial measure because it is used by our management to evaluate our operating performance and formulate business plans. Adjusted net loss enables our management to assess our results of operations without considering the impact of non-cash share-based compensation expenses, amortization of intangible assets related to acquisition, changes in fair value of warrant, changes in fair value of amounts due to related party and non-recurring expenses. We believe that adjusted net loss helps identify underlying trends in our business that could otherwise be distorted by the effect of certain expenses that are included in net loss. We also believe that the use of such non-GAAP measure facilitates investors’ assessment of our operating performance. Adjusted net loss should not be considered in isolation or construed as an alternative to net loss or any other measure of performance or as an indicator of our operating performance. Investors are encouraged to review the reconciliation of our historical non-GAAP financial measures to the most directly comparable GAAP measures. Adjusted net loss presented here may not be comparable to similarly titled measures presented by other companies. Other companies may calculate similarly titled measures differently, limiting their usefulness as comparative measures to our data. We encourage investors and others to review our financial information in its entirety and not rely on a single financial measure.

The table below sets forth a reconciliation of our net loss to adjusted net (loss)/income for the years indicated:

	Year ended December 31,
	2023			2024			2025
	(RMB in thousands)
Net loss		(159,590	)		(61,236	)		(17,789	)
Add:
Share-based compensation expense		109,983			33,869			24,352
Amortization of intangible assets related to acquisition		2,100			2,100			2,100
Changes in fair value of warrant		(1,702	)		(2,634	)		(1,476	)
Changes in fair value of amounts due to related party		7,524			757			4,461
Listing related professional expenses		8,493			-			-
Dispute resolution expenses		-			2,355			-
Adjusted net (loss)/income		(33,192	)		(24,789	)		11,648

Year Ended December 31, 2025 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2024

Net revenues. Our net revenues decreased by 13.3% from RMB3,473.1 million in 2024 to RMB3,009.8 million in 2025, which was mainly driven by a higher proportion of NEV premiums, which carry a lower insurance service fee rate, within total written premiums, which increased to 23.4% from 13.6%.

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Cost of revenues. Our cost of revenues decreased by 14.0% from RMB3,314.4 million in 2024 to RMB2,849.5 million in 2025, which was mainly due to a decline in net revenues and higher gross margin driven by the rapid growth of the NEV business.

Selling and marketing expenses. Our selling and marketing expenses decreased by 14.2% from RMB79.5 million in 2024 to RMB68.2 million in 2025, primarily due to the decrease in staff costs and share-based compensation expenses. As a result, selling and marketing expenses as a percentage of net revenues remained 2.3% in 2024 and 2025. Excluding share-based compensation expenses, the percentage would increased from 2.1% in 2024 to 2.2% in 2025.

General and administrative expenses. Our general and administrative expenses decreased by 29.8% from RMB107.9 million in 2024 to RMB75.8 million in 2025, primarily due to the decrease in share-based compensation expenses, professional service fees and staff costs. Excluding share-based compensation expenses and dispute resolution expenses, our general and administrative expenses would decrease by 30.2% from 2024 to 2025, primarily due to the decrease in professional service fees and staff costs.

Research and development expenses. Our research and development expenses decreased by 1.9% from RMB37.9 million in2024 to RMB37.2 million in 2025, primarily due to the decreases in share-based compensation expenses and staff costs. Excluding share-based compensation expenses, our research and development expenses would increase by 0.9% from 2024 to 2025, and would increase as a percentage of net revenues from 1.0% to 1.2%.

Interest expense. Our interest expense increased by 172.0% from RMB0.8 million in 2024 to RMB2.3 million in 2025, primarily due to the increase of our borrowings in 2025.

Net loss. As a result of the foregoing, we incurred a net loss of RMB17.8 million in 2025, as compared to a net loss of RMB61.2 million in 2024.

Year Ended December 31, 2024 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2023

Net revenues. Our net revenues increased by 5.2% from RMB3,301.4 million in 2023 to RMB3,473.1 million in 2024, which was driven by an increase in insurance transactions conducted through our platform by referral partners and third-party platform partners.

Cost of revenues. Our cost of revenues increased by 4.8% from RMB3,161.2 million in 2023 to RMB3,314.4 million in 2024, which was generally consistent with the growth of our business volume and net revenues.

Selling and marketing expenses. Our selling and marketing expenses decreased by 28.7% from RMB111.5 million in 2023 to RMB79.5 million in 2024, primarily due to the decreases in share-based compensation expenses for relevant staff, marketing expenses and staff costs. As a result, selling and marketing expenses as a percentage of net revenues decreased from 3.4% in 2023 to 2.3% in 2024. Excluding share-based compensation expenses, the percentage would decrease from 2.4% in 2023 to 2.1% in 2024.

General and administrative expenses. Our general and administrative expenses decreased by 22.6% from RMB139.4 million in 2023 to RMB107.9 million in 2024, primarily due to the decrease in share-based compensation expenses, partially offset by the increases in post-listing professional service fees and staff costs. Excluding share-based compensation expenses, listing-related professional service fees and dispute resolution expenses, our general and administrative expenses would decrease by 25.0% from 2023 to 2024, primarily due to the increase in post-listing professional service fees and staff costs.

Research and development expenses. Our research and development expenses decreased by 33.6% from RMB57.2 million in2023 to RMB37.9 million in 2024, primarily due to the decreases in share-based compensation expenses, technical service fees and staff costs. Excluding share-based compensation expenses, our research and development expenses would decrease by 20.9% from 2023 to 2024, and would decrease as a percentage of net revenues from 1.4% to 1.0%.

Interest expense. Our interest expense decreased by 42.0% from RMB1.4 million in 2023 to RMB0.8 million in 2024, primarily due to the repayment of a portion of our borrowings in 2024.

Net loss. As a result of the foregoing, we incurred a net loss of RMB61.2 million in 2024, as compared to a net loss of RMB159.6 million in 2023.

B. Liquidity and Capital Resources

In 2024 and 2025, our principal source of liquidity was cash generated from financing activities.

As of December 31, 2024 and 2025, we had cash and cash equivalents of RMB117.5 million and RMB144.5 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2024 and 2025, we had amounts due to related party of RMB45.8 million and RMB50.6 million, respectively.

We anticipate that we will be able to meet our financing needs for at least the next twelve months from the date of this annual report with existing cash balances. However, we may require additional funding due to changing business conditions or other future developments, including any investments or acquisitions we may pursue. If our existing cash resources are insufficient to meet our working capital requirements, we may seek to issue equity or equity-linked securities or debt securities or obtain financing from banks and other third parties. The sale of equity or equity-linked securities would result in additional dilution to our shareholders, while the incurrence of indebtedness could subject us to operating and financial covenants that restrict our operations and ability to pay dividends to our shareholders. There is no assurance that we will be successful in raising funds, obtaining sufficient funding on terms acceptable to us, or if at all, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Securities—The issuance of additional share capital in connection with financings, acquisitions, investments, our equity incentive plans or otherwise will dilute all other shareholders.” The sale of equity or equity-linked securities would result in additional dilution to our shareholders, while the incurrence of indebtedness could subject us to operating and financial covenants that restrict our operations and ability to pay dividends to our shareholders.

The following table sets forth a summary of our cash flows for the periods indicated:

	Year ended December 31,
	2023			2024			2025
	(RMB in thousands)
Net cash used in operating activities		(26,950	)		(114,135	)		(40,550	)
Net cash generated from/(used in) investing activities		12,822			(15,600	)		35,397
Net cash generated from financing activities		140,345			1,945			55,404
Effect of foreign exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents		2,230			1,870			(2,126	)
Net increase/(decrease) in cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash		128,447			(125,920	)		48,125
Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of the year		119,945			248,392			122,472
Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of the year		248,392			122,472			170,597

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Operating Activities

Net cash used in operating activities in 2025 was RMB40.6 million, primarily due to the net loss of RMB17.8 million, and (1) net cash outflow of RMB51.8 million from changes in operating assets and liabilities, which was primarily driven by an increase of RMB162.1 million in accounts receivable, an increase of RMB12.8 million in prepayments and other current assets, a decrease of lease liabilities of RMB6.0 million, a decrease of accrued expenses and other current liabilities of RMB1.1 million, partially offset by an increase of RMB116.9 million in accounts payable, an increase of RMB10.6 million in tax payable, an increase of RMB3.3 million in salary and welfare benefits payable, partially offset by (2) adjustments primarily consisting of share-based compensation expense of RMB24.4 million, amortization of right-of-use asset of RMB5.6 million, changes in fair value of amounts due to related party of RMB4.5 million, amortization of intangible assets of RMB2.1 million, partially offset by foreign exchange gains of RMB4.8 million, changes in fair value of warrant of RMB1.5 million, provision of allowance for current expected credit losses of negative RMB1.2 million.

Net cash used in operating activities in 2024 was RMB114.1 million, primarily due to the net loss of RMB61.2 million, mainly adjusted by (1) adjustments primarily consisting of share-based compensation expense of RMB33.9 million, amortization of right-of-use asset of RMB5.3 million, amortization of intangible assets of RMB2.1 million, provision of allowance for current expected credit losses of RMB3.4 million, depreciation of property equipment and leasehold improvement of RMB1.1 million, foreign exchange losses of RMB2.8 million, dispute resolution expenses of RMB2.4 million incurred to settle the dispute with a security holder, and changes in fair value of amounts due to related party of RMB0.8 million, and (2) net cash outflow of RMB102.2 million from changes in operating assets and liabilities, which was primarily driven by an increase of RMB519.6 million in accounts receivable, a decrease of accrued expenses and other current liabilities of RMB5.4 million, a decrease of lease liabilities of RMB4.2 million and a decrease of RMB2.5 million in contract liabilities, partially offset by an increase of RMB408.9 million in accounts payable, an increase of RMB11.1 million in tax payable, an increase of RMB6.8 million in salary and welfare benefits payable, and a decrease of prepayments and other current assets of RMB2.7 million.

Net cash used in operating activities in 2023 was RMB27.0 million, primarily due to the net loss of RMB159.6 million, partially offset by (1) adjustments primarily consisting of share-based compensation expense of RMB110.0 million, amortization of right-of-use asset of RMB8.4 million, changes in fair value of amounts due to related party of RMB7.5 million, amortization of intangible assets of RMB2.1 million, provision of allowance for current expected credit losses of RMB1.2 million, depreciation of property equipment and leasehold improvement of RMB1.0 million, and foreign exchange losses of RMB2.5 million, and (2) net cash inflow of RMB2.0 million from changes in operating assets and liabilities, primarily driven by an increase of RMB89.7 million in accounts payable, an increase of RMB10.3 million in salary and welfare benefits payable and an increase of RMB3.4 million in contract liabilities, and partially offset by an increase of RMB65.6 million in accounts receivable, a decrease of accrued expenses and other current liabilities of RMB17.7 million, a decrease of lease liabilities of RMB9.0 million and an increase of prepayments and other current assets of RMB7.0 million.

Investing Activities

Net cash generated from investing activities in 2025 was RMB35.4 million, primarily due to proceeds from short-term investments of RMB52.2 million, partially offset by purchase of short-term investment of RMB16.8 million.

Net cash used in investing activities in 2024 was RMB15.6 million, primarily due to purchase of short-term investments of RMB186.5 million, partially offset by proceeds from short-term investment of RMB172.5 million.

Net cash generated from investing activities in 2023 was RMB12.8 million, primarily due to proceeds from short-term investment of RMB56.1 million, partially offset by purchase of short-term investments of RMB42.7 million.

Financing Activities

Net cash generated from financing activities in 2025 was RMB55.4 million, primarily due to cash received from short-term borrowings from bank of RMB102.5 million and cash received from long-term borrowings from bank of RMB10.0 million, partially offset by repayment of short-term borrowings of RMB52.0 million and cash payment of amounts to third party of RMB5.0 million.

Net cash generated from financing activities in 2024 was RMB1.9 million, primarily due to cash received from short-term borrowings from bank of RMB30.0 million and cash received from short-term borrowings from third party of RMB5.0 million, partially offset by repayment of short-term borrowings of RMB20.0 million and cash payment of amounts to related party of RMB10.0 million, and cash payment of RMB3.1 million for settling the dispute with a security holder.

Net cash generated from financing activities in 2023 was RMB140.3 million, primarily due to proceeds from issuance of ordinary shares of RMB137.9 million and cash received from short-term borrowings from bank of RMB20.0 million, partially offset by repayment of short-term borrowings of RMB12.6 million, and cash payment of financing cost of RMB5.0 million.

Material Cash Requirements

Our material cash requirements as of December 31, 2025 and any subsequent interim period primarily include our capital expenditures and contractual obligations.

Capital Expenditures

We incur capital expenditures primarily for purchases of property, equipment and software. Our capital expenditures were RMB0.5 million, RMB1.7 million and RMB0.1 million in 2023, 2024 and 2025, respectively. We will continue to make capital expenditures to meet the expected growth of our business.

Contractual Obligations

The following table sets forth our contractual obligations as of December 31, 2025:

	Payment due by
	Total	2026 – 2029	Thereafter
	(RMB in thousands)
Operating lease commitments	6,137	6,137	-
Amounts due to related party	54,421	54,421	-
Total	60,558	60,558	-

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

We have not entered, and does not expect to enter, into any off-balance sheet arrangements. We have also not entered into any financial guarantees or other commitments to guarantee the payment obligations of third parties. In addition, we have not entered into any derivative contracts indexed to equity interests and classified as shareholders’ equity.

Furthermore, we do not have any retained or contingent interest in assets transferred to an unconsolidated entity that serves as credit, liquidity or market risk support to such entity. We do not have any variable interest in any unconsolidated entity that provides financing, liquidity, market risk or credit support to us or that engages in leasing, hedging or research and development services with us.

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Holding Company Structure

We are a Cayman Islands holding company with no substantive operations. We carry out our business through the VIE and its subsidiaries in China, due to PRC regulatory restrictions on direct foreign ownership of companies that engage in VATS and other internet related business. We rely on dividends and other distributions from our operating subsidiaries to pay dividends to our shareholders and service our outstanding debts. Our ability to pay dividends depends upon dividends received from the PRC Subsidiaries. If the PRC Subsidiaries or any newly formed subsidiaries incur debt in the future, the instruments governing their debt may restrict their ability to pay dividends to us.

In addition, the PRC Subsidiaries may pay dividends only out of their retained earnings, if any, in accordance with PRC accounting standards and regulations. Under PRC law, each of the PRC Subsidiaries and the Affiliated Entities is required to set aside at least 10% of its after-tax profits each year, if any, to fund a statutory reserve until such reserve reaches 50% of its registered capital. Although the statutory reserves can be used, among other ways, to increase registered capital and eliminate future losses in excess of retained earnings of the respective companies, the reserve funds are not distributable as cash dividends except in the event of liquidation.

Remittance of dividends by a wholly foreign-owned company out of China is subject to examination by the banks designated by the SAFE.

As of December 31, 2024 and 2025, the VIE and its subsidiaries accounted for an aggregate of 73.9% and 69.9% of the consolidated total assets, respectively, and 75.1% and 72.4% of the consolidated total liabilities, respectively. In 2023, 2024 and 2025, the VIE and its subsidiaries accounted for an aggregate of 93.9%, 84.2% and 79.6%, respectively, of our consolidated total net revenues.

C. Research and Development, Patents and Licenses, etc.

See “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Data, Technology and Infrastructure” and “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Intellectual Property.”

D. Trend Information

Other than as disclosed in this annual report, we are not aware of any trends, uncertainties, demands, commitments or events for the current fiscal year that are reasonably likely to have a material effect on our revenues, income, profitability, liquidity or capital reserves, or that caused the disclosed financial information to be not necessarily indicative of future results of operations or financial conditions.

E. Critical Accounting Policies and Estimate

In preparing our consolidated financial statements and related notes, we must make judgments, estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities and reported revenues and expenses. We have based our estimates on historical experience and other assumptions that we believe reasonable under the circumstances. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions and differences may be material to the consolidated financial statements.

An accounting policy is considered to be critical if:

	●	it requires us to make an accounting estimate based on assumptions about matters that are highly uncertain at the time we make the estimate, and

	●	different estimates and judgments that we reasonably could have used, or changes in the accounting estimates that are reasonably likely to occur periodically, could materially impact our consolidated financial statements.

We believe that the following critical accounting policies require significant judgments and estimates and assumptions in preparing our consolidated financial statements. You should read the following descriptions of critical accounting policies, judgments and estimates in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this annual report.

Revenue recognition

Revenue is the transaction price we expect to be entitled to in exchange for the promised services in a contract in the common course of our activities and is recorded net of VAT. The services to be accounted for mainly include insurance transaction services, SaaS services and other services.

The core principle of the guidance is that an entity should recognize revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. To achieve that core principle, we apply the following steps:

Step 1: Identify the contract(s) with a customer;

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Step 2: Identify the performance obligations in the contract;

Step 3: Determine the transaction price;

Step 4: Allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract; and

Step 5: Recognize revenue when (or as) the entity satisfies a performance obligation.

Insurance Transaction Services Income

The main source of revenue is insurance transaction services fee from (i) insurance carriers who underwrite insurance policies and (ii) insurance intermediaries who directly transact with insurance carriers, both determined based on a percentage of premium paid by the insured. The service fee rate paid by the insurance carriers or insurance intermediaries, shall be based on the terms specified in the service contract with the insurance carriers or with the insurance intermediaries for each insurance policy sold through our online platform and mobile applications in the PRC. We determine that the insurance carrier or insurance intermediary, are our customer in these agreements. Insurance transaction services revenue for the commission earned is recognized at a point in time when we have fulfilled our performance obligation. This occurs when the signed insurance policy is in place and the premium is collected by the insurance carriers from the insured.

SaaS and Technical Services Income

We provide SaaS services to selected insurance companies or insurance intermediaries. This cloud-based services allow insurance carriers or insurance intermediaries to use our self-developed SaaS management system without taking possession of our software. We have determined that the insurance carriers or insurance intermediaries as customers and initially records services fee as contract liabilities upon receipt and then recognizes the revenue on a straight-line basis over the service period, which is usually one year.

We provide technical service to third-party companies. We charge third-party companies service fee for developing software for them. Technical service revenue is recognized based on cost-to-cost input method of measuring progress upon the completion of each service.

Other Services

We provide customer service to third-party companies. We satisfy our performance obligation through delivering consulting service to the third-party companies’ customers and receives service fee from the third companies. Customer service revenue is recognized on a straight-line basis over the period of the contract when the service is provided, which is usually within one year.

Share-based compensation

Share based compensation expenses arise from share-based awards, including share options for the purchase of ordinary shares and restricted shares. For share options for the purchase of ordinary shares granted to employee and non-employee determined to be equity classified awards, the related share-based compensation expenses are recognized in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss based on their grant date fair values which are calculated using the binomial option pricing model. The determination of the fair value is affected by the fair value of ordinary shares as well as assumptions regarding a number of complex and subjective variables, including the expected volatility of the fair value of ordinary shares, actual and projected employee share option exercise behavior, risk-free interest rate and expected dividends. The fair value of the ordinary shares is assessed using the income approach, with a discount for lack of marketability, given that the shares underlying the awards were not publicly traded at the time of grant. Share-based compensation expenses are recorded net of actual forfeitures using straight-line method during the service period requirement, such that expenses are recorded only for those share-based awards that are expected to ultimately vest.

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Goodwill

Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the amounts assigned to the fair value of the assets acquired and the liabilities assumed of an acquired business. Our goodwill as of December 31, 2024 and 2025 was related to our acquisition of Cheche Insurance (previously named “Fanhua Times Sales and Service Co., Ltd.” or “Fanhua Times”) in October 2017. In accordance with ASC 350, Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets, recorded goodwill amounts are not amortized, but rather are tested for impairment annually or more frequently if there are indicators of impairment present.

Goodwill is not amortized, but is tested for impairment at the reporting unit level at least on an annual basis at the balance sheet date (December 31 for us) and between annual tests if an event occurs or circumstances change that would more-likely-than-not reduce the fair value of a reporting unit below its carrying value. These events or circumstances include a significant change in stock prices, business environment, legal factors, financial performances, competition, or events affecting the reporting unit. Application of the goodwill impairment test requires judgment, including the identification of reporting units, assignment of assets and liabilities to reporting units, assignment of goodwill to reporting units, and determination of the fair value of each reporting unit. The estimation of fair value of reporting unit using a discounted cash flow methodology also requires significant judgements, including estimation of future cash flows, which is dependent on internal forecasts, estimation of the long-term rate of growth for our business and determination of our weighted average cost of capital. The estimates used to calculate the fair value of a reporting unit change from year to year based on operating results and market conditions. Changes in these estimates and assumptions could materially affect the determination of fair value and goodwill impairment for the reporting unit.

Management has determined that we represent the lowest level within the entity at which goodwill is monitored for internal management purposes. We have the option to choose whether we will apply a qualitative assessment first and then a quantitative assessment, if necessary, or to apply a quantitative assessment directly. The quantitative goodwill impairment test, used to identify both the existence of impairment and the amount of impairment loss, compares the fair value of a reporting unit with its carrying amount, including goodwill. If the carrying amount of a reporting unit is greater than zero and its fair value exceeds its carrying amount, goodwill of the reporting unit is considered not impaired. Based on the impairment assessment, management determined that no impairment loss was recorded for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025. As of December 31, 2024 and 2025, goodwill was RMB84.6 million and RMB84.6 million, respectively.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

A description of recently issued accounting pronouncements that may potentially impact our financial position and results of operations is disclosed in Note 2(dd) to our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report.

ITEM 6. DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND EMPLOYEES

A. Directors and Senior Management

The following table sets forth information regarding our directors and executive officers as of the date of this annual report. The business address of our directors and executive officers is 8/F, Desheng Hopson Fortune Plaza, 13-1 Deshengmenwai Avenue, Xicheng District, Beijing 100088, the PRC.

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Directors and Executive Officers*	Age	Position/Title
Lei Zhang	44	Chairman and Chief Executive Officer
Wenting Ji	50	Chief Financial Officer
Yanjun Liu	46	Chief Operating Officer
Jianxiang Zhou	48	Chief Technology Officer
Ting Lin	41	Chief Strategy Officer
Huichuan Ren	56	Director
Shengwen Rong	57	Independent Director
Liqun Li	57	Independent Director
Xiufang Li	60	Independent Director

Mr. Lei Zhang founded Beijing Cheche Technology Co., Ltd. (“Beijing Cheche”) and served as the chief executive officer since then. He has served as the chairman of the board of CCT since September 2018 and later the chief executive officer and chairman of the board of Cheche Group Inc. since September 2023 following the completion of the Business Combination. Prior to founding Beijing Cheche, he served as chief executive officer of CloudPower Technology Co., Ltd. from 2010 to 2014. Mr. Zhang also served as an executive vice president of Datang Capital Co., Ltd. from 2008 to 2010. He served as a senior manager in global technology service department at Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. from 2001 to 2006. Mr. Zhang received a bachelor’s degree in computer science and technology from Wuhan University of Technology in 2001 and a master’s degree from the PBC School of Finance, Tsinghua University in 2024.

Ms. Wenting Ji has served as our chief financial officer since February 2024. Prior to joining us, Ms. Wenting Ji served as the chief financial officer of Xiaoyezi Music Technology Group from July 2022 to August 2023. Prior to that, Ms. Ji served as the chief financial officer of Quhuo Limited (Nasdaq: QH) from January 2019 to July 2022 and as a director of Quhuo Limited from June 2021 to July 2022. Ms. Ji also held the position of chief financial officer at Delsk Group from July 2017 to December 2018 and served as the vice president of finance at Yoyi Digital from January 2012 to July 2017. From May 2007 to January 2012, Ms. Ji served as the financial reporting director at Fang Holdings Limited (NYSE: SFUN). Ms. Ji received a bachelor’s and a master’s degree in economics from Nankai University in 1996 and 1999, respectively. Ms. Ji has been a member of the Chinese Institute of Certified Public Accountants since 2005 and a member of the Association of Chartered Certified Accountants since 2007.

Ms. Yanjun Liu has served as our chief operating officer since February 2024, and has served as a vice president since joining us in 2018. Previously, Ms. Liu served as the finance director of Dayanghuida Science and Technology (Beijing) Co., Ltd. from 2014 to 2018; as the assistant finance general manager of Anbang Insurance Group Co., Ltd. from 2009 to 2014; and as the financial accountant at the branch office of Shanxi Guoxing Energy Co., Ltd. from 2004 to 2009. Ms. Liu received her bachelor’s degree in accounting from Beijing Jiaotong University in 2004.

Mr. Jianxiang Zhou has served as our chief technology officer since March 2015. He also served as a director of CCT prior to the Business Combination from July 2021 to September 2023. Prior to joining us, Mr. Zhou served as chief technology officer of CloudPower Technology Co., Ltd. from 2011 to 2015. Prior to that, he served as senior manager of the applied business division of Potevio Institution of Information and Technology Co., Ltd. from 2006 to 2011. He also served as a software engineer at the research and development department of Tsinghua Tongfang Co., Ltd. from 2004 to 2006. Mr. Zhou received his bachelor’s and master’s degrees in agricultural electrical engineering and automation from Northeast Agricultural University in 2001 and 2004, respectively.

Mr. Ting Lin has served as our chief strategy officer since October 2018. Prior to joining us, Mr. Lin served as a vice president at the advisory and BlackRock Solutions divisions of BlackRock Inc. from 2013 to 2018. Prior to that, Mr. Lin served as a senior manager of the global portfolio strategies of Bank of America Merrill Lynch from 2010 to 2013 and a senior modeling associate at the Government Employees Insurance Company (“GEICO”) from 2009 to 2010. Mr. Lin received dual bachelor’s degrees in applied mathematics and finance from the University of Maryland and a master’s degree in statistics from Columbia University in 2008.

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Mr. Huichuan Ren has served as a director of CCT since July 2021 and later our director since September 2023 following the completion of the Business Combination. Mr. Ren is also currently a senior adviser of Tencent Technology (Shenzhen) Co., Ltd. Prior to that, Mr. Ren served as the vice chairman of the board of directors and president of Ping An Insurance (Group) Company of China Ltd. from 2011 to 2020. He also served as the chairman of the board of directors of Ping An Trust Co., Ltd. from 2016 to 2019. Mr. Ren received a bachelor’s degree in applied computing from Harbin Ship Engineering College in 1989 and a master’s degree in business administration from Peking University in 2007.

Mr. Shengwen Rong has served as our independent director since September 2023. Mr. Rong also currently serves as the Finance BP leader for Global Products and Functions at ByteDance, Inc. From 2017 to 2018, Mr. Rong served as the senior vice president and then the chief financial officer at Yixia Technology Co., Ltd. Prior to that, Mr. Rong served as the chief financial officer at Quixey, Inc. from 2015 to 2016, the chief financial officer at UCWeb from 2012 to 2014, and the chief financial officer at Country Style Cooking Restaurant Chain Co., Ltd. (NYSE: CCSC) from 2010 to 2012. Currently, Mr. Rong serves as an independent director at Mogu Inc. (Nasdaq: MOGU), and has also served as an independent director at SuperX AI Technology Ltd (Nasdaq: SXAI) since November 2025. Mr. Rong is a certified public accountant in the United States. Mr. Rong received a bachelor’s degree in international finance from Renmin University of China, a master’s degree in accounting from West Virginia University and a master’s degree in business administration from University of Chicago Booth School of Business.

Mr. Liqun Li has served as our independent director since September 2023. He has also been the chief representative officer of Ed. Broking UK Limited since 2015. From 2012 to 2015, he served as the chief executive officer and country manager of Assurant China. Prior to that, Mr. Li served as the deputy general manager of CV Starr Insurance Co., Ltd. in China from 2008 to 2012. Mr. Li served as the executive deputy general manager of Sinosafe Insurance Company Limited in China from 2006 to 2008. He served as the general manager for Greater China and Hong Kong of Willis Re. Limited from 2005 to 2006. He served as deputy general manager and chief operating officer of Ming An Insurance Company Limited from 2002 to 2005. He also served as corporate risk underwriter and representative of China of General Accident Assurance PLC at General Accident Assurance PLC. From 1996 to 1998. Mr. Li received his bachelor’s degree in international trade from Anhui University in 1992 and his master’s degree in risk management and insurance from Cass Business School, City University in 1996.

Ms. Xiufang Li has served as our independent director since September 2023. Ms. Li is a professor at Finance School at Nankai University since 2015. Prior to that, she served various capacities at Nankai University, including being a professor, adjunct professor and lecturer of risk management and insurance department, the vice president of economics school, and a lecturer of the finance department from 1991 to 2015. She received her bachelor’s degree in mathematics from Nankai University in 1988, her master’s degree in finance and doctorate’s degree in risk management and insurance from the same university in 1991 and 2002, respectively.

B. Compensation

In 2025, we paid an aggregate of approximately RMB2.1 million in cash to our executive officers and executive directors, and US$96,000 to independent directors as a group. In addition, we made contributions to such officers and executive directors’ pension, medical insurance, unemployment insurance, housing fund and other statutory benefits as required by PRC law, which totaled approximately RMB0.3 million in 2025. We have not set aside or accrued any amount to provide pension, retirement or other similar benefits to our executive officers and directors. In 2025, 8,000 restricted Class A Ordinary Shares were granted to our independent directors pursuant to awards granted under the 2023 Plan, of which 1,500 restricted Class A Ordinary Shares had vested and been issued in December 2025. In 2025, options to purchase 44,000 Class A Ordinary Shares were granted to our executive officer under the 2019 Equity Incentive Plan and the 2023 Equity Incentive Plan, with an exercise price of $0.1 per share, which will expire on March 31,2035.

Employment Agreements and Indemnification Agreements

We have into employment agreements with each of our executive officers. Under these agreements, each of our executive officers is employed for a five-year period. We may terminate an executive officer’s employment for cause, at any time, without notice or remuneration, for certain acts of the officer, including but not limited to incapacity to fulfill job responsibilities, breach of internal procedures or regulations which cause material damage to us or breach of obligation of confidentiality.

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An executive officer may terminate his/her employment at any time with 30 days prior written notice.

Each executive officer has agreed to hold, both during and after the employment agreement expires or is earlier terminated, in strict confidence and not to use, except for our benefit, any confidential information of us. In addition, all of our executive officers have agreed to be bound by the non-competition agreements entered into between such executive officers and us.

In addition, we have entered into indemnification agreements with our directors and executive officers. Under these indemnification agreements, we have agreed to indemnify our directors and executive officers against certain liabilities and expenses incurred by such persons in connection with claims made by reason of them being our directors or executive officers.

2019 Equity Incentive Plan

We adopted the 2019 Equity Incentive Plan in January 2020, under which we granted equity incentive awards to eligible employees, consultants and non-employee directors in order to attract, motivate and retain talented individuals. Pursuant to the terms of the Business Combination, we have assumed the options and restricted shares awards granted under the 2019 Equity Incentive Plan. The maximum number of shares issuable under the 2019 Equity Incentive Plan is 9,824,105 Class A Ordinary Shares. As of December 31, 2025, options and restricted shares awards covering 9,823,974 Class A Ordinary Shares were outstanding under the 2019 Equity Incentive Plan, and 131 Class A Ordinary Shares were issuable upon awards to be granted in the future under the 2019 Equity Incentive Plan. The principal terms of the 2019 Equity Incentive Plan are substantially the same as the 2023 Equity Incentive Plan, which are discussed below.

2023 Equity Incentive Plan

The maximum number of shares issuable under the 2023 Plan is 8,048,326 Class A Ordinary Shares. The following paragraphs summarize the principal terms of the 2023 Plan. As of December 31, 2025, options and restricted shares awards covering 5,104,152 Class A Ordinary Shares were outstanding under the 2023 Equity Incentive Plan, and 2,944,174 Class A Ordinary Shares were issuable upon awards to be granted in the future under the 2023 Equity Incentive Plan.

Types of Awards

The 2023 Equity Incentive Plan permits the awards of options, restricted shares, restricted share units or any other type of awards approved by our board of directors or compensation committee of the board.

Plan Administration

Our board of directors or the compensation committee administers the 2023 Equity Incentive Plan. The board or the compensation committee determines, among other things, the participants to receive awards, the type and number of awards to be granted to each participant, and the terms and conditions of each award grant.

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Award Agreement

Awards granted under the 2023 Equity Incentive Plan are evidenced by an award agreement that sets forth terms, conditions and limitations for each award, which may include the term of the award, the provisions applicable in the event of the grantee’s employment or service terminates, and our authority to unilaterally or bilaterally amend, modify, suspend, cancel or rescind the award.

Eligibility

We may grant awards to our employees, directors and consultants.

Vesting Schedule

In general, the plan administrator determines the vesting schedule, which is specified in the relevant award agreement.

Exercise of Awards

The exercise price per share subject to an option is determined by the plan administrator and set forth in the award agreement, which may be a fixed price or a variable price related to the fair market value of the shares. The vested portion of option will expire if not exercised prior to the time as the plan administrator determines at the time of its grant.

Transfer Restrictions

Awards may not be transferred in any manner by the eligible participant other than in accordance with the limited exceptions, such as transfers to us or our subsidiaries, transfers to the immediate family members of the participant by gift, the designation of a beneficiary to receive benefits if the participant dies, permitted transfers or exercises on behalf of the participant by the participant’s duly authorized legal representative if the participant has suffered a disability, or, subject to the prior approval of the plan administrator or our executive officer or director authorized by the plan administrator, transfers to one or more natural persons who are the participant’s family members or entities owned and controlled by the participant and/or the participant’s family members, including but not limited to trusts or other entities whose beneficiaries or beneficial owners are the participant and/or the participant’s family members, or to such other persons or entities as may be expressly approved by the plan administrator, pursuant to such conditions and procedures as the plan administrator may establish.

Termination and Amendment

Unless terminated earlier, the 2023 Equity Incentive Plan has a term of ten years. Our board of directors may terminate, amend or modify the plan, subject to the limitations of applicable laws. However, no such action may adversely affect in any material way any award previously granted without prior written consent of the participant.

The following table summarizes, as of the date of this annual report, the number of Class A Ordinary Shares underlying the outstanding options and restricted shares granted to our directors and executive officers and other individuals as a group under the 2019 Equity Incentive Plan and the 2023 Equity Incentive Plan.

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Name	Restricted Class A Ordinary Shares		Class A Ordinary Shares Underlying the Options(1)			Exercise Price (US$/Share)	Date of Grant	Date of Expiration(1)
Lei Zhang		-		-		-	-	-
Wenting Ji		-		*	US$	0.10	From January 31, 2024 to March 31, 2025	From January 31, 2034 to March 31, 2035
Yanjun Liu		*		*	US$	0.10	From April 1, 2021 to March 31, 2025	From December 31, 2033 to March 31, 2035
Jianxiang Zhou		2,754,417		*	US$	0.10	From January 1, 2023 to March 31, 2025	From March 1, 2034 to March 31, 2035
Ting Lin		-		-		-	-	-
Huichuan Ren		-		-		-	-	-
Shengwen Rong		*		-		-	From December 1, 2023 to September 14, 2025	-
Liqun Li		*		-		-	From December 1, 2023 to September 14, 2025	-
Xiufang Li		*		-		-	From December 1, 2023 to September 14, 2025	-
All directors and executive officers as a group		2,823,958		254,150

*	Represents less than 1% of our total outstanding shares on an as converted basis.

(1)	Not applicable to restricted Class A Ordinary Shares.

As of the date of this annual report, options and restricted shares awards covering an aggregate of 11,927,968 Class A Ordinary Shares were granted to other grantees as a group pursuant to awards granted under the 2019 Equity Incentive Plan and the 2023 Equity Incentive Plan. Options granted to other grantees have an exercise price ranging from US$0.01 to US$8.85 per share and will expire on the tenth anniversary of the date of grant.

C. Board Practices

Board of Directors

Our board of directors consists of five directors. A director is not required to hold any shares in us by way of qualification. A director who is in any way, whether directly or indirectly, interested in a contract or proposed contract with us is required to declare the nature of his interest at a meeting of our directors.

A general notice by any director to the effect that he is a member, shareholder, director, partner, officer or employee of any specified company or firm and is to be regarded as interested in any contract or transaction with that company or firm, shall be deemed a sufficient declaration of interest for the purposes of voting on a resolution in respect to a contract or transaction in which he has an interest.

After such general notice, special notice relating to any particular transaction shall not be required. A director may vote in respect of any contract or proposed contract or arrangement notwithstanding that he may be interested therein. If he does so his vote shall be counted and he may be counted in the quorum at any meeting of the directors at which any such contract or proposed contract or arrangement is considered.

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The directors may exercise all the powers of the company to borrow money, mortgage its undertaking, property and uncalled capital, and issue debentures or other securities whenever money is borrowed or as security for any obligation of the company or of any third party. None of our directors has a service contract with us that provides for benefits upon termination of service.

Committees of the Board

We have established an audit committee, a compensation committee and a nominating and corporate governance committee under our board of directors, and adopted a charter for each of the three committees. Each committee’s members and functions are described below.

Audit Committee

Our audit committee consists of Mr. Shengwen Rong, Mr. Liqun Li and Ms. Xiufang Li. Mr. Shengwen Rong is the chairman of our audit committee. We have determined that each of Mr. Shengwen Rong, Mr. Liqun Li and Ms. Xiufang Li satisfies the “independence” requirements of the Nasdaq Stock Market Rules and Rule 10A-3 under the Exchange Act, and that Mr. Shengwen Rong qualifies as an “audit committee financial expert” under Nasdaq Stock Market Rules.

The audit committee oversees our accounting and financial reporting processes and the audit of our financial statements. The audit committee is responsible for, among other things:

●

appointing our independent registered public accounting firm and pre-approving all auditing and non-auditing services performed by our independent registered public accounting firm;

●

reviewing with the independent registered public accounting firm any audit problems or difficulties and management’s response;

●

reviewing and approving all proposed related-party transactions, as defined in Item 404 of Regulation S-K under the Securities Act;

●

discussing the annual audited financial statements with management and our independent registered public accounting firm;

●

annually reviewing and reassessing the adequacy of our audit committee charter;

●

meeting separately and periodically with management and our independent registered public accounting firm;

●

reporting regularly to the full board of directors; and

●

performing such other matters that are specifically delegated to the audit committee by our board of directors from time to time.

Compensation Committee

Our compensation committee consists of Mr. Lei Zhang, Mr. Shengwen Rong and Mr. Liqun Li. Mr. Lei Zhang is the chairman of our compensation committee. We have determined that each of Mr. Shengwen Rong and Mr. Liqun Li satisfies the “independence” requirements of the Nasdaq Stock Market Rules.

The compensation committee assists the board in reviewing and approving the compensation structure, including all forms of compensation, relating to our directors and executive officers. Our chief executive officer may not be present at any committee meeting during which his compensation is deliberated.

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The compensation committee is responsible for, among other things:

●

reviewing and recommending to the board the total compensation package for our four most senior executives;

●

approving and overseeing the total compensation package for our executives other than the four most senior executives;

●

reviewing and making recommendations to the board of directors with respect to the compensation of our directors; and

●

reviewing periodically and recommending any long-term incentive compensation or equity plans, programs or similar arrangements for consideration by the board of directors, annual bonuses, employee pension and welfare benefit plans.

Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee

Our nominating and corporate governance committee consists of Mr. Huichuan Ren, Mr. Shengwen Rong and Ms. Xiufang Li. Ms. Xiufang Li is the chairperson of our nominating and corporate governance committee. We have determined that each of Mr. Shengwen Rong and Ms. Xiufang Li satisfies the “independence” requirements of the Nasdaq Stock Market Rules.

The nominating and corporate governance committee assists the board of directors in selecting directors and in determining the composition of our board and board committees. The nominating and corporate governance committee is responsible for, among other things:

●

identifying and recommending nominees for election or re-election to our board of directors, or for appointment to fill any vacancy;

●

reviewing annually with our board of directors its composition in light of the characteristics of independence, age, skills, experience and availability of service to us;

●

identifying and recommending to our board the directors to serve as members of committees;

●

advising the board periodically with respect to developments in the law and practice of corporate governance as well as our compliance with applicable laws and regulations;

●

making recommendations to our board of directors on corporate governance matters and on any corrective action to be taken; and

●

monitoring compliance with our code of business conduct and ethics, including reviewing the adequacy and effectiveness of our procedures to ensure compliance.

Duties of Directors

Under Cayman Islands law, our directors have a fiduciary duty to act honestly, in good faith and with a view to our best interests. Our directors also have a duty to exercise their skills and such care and diligence that a reasonably prudent person would exercise in comparable circumstances. In fulfilling their duty of care to us, our directors must ensure compliance with our memorandum and articles of association as may be amended from time to time. We have the right to seek damages against any director who breaches a duty owed to us.

Code of Business Conduct and Ethics and Corporate Governance

We have adopted a code of business conduct and ethics, which are applicable to all of our directors, executive officers and employees. We have made our code of business conduct and ethics publicly available on our website.

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In addition, we have adopted a set of corporate governance guidelines covering a variety of matters, including approval of related party transactions.

Terms of Directors and Officers

Our directors are not subject to a term of office and hold office until their resignation, death or incapacity or until their respective successors have been elected and qualified in accordance with our articles of association.

A director will be removed from office automatically if, among other things, the director (1) dies, becomes bankrupt or makes any arrangement or composition with his creditors, (2) is found to be or becomes of unsound mind, (3) resigns his or her office by notice in writing to the Company, (4) without special leave of absence from the board of directors of the Company, is absent from meetings of the board of directors of the Company for three consecutive meetings and the board of directors of the Company resolves that his office be vacated, or (5) is removed from office pursuant to any other provision of our articles of association.

Our officers are appointed by and serve at the discretion of the board of directors, and may be removed by our board of directors.

D. Employees

We had a total of 469 full-time employees as of December 31, 2025. The following table provides a breakdown of our employees as of December 31, 2025 by function:

Function	Number
Headquarters
Technology		67
Finance		10
General and administrative		37
Others		29
Subtotal		143

Cheche Insurance Sale & Service Division
Administrative		24
Finance		42
Service		260
Subtotal		326
Total		469

As of December 31, 2025, 127 of our employees were based in the headquarters in Beijing and corporate offices in Guangdong province. The rest of our employees were based in other provinces in China. 46.9% of the employees at our headquarters were technology-related personnel as of December 31, 2025.

Our success depends on our ability to attract, retain and motivate qualified personnel. We have established procedures and standards in recruiting employees through various channels, including internal referrals, job fairs and recruiting agents.

Our senior management team possesses significant experience in technology and insurance industries. Before joining, our senior management members worked at China’s leading internet and technology companies, insurance companies and financial institutions, such as BlackRock, GEICO, PICC, Anxin P&C Insurance Co., Ltd. and Tsinghua Tongfang.

As required by regulations in China, we participate in various government statutory employee benefit plans. PRC law requires that we contribute to employee benefit plans at specified percentages of salaries and bonuses, and provide allowances to our employees specified by local governments.

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We work to identify, attract, and retain employees who are aligned with and will help progress with our mission, and we seek to provide employees with competitive cash and equity compensation. We have not had any labor disputes that materially interfered with our operations. We believe that we have a good relationship with our employees, and that our strong culture differentiates us and is a key driver of our business success.

E. Share Ownership

Information regarding the ownership of our Ordinary Shares by our directors and executive officers is set forth in Item 7.A of this annual report.

F. Disclosure of A Registrant’s Action to Recover Erroneously Awarded Compensation

Not Applicable.

ITEM 7. MAJOR SHAREHOLDERS AND RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS

A. Major Shareholders

The following table sets forth information relating to the beneficial ownership of our Ordinary Shares as of the date of this annual report by:

●

each person, or group of affiliated persons, known by us to beneficially own 5% or more of outstanding ordinary shares;

●

each of our directors;

●

each of our named executive officers; and

●

all of our directors and executive officers as a group.

Beneficial ownership is determined in accordance with the rules of the SEC and includes voting or investment power with respect to, or the power to receive the economic benefit of ownership of, the securities. In computing the number of shares beneficially owned by a person and the percentage ownership of that person, shares that the person has the right to acquire within 60 days are included, including through the exercise of any option or other right or the conversion of any other security. However, these shares are not included in the computation of the percentage ownership of any other person.

The percentage of our Ordinary Shares beneficially owned by the parties listed below is calculated based on 83,021,561 Ordinary Shares issued and outstanding the date of this annual report (excluding 709,432 Class A Ordinary Shares held in treasury), consisting of (1) 64,425,057 Class A Ordinary Shares, and (2) 18,596,504 Class B Ordinary Shares, and does not include 10,608,609 Class A Ordinary Shares issuable upon the exercise of the Warrants and the Innoven Warrants.

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Beneficial Owners	Number of Class A Ordinary Shares		Number of Class B Ordinary Shares		Percentage of all Ordinary Shares			Voting Power
5% shareholders:
Hugou Inc. (1)		-		18,596,504		22.4	%		46.4	%
Cicw Holdings Limited (2)		7,615,380		-		9.2	%		6.3	%
Beijing Zhongyun Ronghui Investment Center, LLP (3)		4,569,556		-		5.5	%		3.8	%
LIAN JIA ENTERPRISES LIMITED (4)		4,716,378		-		5.7	%		3.9	%
Entities affiliated with Tencent Holdings Ltd (5)		11,172,000		-		13.5	%		9.3	%
Directors and Executive Officers
Lei Zhang		17,500		18,596,504		22.4	%		46.4	%
Wenting Ji		*		-		*			*
Yanjun Liu		*		-		*			*
Jianxiang Zhou		2,733,917		-		3.3	%		2.3	%
Ting Lin		-		-		-			-
Huichuan Ren		-		-		-			-
Shengwen Rong		*		-		*			*
Liqun Li		*		-		*			*
Xiufang Li		*		-		*			*
All directors and executive officers as a group		2,806,658		18,596,504		25.8	%		48.7	%

*	representing shareholding less than 1.0%

†	Except as indicated otherwise below, the business address of our directors and executive officers is 8/F, Desheng Hopson Fortune Plaza, 13-1 Deshengmenwai Avenue Xicheng District, Beijing 100088, China.

(1)

Represent 18,596,50 Class B Ordinary Shares directly held by Hugou Inc., a company incorporated in the British Virgin Islands, which is wholly owned by EL Capitan Inc., a company incorporated in the British Virgin Islands. GIL Trust Limited is the sole shareholder of EL Capitan Inc., and acts as the trustee for Teton Trust. Mr. Lei Zhang is the settlor and investment advisor of Teton Trust, and therefore is deemed to have the sole voting and dispositive power over the 18,596,504 Class B Ordinary Shares directly held by Hugou Inc. Hugou Inc. acquired the 18,596,504 Class B Ordinary Shares from Mutong Holding Limited (which is wholly owned by Lei Zhang) in October 2024 for no consideration. The registered address of Hugou Inc. is Craigmuir Chambers, Tortola, Road Town VG1110, British Virgin Islands.

(2)

Represent 7,615,380 Class A Ordinary Shares held by Cicw Holdings Limited, a company incorporated under the laws of the British Virgin Islands, according to a Schedule 13G filed on October 26, 2023. The registered address of Cicw Holdings Limited is Craigmuir Chambers, Road Town, Tortola, VG 1110, British Virgin Islands. Cicw Holdings Limited is controlled by Feng Zhang, a director of the VIE. The business address of Feng Zhang is 8/F, Desheng Hopson Fortune Plaza, 13-1 Deshengmenwai Avenue Xicheng District, Beijing 100088, China.

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(3)

Represent 4,979,556 Class A Ordinary Shares held by Beijing Zhongyun Ronghui Investment Center, LLP, a limited liability partnership organized incorporated under the laws of the PRC, according to a Schedule 13G filed on October 25, 2023. The address of Beijing Zhongyun Ronghui Investment Center, LLP is Room 507, Unit 2, 5th Floor, Building 1, No. 19 Xianlongshan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, China. Beijing Zhongyun Ronghui Investment Center, LLP’s general partner is Beijing Tianyun Ronghui Management Co., Ltd., which is ultimately controlled by Suning Tian.

(4)

Represent 4,727,780 Class A Ordinary Shares held by LIAN JIA ENTERPRISES LIMITED, a company incorporated under the laws of the British Virgin Islands, according to a Schedule 13G filed on February 20, 2024. The registered address of LIAN JIA ENTERPRISES LIMITED is OMC Chambers, Wickhams Cay 1, Road Town, Tortola, British Virgin Islands. LIAN JIA ENTERPRISES LIMITED is wholly owned by Industrial and Financial (HK) Investment Limited, which is an indirect wholly-owned subsidiary of China CITIC Financial Asset Management Co, Ltd. (previously known as China Huarong Asset Management Co., Ltd.). The business address of China CITIC Financial Asset Management Co, Ltd. is No. 8 Financial Street, Xicheng District, Beijing, China.

(5)

Represents the sum of (i) 8,937,600 Class A Ordinary Shares issued to Image Frame Investment (HK) Limited and (ii) 2,234,400 Class A Ordinary Shares issued to TPP Fund II Holding F Limited. Image Frame Investment (HK) Limited is a company incorporated under the laws of Hong Kong, and its address is 29/F., Three Pacific Place, No. 1 Queen’s Road East, Wanchai, Hong Kong. TPP Fund II Holding F Limited is incorporated under the laws of Cayman Islands, and its registered address is Maples Corporate Services Limited, PO Box 309, Ugland House, Grand Cayman, KY1-1104, Cayman Islands. Image Frame Investment (HK) Limited and TPP Fund II Holding F Limited are ultimately controlled by Tencent Holdings Limited. The business address of Tencent Holding Limited is 29/F., Three Pacific Place No. 1 Queen’s Road East Wanchai, Hong Kong.

To our knowledge, as of the date of this annual report, 53,673,821 of our Class A ordinary shares are held by three record holders in the United States, representing approximately 77.7% of our total outstanding Ordinary Shares on an as converted basis. None of our shareholders has informed us that it is affiliated with a registered broker-dealer or is in the business of underwriting securities. We are not aware of any arrangement that may, at a subsequent date, result in a change of control of our company.

B. Related Party Transactions

Employment Agreements and Indemnification Agreements

See “Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees—B. Compensation—Employment Agreements and Indemnification Agreements.”

Share Incentive Plans

See “Item 6. Directors, Senior Management and Employees—B. Compensation—2019 Equity Incentive Plan” and “—B. Compensation—2023 Equity Incentive Plan.”

Contractual Arrangements with the VIE and its Shareholders

See “Item 4. Information on the Company—C. Organizational Structure—Contractual Arrangements with the VIE and its Shareholders.”

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Other Related Party Transactions

The following table set forth related parties transaction entered into by us during the period indicated.

	Year ended December 31,
	2023			2024			2025
	(RMB in thousands)
Repayment of borrowings from related party
Fanhua Group⁽¹⁾		(12,610	)		(10,000	)		-

	As of December 31,
Balances with related party	2024		2025
	(RMB in thousands)
Amounts due to related party
Fanhua Group		45,811		50,626

Notes:

(1)

The amount due to Fanhua Group represents a convertible loan in the principal amount of RMB130.0 million to Fanhua Group with an annual interest rate of 10% on October 26, 2017. In 2021, we repaid the aggregated principal amount of RMB6.3 million to Fanhua Group. In 2023, we repaid the aggregated amount of RMB12.6 million to Fanhua Group. In 2024, we repaid the aggregated principal of RMB10.0 million to Fanhua Group. As of December 31, 2025, the balance of the corporate borrowings from Fanhua Group was RMB50.6 million.

Related party transactions with Fanhua Group

We issued a convertible loan in the principal amount of RMB130.0 million to Fanhua Group with an annual interest rate of 10% (the “Convertible Loan”) on October 26, 2017. The due date of the Convertible Loan is October 26, 2020. Pursuant to the Convertible Loan agreement, the entire or any portion of the Convertible Loan can be converted into ordinary shares of the Company. On October 10, 2019, Fanhua Group converted the RMB80.0 million in the principal amount of the Convertible Loan and its accrued interests of RMB14.1 million into an aggregate of 28,684,255 ordinary shares of the Company, at a conversion price of US$0.4766 per share. On the same date, Fanhua Group gave up its conversion right for the remaining balance of the Convertible Loan in accordance with a Convertible Loan Payment Plan Agreement entered by these two parties (the “Payment Plan Agreement”). Upon the conversion, Fanhua Group held 3.4% equity interest in us. In October 2020, we entered into a supplemental agreement to the Payment Plan Agreement with Fanhua Group to extend the remaining principal balance in the Convertible Loan of RMB50.0 million and corresponding interest of RMB15.0 million as additional principal to October 26, 2022 (the “Corporate Borrowings”). An amount of RMB10 million of the aggregated principal amount of RMB65 million with an annual interest rate of 10% was due on January 10, 2021 and the remaining of RMB55.0 million was due on October 26, 2022.

In 2021, we repaid the aggregated principal amount of RMB6.3 million to Fanhua Group. In October 2022, the Group entered into another supplemental agreement to the Payment Plan Agreement with Fanhua Group to extend the remaining balance of the Corporate Borrowings to October 26, 2024, which caused the presentation of the borrowing reclassified from current liabilities to non-current liabilities. None of the other terms of the Corporate Borrowings had changed in the supplemental agreement.

In 2023, we repaid the aggregated amount of RMB12.6 million to Fanhua Group. As of December 31, 2023, the balance of the Corporate Borrowings was RMB55.3 million, and the remaining balance of the Corporate Borrowings will be mature on October 26, 2024, which caused the presentation of the borrowing reclassified from non-current liabilities to current liabilities.

In 2024, we repaid the aggregated principal of RMB10.0 million to Fanhua Group. As of December 31, 2024, the balance of the Corporate Borrowings from Fanhua Group was RMB45.8 million. In August 2024, we entered into another supplemental agreement to the Payment Plan Agreement with Fanhua Group to extend the remaining balance of the Corporate Borrowings from Fanhua Group to October 26, 2026, which caused the presentation of the borrowing reclassified from current liabilities to non-current liabilities. None of the other terms of the Corporate Borrowings from Fanhua Group had changed in the supplemental agreement.

As of December 31, 2025, the balance of the Corporate Borrowings from Fanhua Group was RMB50.6 million, and the remaining balance of the Corporate Borrowings from Fanhua Group will be mature on October 26, 2026, which caused the presentation of the borrowing reclassified from non-current liabilities to current liabilities.

C. Interests of Experts and Counsel

Not applicable.

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ITEM 8. FINANCIAL INFORMATION

A. Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information

Consolidated Financial Statements

See Item 18 of this annual report for our consolidated financial statements and other financial information.

Legal proceedings

From time to time, we may be subject to various legal proceedings and claims that arise in the ordinary course of business. We are currently not a party to, and we are not aware of any threat of, any legal or administrative proceedings that, in the opinion of our management, are likely to have any material and adverse effect on our business, financial condition, cash-flow or results of operations.

Dividend Policy

The holders of our Ordinary Shares are entitled to such dividends as may be declared by our directors or by ordinary resolutions of shareholders, provided that no dividend shall exceed the amount recommended by our directors. Dividends may be declared and paid out of our profits, or out of monies otherwise available for dividend in accordance with the Cayman Companies Act, provided always that in no circumstances may a dividend be paid if this would result in us being unable to pay our debts as they fall due in the ordinary course of business.

In light of our holding company structure and the VIE structure, our ability to pay dividends to the shareholders, and to service any debt we may incur, may depend upon dividends paid by WFOE to us and service fees paid by the Affiliated Entities to WFOE, despite that we may obtain financing at the holding company level through other methods. However, the WFOE and the Affiliated Entities in China are subject to certain statutory reserve and solvency conditions before they can distribute dividends or make payment to us, which, if failed, may restrict their ability to pay dividends or make payment to us. Under PRC laws and regulations, WFOE is permitted to pay dividends only out of their retained earnings, if any, as determined in accordance with PRC accounting standards and regulations. Furthermore, WFOE and the Affiliated Entities are required to make appropriations to certain statutory reserve funds or may make appropriations to certain discretionary funds, which are not distributable as cash dividends except in the event of a solvent liquidation of the companies. The statutory reserve fund requires that annual appropriations of 10% of net after-tax income should be set aside prior to payment of any dividends, until the aggregate amount of such fund reaches 50% of their registered capital. As a result of such restrictions under PRC laws and regulations, the PRC Subsidiaries and the Affiliated Entities are restricted in their ability to transfer a portion of their net assets to us either in the form of dividends, loans or advances, which restricted portion amounted to RMB370.5 million and RMB500.6 million as of December 31, 2024 and 2025, respectively.

B. Significant Changes

A discussion of significant changes since December 31, 2025 is provided under Item 4 of this annual report. Except as disclosed elsewhere in this annual report, we have not experienced any significant changes since December 31, 2025.

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ITEM 9. THE OFFER AND LISTING

A. Offer and Listing Details

Nasdaq Listing of our Class A Ordinary Shares and Warrants

Our Class A Ordinary Shares and the Warrants to purchase the Class A Ordinary Shares are listed on Nasdaq under the symbols “CCG” and “CCGWW,” respectively. Holders of our Class A Ordinary Shares and/or the Warrants should obtain current market quotations for their securities. There can be no assurance that our Class A Ordinary Shares and/or the Warrants will remain listed on Nasdaq. If we fail to comply with the Nasdaq listing requirements, our Class A Ordinary Shares and the Warrants could be delisted from Nasdaq. A delisting of our Class A Ordinary Shares and the Warrants will likely affect their liquidity and could inhibit or restrict our ability to raise additional financing.

Lock-up Agreements and Transfer Restrictions

Information regarding the transfer restrictions applicable to our Class A Ordinary Shares and the Warrants held by the Sponsor is included in “Item 4. Information on the Company-A. History and Development of the Company-Additional Agreements in connection with the Business Combination.”

B. PLAN OF DISTRIBUTION

Not applicable.

C. Markets

Our Class A Ordinary Shares and the Warrants to purchase the Class A Ordinary Shares are listed on Nasdaq under the symbols “CCG” and “CCGWW,” respectively.

D. Selling Shareholders

Not Applicable.

E. Dilution

Not applicable.

F. Expenses of the Issue

Not applicable.

ITEM 10. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

A. Share Capital

Not applicable.

B. Memorandum and Articles of Association

We are a Cayman Islands exempted company with limited liability, and our affairs are governed by the Amended and Restated Memorandum and Articles of Association, the Cayman Companies Act and the common law of the Cayman Islands.

The following includes a summary of the material provisions of the Amended and Restated Memorandum and Articles of Association in so far as they relate to the material terms of Class A Ordinary Shares and Class B Ordinary Shares. The following summary is not complete and is subject to, and is qualified in its entirety by reference to, the provisions of the Amended and Restated Memorandum and Articles of Association, which has been filed as Exhibit 1.1 to the shell company report on Form 20-F (Reg. No. 001-41801) filed with the SEC on September 27, 2023.

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Ordinary Shares

General

Holders of Class A Ordinary Shares and holders of Class B Ordinary Shares have the same rights except for voting and conversion rights. All of our issued Ordinary Shares are fully paid and non-assessable. Certificates representing the ordinary shares are issued in registered form. Our shareholders who are non-residents of the Cayman Islands may freely hold and vote their ordinary shares.

Dividends

The holders of our Ordinary Shares are entitled to such dividends as may be declared by our directors or by ordinary resolutions, provided that no dividend shall exceed the amount recommended by our directors. Dividends may be declared and paid out of our profits, or out of monies otherwise available for dividend in accordance with the Cayman Companies Act, provided always that in no circumstances may a dividend be paid if this would result in us being unable to pay our debts as they fall due in the ordinary course of business.

Voting Rights

In respect of all matters upon which the ordinary shares are entitled to vote, on a poll, each Class A Ordinary Share shall entitle the holder thereof to one vote and each Class B Ordinary Share shall entitle the holder thereof to three votes. Voting at any meeting of shareholders is by show of hands unless a poll is demanded. A poll may be demanded by the chairman of such meeting or any shareholder present.

An ordinary resolution to be passed by the shareholders requires the affirmative vote of a simple majority of votes cast by such shareholders as, being entitled to do so, vote in person or, where proxies are allowed, by proxy, at a general meeting, or be approved in writing by all of the shareholders entitled to vote at a general meeting in one or more instruments each signed by one or more of the shareholders; while a special resolution requires the affirmative vote of not less than two-thirds of votes cast by such shareholders as, being entitled to do so, vote in person or, where proxies are allowed, by proxy, at a general meeting, or approval in writing by all of the shareholders entitled to vote at a general meeting in one or more instruments each signed by one or more of the shareholders. A special resolution will be required for important matters such as a change of name or making changes to the Amended and Restated Memorandum and Articles of Association.

Conversion

Each Class B Ordinary Share is convertible into one Class A Ordinary Share at any time at the option of the holder thereof. Class A Ordinary Shares are not convertible into Class B Ordinary Shares under any circumstances. Upon any sale, transfer, assignment or disposition of any Class B Ordinary Shares by a holder to any person who is not the founder or an affiliate of the founder, or upon a change of ultimate beneficial ownership of any Class B Ordinary Share to any person who is not the founder or an affiliate of the founder, such Class B Ordinary Shares shall be automatically and immediately converted into the same number of Class A Ordinary Shares.

Directors’ Power to Issue Shares

Subject to applicable law, our board of directors may, in their absolute discretion and without the approval of the shareholders, cause us to (1) allot, issue and dispose of shares (including, without limitation, preferred shares) (whether in certificated form or non-certificated form) to such persons, in such manner, on such terms and having such rights and being subject to such restrictions as they may from time to time determine; (2) grant rights over shares or other securities to be issued in one or more classes or series as they deem necessary or appropriate and determine the designations, powers, preferences, privileges and other rights attaching to such shares or securities, including dividend rights, voting rights, conversion rights, terms of redemption and liquidation preferences, any or all of which may be greater than the powers, preferences, privileges and rights associated with the then issued and outstanding shares, at such times and on such other terms as they think proper; and (3) grant options with respect to shares and issue warrants or similar instruments with respect thereto.

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Transfer of Ordinary Shares

Subject to the restrictions contained in the Amended and Restated Memorandum and Articles of Association, any of our shareholders may transfer all or any of his or her Ordinary Shares by an instrument of transfer in writing in the usual or common form or any other form approved by our board of directors.

Our board of directors may decline to register any transfer of any Ordinary Shares unless:

●

the instrument of transfer is lodged with us, accompanied by the certificate for the Ordinary Shares to which it relates and such other evidence as our board of directors may reasonably require to show the right of the transferor to make the transfer;

●

the instrument of transfer is in respect of only one class of Ordinary Shares;

●

the instrument of transfer is properly stamped, if required;

●

in the case of a transfer to joint holders, the number of joint holders to whom the Ordinary Share is to be transferred does not exceed four; and

●

a fee of such maximum sum as the exchange may determine to be payable or such lesser sum as our directors may from time to time require is paid to us in respect thereof.

If our directors refuse to register a transfer, they shall, within three months after the date on which the instrument of transfer was lodged with us, send to each of the transferor and the transferee notice of such refusal.

The registration of transfers may, after compliance with any notice required of the exchange and the provisions of the Amended and Restated Memorandum and Articles of Association, be suspended and the register of members closed at such times and for such periods as our board of directors may from time to time determine, provided, however, that the registration of transfers shall not be suspended nor the register of members closed for more than 30 days in any calendar year.

Liquidation

On a return of capital on winding up or otherwise (other than on conversion, redemption or purchase of ordinary shares), assets available for distribution among the holders of ordinary shares shall be distributed among the holders of the ordinary shares in proportion to the par value of the Ordinary Shares held by them at the commencement of the winding up subject to a deduction from those Ordinary Shares in respect of which there are monies due, of all monies payable to the Company for unpaid calls or otherwise. If our assets available for distribution are insufficient to repay all of the paid-up capital, the assets will be distributed so that the losses are borne by our shareholders proportionately to the par value of the shares held by them.

Calls on Ordinary Shares and Forfeiture of Ordinary Shares

Our board of directors may from time to time make calls upon shareholders for any amounts unpaid on their ordinary shares. The ordinary shares that have been called upon and remain unpaid are subject to forfeiture.

Redemption of Ordinary Shares

Subject to the provisions of the Cayman Companies Act and other applicable law, we may issue shares on terms that are subject to redemption, at our option or at the option of the holders, on such terms and in such manner, including making payment in respect of the redemption out of capital, as may be determined by the board of directors.

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Variations of Rights of Shares

If at any time, our share capital is divided into different classes of shares, the rights attached to any class of shares may, subject to any rights or restrictions for the time being attached to any class of shares, only be materially adversely varied with the consent in writing of the holders of two-thirds of the issued shares of that class or with the sanction of a special resolution passed at a separate meeting of the holders of the shares of that class. The rights conferred upon the holders of the shares or any class of shares issued with preferred or other rights shall not, subject to any rights or restrictions for the time being attached to the shares of that class, be deemed to be materially adversely varied by, inter alia, the creation, allotment or issue of further shares ranking pari passu with or subsequent to such shares.

General Meetings of Shareholders

Extraordinary general meetings may be convened by the chairman or by a majority of our board of directors, and they shall on a shareholders’ requisition (being a requisition of shareholders holding at the date of deposit of the requisition shares which carry in aggregate not less than a simple majority of all votes attaching to all issued and outstanding shares of the Company that as at the date of the deposit carry the right to vote at general meetings of the company) forthwith proceed to convene an extraordinary general meeting. Advance notice of at least ten (10) calendar days is required for the convening of our annual general meeting and any other extraordinary general meeting of our shareholders. A quorum required for a meeting of shareholders consists of one or more holders of not less than one-third of the aggregate voting power of all of the ordinary shares present in person or by proxy.

Inspection of Books and Records

Holders of our Ordinary Shares will have no general right under Cayman Islands law to inspect or obtain copies of our list of shareholders or our corporate records (other than copies of our memorandum and articles of association and register of mortgages and charges, and any special resolutions passed by our shareholders). Our directors have discretion under the Amended and Restated Memorandum and Articles of Association to determine whether or not, and under what conditions, our corporate records may be inspected by our shareholders, but we are not obliged to make them available to the shareholders. Under Cayman Islands law, the names of our current directors can be obtained from a search conducted at the Registrar of Companies in the Cayman Islands.

Changes in Capital

We may from time to time by ordinary resolution:

●

increase our share capital by such sum as the resolution shall prescribe and with such rights, priorities and privileges annexed thereto, as we in general meeting may determine;

●

consolidate and divide all or any of our share capital into shares of a larger amount than our existing shares;

●

by subdivision of our existing shares or any of them into shares of smaller amount than is fixed by the Amended and Restated Memorandum and Articles of Association; or

●

cancel any shares that at the date of the passing of the resolution have not been taken or agreed to be taken by any person and diminish the amount of our share capital by the amount of the shares so canceled.

We may by special resolution reduce our share capital or any capital redemption reserve fund in any manner permitted by the Cayman Companies Act.

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Anti-Takeover Provisions

Some provisions of the Amended and Restated Memorandum and Articles of Association may discourage, delay or prevent a change of control of us or management that shareholders may consider favorable, including provisions that:

●

authorize our board of directors to issue preferred shares in one or more series and to designate the price, rights, preferences, privileges and restrictions of such preferred shares without any further vote or action by our shareholders; and

●

limit the ability of shareholders to requisition and convene general meetings of shareholders.

However, under Cayman Islands law, our directors may only exercise the rights and powers granted to them under the Amended and Restated Memorandum and Articles of Association for a proper purpose and for what they believe in good faith to be in the best interests of us.

C. Material Contracts

Information regarding certain material contracts we entered in connection with the Business Combination is set forth in “Item 4. Information on the Company-A. History and Development of the Company.”

D. Exchange Controls

There are no foreign exchange controls or foreign exchange regulations under the currently applicable laws of the Cayman Islands. There is no limitation imposed by laws of Cayman Islands or in the Amended and Restated Memorandum and Articles of Associations on the right of non-residents to hold or vote shares.

For PRC laws relating to exchange controls that are applicable to us, the PRC Subsidiaries and the Affiliated Entities. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Government Regulations—Regulation of Foreign Exchange.”

E. Taxation

The following discussion of material Cayman Islands, PRC and United States federal income tax consequences of an investment in our securities is based upon laws and relevant interpretations thereof in effect as of the date of this annual report, all of which are subject to change. This discussion does not deal with all possible tax consequences relating to an investment in our securities, such as the tax consequences under state, local and other tax laws.

Cayman Islands Taxation

The Cayman Islands currently levies no taxes on individuals or corporations based upon profits, income, gains or appreciation and there is no taxation in the nature of inheritance tax or estate duty. There are no other taxes likely to be material to us levied by the government of the Cayman Islands except for stamp duties which may be applicable on instruments executed in, or after execution brought within the jurisdiction of the Cayman Islands. The Cayman Islands is a party to a double tax treaty entered with the United Kingdom in 2010 but is otherwise not a party to any double tax treaties applicable to payments to or by our company. There are no exchange control regulations or currency restrictions in the Cayman Islands.

Payments of dividends and capital in respect of the shares will not be subject to taxation in the Cayman Islands and no withholding will be required on the payment of a dividend or capital to any holder of our shares, nor will gains derived from the disposal of the shares be subject to Cayman Islands income or corporation tax.

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PRC Taxation

See “Item 4. Information on the Company—B. Business Overview—Government Regulations—Regulation of Tax.”

Certain Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Consequences

The following discussion summarizes certain material U.S. federal income tax considerations generally applicable to the ownership and disposition of Class A Ordinary Shares and Warrants. The discussion does not address the tax consequences under U.S. state, local, or non-U.S. tax laws. This discussion addresses only those holders of Class A Ordinary Shares and Warrants that are U.S. Holders (as defined below) and that hold their Class A Ordinary Shares and Warrants as capital assets (generally, property held for investment), and does not consider all aspects of U.S. federal income taxation that may be relevant to a holder of Class A Ordinary Shares and Warrants subject to special rules, including:

●

banks and other financial institutions;

●

brokers;

●

dealers or traders in securities, commodities or currencies;

●

S corporations, partnerships, or other entities or arrangements classified as partnerships for U.S. federal income tax purposes;

●

tax-exempt entities;

●

governments or agencies or instrumentalities thereof;

●

qualified foreign pension funds (and entities wholly owned by one or more qualified foreign pension funds);

●

insurance companies;

●

regulated investment companies;

●

real estate investment trusts;

●

U.S. expatriates and certain former or long-term residents of the United States;

●

holders other than U.S. Holders;

●

persons that (directly, indirectly, or constructively) own five percent or more of our shares (by vote or value);

●

persons that acquired Class A Ordinary Shares or Warrants pursuant to an exercise of employee share options, in connection with employee share incentive plans or otherwise as compensation or in connection with services;

●

persons that hold Class A Ordinary Shares or Warrants as part of a straddle, constructive sale, hedging, conversion or other integrated or similar transaction; and

●

U.S. Holders (as defined below) whose functional currency is not the U.S. dollar.

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Moreover, the discussion below is based upon the provisions of the Code, the Treasury Regulations promulgated thereunder and administrative and judicial interpretations thereof, all as of the date hereof. Those authorities may be repealed, revoked, modified or subject to differing interpretations, possibly on a retroactive basis, so as to result in U.S. federal income tax consequences different from those discussed below. Furthermore, this discussion does not address any aspect of U.S. federal non-income tax laws, gift or estate tax, or Medicare contribution tax laws, or state, local or non-U.S. tax laws.

We have not sought, and will not seek, a ruling from the IRS as to any U.S. federal income tax consequence described herein. The IRS may disagree with the discussion herein, and its determination may be upheld by a court. Moreover, there can be no assurance that future legislation, regulations, administrative rulings or court decisions will not adversely affect the accuracy of the statements in this discussion.

As used herein, the term “U.S. Holder” means a beneficial owner of Class A Ordinary Shares or Warrants that is for U.S. federal income tax purposes: (1) an individual who is a citizen or resident of the United States, (2) a corporation (or other entity treated as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes) that is created or organized (or treated as created or organized) in or under the laws of the United States, any state thereof or the District of Columbia, (3) an estate the income of which is subject to U.S. federal income taxation regardless of its source or (4) a trust if (i) a court within the United States is able to exercise primary supervision over the administration of the trust and one or more United States persons have the authority to control all substantial decisions of the trust, or (ii) it has in effect a valid election to be treated as a U.S. person.

This discussion does not consider the tax treatment of partnerships or other pass-through entities or persons who hold Class A Ordinary Shares or Warrants through such entities. If a partnership (or other entity or arrangement classified as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes) is the beneficial owner of Class A Ordinary Shares or Warrants, the U.S. federal income tax treatment of a partner in the partnership generally will depend on the status of the partner and the activities of the partner and the partnership. Partners of any partnership holding Class A Ordinary Shares or Warrants are urged to consult their tax advisors.

THIS DISCUSSION IS ONLY A SUMMARY OF CERTAIN MATERIAL U.S. FEDERAL INCOME TAX CONSIDERATIONS ASSOCIATED WITH THE OWNERSHIP AND DISPOSITION OF CLASS A ORDINARY SHARES AND WARRANTS. EACH HOLDER OF CLASS A ORDINARY SHARES AND WARRANT IS URGED TO CONSULT ITS TAX ADVISOR WITH RESPECT TO THE PARTICULAR TAX CONSEQUENCES TO SUCH HOLDER OF THE OWNERSHIP AND DISPOSITION OF CLASS A ORDINARY SHARES OR WARRANTS, INCLUDING THE APPLICABILITY AND EFFECT OF ANY STATE, LOCAL, AND NON-U.S. TAX LAWS.

Taxation of distributions

Subject to the PFIC rules discussed below, a U.S. Holder generally will be required to include in gross income as dividends the amount of any cash distribution (including the amount of any tax withheld) paid on Class A Ordinary Shares to the extent the distribution is paid out of our current or accumulated earnings and profits (as determined under U.S. federal income tax principles). Such dividends paid by us will be taxable to a corporate U.S. Holder at regular rates and will not be eligible for the dividends-received deduction generally allowed to domestic corporations in respect of dividends received from other domestic corporations. Distributions in excess of such earnings and profits generally will be applied against and reduce (but not below zero) the U.S. Holder’s basis in its Class A Ordinary Shares and, to the extent in excess of such basis, will be treated as gain from the sale or exchange of such Class A Ordinary Shares (see “—Gain or loss on sale or other taxable disposition of Class A Ordinary Shares” below). The amount of any dividend income paid in foreign currency will be the U.S. dollar amount calculated by reference to the exchange rate in effect on the date of actual or constructive receipt, regardless of whether the payment is in fact converted into U.S. dollars. If the dividend is converted into U.S. dollars on the date of receipt, a U.S. Holder should not be required to recognize foreign currency gain or loss in respect of the dividend income. A U.S. Holder may have foreign currency gain or loss if the dividend is converted into U.S. dollars after the date of receipt. Any foreign currency gain or loss will be treated as ordinary income or ordinary loss.

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For non-corporate U.S. Holders, subject to certain exceptions (including, but not limited to, dividends treated as investment income for purposes of the investment interest deduction limitations), dividends generally will be taxed at the lower rates applicable to long-term capital gains (see “—Gain or loss on sale or other taxable disposition of Class A Ordinary Shares or Warrants” below) only if the Class A Ordinary Shares are readily tradable on an established securities market in the United States, we are not treated as a PFIC at the time the dividend is paid or in the preceding taxable year and certain holding period requirements are met. Our Class A Ordinary Shares are listed on Nasdaq but there can be no assurance that our Class A Ordinary Shares will be considered readily tradeable in this regard. U.S. Holders should consult their tax advisors regarding the availability of such lower rate for any dividends paid with respect to the Class A Ordinary Shares.

For foreign tax credit limitation purposes, dividends will generally be treated as passive category income. In the event we are deemed to be a PRC resident enterprise under the EIT Law, a U.S. Holder may be subject to PRC withholding taxes on dividends paid, if any, on the Class A Ordinary Shares. A U.S. Holder may be eligible, subject to a number of complex limitations, to claim a foreign tax credit in respect of any foreign withholding taxes imposed on dividends received on the Class A Ordinary Shares. A U.S. Holder who does not elect to claim a foreign tax credit for foreign withheld may instead claim a deduction for U.S. federal income tax purposes in respect of such withholding, but only for a year in which such holder elects to do so for all creditable foreign income taxes. The rules governing foreign tax credits are complex and U.S. Holders should therefore consult their tax advisors regarding the effect of the receipt of dividends for foreign tax credit limitation purposes.

Gain or loss on sale or other taxable disposition of Class A Ordinary Shares or Warrants

Subject to the PFIC rules discussed below, a U.S. Holder generally will recognize capital gain or loss on the sale or other taxable disposition of Class A Ordinary Shares or Warrants. Any such capital gain or loss generally will be long-term capital gain or loss if the U.S. Holder’s holding period for such Class A Ordinary Shares or Warrants exceeds one year at the time of such sale or other taxable disposition.

The amount of gain or loss recognized on a sale or other taxable disposition generally will be equal to the difference between (i) the sum of the amount of cash and the fair market value of any property received in such disposition with respect to the Class A Ordinary Shares or Warrants and (ii) the U.S. Holder’s adjusted tax basis in such Class A Ordinary Shares or Warrants, respectively. Long-term capital gain recognized by a non-corporate U.S. Holder is generally eligible to be taxed at reduced rates. The deductibility of capital losses is subject to limitations.

In the event we are deemed to be a PRC resident enterprise under the EIT Law and gain from the disposition of the Class A Ordinary Shares or Warrants is subject to tax in PRC, a U.S. Holder that is eligible for the benefits of the United States-PRC income tax treaty may be able to elect to treat such gain as PRC-source gain for foreign tax credit purposes under the United States-PRC income tax treaty. If a U.S. Holder is not eligible for the benefits of the United States-PRC income tax treaty or fails to treat any such gain as PRC-source, then such U.S. Holder would generally not be able to use any foreign tax credit arising from any PRC tax imposed on the disposition of the Class A Ordinary Shares or Warrants unless such credit can be applied (subject to applicable limitations) against U.S. federal income tax due on other income derived from foreign sources in the same income category (generally, the passive category).

Exercise, lapse or redemption of Warrants

Subject to the PFIC rules discussed below and except as discussed below with respect to the cashless exercise of a Warrant, a U.S. Holder generally will not recognize gain or loss upon the acquisition of Class A Ordinary Shares on the exercise of a Warrant for cash. A U.S. Holder’s initial tax basis in Class A Ordinary Shares received upon exercise of the Warrant generally will equal the sum of the U.S. Holder’s initial tax basis in the Warrant and the exercise price. It is unclear whether a U.S. Holder’s holding period for the Class A Ordinary Shares will commence on the date of exercise of the Warrant or the day following the date of exercise of the Warrant; in either case, the holding period will not include the period during which the U.S. Holder held the Warrant. If a Warrant is allowed to lapse unexercised, a U.S. Holder generally will recognize a capital loss equal to its tax basis in the Warrant.

The tax consequences of a cashless exercise of a Warrant are not clear. A cashless exercise may not be taxable, either because the exercise is not a realization event or because the exercise is treated as a recapitalization for U.S. federal income tax purposes. In either situation, a U.S. Holder’s tax basis in the Class A Ordinary Shares received generally would equal the U.S. Holder’s tax basis in the Warrants surrendered. If the cashless exercise were not a realization event, it is unclear whether a U.S. Holder’s holding period for the Class A Ordinary Shares will commence on the date of exercise of the Warrants or the day following the date of exercise of the Warrants. If the cashless exercise were treated as a recapitalization, the holding period of the Class A Ordinary Shares would include the holding period of the Warrants.

It is also possible that a cashless exercise may be treated as a taxable exchange of a portion of the Warrants surrendered in which gain or loss would be recognized. In such event, a U.S. Holder may be deemed to have surrendered a number of Warrants having a value equal to the exercise price for the total number of Warrants to be exercised. Subject to the PFIC rules discussed below, the U.S. Holder would recognize capital gain or loss in an amount equal to the difference between the fair market value of the Warrants deemed surrendered and the U.S. Holder’s tax basis in such Warrants. In this case, a U.S. Holder’s tax basis in the Class A Ordinary Shares received would equal the sum of the U.S. Holder’s initial tax basis in the Warrants exercised and the exercise price of such Warrants. It is unclear whether a U.S. Holder’s holding period for the Class A Ordinary Shares would commence on the date of exercise of the Warrants or the day following the date of exercise of the Warrants.

Due to the absence of authority on the U.S. federal income tax treatment of a cashless exercise, there can be no assurance which of the alternative tax consequences and holding periods described above would be adopted by the IRS or a court of law. Accordingly, a U.S. Holder should consult its tax advisor regarding the tax consequences of a cashless exercise.

While not free from doubt, a redemption of Warrants for Class A Ordinary Shares should be treated as a “recapitalization” for U.S. federal income tax purposes. Accordingly, subject to the PFIC rules discussed below, a U.S. Holder should not recognize any gain or loss on the redemption of Warrants for Class A Ordinary Shares. In such event, a U.S. Holder’s aggregate tax basis in the Class A Ordinary Shares received in the redemption generally should equal the U.S. Holder’s aggregate tax basis in the Warrants redeemed and the holding period for the Class A Ordinary Shares should include the U.S. Holder’s holding period for the surrendered Warrants. However, there is some uncertainty regarding this tax treatment, and it is possible such a redemption could be treated in part as a taxable exchange in which gain or loss would be recognized in a manner similar to that discussed above for a cashless exercise of Warrants. Accordingly, a U.S. Holder is urged to consult its tax advisor regarding the tax consequences of a redemption of Warrants for Class A Ordinary Shares.

Subject to the PFIC rules described below, if Warrants are redeemed for cash or if Warrants are purchased in an open market transaction, such redemption or purchase generally will be treated as a taxable disposition to the U.S. Holder, taxed as described above in “Sale or other taxable disposition of Class A Ordinary Shares or Warrants.”

Passive foreign investment company rules

The treatment of U.S. Holders of Class A Ordinary Shares and Warrants could be materially different from that described above if we are or were treated as a passive foreign investment company (“PFIC”) for U.S. federal income tax purposes.

A non-U.S. corporation will be classified as a PFIC for U.S. federal income tax purposes if either (i) at least 75% of its gross income in a taxable year, including its pro rata share of the gross income of any corporation in which it is considered to own at least 25% of the shares by value, is passive income or (ii) at least 50% of its assets in a taxable year (ordinarily determined based on fair market value and averaged quarterly over the year), including its pro rata share of the assets of any corporation in which it is considered to own at least 25% of the shares by value, are held for the production of, or produce, passive income. Passive income generally includes dividends, interest, rents and royalties (other than rents or royalties derived from the active conduct of a trade or business) and gains from the disposition of passive assets.

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Although the law in this regard is unclear, we treat the VIEs as being owned by us for United States federal income tax purposes, not only because we exercise significant influence over the operation of such entities but also because we are entitled to substantially all of their economic benefits, and, as a result, we consolidate their results of operation in our financial statements. Assuming that we are the owner of the VIEs for United States federal income tax purposes and based upon our historical income and assets, we do not believe that we were classified as a PFIC for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2025. However, the application of the PFIC rules is subject to uncertainty in several respects, and there can be no assurances that the IRS will not take a contrary position or a court will not sustain such a challenge by the IRS.

Although the PFIC status will be determined annually, an initial determination that we (or any of our subsidiaries) are a PFIC will generally apply for subsequent years to a U.S. Holder who holds our securities while we (or any of our subsidiaries) are a PFIC, whether or not we (or such subsidiary) meet the test for PFIC status in subsequent years.

If we are determined to be a PFIC for any taxable year (or portion thereof) that is included in the holding period of a U.S. Holder of Class A Ordinary Shares or Warrants, and, in the case of Class A Ordinary Shares, the U.S. Holder did not make an applicable PFIC election (described below), such U.S. Holder generally would be subject to special and adverse rules with respect to (i) any gain recognized by the U.S. Holder on the sale or other disposition of its Class A Ordinary Shares and (ii) any “excess distribution” made to the U.S. Holder (generally, any distributions to such U.S. Holder during a taxable year of the U.S. Holder that are greater than 125% of the average annual distributions received by such U.S. Holder in respect of the Class A Ordinary Shares during the three preceding taxable years of such U.S. Holder or, if shorter, such U.S. Holder’s holding period for the Class A Ordinary Shares).

Under these rules:

●

the U.S. Holder’s gain or excess distribution will be allocated ratably over the U.S. Holder’s holding period for the Class A Ordinary Shares (including any portion of such holding period prior to the Business Combination);

●

the amount allocated to the U.S. Holder’s taxable year in which the U.S. Holder recognized the gain or received the excess distribution, or to the period in the U.S. Holder’s holding period before the first day of our first taxable year in which we were a PFIC, will be taxed as ordinary income;

●

the amount allocated to other taxable years (or portions thereof) of the U.S. Holder and included in its holding period will be taxed at the highest tax rate in effect for that year and applicable to the U.S. Holder; and

●

an additional tax equal to the interest charge generally applicable to underpayments of tax will be imposed on the U.S. Holder with respect to the tax attributable to each such other taxable year of the U.S. Holder.

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PFIC elections

In general, if we are determined to be a PFIC, a U.S. Holder may avoid the adverse PFIC tax consequences described above in respect of the Class A Ordinary Shares by making and maintaining a timely and valid qualified electing fund (“QEF”) election (if eligible to do so) to include in income its pro rata share of our net capital gains (as long-term capital gain) and other earnings and profits (as ordinary income), on a current basis, in each case whether or not distributed, in the taxable year of the U.S. Holder in which or with which our taxable year ends. A U.S. Holder generally may make a separate election to defer the payment of taxes on undistributed income inclusions under the QEF rules, but if deferred, any such taxes will be subject to an interest charge.

The QEF election is made on a shareholder-by-shareholder basis and, once made, can be revoked only with the consent of the IRS. A U.S. Holder generally makes a QEF election by attaching a completed IRS Form 8621 (Information Return by a Shareholder of a Passive Foreign Investment Company or Qualified Electing Fund), including the information provided in a PFIC Annual Information Statement, to a timely filed U.S. federal income tax return for the tax year to which the election relates. Retroactive QEF elections generally may be made only by filing a protective statement with such return and if certain other conditions are met or with the consent of the IRS. U.S. Holders should consult their tax advisors regarding the availability and tax consequences of a retroactive QEF election under their particular circumstances.

In order to comply with the requirements of a QEF election, a U.S. Holder must receive a PFIC Annual Information Statement from us. However, we do not intend to provide a PFIC Annual Information Statement, which will preclude U.S. Holders from making or maintaining a QEF election.

If a U.S. Holder has made a QEF election with respect to Class A Ordinary Shares, and the excess distribution rules discussed above do not apply to such shares (because of a timely QEF election or a purge of the PFIC taint pursuant to a purging election, as described above), any gain recognized on the sale of the Class A Ordinary Shares generally will be taxable as capital gain and no additional tax charge will be imposed under the PFIC rules. As discussed above, if we are a PFIC for any taxable year, a U.S. Holder of Class A Ordinary Shares that has made a QEF election will be currently taxed on its pro rata share of our earnings and profits, whether or not distributed for such year. A subsequent distribution of such earnings and profits that were previously included in income generally should not be taxable when distributed to such U.S. Holder. The tax basis of a U.S. Holder’s shares in an entity for which a QEF election has been made will be increased by amounts that are included in income, and decreased by amounts distributed but not taxed as dividends, under the above rules. In addition, if we are not a PFIC for any taxable year, such U.S. Holder will not be subject to the QEF inclusion regime with respect to the Class A Ordinary Shares for such taxable year.

Alternatively, if we are a PFIC and the Class A Ordinary Shares constitute “marketable stock,” a U.S. Holder may avoid the adverse PFIC tax consequences discussed above if such U.S. Holder, at the close of the first taxable year in which we are a PFIC and it holds (or is deemed to hold) the Class A Ordinary Shares, makes a mark-to-market election with respect to such shares for such taxable year. Such U.S. Holder generally will include for each of its taxable years as ordinary income the excess, if any, of the fair market value of its Class A Ordinary Shares at the end of such year over its adjusted basis in its Class A Ordinary Shares. The U.S. Holder also will recognize an ordinary loss in respect of the excess, if any, of its adjusted basis of its Class A Ordinary Shares over the fair market value of its Class A Ordinary Shares at the end of its taxable year (but only to the extent of the net amount of previously included income as a result of the mark-to-market election). The U.S. Holder’s basis in its Class A Ordinary Shares will be adjusted to reflect any such income or loss amounts, and any further gain recognized on a sale or other taxable disposition of its Class A Ordinary Shares will be treated as ordinary income.

The mark-to-market election is available only for “marketable stock,” generally, stock that is regularly traded on a national securities exchange that is registered with the SEC, including Nasdaq (on which the Class A Ordinary Shares will be listed), or on a foreign exchange or market that the IRS determines has rules sufficient to ensure that the market price represents a legitimate and sound fair market value. U.S. Holders should consult their tax advisors regarding the availability and tax consequences of a mark-to-market election with respect to the Class A Ordinary Shares under their particular circumstances.

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If we are a PFIC and, at any time, has a foreign subsidiary that is also classified as a PFIC, U.S. Holders generally would be deemed to own a portion of the shares of such lower-tier PFIC, and generally could incur liability for the deferred tax and interest charge described above if we receive a distribution from, or dispose of all or part of our interest in, the lower-tier PFIC or the U.S. Holders otherwise were deemed to have disposed of an interest in the lower-tier PFIC. A mark-to-market election generally would not be available with respect to such lower-tier PFIC. U.S. Holders are urged to consult their tax advisors regarding the tax issues raised by lower-tier PFICs.

A U.S. Holder that owns (or is deemed to own) shares in a PFIC during any taxable year of the U.S. Holder, may have to file an IRS Form 8621 (whether or not a QEF or mark-to-market election is made) and such other information as may be required by the U.S. Treasury Department.

The rules dealing with PFICs and with the QEF and mark-to-market elections are very complex and are affected by various factors in addition to those described above. Accordingly, U.S. Holders of the Class A Ordinary Shares should consult their tax advisors concerning the application of the PFIC rules to Class A Ordinary Shares under their particular circumstances.

Backup Withholding and Tax Reporting

In general, information reporting requirements will apply to dividends received by U.S. Holders of Class A Ordinary Shares (including constructive dividends), and the proceeds received on the disposition of Class A Ordinary Shares effected within the United States (and, in certain cases, outside the United States), in each case, other than U.S. Holders that are exempt recipients (such as certain corporations). Backup withholding (currently at a rate of 24%) may apply to such amounts if the U.S. Holder fails to provide an accurate taxpayer identification number (generally on an IRS Form W-9 provided to the paying agent or the U.S. Holder’s broker) or is otherwise subject to backup withholding.

Backup withholding is not an additional tax. Any amounts withheld under the backup withholding rules may be allowed as a refund or credit against a holder’s U.S. federal income tax liability, if any, provided the required information is timely furnished to the IRS.

F. Dividends and Paying Agents

Not applicable.

G. Statement by Experts

Not applicable.

H. Documents on Display

We are subject to certain of the informational filing requirements of the Exchange Act. Since we are a “foreign private issuer,” we are exempt from the rules and regulations under the Exchange Act prescribing the furnishing and content of proxy statements, and our officers, directors and principal shareholders are exempt from the reporting and “short-swing” profit recovery provisions contained in Section 16 of the Exchange Act, with respect to their purchase and sale of our shares. In addition, we are not required to file reports and financial statements with the SEC as frequently or as promptly as U.S. companies whose securities are registered under the Exchange Act. However, we are required to file with the SEC an annual report on Form 20-F containing financial statements audited by an independent accounting firm. We may, but are not required, to furnish to the SEC, on Form 6-K, unaudited financial information after each of our first three fiscal quarters. The SEC also maintains a website at http://www.sec.gov that contains reports and other information that we file with or furnish electronically with the SEC. You may read and copy any report or document we file, including the exhibits, at the SEC’s public reference room located at 100 F Street, N.E., Washington, D.C. 20549. Please call the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330 for further information on the public reference room.

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I. Subsidiary Information

Not applicable.

J. Annual Reports to Security Holders

Not applicable.

ITEM 11. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

Foreign Exchange Risk

Substantially all of our revenues and costs are denominated in Renminbi. As of December 31, 2024 and 2025, our cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash denominated in RMB were RMB53.2 million and RMB82.7 million, accounting for 43.4% and 48.5% of our total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, respectively. We do not believe that we currently have any significant direct foreign exchange risk and have not hedged exposures denominated in foreign currencies or any other derivative financial instruments. Although our exposure to foreign exchange risks is limited, the value of your investment in the Class A Ordinary Shares will be affected by the foreign exchange rate between U.S. dollars and Renminbi because the value of our business is effectively denominated in Renminbi, while the Class A Ordinary Shares will trade in U.S. dollars.

The value of Renminbi against U.S. dollars is subject to changes by the central government policies and to international economic and political developments, among other things. On July 21, 2005, the PRC government changed its policy of pegging the value of Renminbi to U.S. dollars. Since October 1, 2016, the Renminbi has joined the International Monetary Fund’s basket of currencies that make up the Special Drawing Right, along with the U.S. dollar, the Euro, the Japanese yen and the British pound. With the development of the foreign exchange market and progress towards interest rate liberalization and Renminbi internationalization, the PRC government may in the future announce further changes to the exchange rate system. It is difficult to predict how market forces and government policies may impact the exchange rate between the U.S. dollars and Renminbi in the future. Since June 2010, the RMB has fluctuated against the US dollar, at times significantly and unpredictably. For instance, while appreciating approximately by 1% against the U.S. dollar in 2019, the Renminbi in 2020 and 2021 depreciated approximately by 6.3% and 2.3%, respectively, against the U.S. dollar. In August 2019, Renminbi once plunged to the weakest level against the U.S. dollar in more than a decade, which raised fears of further escalation in the Sino-US trade friction as the United States labeled China as a currency manipulator after such sharp depreciation. Since mid-2022, Renminbi has depreciated against the U.S. dollar under the joint impact of multiple factors, such as the tightening monetary policies of the United States. There is also no assurance that the Renminbi will not appreciate or depreciate significantly against the U.S. dollars in the future.

It remains unclear what fluctuations may occur in the future. With the development of the foreign exchange market and progress towards interest rate liberalization and Renminbi internationalization, the PRC government may in the future announce further changes to the exchange rate system, and the Renminbi may appreciate or depreciate significantly against the U.S. dollar in the future.

If we need to convert the U.S. dollars for our operations, appreciation of the Renminbi against the U.S. dollar would adversely affect the Renminbi amount we receive from the conversion. Conversely, if we were to convert Renminbi generated from our operations into U.S. dollars to pay dividends on the Ordinary Shares or for other purposes, appreciation of the Renminbi against the U.S. dollar would increase the U.S. dollar amount we receive from the conversion.

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Credit Risk

Our exposure to credit risk primarily arises from cash and cash equivalents and accounts receivable.

Financial instruments that potentially subject us to the concentration of credit risk consist of cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash and accounts receivable. As of December 31, 2024 and 2025, our cash and cash equivalents, and restricted cash were typically unsecured and highly concentrated in a few major financial institutions located in China, which management consider being of high credit quality and continually monitors the creditworthiness of these financial institutions.

Accounts receivables are typically unsecured and arise primarily from revenue earned from our insurance transaction service business. We manage the related credit risks by evaluating the creditworthiness of our insurance carrier partners and certain insurance intermediaries and closely monitoring the outstanding balances of receivables due from them.

Interest Rate Risk

Our exposure to interest rate risk primarily relates to the interest income generated from bank deposits, and interest expense generated from borrowings. We have not been exposed to material risks due to changes in market interest rates, and we have not used derivative financial instruments to manage our interest risk exposure. However, our future interest income may fall short of expectations or our interest expense may increase, and we could be exposed to material risks due to changes in market interest rates.

We may invest in interest-earning instruments. Investments in both fixed rate and floating rate interest earning instruments carry a degree of interest rate risk. The fair market value of fixed-rate securities may decrease due to a rise in interest rates, while floating rate securities may produce less income than expected if interest rates fall.

ITEM 12. DESCRIPTION OF SECURITIES OTHER THAN EQUITY SECURITIES

A. Debt Securities

Not applicable.

B. Warrants and Rights

Not applicable.

C. Other Securities

Not applicable.

D. American Depositary Shares

Not applicable.

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PART II

ITEM 13. DEFAULTS, DIVIDEND ARREARAGES AND DELINQUENCIES

None.

ITEM 14. MATERIAL MODIFICATIONS TO THE RIGHTS OF SECURITY HOLDERS AND USE OF PROCEEDS

None.

ITEM 15. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

A. Disclosure Controls and Procedures

As required by Rule 13a-15 under the Exchange Act, our management, including our chief executive officer and chief financial officer, has evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as of the end of the period covered by this annual report. Based on the material weaknesses described below, our chief executive officer and chief financial officer have concluded that, as of December 31, 2025, our disclosure controls and procedures were not effective. Disclosure controls and procedures refer to controls and other procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in the reports we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the rules and forms of the SEC. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitations, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in our reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to management, including our principal executive and principal financial officers, or persons performing similar functions, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding our required disclosures. Notwithstanding the identified material weaknesses, our chief executive officer and chief financial officer have concluded that the consolidated financial statements included in this annual report on Form 20-F fairly present, in all material respects, our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows for the periods presented.

Internal Control over Financial Reporting

In connection with the audit of our consolidated financial statements for the years ended December 31 2023, 2024 and 2025, we and our independent registered public accounting firms identified two material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting. As defined in the standards established by the PCAOB, a “material weakness” is a deficiency, or combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of the annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis.

Remediation Plan

To remediate our material weaknesses, we have begun to, and will continue to (1) hire additional competent accounting staff with appropriate knowledge and experience of U.S. GAAP and SEC financial reporting requirements and strengthen period-end financial reporting controls and procedures; (2) establish an ongoing program to provide sufficient and appropriate training for financial reporting and accounting personnel, especially training related to U.S. GAAP and SEC financial reporting requirements; and (3) assign clear roles and responsibilities for accounting and financial reporting staff to address accounting and financial reporting issues.

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However, we cannot assure that we will remediate our material weaknesses in a timely manner, or at all. See “Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Securities—If we fail to implement and maintain effective internal controls to remediate the material weaknesses over financial reporting, we may be unable to accurately report our results of operations, meet our reporting obligations or prevent fraud, and investor confidence and the market price of the Class A Ordinary Shares may be materially adversely affected.”

B. Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting

Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. Our internal control system was designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation and fair presentation of its published consolidated financial statements. All internal control systems, no matter how well designed, have inherent limitations. Therefore, even those systems determined to be effective may not prevent or detect misstatements and can provide only reasonable assurance with respect to financial statement preparation and presentation. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

As required by Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and related rules promulgated by the SEC, our management assessed the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2025, using the criteria established within the Internal Control—Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). Based on this assessment, our management has concluded that, as of December 31, 2025, our internal control over financial reporting was not effective due to the material weaknesses as described above.

Notwithstanding the material weaknesses described herein, we believe that our consolidated financial statements for the periods covered by and included in this annual report are prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“GAAP”) and fairly present, in all material respects, our financial position, results of operations and cash flows for each of the periods presented herein.

C. Attestation Report of the Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

Since we qualified as an “emerging growth company” as defined under the JOBS Act as of December 31, 2025, this annual report on Form 20-F does not include an attestation report of our independent registered public accounting firm.

D. Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting during the period covered by this annual report on Form 20-F that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

ITEM 16. RESERVED

None.

ITEM 16A. AUDIT COMMITTEE FINANCIAL EXPERT

Our board of directors has determined that Mr. Shengwen Rong qualifies as an “audit committee financial expert” within the meaning of the SEC rules, and that he meets the independence standards under Rule 10A-3 under the Exchange Act and the Nasdaq Stock Market Rules.

ITEM 16B. CODE OF ETHICS

Our board of directors has adopted a code of business conduct and ethics that applies to all of our directors, officers and employees. We have filed our code of business conduct and ethics as Exhibit 99.2 to our registration statement on Form F-4 (Reg. No. 333-273400), initially filed with the SEC on July 24, 2023, and posted a copy of our code of business conduct and ethics on our website at ir.chechegroup.com.

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ITEM 16C. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES

The following table sets forth the aggregate fees by categories specified below in connection with certain professional services rendered by PricewaterhouseCoopers Zhong Tian LLP and Marcum Asia CPAs LLP, our independent registered public accounting firms, for the years indicated. Save as disclosed below, we did not pay any other fees to our independent registered public accounting firm during the periods indicated below.

	2023		2024		2025
	RMB		RMB		RMB
	(in thousands)
Audit fees (1)		7,000		6,200		2,643
Tax fees (2)		-		26		-

*	(1) Audit fees represent the aggregate fees billed for each of the fiscal years listed for professional services rendered by our principal auditor for the audit of our annual consolidated financial statements, and audit services that are normally provided by the principal audit in connection with regulatory filings or engagements for those fiscal years.

	(2) Tax fees represent the aggregate fees incurred in each of the fiscal years listed for the professional tax services rendered by our principal auditors.

Our audit committee is responsible for pre-approving all audit and non-audit services provided by our independent registered public accounting firm.

ITEM 16D. EXEMPTIONS FROM THE LISTING STANDARDS FOR AUDIT COMMITTEES

Not applicable.

ITEM 16E. PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES BY THE ISSUER AND AFFILIATED PURCHASERS

None.

ITEM 16F. CHANGE IN REGISTRANT’S CERTIFYING ACCOUNTANT

On July 18, 2025, upon the approval of the Board and the Audit Committee, we dismissed PricewaterhouseCoopers Zhong Tian LLP (“PwC ZT”) as our independent registered public accounting firm and appointed Marcum Asia CPAs LLP (“Marcum Asia”), effective on the same date, for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2025.

PwC ZT’s audit reports on the consolidated financial statements for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 did not contain any adverse opinion or disclaimer of opinion, and were not qualified or modified as to uncertainty, audit scope, or accounting principles.

During the fiscal years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, and the subsequent interim period through July 18, 2025, there were no “disagreements” (as defined in Item 16F(a)(1)(iv) of Form 20-F) with PwC ZT on any matter of accounting principles or practices, financial statement disclosure, or auditing scope or procedure. There were no “reportable events” (as defined in Item 16F(a)(1)(v)(A)-(D) of Form 20-F), except for the material weaknesses in internal control over financial reporting, including (i) insufficient accounting personnel with requisite knowledge of U.S. GAAP for certain equity transactions, leases, and expected credit losses, and (ii) lack of formal financial closing policies and effective controls over period-end closing procedures and preparation and review of the consolidated financial statements. The Audit Committee discussed these material weaknesses with PwC ZT, and we authorized PwC ZT to respond fully to Marcum Asia’s inquiries concerning such matters.

We provided PwC ZT with a copy of the disclosures made herein and requested that PwC ZT furnish a letter to the SEC stating whether it agrees with the above statements. A copy of PwC ZT’s letter, dated July 18, 2025, is filed as Exhibit 15.4 to this annual report.

During the fiscal years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 and the subsequent interim period through July 18, 2025, neither we, nor anyone on behalf of us, has consulted Marcum Asia regarding either (i) the application of accounting principles to a specified transaction, either completed or proposed, or the type of audit opinion that might be rendered on our financial statements, or (ii) any matter that was the subject of a “disagreement” or a “reportable event” (as defined in Item 16F of Form 20-F). Marcum Asia is aware of the material weaknesses described above and understands it is a reportable event. For details, see the current report on Form 6-K furnished with the SEC on July 18, 2025.

ITEM 16G. CORPORATE GOVERNANCE

As a Cayman Islands company listed on Nasdaq, we are subject to the Nasdaq corporate governance listing standards. However, the Nasdaq Stock Market Rules permit a foreign private issuer like us to follow the corporate governance practices of its home country. Certain corporate governance practices in the Cayman Islands, which is our home country, differ significantly from requirements for companies incorporated in other jurisdictions such as the United States. To the extent that we choose to follow home country practice with respect to corporate governance matters, our shareholders may be afforded less protection than they otherwise would under rules and regulations applicable to U.S. domestic issuers. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Ownership of Our Ordinary Shares—As a company incorporated in the Cayman Islands, we are permitted to adopt certain home country practices in relation to corporate governance matters that differ significantly from the Nasdaq Stock Market corporate governance listing standards; these practices may afford less protection to shareholders than they would enjoy if we complied fully with the Nasdaq Stock Market corporate governance listing standards.”

ITEM 16H. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURE

Not applicable.

ITEM 16I. DISCLOSURE REGARDING FOREIGN JURISDICTIONS THAT PREVENT INSPECTIONS

Not applicable.

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ITEM 16J. INSIDER TRADING POLICIES

We have adopted insider trading policies and procedures governing the purchase, sale and other dispositions of our securities by directors, senior management and employees to promote compliance with applicable insider trading laws, rules and regulations. These insider trading policies and procedures are filed as Exhibit 11.2 to this annual report on Form 20-F.

ITEM 16K. CYBERSECURITY

Cybersecurity Risk Management and Strategy

To maintain a consistently high level of service experience for our customers, preserve the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of our information systems, safeguard our assets, data, intellectual property, and network infrastructure, while meeting regulatory requirements, it is crucial for us to effectively manage cybersecurity risks. To achieve this, we have implemented a comprehensive cybersecurity risk management framework, which is integrated in our overall enterprise risk management system and processes and is internally managed.

Our chief technology officer and staff under his supervision are tasked with assessing, identifying and managing risks related to cybersecurity threats. Their responsibilities primarily include:

●

risk assessments designed to help identify material cybersecurity risks to our critical systems, information, products, services, and our broader enterprise IT environment;

●

development of risk-based action plans to manage identified vulnerabilities and implementation of new protocols and infrastructure improvements;

●

cybersecurity incident investigations;

●

monitoring threats to sensitive data and unauthorized access to our systems;

●

secure access control measures applied to critical IT systems, equipment and devices, designed to prevent unauthorized users, processes, and devices from assessing IT systems and data;

●

developing and executing protocols to ensure that information regarding cybersecurity incidents is promptly shared with the board of directors, as appropriate, to allow for risk and materiality assessments and to consider disclosure and notice requirements; and

●

developing and implementing training on cybersecurity, information security and threat awareness.

There were no cybersecurity incidents during the year ended December 31, 2025 that resulted in an interruption to our operations, known losses of any critical data or otherwise had a material impact on our strategy, financial condition or results of operations. However, the scope and impact of any future incident cannot be predicted. See “Item 3. Key Information—D. Risk Factors” for more information on how material cybersecurity attacks may impact our business.

Governance

Our board of directors acknowledges the significance of robust cybersecurity management programs and actively participates in overseeing and reviewing our cybersecurity risk profile and exposures.

The board of directors receives reports on cybersecurity risks, including recent legislative developments and evolving standards on cybersecurity, key issues, priorities and challenges in our cybersecurity management, and relevant data or metrics. The board of directors also receives prompt and timely information regarding any significant cybersecurity incidents, as well as ongoing updates regarding any such incidents. Furthermore, in the event of any significant updates or adjustments to our cybersecurity related policies, the chief technology officer will present them to the board of directors for their review and approval.

Our chief technology officer leads the overall assessment, identification and management of risks related to cybersecurity threats. He works collaboratively within our Company and receives regular briefings on cybersecurity matters, such as report on cybersecurity incidents and responses and remedial measures. Our chief technology officer and staff under his supervision are responsible for the daily management of our cybersecurity efforts. This includes updates and refinement of cybersecurity policies, execution and management of cybersecurity measures, and the preparation of regular reports on cybersecurity execution. Their primary focus is to consistently update our cybersecurity programs and mitigation strategies, ensuring they align with industry best practices and procedures.

168

PART III

ITEM 17. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

See Item 18.

ITEM 18. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Our consolidated financial statements are included at the end of this annual report.

ITEM 19. EXHIBT

Exhibit Number		Description

1.1		Amended and Restated Memorandum and Articles of Association of Cheche Group Inc., as currently in effect (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 1.1 to the Shell Company Report on Form 20-F (Reg. No. 001-41801) filed with the SEC on September 27, 2023).

2.1		Description of Securities (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to the annual report on Form 20-F filed by the Registrant with the Securities and Exchange Commission on April 29, 2024)

2.2		Specimen Class A Ordinary Share Certificate of Cheche Group Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.5 to the Registration Statement on Form F-4 (Reg. No. 333-273400), initially filed with the SEC on July 24, 2023).

2.3		Specimen Class B Ordinary Share Certificate of Cheche Group Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.6 to the Registration Statement on Form F-4 (Reg. No. 333-273400), initially filed with the SEC on July 24, 2023).

2.4		Specimen Warrant Certificate of Cheche Group Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.7 to the Registration Statement on Form F-4 (Reg. No. 333-273400), initially filed with the SEC on July 24, 2023).

2.5		Warrant Assignment Agreement dated August 7, 2023 by and among Cheche Group Inc, Prime Impact and Continental Stock Transfer & Trust Company (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.8 to the Registration Statement on Form F-4 (Reg. No. 333-273400), initially filed with the SEC on July 24, 2023).

4.1***		Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated as of January 29, 2023, by and among Cheche Technology Inc., Cheche Group Inc., Cheche Merger Sub Inc. and Prime Impact Acquisition I. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to the Registration Statement on Form F-4 (Reg. No. 333-273400), initially filed with the SEC on July 24, 2023).

4.2		Form of A&R Registration Rights Agreement by and among Cheche Group Inc., Prime Impact Cayman LLC and certain other parties named therein (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.13 to the Registration Statement on Form F-4 (Reg. No. 333-273400), initially filed with the SEC on July 24, 2023).

4.3		Form of Subscription Agreement dated September 11, 2023 by and among Cheche Group Inc., Prime Impact Acquisition I and certain investor named therein (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.3 to the Shell Company Report on Form 20-F (Reg. No. 001-41801) filed with the SEC on September 27, 2023).

4.4		Form of Backstop Agreement dated September 11, 2023 by and among Cheche Group Inc., Prime Impact Acquisition I and certain investor named therein (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.4 to the Shell Company Report on Form 20-F (Reg. No. 001-41801) filed with the SEC on September 27, 2023).

4.5		Form of Sponsor Subscription Agreement dated September 14, 2023, by and among Cheche Group Inc., Prime Impact Acquisition I and Prime Impact Cayman LLC (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.5 to the Shell Company Report on Form 20-F (Reg. No. 001-41801) filed with the SEC on September 27, 2023).

4.6		2023 Equity Incentive Plan(incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.15 to the Registration Statement on Form F-4 (Reg. No. 333-273400), initially filed with the SEC on July 24, 2023).

4.7		English translation of the executed form Spousal Consent granted by the spouse of the individual shareholder of Beijing Cheche Technology Co., Ltd. and a schedule of all executed spousal undertaking adopting the same form. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.6 to the Registration Statement on Form F-4 (Reg. No. 333-273400), initially filed with the SEC on July 24, 2023).

4.8		English translation of Equity Interest Pledge Agreements among Cheche Technology (Ningbo) Co., Ltd., Beijing Cheche Technology Co., Ltd. and shareholders of Beijing Cheche Technology Co., Ltd. dated June 18, 2021 and November 14, 2022, respectively (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.7 to the Registration Statement on Form F-4 (Reg. No. 333-273400), initially filed with the SEC on July 24, 2023).

4.9		English translation of the executed form Power of Attorney by shareholders of Beijing Cheche Technology Co., Ltd. and a schedule of all executed power of attorney adopting the same form (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.8 to the Registration Statement on Form F-4 (Reg. No. 333-273400), initially filed with the SEC on July 24, 2023).

4.10		English translation of Exclusive Business Cooperation Agreement between Cheche Technology (Ningbo) Co., Ltd. and Beijing Cheche Technology Co., Ltd. dated November 22, 2018. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.9 to the Registration Statement on Form F-4 (Reg. No. 333-273400), initially filed with the SEC on July 24, 2023).

169

4.11		English translation of Exclusive Option Agreements among Cheche Technology Inc., Cheche Technology (Ningbo) Co., Ltd., Beijing Cheche Technology Co., Ltd. and shareholders of Beijing Cheche Technology Co., Ltd. dated June 18, 2021 and November 14, 2022, respectively (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.10 to the Registration Statement on Form F-4 (Reg. No. 333-273400), initially filed with the SEC on July 24, 2023).

4.12		Form of Shareholder Support Agreement, by and among certain shareholders of Cheche Technology Inc, Cheche Technology Inc., Cheche Group Inc. and Prime Impact Acquisition I (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of Prime Impact’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on January 30, 2023).

4.13		Sponsor Support Agreement, dated as of January 29, 2023, by and among certain shareholders of Prime Impact, Cheche Technology Inc, Cheche Group Inc. and Prime Impact Acquisition I (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of Prime Impact’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on January 30, 2023).

4.14		Amendment to the Sponsor Support Agreement dated as of September 14, 2023 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.14 to the Shell Company Report on Form 20-F (Reg. No. 001-41801) filed with the SEC on September 27, 2023).

4.15		Form of Director Indemnification Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.14 to the Registration Statement on Form F-4 (Reg. No. 333-273400), initially filed with the SEC on July 24, 2023).

4.16		Form of Irrevocable Waiver (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.16 to the Shell Company Report on Form 20-F (Reg. No. 001-41801) filed with the SEC on September 27, 2023).

4.17		Letter Agreement dated as of September 13, 2023, by and among Prime Impact Acquisition I, Cheche Technology Inc., and Cheche Group Inc., among others. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.17 to the Shell Company Report on Form 20-F (Reg. No. 001-41801) filed with the SEC on September 27, 2023).

8.1		List of subsidiaries. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 8.1 to the Shell Company Report on Form 20-F (Reg. No. 001-41801) filed with the SEC on September 27, 2023).

10.1		2023 Equity Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registration Statement on Form S-8 (Reg. No. 333-275739), initially filed with the SEC on November 24, 2023).

10.2		2019 Equity Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Registration Statement on Form S-8 (Reg. No. 333-275739), initially filed with the SEC on November 24, 2023).

11.1		Code of Business Conduct and Ethics (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 11.1 to the annual report on Form 20-F filed by the Registrant with the Securities and Exchange Commission on April 29, 2024)

11.2*		Statement of Policies Governing Material Non-public Information and the Prevention of Insider Trading of the Registrant

12.1*		Certification of the Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

12.2*		Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

13.1**		Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

13.2**		Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

15.1*		Consent of PricewaterhouseCoopers Zhong Tian LLP

15.2*		Consent of Marcum Asia CPAs LLP

15.3*		Consent of Han Kun Law Offices

15.4		Letter of PricewaterhouseCoopers Zhong Tian LLP to the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission dated July 18, 2025 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 16.1 to the Current Report on Form 6-K furnished by the Registrant with the SEC on July 18, 2025).

97.1		Cheche Group Inc. Compensation Recovery Policy (incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 97.1 to the annual report on Form 20-F filed by the Registrant with the Securities and Exchange Commission on April 29, 2024)

101.INS		Inline XBRL Instance Document

101.SCH		Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document.

101.CAL		Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document.

101.DEF		Inline XBRL Taxonomy Definition Linkbase Document.

101.LAB		Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document.

101.PRE		Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document

104*		Inline XBRL for the cover page of this Annual Report on Form 20-F(embedded within the Inline XBRL document)

*	Filed herewith.
**	Furnished herewith.
***	All schedules have been omitted pursuant to Item 601(a)(5) of Regulation S-K. A copy of any omitted schedule and/or exhibit will be furnished to the SEC upon request.

170

SIGNATURES

The registrant hereby certifies that it meets all of the requirements for filing on Form 20-F and that it has duly caused and authorized the undersigned to sign this annual report on its behalf.

	Cheche Group Inc.

Date: April 27, 2026	By:	/s/ Lei Zhang
	Name:	Lei Zhang
	Title:	Director, Chief Executive Officer

171

CHECHE GROUP INC.

INDEX TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

	Page
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID: 5395)	F-2
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID: 1424)	F-3
Consolidated Balance Sheets as at December 31, 2024 and 2025	F-4
Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025	F-6
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ (Deficit)/Equity for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025	F-7
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025	F-8
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements	F-11

F-1

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the Shareholders and Board of Directors of

Cheche Group Inc.

Opinion on the Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Cheche Group Inc. (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2025, the related consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss, changes in shareholders’ equity and cash flows for the year ended December 31, 2025, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “financial statements”). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2025, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for the year ended December 31, 2025, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

Basis for Opinion

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audit we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.

Our audit included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audit also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

/s/ Marcum Asia CPAs LLP

Marcum Asia CPAs LLP

We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2025.

New York, New York

April 27, 2026

NEW YORK OFFICE ● 7 Penn Plaza ● Suite 830 ● New York, New York ● 10001

Phone 646.442.4845 ● Fax 646.349.5200 ● www.marcumasia.cn

F-2

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the Board of Directors and Shareholders of Cheche Group Inc.

Opinion on the Financial Statements

We have audited the consolidated balance sheet of Cheche Group Inc. and its subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2024, and the related consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss, of changes in shareholders’ (deficit)/equity and of cash flows for each of the two years in the period ended December 31, 2024, including the related notes (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2024, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the two years in the period ended December 31, 2024 in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

Basis for Opinion

These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits of these consolidated financial statements in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud.

Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

/s/ PricewaterhouseCoopers Zhong Tian LLP

Beijing, the People’s Republic of China

April 18, 2025

We served as the Company’s auditor from 2021 to 2025.

F-3

CHECHE GROUP INC.

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(All amounts in thousands, except for share and per share data)

	Note	As of December 31, 2024		As of December 31, 2025
			RMB		RMB
ASSETS
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents			117,472		144,511
Restricted cash			-		5,000
Short-term investments			35,423		226
Accounts receivable, net	4		982,479		1,145,752
Prepayments and other current assets	5		45,436		60,059
Total current assets			1,180,810		1,355,548
Non-current assets:
Restricted cash			5,000		21,086
Property, equipment and leasehold improvement, net	6		1,368		831
Intangible assets, net	7		5,950		3,850
Right-of-use assets	9		5,653		6,453
Goodwill	8		84,609		84,609
Other non-current assets			4,530		2,477
Total non-current assets			107,110		119,306
TOTAL ASSETS			1,287,920		1,474,854
LIABILITIES
Current liabilities
Accounts payable			725,815		842,728
Short-term borrowings	10		30,000		80,500
Contract liabilities	2 o)		1,781		1,044
Salary and welfare benefits payable			80,377		83,686
Tax payable	12		12,011		22,657
Amounts due to related party	21		-		50,626
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities	13		25,248		19,206
Short-term lease liabilities	9		3,037		4,727
Total current liabilities			878,269		1,105,174
Non-current liabilities
Deferred tax liabilities	11		1,488		963
Long-term lease liabilities	9		2,137		801
Long-term borrowings	10		-		9,800
Amounts due to related party	21		45,811		-
Deferred revenue	2 t)		1,432		1,432
Warrant	22		3,032		1,512
Total non-current liabilities			53,900		14,508
TOTAL LIABILITIES			932,169		1,119,682
Commitments and contingencies (Note 20)			-		-

F-4

CHECHE GROUP INC.

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (CONTINUED)

(All amounts in thousands, except for share and per share data)

	Note	As of December 31, 2024			As of December 31, 2025
			RMB			RMB

SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY:
Ordinary shares (US$ 0.00001 par value, 5,000,000,000 and 5,000,000,000 shares (4,000,000,000 Class A ordinary shares and 1,000,000,000 Class B ordinary shares) authorized as of December 31, 2024 and 2025, respectively; 80,321,873 and 83,020,061 shares (64,423,557 Class A ordinary shares and 18,596,504 Class B ordinary shares) issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2024 and 2025, respectively)*			6			6
Treasury stock*			(1,025	)		(1,025	)
Additional paid-in capital*			2,525,741			2,550,197
Accumulated deficit			(2,175,057	)		(2,192,846	)
Accumulated other comprehensive income/(loss)			6,086			(1,160	)
TOTAL SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY:			355,751			355,172
TOTAL LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY			1,287,920			1,474,854

*	Shares outstanding for all periods reflect the adjustment for Reverse Recapitalization (Note 3).

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements

F-5

CHECHE GROUP INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS AND COMPREHENSIVE LOSS

(All amounts in thousands, except for share and per share data)

		For the year ended December 31,			For the year ended December 31,			For the year ended December 31,
	Note	2023			2024			2025
			RMB			RMB			RMB
Net revenues	15		3,301,418			3,473,139			3,009,845
Cost of revenues	16		(3,161,193	)		(3,314,377	)		(2,849,487	)
Gross profit			140,225			158,762			160,358
Operating expenses:
Selling and marketing expenses			(111,454	)		(79,501	)		(68,249	)
General and administrative expenses			(139,385	)		(107,857	)		(75,758	)
Research and development expenses			(57,167	)		(37,947	)		(37,238	)
Total operating expenses			(308,006	)		(225,305	)		(181,245	)
Operating loss			(167,781	)		(66,543	)		(20,887	)
Other expenses:
Interest income			5,398			6,037			3,236
Interest expense			(1,446	)		(838	)		(2,279	)
Foreign exchange (losses)/gains			(2,546	)		(2,810	)		4,805
Government grants			12,371			887			1,879
Changes in fair value of warrant			1,702			2,634			1,476
Changes in fair value of amounts due to related party	21		(7,524	)		(757	)		(4,461	)
Others, net			(127	)		(137	)		(1,964	)
Loss before income tax			(159,953	)		(61,527	)		(18,195	)
Income tax benefit	11		363			291			406
Net loss			(159,590	)		(61,236	)		(17,789	)
Accretions to preferred shares redemption value			(762,169	)		-			-
Net loss attributable to the Cheche’s ordinary shareholders			(921,759	)		(61,236	)		(17,789	)
Net loss			(159,590	)		(61,236	)		(17,789	)
Other comprehensive income/(loss)
Foreign currency translation adjustments, net of nil tax			1,621			4,739			(6,892	)
Fair value changes of amounts due to related party due to own credit risk	21		(405	)		197			(354	)
Total other comprehensive income/(loss)			1,216			4,936			(7,246	)
Total comprehensive loss			(158,374	)		(56,300	)		(25,035	)
Accretions to preferred shares redemption value	14		(762,169	)		-			-
Comprehensive loss attributable to the Cheche’s ordinary shareholders			(920,543	)		(56,300	)		(25,035	)
Net loss attributable to the Cheche’s ordinary shareholders per share	19
Basic			(20.30	)		(0.78	)		(0.22	)
Diluted			(20.30	)		(0.78	)		(0.22	)
Weighted average number of ordinary shares*
Basic			45,415,205			78,043,661			82,581,013
Diluted			45,415,205			78,043,661			82,581,013
Share-based compensation expenses included in			(109,983	)		(33,869	)		(24,352	)
Cost of revenues			(191	)		(12	)		(3	)
Selling and marketing expenses			(30,688	)		(5,690	)		(3,053	)
General and administrative expenses			(67,519	)		(26,272	)		(20,443	)
Research and development expenses			(11,585	)		(1,895	)		(853	)

*	Shares outstanding for all periods reflect the adjustment for Reverse Recapitalization (Note 3).

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

F-6

CHECHE GROUP INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN SHAREHOLDERS’ (DEFICIT)/EQUITY

(All amounts in thousands, except for share and per share data)

	Note	Shares		Amount *		Shares			Amount *			capital*			(loss)/income			deficit			equity
		Ordinary shares*				Treasury stock*						Additional paid-in			Accumulated other comprehensive			Accumulated			Total shareholders’
	Note	Shares		Amount		Shares			Amount			capital*			(loss)/income			deficit			(deficit)/equity
				RMB					RMB			RMB			RMB			RMB			RMB
Balance at January 1, 2023			31,780,394		2		(2,885,826	)		(1,025	)		25			(66	)		(1,259,479	)		(1,260,543	)
Net loss			-		-		-			-			-			-			(159,590	)		(159,590	)
Share-based compensation	18 a)		1,500		-		-			-			109,983			-			-			109,983
Ordinary share issuance	14		1,317,874		-		-			-			18,930			-			(18,930	)		-
Preferred shares redemption value accretion	14		-		-		-			-			(86,347	)		-			(675,822	)		(762,169	)
Conversion of Preferred Shares to Class A ordinary shares	3		35,190,468		3		-			-			2,321,047			-			-			2,321,050
PIPE financing – Prime Impact Cayman LLC (the “Sponsor”)	3		634,228		-		-			-			8,609			-			-			8,609
PIPE financing – World Dynamic Limited	3		1,300,000		-		-			-			93,436			-			-			93,436
PIPE financing – Goldrock Holdings Limited	3		500,000		-		-			-			35,863			-			-			35,863
Capitalization of PIPE financing costs	3		-		-		-			-			(4,953	)		-			-			(4,953	)
Reverse Recapitalization transaction	3		4,716,245		-		-			-			(4,720	)		-			-			(4,720	)
Foreign currency translation adjustment			-		-		-			-			-			1,621			-			1,621
Fair value changes of amounts due to related party due to own credit risk			-		-		-			-			-			(405	)		-			(405	)
Balance at December 31, 2023			75,440,709		5		(2,885,826	)		(1,025	)		2,491,873			1,150			(2,113,821	)		378,182

*	Shares outstanding for all periods reflect the adjustment for Reverse Recapitalization (Note 3).

	Note	Shares		Amount		Shares			Amount			capital*		income		deficit			equity
		Ordinary shares				Treasury stock						Additional paid-in		Accumulated other comprehensive		Accumulated			Total shareholders’
	Note	Shares		Amount		Shares			Amount			capital*		income		deficit			equity
				RMB					RMB			RMB		RMB		RMB			RMB
Balance at January 1, 2024			75,440,709		5		(2,885,826	)		(1,025	)		2,491,873		1,150		(2,113,821	)		378,182
Net loss			-		-		-			-			-		-		(61,236	)		(61,236	)
Share-based compensation	18 a)		4,881,164		1		-			-			33,868		-		-			33,869
Foreign currency translation adjustment			-		-		-			-			-		4,739		-			4,739
Fair value changes of amounts due to related party due to own credit risk			-		-		-			-			-		197		-			197
Balance at December 31, 2024			80,321,873		6		(2,885,826	)		(1,025	)		2,525,741		6,086		(2,175,057	)		355,751

	Note	Shares		Amount		Shares			Amount			capital*		income/(loss)			deficit			equity
		Ordinary shares				Treasury stock						Additional paid-in		Accumulated other comprehensive			Accumulated			Total shareholders’
	Note	Shares		Amount		Shares			Amount			capital*		income/(loss)			deficit			equity
				RMB					RMB			RMB		RMB			RMB			RMB
Balance at January 1, 2025			80,321,873		6		(2,885,826	)		(1,025	)		2,525,741		6,086			(2,175,057	)		355,751
Balance			80,321,873		6		(2,885,826	)		(1,025	)		2,525,741		6,086			(2,175,057	)		355,751
Net loss			-		-		-			-			-		-			(17,789	)		(17,789	)
Share-based compensation	18 a)		2,698,188		-		515,531			-			24,456		-			-			24,456
Foreign currency translation adjustment			-		-		-			-			-		(6,892	)		-			(6,892	)
Fair value changes of amounts due to related party due to own credit risk			-		-		-			-			-		(354	)		-			(354	)
Balance at December 31, 2025			83,020,061		6		(2,370,295	)		(1,025	)		2,550,197		(1,160	)		(2,192,846	)		355,172
Balance			83,020,061		6		(2,370,295	)		(1,025	)		2,550,197		(1,160	)		(2,192,846	)		355,172

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

F-7

CHECHE GROUP INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(All amounts in thousands, except for share and per share data)


	For the years ended December 31,
	2023			2024			2025
	RMB			RMB			RMB
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net Loss		(159,590	)		(61,236	)		(17,789	)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities:
Depreciation of property, equipment and leasehold improvement		1,049			1,134			473
Amortization of right-of-use asset		8,410			5,260			5,600
Amortization of intangible assets		2,100			2,100			2,100
Changes in fair value of warrant		(1,702	)		(2,634	)		(1,476	)
Changes in fair value of amounts due to related party		7,524			757			4,461
Share-based compensation expense		109,983			33,869			24,352
Provision/(reversal) of allowance for current expected credit losses		1,203			3,387			(1,218	)
Foreign exchange losses/(gains)		2,546			2,810			(4,805	)
Loss on disposal of property, equipment and leasehold improvement		46			816			90
Dispute resolution expenses		-			2,355			-
Deferred income tax		(525	)		(525	)		(525	)
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable		(65,602	)		(519,617	)		(162,055	)
Prepayments and other current assets		(7,028	)		2,655			(12,795	)
Accounts payable		89,712			408,947			116,913
Contract liabilities		3,407			(2,514	)		(737	)
Salary and welfare benefits payable		10,306			6,768			3,309
Tax payable		(2,128	)		11,061			10,646
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities		(17,680	)		(5,353	)		(1,050	)
Lease liabilities		(8,981	)		(4,175	)		(6,044	)
Net cash used in operating activities		(26,950	)		(114,135	)		(40,550	)
Cash flows from investing activities:
Purchase of property, equipment and leasehold improvement		(549	)		(1,663	)		(75	)
Proceeds from disposal of property, equipment and intangible assets		22			12			48
Loan provided to a third party		-			(10,000	)		-
Loan repaid by a third party		-			10,000			-
Placement of short-term investments		(42,722	)		(186,471	)		(16,778	)
Cash received from maturities of short-term investments		56,071			172,522			52,202
Net cash generated from/(used in) investing activities		12,822			(15,600	)		35,397

F-8

CHECHE GROUP INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (CONTINUED)

(All amounts in thousands, except for share and per share data)

	For the years ended December 31,
	2023			2024			2025
	RMB			RMB			RMB
Cash flows from financing activities:
Cash received from short-term borrowings from bank (Note 10(1))		20,000			30,000			102,500
Cash repayments of short-term borrowings to bank (Note 10(1))		-			(20,000	)		(52,000	)
Cash receipt of the debt proceeds (Note 13)		-			5,000			-
Cash repayments of short-term borrowings to a third party		-			-			(5,000	)
Cash received from long-term borrowings from bank		-			-			10,000
Cash repayments of long-term borrowings to bank		-			-			(200	)
Cash repayments of amounts due to a related party (Note 21(a)(i))		(12,610	)		(10,000	)		-
Proceeds from exercise of share-based awards								104
Proceeds from PIPE financing – Prime Impact Cayman LLC (Note 3)		8,609			-			-
Proceeds from PIPE financing – World Dynamic Limited (Note 3)		93,436			-			-
Proceeds from PIPE financing – Goldrock Holdings Limited (Note 3)		35,863			-			-
Proceeds from PIPE financing		35,863			-			-
Cash payment for PIPE financing cost (Note 3)		(4,953	)
Cash payment for settling a dispute with a security holder		-			(3,055	)		-
Net cash generated from financing activities		140,345			1,945			55,404
Effect of foreign exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents		2,230			1,870			(2,126	)
Net increase/(decrease) in cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash		128,447			(125,920	)		48,125

F-9

CHECHE GROUP INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (CONTINUED)

(All amounts in thousands, except for share and per share data)

	For the years ended December 31,
	2023			2024			2025
	RMB			RMB			RMB
Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of the year		119,945			248,392			122,472
Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of the year		248,392			122,472			170,597
Reconciliation to amounts on consolidated balance sheet:
Restricted cash at end of the year		5,000			5,000			26,086
Cash and cash equivalents at end of the year		243,392			117,472			144,511
Supplemental disclosures of cash flow information:
Cash payments of interest expense		(898	)		(584	)		(2,017	)
Cash paid for income tax		(162	)		(234	)		(119	)
Supplemental schedule of non-cash investing and financing activities:
Accretions to preferred shares redemption value		762,169			-			-
Conversion of Preferred Shares into Class A ordinary shares		2,321,050			-			-
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for obligations		5,602			6,843			7,047
Right-of-use assets released due to termination of lease contracts		(1,666	)		(6,179	)		(648	)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

F-10

1. Organization and Principal Activities

Cheche Group Inc. (the “Company” or “Cheche Group”) was incorporated in the Cayman Islands in January 2023 as an exempted company with limited liability. The Company is a holding company and conducts its business mainly through its subsidiaries, variable interest entity (“VIE”) and subsidiaries of VIE (collectively referred to as the “Group”). Cheche Technology Inc. (“CCT”) and Cheche Technology (Canada) Ltd. (“Cheche Canada”) are wholly owned subsidiaries of the Company. Cheche Technology (HK) Limited (“Cheche HK”) is a wholly owned subsidiary of CCT. Baodafang Technology Co., Ltd. (“Baodafang”) is a wholly owned subsidiary of Cheche HK. Cheche Technology (Ningbo) Co., Ltd. (“Cheche Ningbo”) is wholly foreign-owned enterprise (the “WFOE”). The Group conducted its business in the People’s Republic of China (the “PRC” or “China”) through a series of contractual agreements entered into by the WFOE with the VIE based in China. The Group is primarily engaged in the operation of providing insurance transaction services, Software-as-a-Service (“SaaS”) services and other services in China.

The following sets forth the Company’s consolidated subsidiaries, VIE and subsidiaries of VIE are as follows:

Subsidiaries	Place and year of incorporation	Percentage of direct or indirect economic ownership	Principal activities
Cheche Technology Inc. (“CCT”)	Cayman Islands, 2018	100%	Investment holding
Cheche Technology (Canada) Ltd. (“Cheche Canada”)	Canada, 2025	100%	Investment holding
Cheche Technology (HK) Limited (“Cheche HK”)	Hong Kong, China, 2018	100%	Investment holding
Cheche Technology (Ningbo) Co., Ltd. (“Cheche Ningbo” or “wholly foreign-owned enterprise” or “WFOE” or “primary beneficiary of the VIE”)	Ningbo, China, 2018	100%	Technical support and consulting services
Baodafang Technology Co., Ltd. (“Baodafang”)	Beijing, China, 2020	100%	Technology service and SaaS services

VIE		Place and year of incorporation		Percentage of direct or indirect economic interest		Principal activities
Beijing Che Yu Che Technology Co., Ltd. (“Beijing Cheche”)		Beijing, China, 2014		100%*		Technology service

Subsidiaries of VIE	Place and year of incorporation/ acquisition	Percentage of direct or indirect economic interest	Principal activities
Cheche Insurance Sales & Service Co., Ltd. (“Cheche Insurance”)	Guangzhou, China, 2017	100%*	Insurance brokerage
Huicai Insurance Brokerage Co., Ltd.	Beijing, China, 2016	100%*	Dormant
Cheche Zhixing (Ningbo) Auto Service Co., Ltd.	Ningbo, China, 2019	100%*	Dormant

*	The WFOE has 100% beneficial interests in the consolidated VIE (including its subsidiaries).

F-11

1. Organization and Principal Activities (Continued)

On September 14, 2023 (the “Closing Date”), the Company completed the business combination (the “Business Combination”) with Prime Impact Acquisition I (“Prime Impact”). Cheche Group began trading on the Nasdaq Stock Exchange on September 18, 2023. On the Closing Date, the Company consummated the Business Combination with Prime Impact, pursuant to the Business Combination Agreement dated January 29, 2023, by and among Prime Impact, the Company, Cheche Merger Sub Inc. (“Merger Sub”), and CCT. Pursuant to the Business Combination Agreement, the Business Combination was effected in two steps. On September 14, 2023, (1) Prime Impact merged with and into the Company (the “Initial Merger”), with the Company surviving the Initial Merger as a publicly traded entity; and (2) immediately following the Initial Merger, Merger Sub merged with and into CCT (the “Acquisition Merger” and, together with the Initial Merger, the “Mergers,” and together with all other transactions contemplated by the Business Combination Agreement, the “Business Combination”), with CCT surviving the Acquisition Merger as a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company.

The Business Combination was accounted for as a reverse recapitalization (the “Reverse Recapitalization”) in accordance with U.S. GAAP. As a result of the Business Combination, CCT was deemed the accounting acquirer. This determination is primarily based on the shareholders of CCT comprising the majority of the voting power of the Company and having the ability to nominate the members of the Company’s Board, CCT’s operations prior to the acquisition comprising the only ongoing operations, and CCT’s senior management comprising a majority of the Group’s senior management. Accordingly, for accounting purposes, the financial statements of the post-combination company represent a continuation of the financial statements of CCT. Prime Impact was treated as the “acquired” company for accounting purposes. As Prime Impact does not meet the definition of a “business” for accounting purposes, the Reverse Recapitalization was treated as the equivalent of CCT issuing shares for the net assets of Prime Impact, accompanied by a recapitalization. The net assets of Prime Impact were stated at historical cost, with no goodwill or other intangible assets recorded. The consolidated financial statements reflect (i) the historical operating results of CCT prior to the Reverse Recapitalization; (ii) the combined results of the Company and CCT following the closing of the Reverse Recapitalization; (iii) the assets and liabilities of CCT at their historical cost; and (iv) the Company’s equity structure for all periods presented. Transaction costs related to the Reverse Recapitalization paid to Prime Impact as part of the Business Combination Agreement were charged to equity as a reduction of the net proceeds received in exchange for the shares issued to the shareholders of Prime Impact.

In accordance with guidance applicable to these circumstances, the equity structure has been retroactively adjusted in all comparative periods up to the Closing Date, to reflect the number of shares of the Company’s ordinary shares issued to CCT’s shareholders in connection with the Reverse Recapitalization transaction. As such, the ordinary shares and corresponding capital amounts and earnings per share related to CCT convertible redeemable preferred shares and ordinary shares prior to the Reverse Recapitalization have been retroactively restated as shares reflecting the exchange ratio established pursuant to the Business Combination Agreement. In conjunction with the Reverse Recapitalization, the Company’s ordinary shares underwent a 13.6145-for-1 conversion. Note that the consolidated financial statements give retroactive effect as though the conversion of the Company’s ordinary shares occurred for all periods presented, without any change in the par value per share.

Contractual arrangements with VIE

PRC laws and regulations place certain restrictions on foreign investment in value-added telecommunication service businesses. To comply with PRC laws and regulations, the Group operates its businesses in the PRC through the VIE and VIE subsidiaries. Most of the Group’s revenues, cost of revenues, expenses and net loss in China were generated directly or indirectly through the VIE and VIE’s subsidiaries. The Company relies on a series of contractual arrangements among its wholly-owned PRC subsidiary Cheche Ningbo, the VIE and their shareholders to conduct the business operations of the VIE and VIE subsidiaries.

F-12

1. Organization and Principal Activities (Continued)

Contractual arrangements with VIE (Continued)

Below is a summary of the currently effective contractual arrangements by and among the Company’s wholly-owned subsidiary Cheche Ningbo, Beijing Cheche and its shareholders (also Nominee Shareholders).

Equity Interest Pledge Agreement

Pursuant to the Equity Interest Pledge Agreement entered into amongst WFOE, the VIE and Nominee Shareholders of the VIE, the Nominee Shareholders of the VIE pledged all of their equity interests in the VIE to the WFOE to ensure the Nominee Shareholders fully perform their obligations under the Exclusive Option Agreement, the Exclusive Business Cooperation Agreement and the Power of Attorney. The WFOE shall have the right to collect dividends generated by the pledged equity interests during the term of the pledge. If the Nominee Shareholders breach their respective contractual obligations under the Equity Interest Pledge Agreement, the WFOE, as pledgee, will be entitled to rights, including but not limited to being paid based on the monetary valuation that such equity interest is converted into or from the proceeds from the auction or sale of the equity interest. The Nominee Shareholders of the VIE are prohibited from transferring their pledged equity interests, placing or permitting any encumbrance that would prejudice the WFOE’s interests without the WFOE’s prior written consent. The pledge rights were effective upon registration of the pledges with the relevant Administration for Market Regulation (the “SAMR”) (formerly known as State Administration for Industry and Commerce), and the Equity Interest Pledge Agreement will remain effective until all the obligations have been satisfied in full. The WFOE completed the registration of the pledge of equity interests in the VIE with the relevant office of the SAMR in accordance with the PRC Civil Code.

ii)

Exclusive Option Agreement

Pursuant to the Exclusive Option Agreement entered into amongst the CCT, WFOE, VIE and the Nominee Shareholders, the Nominee Shareholders irrevocably granted the WFOE or its designated party, an exclusive option to purchase all or part of the equity interests held by the Nominee Shareholders in the VIE at its sole discretion, to the extent permitted under the PRC laws for the cost of the initial contributions to the registered capital or the minimum amount of consideration permitted by applicable PRC law. The WFOE has an option to purchase from VIE at WFOE’s sole discretion, any or all of the assets and business of VIE, to the extent permitted under PRC law, and at the lowest purchase price permitted by PRC law. The Nominee Shareholders should remit to the WFOE any gain that is paid by WFOE or its designated person(s) in connection with the purchased equity interest or the purchased business asset. The WFOE or its designated person(s) have sole discretion to decide when to exercise the option, whether in part or in full. Any and all dividends and other capital distributions made by the VIE to its Nominee Shareholders should be repaid to the WFOE in full amount. CCT would provide unlimited financial support to the VIE if, in the normal operation of business, the VIE should become in need of any form of reasonable financial support. If the VIE were to incur any loss and as a result cannot repay any loans from CCT, CCT should unconditionally forgive any such loans to the VIE given that the VIE provides sufficient proof for its loss and incapacity to repay. This Exclusive Option Agreement remains effective until all equity interests held by Nominee Shareholders in the VIE have been transferred or assigned to the WFOE and/or any other person designated by the WFOE in accordance with this Exclusive Option Agreement.

iii)

Exclusive Business Cooperation Agreement

Pursuant to the Exclusive Business Cooperation Agreements entered into amongst WFOE and VIE, the WFOE is engaged by the VIE to exclusively provide technical and consulting services including but not limited to the licensing of technology and software, design, development, maintenance and updating of technologies, business and management consultation, and marketing and promotional services. The WFOE may appoint or designate its affiliates or other qualified parties to provide the services covered by the Exclusive Business Cooperation Agreement. In return, the VIE agrees to pay a service fee equal to 100% of the consolidated net profits of the VIE after the VIE turns cumulative profitable and after certain expenses. The WFOE has sole discretion in determining the service fee charged to the VIE under this agreement. Without the WFOE’s prior written consent, the VIE shall not, directly and indirectly, obtain the same or similar services as provided under this agreement from any third party. The WFOE can terminate the Exclusive Business Cooperation Agreement at its sole discretion in the event that the VIE breaches the Exclusive Business Cooperation Agreement and fails to take remedial measures within ten days of written notice by the WFOE; however, the VIE cannot terminate the Exclusive Business Cooperation Agreement unless otherwise required by the applicable laws. The agreement will be in effect for an unlimited term, until the term of business of one party expires and extension is denied by the relevant approval authorities.

F-13

1. Organization and Principal Activities (Continued)

Contractual arrangements with VIE (Continued)

iv)

Power of Attorney

Pursuant to the Power of Attorney agreement entered into amongst WFOE, VIE and the Nominee Shareholders, Nominee Shareholders irrevocably appoint WFOE as their attorney-in-fact to exercise on each shareholder’s behalf any and all rights that each shareholder has in respect of its equity interests in the VIE, including but not limited to executing the voting rights and the right to appoint directors and executive officers of VIE. The agreements will remain effective and irrevocable for as long as the relevant Nominee Shareholder holds any equity interests in VIE.

Spousal Consent Letter

Each spouse of the married Nominee Shareholders of the VIE entered into a Spousal Consent Letter, which unconditionally and irrevocably agreed that the equity interests in the VIE held by and registered in the name of their spouse will be disposed of pursuant to the Equity Interest Pledge Agreement and the Power of Attorney. Each spouse agreed not to assert any rights over the equity interests in the VIE held by their spouse. In addition, in the event that the spouses obtain any equity interests in the VIE held by their spouse for any reason, they agreed to be bound by the contractual arrangements.

The Equity Interest Pledge Agreement, Exclusive Option Agreement, Exclusive Business Cooperation Agreement, Power of Attorney and Spousal Consent Letter to Beijing Cheche were amended to reflect the changes of shareholders’ holding in the VIE entity in their respective dates. No other material terms or conditions of these agreements were changed or altered. There was no impact to the Group’s effective control over Beijing Cheche and the Group continues to consolidate Beijing Cheche.

Risks in relation to the VIE structure

The Group’s business is mainly conducted through the VIE and subsidiaries of VIE, of which the Company is the ultimate primary beneficiary. The Company has concluded that (i) the ownership structure of the VIE is not in violation of any applicable PRC laws or regulations currently in effect and (ii) each of the VIE contractual agreements is valid, binding, and enforceable in accordance with their terms and applicable PRC laws or regulations currently in effect. However, uncertainties in the PRC legal system could cause the relevant regulatory authorities to find the current VIE contractual agreements and the legal structure to be in violation of any existing or future PRC laws or regulations.

On March 15, 2019, the National People’s Congress adopted the Foreign Investment Law of the PRC, which became effective on January 1, 2020, together with their implementation rules and ancillary regulations. The Foreign Investment Law does not explicitly classify contractual arrangements as a form of foreign investment, but it contains a catch-all provision under the definition of “foreign investment,” which includes investments made by foreign investors through means stipulated in laws or administrative regulations or other methods prescribed by the State Council. It is unclear whether the Group’s corporate structure will be seen as violating the foreign investment rules as the Group is currently leveraging the contractual arrangements to operate certain business in which foreign investors are prohibited from or restricted to investing. If variable interest entities fall within the definition of foreign investment entities, the Group’s ability to use the contractual arrangements with the VIE and the Group’s ability to conduct business through the VIE could be severely limited.

In addition, if the Group’s corporate structure and the contractual arrangements with the VIE through which the Group conducts its business in the PRC were found to be in violation of any existing or future PRC laws and regulations, the Group’s relevant PRC regulatory authorities could:

	●	revoke the business licenses and/or operating licenses of the Group’s PRC entities;

	●	impose fines;

	●	confiscate any income that they deem to be obtained through illegal operations, or impose other requirements with which the Group may not be able to comply;

	●	discontinue or place restrictions or onerous conditions on the Group’s operations;

F-14

1. Organization and Principal Activities (Continued)

Risks in relation to the VIE structure (Continued)

	●	place restrictions on the right to collect revenues;

	●	shut down the Group’s servers or block the Group’s websites or mobile apps;

	●	the Group to restructure ownership structure or operations, including terminating the contractual arrangements with the VIE and deregistering the equity pledges of the VIE, which in turn would affect the ability to consolidate, derive economic interests from the VIE and their subsidiaries;

	●	restrict or prohibit the use of the proceeds from financing activities to finance the business and operations of the VIE and their subsidiaries; or

	●	take other regulatory or enforcement actions that could be harmful to the Group’s business.

The imposition of any of these penalties may result in a material and adverse effect on the Group’s ability to conduct the Group’s businesses. In addition, if the imposition of any of these penalties causes the Group to lose the rights to direct the activities of the VIE or the right to receive its economic benefits, the Group would no longer be able to consolidate the VIE. The management believes that the likelihood for the Group to lose such ability is remote based on current facts and circumstances. However, the interpretation and implementation of the laws and regulations in the PRC and their application to an effect on the legality, binding effect and enforceability of contracts are subject to the discretion of competent PRC authorities, and therefore there is no assurance that relevant PRC authorities will take the same position as the Group herein in respect of the legality, binding effect and enforceability of each of the contractual arrangements. Meanwhile, since the PRC legal system continues to rapidly evolve, it may lead to changes in PRC laws, regulations, and policies or in the interpretation and application of existing laws, regulations and policies, which may limit legal protections available to the Group to enforce the contractual arrangements should the VIE or the shareholder of the VIE fail to perform their obligations under those arrangements. In addition, shareholder of the VIE is a PRC holding entity beneficially owned by the Founder, chairman of the board of directors and chief executive officer of the Company. The enforceability, and therefore the benefits, of the contractual agreements between the Company and the VIE depend on shareholder enforcing the contracts. There is a risk that shareholder of VIE, who in some cases is also shareholder of the Company may have conflict of interests with the Company in the future or fails to perform their contractual obligations. Given the significance and importance of the VIE, there would be a significant negative impact to the Company if these contracts were not enforced.

The Group’s operations depend on the VIE to honor their contractual agreements with the Group and the enforceability, and therefore the benefits, of the contractual agreements also depends on the authorization by the shareholder of the VIE to exercise voting rights on all matters requiring shareholder approval in the VIE. The Company believes that the agreements on authorization to exercise shareholder’s voting power are enforceable against each party thereto in accordance with their terms and applicable PRC laws or regulations currently in effect and the possibility that it will no longer be able to be the primary beneficiary and consolidate the VIE as a result of the aforementioned risks and uncertainties is remote.

In accordance with the contractual agreements, the Company could (1) exercise the shareholder’s rights of the VIE and has power to direct the activities that most significantly affects the economic performance of the VIE and subsidiaries of VIE, (2) absorb substantially all of the expected losses and receive substantially expected residual returns of the VIE and subsidiaries of VIE; and (3) has an exclusive call option to purchase all or part of the equity interests in and/or assets of each of VIE and subsidiaries of VIE when and to the extent permitted by PRC law. Accordingly, the Company is considered as the ultimate primary beneficiary of the VIE and has consolidated the VIE’s financial results of operations, assets, and liabilities in the Company’s consolidated financial statements. Therefore, the Company considers that there are no assets in the VIE that can be used only to settle obligations of the VIE, except for the paid-in capital of the VIE amounting to approximately RMB65.3 million and RMB65.3 million as of December 31, 2024 and 2025, as well as certain non-distributable statutory reserves amounting to approximately nil and nil as of December 31, 2024 and 2025. As the VIE are incorporated as a limited liability company under the PRC Company Law, creditors do not have recourse to the general credit of the Company for the liabilities of the VIE. As the Group is conducting certain business in the PRC through the VIE, the Company would provide unlimited financial support to the VIE if, in the normal operation of business, the VIE should become in need of any form of reasonable financial support, which could expose the Group to a loss.

F-15

1. Organization and Principal Activities (Continued)

Risks in relation to the VIE structure (Continued)

The following consolidated financial information of the VIE after the elimination of inter-company transactions between the VIE and its subsidiaries as of December 31, 2024 and 2025 and for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025 was included in the accompanying consolidated financial statements of the Group as follows:

	2024		2025
	As of December 31,
	2024		2025
	RMB		RMB
ASSETS
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents		31,958		54,927
Restricted cash		-		5,000
Short-term investments		3,000		226
Accounts receivable, net		781,857		821,560
Prepayments and other current assets		31,575		53,827
Amounts due from intra-Group companies		3,016		2,949
Total current assets		851,406		938,489
Non-current assets:
Restricted cash		5,000		-
Property, equipment and leasehold improvement, net		1,239		777
Intangible assets, net		5,950		3,850
Right-of-use assets		5,653		6,453
Goodwill		84,609		84,609
Other non-current assets		225		-
Total non-current assets		102,676		95,689
TOTAL ASSETS		954,082		1,034,178
LIABILITIES
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable		551,214		622,496
Short-term borrowings		10,000		39,800
Contract liabilities		125		3
Salary and welfare benefits payable		60,838		64,127
Tax payable		7,077		12,099
Amounts due to related party		-		50,626
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities		17,166		13,028
Short-term lease liabilities		3,037		4,727
Amounts due to intra-Group companies		149,056		196,798
Total current liabilities		798,513		1,003,704
Non-current liabilities:
Deferred tax liabilities		1,488		963
Long-term lease liabilities		2,137		801
Amounts due to related party		45,811		-
Deferred revenue		1,432		1,432
Amounts due to intra-Group companies		230,705		225,128
Amounts due to related party		230,705		225,128
Total non-current liabilities		281,573		228,324
TOTAL LIABILITIES (without recourse to the primary beneficiary)		1,080,086		1,232,028

F-16

1. Organization and Principal Activities (Continued)

Risks in relation to the VIE structure (Continued)

Schedule of Operation

	2023			2024			2025
	For the years ended December 31,
	2023			2024			2025
	RMB			RMB			RMB
Net revenues
- earned from external parties		3,083,306			2,924,578			2,394,433
- earned from intra-Group companies		6,682			9,433			9,434
Total revenues		3,089,988			2,934,011			2,403,867
Cost of revenues and operating expenses
- arising from external parties transactions		(3,186,349	)		(2,958,256	)		(2,427,880	)
- arising from intra-Group transactions		(1,651	)		(1,458	)		(69,049	)
Total cost of revenues and operating expenses		(3,188,000	)		(2,959,714	)		(2,496,929	)
Net loss		(100,142	)		(29,819	)		(95,799	)

Schedule of Cash Flow

	2023			2024			2025
	For the years ended December 31,
	2023			2024			2025
	RMB			RMB			RMB
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net cash generated from/(used in) transactions with intra-Group companies		35,000			8,455			(13,973	)
Net cash generated from transactions with external parties		108,170			34,824			11,832
Net cash generated from/(used in) operating activities		143,170			43,279			(2,141	)
Net cash (used in)/generated from transactions with external parties		(686	)		(4,830	)		3,767
Net cash (used in)/generated from investing activities		(686	)		(4,830	)		3,767
Net cash used in transactions with intra-Group companies		(63,485	)		(87,821	)		(3,457	)
Net cash (used in)/generated from transactions with third-parties		(7,563	)		(5,000	)		24,800
Net cash (used in)/generated from financing activities		(71,048	)		(92,821	)		21,343
Net increase/(decrease) in cash and cash equivalents		71,436			(54,372	)		22,969

Liquidity

The Group has incurred recurring operating losses since its inception, including net loss of RMB159.6 million, RMB61.2 million, and RMB17.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025, respectively. Net cash used in operating activities were RMB27.0 million, RMB114.1 million and RMB40.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025, respectively. Accumulated deficit was RMB2,175.1 million and RMB2,192.8 million as of December 31, 2024 and 2025, respectively. The Group assesses its liquidity by its ability to generate cash from operating activities and attract investors’ investments.

Historically, the Group has relied principally on both operational sources of cash and non-operational sources of financing from investors to fund its operations and business development. The Group’s ability to continue as a going concern is dependent on management’s ability to successfully execute its business plan, which includes increasing revenues while controlling operating expenses, as well as generating operational cash flows and continuing to gain support from outside sources of financing. The Group had a positive working capital (defined as total current assets deducted by total current liabilities) of RMB250.4 million, also the Group had RMB144.5 million, in cash and cash equivalents, as well as the credit line of Bank of Beijing RMB10.2 million (due in May 2027) and China CITIC Bank RMB9.3 million (due in December 2026) has not been used as of December 31, 2025. Moreover, the Group can adjust the pace of its operation expansion and control the operating expenses of the Group. Based on the above considerations, the Group believes the cash and cash equivalents and the operating cash flows are sufficient to meet the cash requirements to fund planned operations and other commitments for at least the next twelve months from the date of the issuance of the consolidated financial statements. The Group’s consolidated financial statements have been prepared based on the Company continuing as a going concern, which contemplates the realization of assets and liquidation of liabilities in the normal course of business.

F-17

2. Significant Accounting Policies

Basis of presentation

The consolidated financial statements of the Group have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”) and include the accounts of the Company, its subsidiaries, VIE and subsidiaries of VIE, after elimination of all intercompany accounts and transactions.

Significant accounting policies followed by the Group in the preparation of the accompanying consolidated financial statements are summarized below.

Principles of consolidation

The consolidated financial statements include the financial statements of the Company, its subsidiaries, the VIE and subsidiaries of VIE for which the Company is the primary beneficiary.

Subsidiaries are those entities in which the Company, directly or indirectly, controls more than one half of the voting power, has the power to appoint or remove the majority of the members of the board of directors, or to cast a majority of votes at the meeting of the board of directors, or has the power to govern the financial and operating policies of the investee under a statute or agreement among the shareholders or equity holders.

A consolidated VIE is an entity in which the Company, or its subsidiary, through contractual arrangements, has the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the entity’s economic performance, bears the risks of and enjoys the rewards normally associated with ownership of the entity, and therefore the Company or its subsidiary is the primary beneficiary of the entity.

All transactions and balances among the Company, its subsidiaries, VIE and subsidiaries of VIE have been eliminated upon consolidation.

Reclassifications

Certain reclassifications have been made to the prior years’ consolidated financial statements to conform to the current year’s presentation. These reclassifications had no impact on the consolidated financial statements as previously reported.

Use of estimates

The preparation of the Group’s consolidated financial statements in conformity with the U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, disclosure of contingent liabilities at the balance sheet date and reported revenues and expenses during the reported periods in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. Significant accounting estimates include, but are not limited to, provision of current expected credit losses of receivables, the impairment of goodwill, fair value of amounts due to related party and warrant, as well as the valuation and recognition of share-based compensation expenses. Actual results could differ from those estimates, and as such, differences may be material to the consolidated financial statements.

Functional currency and foreign currency translation

The Group uses Renminbi (“RMB”) as its reporting currency. The functional currency of the Company and its overseas subsidiaries which incorporated in the Cayman Islands and Hong Kong is United States dollars (“US$”). The functional currency of the Group’s PRC entities is RMB.

In the consolidated financial statements, the financial information of the Company and other entities located outside of the PRC have been translated into RMB. Assets and liabilities are translated at the exchange rates on the balance sheet date, equity amounts are translated at historical exchange rates, and revenues, and expenses, gains and losses are translated using the average rate for the year. Translation adjustments are reported as foreign currency translation adjustments, and are shown as a component of other comprehensive loss in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.

F-18

2. Significant Accounting Policies (Continued)

Functional currency and foreign currency translation (Continued)

Foreign currency transactions denominated in currencies other than the functional currency are translated into the functional currency using the exchange rates prevailing at the dates of the transactions. Monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies are translated into the functional currency using the applicable exchange rates at the balance sheet dates. Net gains and losses resulting from foreign exchange transactions are included in foreign exchange (losses)/gains in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.

Fair value measurements

Accounting guidance defines fair value as the price that would be received from selling an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. When determining the fair value measurements for assets and liabilities required or permitted to be recorded at fair value, the Group considers the principal or most advantageous market in which it would transact and it considers assumptions that market participants would use when pricing the asset or liability.

Accounting guidance establishes a fair value hierarchy that requires an entity to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value. A financial instrument’s categorization within the fair value hierarchy is based upon the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. Accounting guidance establishes three levels of inputs that may be used to measure fair value:

	●	Level 1 applies to assets or liabilities for which there are quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities

	●	Level 2 applies to assets or liabilities for which there are inputs other than quoted prices included within Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets; quoted prices for identical asset or liabilities in markets with insufficient volume or infrequent transactions (less active markets); or model-derived valuations in which significant inputs are observable or can be derived principally from, or corroborated by, observable market data.

	●	Level 3 applies to asset or liabilities for which there are unobservable inputs to the valuation methodology that are significant to the measurement of the fair value of the assets or liabilities.

The Group’s financial instruments include cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, bank deposits included in short-term investments, accounts receivable, other receivables (included in “prepayments and other current assets”), accounts payable, short-term borrowings, contract liabilities and other payables (included in “accrued expenses and other current liabilities”), of which the carrying values approximate their fair value. Lease liabilities are measured at amortized cost using discounted rates reflected time value of money.

Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash

Cash and cash equivalents mainly represent cash on hand, demand deposits placed with large reputable banks in China, and highly liquid investments that are readily convertible to known amounts of cash and with original maturities from the date of purchase with terms of three months or less. As of December 31, 2024 and 2025, there were cash at bank denominated in US dollars amounting to approximately US$9.6 million (RMB69.3 million) and US$9.5 million (RMB66.8 million), respectively, and denominated in RMB amounting to approximately RMB48.2 million and RMB77.7 million, respectively.

As of December 31, 2024 and 2025, the Group had approximately RMB58.1 million and RMB87.6 million, cash and cash equivalents held by its PRC subsidiaries and VIE, representing 49.4% and 60.6% of total cash and cash equivalents of the Group, respectively. As of December 31, 2024 and 2025, the Group had RMB5.0 million and RMB26.1 million restricted cash, respectively. Restricted cash primarily represents cash deposits in a regulatory escrow account related to insurance transaction services and a USD 3 million deposit was pledged to Bank of Beijing as collateral for a RMB 20 million loan borrowed by Baodafang from the bank. Restricted cash is classified into current and non-current assets based on the maturities of term deposits. The Group had no other lien arrangements for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025.

F-19

2. Significant Accounting Policies (Continued)

Short-term investments

Short-term investments represent bank deposits with original maturities of more than three months but within one year and wealth management products. In accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 825, Financial Instruments, for wealth management products with interest rate indexed to performance of underlying assets, the Group elected the fair value method at the date of initial recognition and re-measured these investments at fair value. Changes in the fair value are reflected in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss as interest income. As of December 31, 2024 and 2025, the Group had approximately RMB32.4 million and RMB0.23 million bank deposits; RMB3.0 million and nil wealth management products, respectively. Interest earned is recorded as interest income, amounting to RMB0.16 million, RMB0.08 million and RMB0.01 million, in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025, respectively.

Expected credit losses of receivables

The Group’s accounts receivable and other receivables (included in “prepayments and other current assets”) are within the scope of ASC 326. To estimate current expected credit losses, the Group has identified the relevant risk characteristics of its customers and the related receivables and other receivables which include size, type of the services the Group provides, or a combination of these characteristics. Receivables with similar risk characteristics have been grouped into pools. For each pool, the Group considers the past collection experience, any changes in customer collection trends, the credit worthiness of customers, the contractual and customary payment terms that generally range from 30 to 180 days, current economic conditions, and expectation of future economic conditions (external data and macroeconomic factors). Accounts receivable balances are written off (i.e., charged-off against the allowance) when they are determined to be uncollectible after all means of collection have been exhausted and the potential for recovery is considered remote.

Accounts receivable is recorded at the invoiced amount and do not bear interest. As of December 31, 2024 and 2025, the Group’s accounts receivable consists primarily of receivables from insurance transaction services customers. The Group recorded current expected credit loss expense of RMB1.2 million, RMB3.2 million and negative RMB1.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025, respectively.

Property, equipment and leasehold improvement, net

Property, equipment and leasehold improvement are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation and impairment, if any. Depreciation is computed using the straight-line method over the following estimated useful lives:

Leasehold improvement		Shorter of the lease term or estimated economic life
Furniture and office equipment		3-5 years
Electronics equipment and others		3-6 years

Expenditures for maintenance and repairs are expensed as incurred. The gain or loss on the disposal of property, equipment and leasehold improvement is the difference between the net sales proceeds and the carrying amount of the relevant assets and is recognized in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.

Intangible assets, net

Intangible assets mainly consist of software, licenses, agency agreements and channel relationship. Intangible assets are carried at cost less accumulated amortization and any recorded impairment. Licenses, agency agreements and channel relationship acquired in a business combination were recognized initially at fair value at the date of acquisition. Identifiable intangible assets are carried at acquisition cost less accumulated amortization and impairment loss, if any. Finite-lived intangible assets are tested for impairment if impairment indicators arise. Amortization of finite-lived intangible assets is computed using the straight-line method over their estimated useful lives, which are as follows:

Software		3-5 years
Licenses		10 years
Agency agreements		2 years
Channel relationship		2 years

Licenses comprise insurance brokerage licenses, which has an estimated useful life of 10 years (the “Amortization Period”), which represent the time periods that the Group expects these assets will generate economic benefits to the Group’s business. The licenses have a term of validity of 5 years or longer, and are subject to certain administrative renewal at the relevant government authorities upon expiry. The renewal criteria for licenses are the same as the criteria when applying for these licenses. The Group assesses that it can continue to meet these criteria throughout the Amortization Period and these licenses will be renewed upon expiry. Agency agreements comprise contractual relationship with referral partners, which have an estimated useful life of 2 years. Channel relationship comprises customer relationship with insurance carriers, which have an estimated useful life of 2 years.

F-20

2. Significant Accounting Policies (Continued)

Impairment of long-lived assets

Long-lived assets or asset group, including intangible assets with finite lives, are evaluated for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances (such as a significant adverse change to market conditions that will impact the future use of the assets) indicate that the carrying value of an asset may not be fully recoverable or that the useful life is shorter than the Group had originally estimated. When these events occur, the Group evaluates the impairment for the long-lived assets by comparing the carrying value of the assets to an estimate of future undiscounted cash flows expected to be generated from the use of the assets and their eventual disposition. If the sum of the expected future undiscounted cash flows is less than the carrying value of the assets, the Group recognizes an impairment loss based on the excess of the carrying value of the assets over the fair value of the assets. No impairment charge was recognized for any of the year presented.

Goodwill

Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the amounts assigned to the fair value of the assets acquired and the liabilities assumed of an acquired business. The Group’s goodwill at December 31, 2024 and 2025 were related to its acquisition of Cheche Insurance (previously named “Fanhua Times Sales and Service Co., Ltd.” or “Fanhua Times”) in October 2017 (Note 8). In accordance with ASC 350, Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets, recorded goodwill amounts are not amortized, but rather are tested for impairment annually or more frequently if there are indicators of impairment present.

Goodwill is not amortized, but is tested for impairment at the reporting unit level at least on an annual basis at the balance sheet date (December 31 for the Group) and between annual tests if an event occurs or circumstances change that would more-likely-than-not reduce the fair value of a reporting unit below its carrying value. These events or circumstances include a significant change in stock prices, business environment, legal factors, financial performances, competition, or events affecting the reporting unit. Application of the goodwill impairment test requires judgment, including the identification of reporting units, assignment of assets and liabilities to reporting units, assignment of goodwill to reporting units, and determination of the fair value of each reporting unit. The estimation of fair value of reporting unit using a discounted cash flow methodology also requires significant judgements, including estimation of future cash flows, which is dependent on internal forecasts, estimation of the long-term rate of growth for the Company’s business and determination of the Company’s weighted average cost of capital. The estimates used to calculate the fair value of a reporting unit change from year to year based on operating results and market conditions. Changes in these estimates and assumptions could materially affect the determination of fair value and goodwill impairment for the reporting unit.

Management has determined that the Group represents the lowest level within the entity at which goodwill is monitored for internal management purposes. The Group has the option to choose whether it will apply a qualitative assessment first and then a quantitative assessment, if necessary, or to apply a quantitative assessment directly. The quantitative goodwill impairment test, used to identify both the existence of impairment and the amount of impairment loss, compares the fair value of a reporting unit with its carrying amount, including goodwill. If the carrying amount of a reporting unit is greater than zero and its fair value exceeds its carrying amount, goodwill of the reporting unit is considered not impaired. Based on the impairment assessment, management determined that no impairment loss was recorded for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025. At December 31, 2024 and 2025, goodwill was RMB84.6 million and RMB84.6 million, respectively.

Warrant

The Company does not use derivative instruments to hedge exposures to cash flow, market, or foreign currency risks. The Company evaluates all of its financial instruments, including issued stock purchase warrants, to determine if such instruments are derivatives or contain features that qualify as embedded derivatives, pursuant to ASC 480 and FASB ASC Topic 815, “Derivatives and Hedging” (“ASC 815”). The classification of derivative instruments, including whether such instruments should be recorded as liabilities or as equity, is assessed at the end of each reporting period. Accordingly, the Company recognizes the warrant instruments as liabilities at fair value and adjusts the warrants instruments to fair value at each reporting period. The liabilities are subject to re-measurement at each balance sheet date until exercised, and any change in fair value is recognized in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.

F-21

2. Significant Accounting Policies (Continued)

Revenue recognition

Revenue is the transaction price the Group expects to be entitled to in exchange for the promised services in a contract in the common course of the Group’s activities and is recorded net of value-added tax (“VAT”). The services to be accounted for mainly include insurance transaction services, SaaS services and other services.

	●	Step 1: Identify the contract(s) with a customer

	●	Step 2: Identify the performance obligations in the contract

	●	Step 3: Determine the transaction price

	●	Step 4: Allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract

	●	Step 5: Recognize revenue when (or as) the entity satisfies a performance obligation

Insurance Transaction Services Income

The main source of revenue is insurance transaction services fee directly from (i) insurance carriers who underwrite insurance policies and (ii) insurance intermediaries who directly transact with insurance carriers, both determined based on a percentage of premium paid by the insured. The service fee rate paid by the insurance carriers or insurance intermediaries, shall be based on the terms specified in the service contract with the insurance carriers or with the insurance intermediaries for each insurance policy sold through the Group’s online platform and mobile applications in the PRC. The Group determines that the insurance carrier or insurance intermediary are its customer in these agreements. Insurance transaction services revenue for the commission earned is recognized at a point in time when the Company has fulfilled its performance obligation. This occurs when the signed insurance policy is in place and the premium is collected by the insurance carriers from the insured.

F-22

2. Significant Accounting Policies (Continued)

Revenue recognition (Continued)

SaaS and technical services income

The Group provides SaaS services to selected insurance carriers or insurance intermediaries. This cloud-based services allow insurance carriers or insurance intermediaries to use the Group’s self-developed SaaS management system without taking possession of its software. The Group has determined that the insurance carriers or insurance intermediaries as customers and initially records services fee as contract liabilities upon receipt and then recognizes the revenue on a straight-line basis over the service period, which is usually one year.

The Group also provides technical services to third-party companies. The Group charges third-party companies service fee for developing software for them. Technical services revenue is recognized based on cost-to-cost input method of measuring progress upon the completion of each service.

Other Services

The Group provides automotive after-sales service to third-party companies or individual consumers. The Group satisfies its performance obligation through delivering automotive after-sales service and receives service fee from the third-party companies and individual consumers.

Contract Balances and Accounts Receivable

Contract liabilities primarily consist of customer advances which relates to the payments received for SaaS and technical services in advance of performance under the contract. The increase in contract liabilities over the year presented was a result of the increase in consideration received from the Group’s customers, which was in line with the growth of revenues in SaaS and technical services. Due to the generally short-term duration of the relevant contracts, the majority of the performance obligations are satisfied within one year.

During the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025, the Group recognized revenue amounted to RMB0.9 million, RMB4.3 million and RMB1.4 million, respectively that was included in the corresponding opening contract liabilities balance of RMB0.9 million, RMB4.3 million and RMB1.8 million at December 31, 2022, 2023 and 2024, respectively. As of December 31, 2025, the aggregate amount of transaction price allocated to the unsatisfied performance obligations is RMB1.0 million, which was recorded under contract liabilities and to be recognized as revenues in one year.

During the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025, the Group did not have any arrangement where the performance obligations has already been satisfied in the past year but recognized the corresponding revenue in the current year.

As of December 31, 2024 and 2025, there was no contract assets.

Accounts receivable mainly represent amounts due from insurance transaction services customers, when the Group has satisfied its performance obligations and has the unconditional right to payment. They are carried at net realizable value. As of December 31, 2024 and 2025, the Group’s accounts receivables, net were RMB982.5 million and RMB1,145.8 million, respectively. Please see Note 4 for additional information.

F-23

2. Significant Accounting Policies (Continued)

Revenue recognition (Continued)

Practical Expedients

The Group has elected to use the following practical expedients as allowed under ASC Topic 606:

	(i)	Payment terms and conditions vary by contract type, although terms generally include a requirement of prepayment or payment within one year or less. The Group has determined that its contracts generally do not include a significant financing component.

	(ii)	Costs to obtain a contract with a customer were expensed as incurred when the amortization period would have been one year or less.

Cost of revenue

Amounts recorded as cost of revenues relate to direct expenses incurred in order to generate revenue, which consists primarily of i) cost of referral partners, ii) service fee paid to third-party payment platforms, iii) salary and welfare benefits, iv) tax and surcharges and others, v) amortization and depreciation expenses, and vi) cloud service fees. These costs are charged to the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss as incurred.

Research and development expenses

Research and development expenses mainly consist of salary and welfare benefits, subcontracted development expenses incurred for the development and enhancement to the Company’s online platform including SaaS platform, and mobile applications.

Selling and marketing expenses

Selling and marketing expenses consist primarily of salary and welfare benefits, share-based compensation expenses to the Group’s sales and marketing personnel, amortization and depreciation expenses. The Group expenses all advertising and promotional expenses as incurred and classifies them under selling and marketing expenses.

General and administrative expenses

General and administrative expenses consist primarily of salary and welfare benefits, share-based compensation expenses, professional service fees, amortization expenses and related expenses for employees involved in general corporate functions, including finance, legal and human resources; and costs associated with use by these functions of facilities and equipment, such as traveling and general expenses.

Government grants

Government grants mainly represent subsidies and tax refunds for operating a business in certain jurisdictions and fulfilment of specified tax payment obligations. Government grants are recognized where there is reasonable assurance that the grant will be received, and all attached conditions will be complied with. When the grant relates to an expense item, it is recognized as income on a systematic basis over the periods that the related costs, for which it is intended to compensate, are expensed. When the grant relates to an asset, it is recognized as income in equal amounts over the expected useful life of the related asset.

F-24

2. Significant Accounting Policies (Continued)

Government grants (Continued)

Deferred government grants included RMB1.4 million, RMB1.4 million and RMB1.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025 being the unamortized portion of a grant of nil, nil and nil the Group received in 2023, 2024 and 2025, respectively, for long-term operation. As of December 31, 2024 and 2025, the Group has not fulfilled the conditions attached to the government grants. As the Group does not expect to fulfill the conditions within one year, the grant is recorded as a non-current deferred revenue.

Leases

The Group determines if an arrangement is a lease and determines the classification of the lease, as either operating or finance, at commencement. The Group has operating leases for office buildings and has no finance leases as of December 31, 2024 and 2025. Operating lease right-of-use (“ROU”) assets and operating lease liabilities are recognized based on the present value of the lease payments over the lease term at commencement date.

As the Group’s leases do not provide an implicit rate, an incremental borrowing rate is used based on the information available at the commencement date, to determine the present value of lease payments. The incremental borrowing rate approximates the rate the Group would pay to borrow in the currency of the lease payments for the weighted-average life of the lease.

The operating lease ROU assets also include any lease payments made prior to lease commencement and exclude lease incentives and initial direct costs incurred if any. Lease terms may include options to extend or terminate the lease when it is reasonably certain that the Group will exercise that option. Lease expense for minimum lease payments is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

The Group’s lease agreements contain both lease and non-lease components, which are accounted for separately based on their relative standalone price.

The Company elect to utilize the short-term lease recognition exemption and, for those leases that qualified, the Group did not recognize operating lease ROU assets or operating lease liabilities.

F-25

2. Significant Accounting Policies (Continued)

Share-based compensation

Employee benefits

PRC Contribution Plan

Full time employees of the Group in the PRC participate in a government mandated defined contribution plan, pursuant to which certain pension benefits, medical care, employee housing fund and other welfare benefits are provided to the employees. Chinese labor regulations require that the PRC subsidiaries, VIE and subsidiaries of VIE of the Group make contributions to the government for these benefits based on certain percentages of the employees’ salaries, up to a maximum amount specified by the local government. The Group has no legal obligation for the benefits beyond the contributions made. The total balances of employee welfare benefits, including the accruals for estimated underpaid amounts, were approximately RMB63.4 million and RMB70.6 million as of December 31, 2024 and 2025.

Taxation

Income taxes

Current income taxes are provided on the basis of income/(loss) for financial reporting purposes, adjusted for income and expense items which are not assessable or deductible for income tax purposes, in accordance with the regulations of the relevant tax jurisdictions. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to temporary differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases and any tax loss and tax credit carry forwards. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates or tax laws is recognized in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss in the period the change in tax rates or tax laws is enacted. A valuation allowance is provided to reduce the amount of deferred tax assets if it is considered more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized.

F-26

2. Significant Accounting Policies (Continued)

Taxation (Continued)

Uncertain tax positions

In order to assess uncertain tax positions, the Group applies a more likely than not threshold and a two-step approach for the tax position measurement and financial statement recognition. Under the two-step approach, the first step is to evaluate the tax position for recognition by determining if the weight of available evidence indicates that it is more likely than not that the position will be sustained, including resolution of related appeals or litigation processes, if any. The second step is to measure the tax benefit as the largest amount that is more than 50% likely of being realized upon settlement. The Group recognizes interest and penalties, if any, under accrued expenses and other current liabilities on its consolidated balance sheet and under other expenses in its consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. The Group did not have any significant unrecognized uncertain tax positions as of and for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2025, respectively.

As of December 31, 2025, the tax years ended December 31, 2020 through 2024 for the Group’s subsidiaries in the PRC and the VIE are generally subject to examination by the PRC tax authorities.

Related parties

Parties are considered to be related if one party has the ability, directly or indirectly, to control the other party or exercise significant influence over the other party in making financial and operating decisions. Parties are also considered to be related if they are subject to common control or significant influence, such as a family member or relative, shareholder, or a related corporation.

Net loss per share

Net loss per share is computed in accordance with ASC 260, Earnings per Share. The two-class method is used for computing earnings per share in the event the Group has net income available for distribution. Under the two-class method, net income is allocated between ordinary shares and participating securities based on dividends declared (or accumulated) and participating rights in undistributed earnings as if all the earnings for the reporting period had been distributed. The Company’s preferred shares are participating securities because they are entitled to receive dividends or distributions on an as converted basis. For the periods presented herein, the computation of basic loss per share using the two-class method is not applicable as the Group is in a net loss position and net loss is not allocated to other participating securities because in accordance with their contractual terms they are not obligated to share in the losses.

Basic net loss per share is computed using the weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding during the period. Diluted net loss per share is computed using the weighted average number of ordinary shares and potential ordinary shares outstanding during the period under treasury stock method. Potential ordinary shares include options to purchase ordinary shares and preferred shares, unless they were anti-dilutive. The computation of diluted net loss per share does not assume conversion, exercise, or contingent issuance of securities that would have an anti-dilutive effect (i.e. an increase in earnings per share amounts or a decrease in loss per share amounts) on net loss per share.

F-27

2. Significant Accounting Policies (Continued)

aa)

Statutory reserves

In accordance with China’s Company Laws, the Company’s VIE and subsidiaries of VIE in the PRC must make appropriations from their after-tax profit, if any (as determined under the accounting principles generally acceptable in the People’s Republic of China (“PRC GAAP”)), after offsetting accumulated losses from prior years, to non-distributable reserve funds including (i) statutory surplus fund and (ii) discretionary surplus fund. The appropriation to the statutory surplus fund must be at least 10% of the after-tax profits calculated in accordance with PRC GAAP. Appropriation is not required if the statutory surplus fund has reached 50% of the registered capital of the respective entity. Appropriation to the discretionary surplus fund is made at the discretion of the respective entity.

Pursuant to the laws applicable to China’s Foreign Investment Enterprises, the Company’s subsidiaries that are foreign investment enterprises in China have to make appropriations from their after-tax profit (as determined under PRC GAAP) to reserve funds including (i) general reserve fund, (ii) enterprise expansion fund, and (iii) staff bonus and welfare fund. The appropriation to the general reserve fund must be at least 10% of the after-tax profits calculated in accordance with PRC GAAP. Appropriation is not required if the general reserve fund has reached 50% of the registered capital of the respective entity. Appropriations to the other two reserve funds are at the respective entities’ discretion.

The Group has not appropriated any amount to statutory reserves for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025, because the Company’s subsidiary, VIE and subsidiaries of VIE were in the position of accumulated deficit as of December 31, 2024 and 2025.

bb)

Comprehensive loss

Comprehensive loss is defined to include all changes in equity of the Group during a period arising from transactions and other events and circumstances excluding transactions resulting from investments by shareholders and distributions to shareholders. Other comprehensive income/(loss), as presented on the consolidated balance sheets, consists of accumulated foreign currency translation adjustments and fair value changes of amounts due to related party due to own credit risk.

cc)

Segment reporting

The Group uses the management approach in determining reportable operating segments. The management approach considers the internal organization and reporting used by the Group’s chief operating decision maker (“CODM”) for making operating decisions, allocating resources and assessing performance as the source for determining the Group’s reportable segments. Management has determined that the Group operates in one segment, as that term is defined by FASB ASC Topic 280, Segment reporting. See Note 15.

dd)

Concentration and risk

Foreign currency exchange rate risk

The Group’s operating transactions are mainly denominated in RMB. RMB is not freely convertible into foreign currencies. The value of the RMB is subject to changes by the central government policies and to international economic and political developments. In the PRC, certain foreign exchange transactions are required by law to be transacted only through authorized financial institutions at exchange rates set by the People’s Bank of China (the “PBOC”). Remittances in currencies other than RMB by the Group in the PRC must be processed through PBOC or other PRC foreign exchange regulatory bodies which require certain supporting documents in order to effect the remittances. As of December 31, 2024 and 2025, the Group’s cash and cash equivalents, and restricted cash denominated in RMB were RMB53.2 million and RMB82.7 million, accounting for 43.4% and 48.5% of the Group’s total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, respectively.

F-28

2. Significant Accounting Policies (Continued)

dd)

Concentration and risk (Continued)

Credit risk and concentration risk

Financial instruments that potentially subject the Group to the concentration of credit risk consist of cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash and accounts receivable. As of December 31, 2024 and 2025, the Group’s cash and cash equivalents, and restricted cash were typically unsecured and highly concentrated in a few major financial institutions located in China, which management consider being of high credit quality and continually monitors the creditworthiness of these financial institutions. Accounts receivable is typically unsecured and is generally derived from revenue earned from the Company’s insurance transaction services business.

Concentration of customers and suppliers

There was nil, nil and nil customer which individually accounted for 10% or more of the Group’s total operating revenue or accounts receivable for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025.

There was nil, nil and nil supplier which individually accounted for more than 10% of the Group’s total costs and expenses for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025.

ee)

Recently issued accounting pronouncements

The Group qualifies as an “emerging growth company”, or EGC, pursuant to the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012, as amended, or the JOBS Act. As an EGC, the Group does not need to comply with any new or revised financial accounting standards until such date that a private company is otherwise required to comply with such new or revised accounting standards.

Recently adopted accounting pronouncements

In December 2023, the Financial Accounting Standard Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update(“ASU”) No. 2023-09 “Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures” to expand the disclosure requirements for income taxes, specifically related to the rate reconciliation and income taxes paid. The Group adopted this ASU on a prospective basis effective January 1, 2025. Refer to Note 11(a) for the inclusion of new disclosures required.

Other accounting standards adopted by the Group effective January 1, 2025 did not have a significant impact on its consolidated financial statements.

F-29

2. Significant Accounting Policies (Continued)

ee)

Recently issued accounting pronouncements (Continued)

Recent accounting pronouncements not yet adopted

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03, “Income Statement (Topic 220)—Reporting Comprehensive Income—Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40)”. ASU 2024-03 requires publicly-traded business entities to disclose specified information about the components of certain costs and expenses that are currently disclosed in the financial statements. The guidance is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2027. Early adoption is permitted. This guidance should be applied either prospectively to financial statements issued for reporting periods after the effective date or retrospectively to any or all prior periods presented in the financial statements. The Group is currently evaluating the potential impact this standard will have on its related disclosures to the consolidated financial statements.

In July 2025, the FASB issued ASU No. 2025-05, Financial Instruments—Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses for Accounts Receivable and Contract Assets. ASU No. 2025-05 provides a practical expedient that permits an entity to assume that current economic conditions as of the balance sheet date do not change for the remaining life of the asset. Further, the ASU allows an entity, other than a public business entity, that elects the practical expedient to make an accounting policy election to consider collection activity after the balance sheet date when estimating expected credit losses. ASU 2025-05 is effective for the Company for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2025. The ASU is applied prospectively and early adoption is permitted.The Group is currently evaluating the potential impact this standard will have on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

F-30

3. Reverse Recapitalization

On the Closing Date, (i) Prime Impact converted (a) its issued and outstanding 375,193 Class A and 4,341,052 Class B ordinary shares into 4,716,245 Class A ordinary shares of the Company, and (b) its 13,663,325 outstanding warrants with each warrant to purchase a Prime Impact Class A ordinary share converted into a warrant to purchase one the Company’s Class A ordinary share, (ii) CCT converted 455,818,627 preferred shares, issued and outstanding immediately prior to the Acquisition Merger, into 479,099,566 ordinary shares of CCT based on CCT’s then effective memorandum and articles of association, and (iii) CCT converted (a) its 676,533,464 issued and outstanding ordinary shares (including those converted from the preferred shares of CCT, but excluding 253,181,563 CCT ordinary shares held by Mr. Lei Zhang) into 49,692,232 Class A ordinary shares of the Company based on applicable Per Share Merger Consideration (as defined in the Business Combination Agreement), (b) 253,181,563 issued and outstanding ordinary shares of CCT held by Mr. Lei Zhang were converted into 18,596,504 Class B ordinary shares of the Company based on applicable Per Share Merger Consideration, (c) 865,227 outstanding warrants with each warrant to purchase a CCT’s preferred share converted into 63,552 warrants with each warrant to purchase one the Company’s Class A ordinary share based on applicable Per Share Merger Consideration, (d) the outstanding options of CCT converted into options of the Company based on applicable Per Share Merger Consideration, and (e) the outstanding restricted shares of CCT converted into restricted shares of CCG based on applicable Per Share Merger Consideration.

On September 11, 2023, Prime Impact, CCT and the Company entered into certain Subscription Agreements and a Backstop Agreement with global institutional investors for private investment in public equity (the “PIPE”) in connection with the Business Combination. Pursuant to such agreements, the Company issued 634,228; 1,300,000; and 500,000 Class A ordinary shares to Prime Impact Cayman LLC (the “Sponsor”); World Dynamic Limited; and Goldrock Holdings Limited for the consideration of US$10.00 per share, respectively. The consideration from the Sponsor was related to settlement of the Sponsor’s obligations with respect to the payment of certain Prime Impact transaction expenses in connection with the Business Combination. The Company incurred financing costs of RMB5.0 million related to the above PIPE financing transactions, which were directly associated with and incremental to these transactions.

The number of ordinary shares issued immediately following the consummation of the Reverse Recapitalization were as follows:

	Number of shares
CCT’s ordinary shares outstanding at December 31, 2022		432,673,255
CCT’s ordinary shares issued to the Preferred Shareholders (Note 14)		17,942,206
CCT’s ordinary shares outstanding prior to the Reverse Recapitalization		450,615,461

Conversion of CCT’s ordinary shares(1)		33,098,268
Conversion of CCT’s convertible redeemable preferred shares(1)		35,190,468
Conversion of Prime Impact’s Class A ordinary shares(2)		375,193
Conversion of Prime Impact’s Class B ordinary shares(2)		4,341,052
Ordinary shares attributable to conversion		73,004,981
Ordinary shares attributable to Prime Impact Cayman LLC(3)		634,228
Ordinary shares attributable to World Dynamic Limited(3)		1,300,000
Ordinary shares attributable to Goldrock Holdings Limited(3)		500,000
Total number of ordinary shares as of closing of the Reverse Recapitalization and PIPE transactions		75,439,209

(1)	On the Closing Date, CCT converted its (i) 450,615,461 issued and outstanding ordinary shares; and (ii) 479,099,566 convertible redeemable preferred shares, issued and outstanding immediately prior to the Reverse Recapitalization into 33,098,268 and 35,190,468 Class A ordinary shares of the Company, respectively, based on the conversion ratio of 13.6145:1.

(2)	On the Closing Date, Prime Impact converted its issued and outstanding (i) 375,193 Class A ordinary shares; and (ii) 4,341,052 Class B ordinary shares into 4,716,245 Class A ordinary shares of the Company.

(3)	On September 11, 2023, Prime Impact, CCT and the Company entered into certain Subscription Agreements and a Backstop Agreement with global institutional investors in connection with the Business Combination. Pursuant to such agreements, the Company issued 634,228, 1,300,000, and 500,000 Class A ordinary shares to the Sponsor, World Dynamic Limited, and Goldrock Holdings Limited for the consideration of US$10.00 per share, respectively.

Supplemental schedule about Reverse Recapitalization

	For the year ended December 31,
	2023
		RMB
Cash held by Prime Impact and cash related to Prime Impact trust account		360,745
Less redemptions		(331,574	)
Cash related to trust account, net of redemptions		29,171
Cash consideration for the subscription of shares by the Sponsor		14,787
Cash available for payment of costs		43,958
Less cash paid associated with transaction costs allocated to Reverse Recapitalization		(33,031	)
Less cash paid on behalf of the Company for professional expenses		(2,318	)
Proceeds from PIPE financing – Prime Impact Cayman LLC		8,609
Proceeds from PIPE financing – World Dynamic Limited		93,436
Proceeds from PIPE financing – Goldrock Holdings Limited		35,863
Total contributions from PIPE financing		137,908
Less cash payment associated with transaction costs allocated to PIPE		(4,953	)
Net contributions from Reverse Recapitalization and PIPE financing		132,955

F-31

4. Accounts receivable, net

Accounts receivable, net, consisted of the following:

Schedule of Accounts Receivable, Net

	December 31, 2024			December 31, 2025
	RMB			RMB
Accounts receivable, gross		987,913			1,149,968
Less: allowance for current expected credit losses		(5,434	)		(4,216	)
Accounts receivable, net		982,479			1,145,752

The following table summarizes the movement of the Group’s allowance for current expected credit losses:

	December 31, 2024			December 31, 2025
	RMB			RMB
Balance at the beginning of the year		(2,230	)		(5,434	)
Additions/(reversal)		(3,204	)		1,218
Write-offs		-			-
Balance at the end of the year		(5,434	)		(4,216	)

5. Prepayments and other current assets

The following is a summary of prepayments and other current assets:

	December 31, 2024		December 31, 2025
		RMB		RMB
Deductible Value Added Tax (“VAT”)		22,382		23,135
Staff advances (i)		-		15,849
Service fees (ii)		17,239		14,781
Rental and other deposits		2,946		2,580
Others		2,869		3,714
Balance at the end of the year		45,436		60,059

(i)

Staff advances mainly consist of business expenses advanced to employees.

(ii)

Service fees mainly consist of prepayment of cloud server hosting fees, directors and officers’ insurance fees and others.

6. Property, equipment and leasehold improvement, net

The following is a summary of property, equipment and leasehold improvement, net:

	December 31, 2024			December 31, 2025
	RMB			RMB
Leasehold improvement		3,735			3,740
Furniture and office equipment		1,311			1,104
Electronic equipment and others		4,476			3,870
Total property, equipment and leasehold improvement		9,522			8,714
Less: accumulated depreciation		(8,154	)		(7,883	)
Property, equipment and leasehold improvement, net		1,368			831

Depreciation expenses were RMB1.0 million, RMB1.1 million and RMB0.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025, respectively. No impairment charge was recognized for any of the years presented.

F-32

7. Intangible assets, net

The following table summarizes the Group’s intangible assets, net:

Schedule of Intangible Assets, Net

		RMB		RMB			RMB
	December 31, 2024
	Weighted Average Useful Life	Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization			Net Carrying Value
		RMB		RMB			RMB

Finite-lived intangible assets:
Software	3 years		916		(916	)		-
Licenses	10 years		21,000		(15,050	)		5,950
Agency agreements	2 years		18,000		(18,000	)		-
Channel relationship	2 years		19,000		(19,000	)		-
Finite-lived intangible assets			58,916		(52,966	)		5,950

		RMB		RMB			RMB
	December 31, 2025
	Weighted Average Useful Life	Gross Carrying Amount		Accumulated Amortization			Net Carrying Value
		RMB		RMB			RMB

Finite-lived intangible assets:
Software	3 years		916		(916	)		-
Licenses	10 years		21,000		(17,150	)		3,850
Agency agreements	2 years		18,000		(18,000	)		-
Channel relationship	2 years		19,000		(19,000	)		-
Finite-lived intangible assets			58,916		(55,066	)		3,850

Amortization expense for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025 were RMB2.1 million, RMB2.1 million and RMB2.1 million respectively.

The estimated amortization expenses for each of the following five years are as follows:

	December 31, 2025
		RMB
2026		2,100
2027		1,750
2028		-
2029		-
2030		-
Total		3,850

F-33

8. Goodwill

On October 26, 2017, Beijing Cheche entered into a share purchase agreement with Fanhua Insurance Sales and Services Group Ltd. (“Fanhua Group”). Under this agreement, Beijing Cheche acquired the equity interests in Cheche Insurance (previously named “Fanhua Times Sales and Service Co., Ltd.” or “Fanhua Times”, which was a subsidiary of Fanhua Group) and its property and casualty (“P&C”) insurance intermediary subsidiaries with a total consideration of approximately RMB225.4 million, including approximately RMB95.4 million cash consideration and RMB130.0 million in the form of a convertible loan.

Beijing Cheche recognized approximately RMB84.6 million goodwill on acquisition of Cheche Insurance and its subsidiaries, which was determined by the excess of the cash consideration and fair value of the convertible loan over the fair value of Cheche Insurance and its subsidiaries, at the time of acquisition.

The gross amount of goodwill and accumulated impairment losses as of December 31, 2024 and 2025 are as follows:

	December 31, 2024		December 31, 2025
	RMB		RMB
Gross		84,609		84,609
Accumulated impairment loss		-		-
Goodwill, net		84,609		84,609

The Group performed the annual impairment analysis as of the balance sheet date. No impairment loss was recognized in goodwill for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025.

9. Leases

The Group’s lease payments for office space leases include fixed rental payments and do not consist of any variable lease payments that depend on an index or a rate. As of December 31, 2024 and 2025, there was no leases that have not yet commenced.

The following represents the aggregate right-of-use assets and related lease liabilities as of December 31, 2024 and 2025:

	December 31, 2024			December 31, 2025
	RMB			RMB
Operating lease right-of-use assets		5,653			6,453
Short-term operating lease liabilities		(3,037	)		(4,727	)
Long-term operating lease liabilities		(2,137	)		(801	)
Total operating leased liabilities		(5,174	)		(5,528	)

The weighted average lease term and weighted average discount rate as of December 31, 2024 and 2025 were as follows:

	December 31, 2024			December 31, 2025
	RMB			RMB
Weighted average lease term:
Operating leases		1.96			1.34
Weighted average discount rate:
Operating leases		3.43	%		2.96	%

The components of lease expenses for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025 were as follows:

Schedule of Lease Expenses

	2023		2024		2025
	For the years ended December 31,
	2023		2024		2025
	RMB		RMB		RMB
Operating lease cost		8,880		5,599		5,807
Cost of other leases with period less than one year		1,194		3,340		1,614
Total		10,074		8,939		7,421

Supplemental cash flow information related to leases for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025 were as follows:

	2023			2024			2025
	For the years ended December 31,
	2023			2024			2025
	RMB			RMB			RMB
Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities:
Operating cash flows for operating leases		8,984			5,138			6,052
Supplemental noncash information:
Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for lease obligations		5,602			6,843			7,047
Right-of-use assets released due to termination of lease contracts		(1,666	)		(6,179	)		(648	)

F-34

9. Leases (Continued)

Maturities of lease liabilities at December 31, 2025:

	December 31, 2025
	RMB
2026		4,618
2027		1,017
Total remaining undiscounted lease payments		5,635
Less: interest		(107	)
Total present value of operating lease liabilities		5,528
Less: short-term operating lease liabilities		(4,727	)
Long-term operating lease liabilities		801

10. Short-term and long-term borrowings

The following table summarizes the Group’s outstanding short-term and long-term borrowings as of December 31, 2024 and 2025, respectively:

	December 31, 2024		December 31, 2025
	RMB		RMB
Short-term bank borrowing		30,000		80,500
Long-term bank borrowing		-		9,800
Bank borrowings		30,000		90,300

(1)

Bank borrowings

Schedule of Bank Borrowings

	Principal			Interest rate			December 31,
	Maturity date	Amount		Per annum			2024		2025
Industrial Bank (i)	May 30, 2025		5,000		3.10	%		5,000		-
Bank of Beijing (ii)	June 6, 2025		10,000		3.35	%		10,000		-
Bank of Beijing (ii)	December 26, 2025		10,000		2.80	%		10,000		-
China Minsheng Bank (iii)	December 11, 2025		5,000		2.80	%		5,000		-
China Minsheng Bank (iii)	January 14, 2026		9,900		2.80	%		-		9,900
China Minsheng Bank (iii)	November 3,2026		9,900		2.50	%		-		9,900
Bank of Beijing (iv)	June 5, 2026		10,000		2.80	%		-		10,000
Bank of Beijing (iv)	June 19, 2026		10,000		2.80	%		-		10,000
Industrial Bank (v)	May 29, 2026		5,000		2.80	%		-		5,000
Industrial and Commercial Bank of China (vi)	June 26, 2026		5,000		2.35	%		-		5,000
Industrial and Commercial Bank of China (vi)	June 26, 2026		5,000		2.35	%		-		5,000
Industrial and Commercial Bank of China (vii)	June 26, 2026		5,000		2.35	%		-		5,000
Bank of China (viii)	June 30, 2026		10,000		2.15	%		-		10,000
Bank of Shanghai (ix)	September 8, 2026		5,000		2.40	%		-		5,000
Bank of Shanghai (x)	August 28, 2026		5,000		2.40	%		-		5,000
China CITIC Bank (xi)	December 30, 2026		700		2.80	%		-		700
Bank of Beijing (xii)	May 8, 2027		4,800		2.60	%		-		4,800
Bank of Beijing (xii)	May 8, 2027		5,000		2.60	%				5,000
Total Bank borrowings								30,000		90,300

(i)

On May 22, 2024, the Group entered into an RMB10.0 million credit facility with the Industrial Bank Co., Ltd. (“Industrial Bank”) that expired on May 21, 2025 to support its operations, which was guaranteed by Cheche Insurance. Under this credit facility, the Group drew down RMB5.0 million on May 31, 2024. The loans of RMB 5.0 million has been repaid on May 30, 2025.

F-35

10. Short-term and long-term borrowings (Continued)

(ii)	On June 20, 2024, Baodafang entered into an RMB50.0 million (updated to RMB20.0 million on December 25, 2024) credit facility with the Bank of Beijing that will expire on June 19, 2026 to support its operations, which was guaranteed by Beijing Cheche. Under this credit facility, on June 20, 2024, Baodafang entered into a supply chain financing agreement with the Bank of Beijing, whereby the Bank of Beijing would settle Baodafang’s accounts payable by providing RMB10.0 million to Baodafang’s supplier, Beijing Cheche, after Beijing Cheche factored its corresponding accounts receivable due from Baodafang to the Bank of Beijing through a non-recourse factoring agreement. The interest and the principal has been repaid upon maturity on June 6, 2025. In addition, under this credit facility, the Group drew down RMB10.0 million on December 27, 2024. The loans of RMB10.0 million were repaid on June 17, 2025. There are no financial covenants for the credit facility.

(iii)	On November 6, 2024, the Group entered into an RMB30.0 million credit facility with the China Minsheng Bank that expired on November 5, 2025 to support its operations, which was jointly guaranteed by Cheche Insurance and Baodafang. Under this credit facility, the Group drew down RMB5.0 million on December 11, 2024.The loans of RMB 5.0 million has been repaid on October 31, 2025. In addition, under this credit facility, the Group drew down RMB9.9 million on January 14, 2025 and RMB9.9 million on November 3, 2025,respectiely. There are no financial covenants for the credit facility.

(iv)	On June 20, 2024, Baodafang entered into an RMB50.0 million (updated to RMB20.0 million on December 25, 2024) credit facility with the Bank of Beijing that will expire on June 19, 2026 to support its operations, which was guaranteed by Beijing Cheche. On June 10, 2025, Beijing Cheche entered into non-recourse factoring agreement with the Bank of Beijing, whereby the Bank of Beijing would settle Baodafang’s accounts payable by providing RMB10.0 million to Baodafang’s supplier, Beijing Cheche. The interest was prepaid and the principal will be due upon maturity on June 5, 2026. In addition, under this credit facility, the Group drew down RMB10.0 million on June 19, 2025. There are no financial covenants for the credit facility.

(v)	On May 30, 2025, the Group entered into a loan contract of RMB5.0 million with the Industrial Bank Co., Ltd. (“Industrial Bank”) that will expire on May 29, 2026 to support its operations, which was guaranteed by Cheche Insurance. There are no financial covenants for the loan.

(vi)	On October 14, 2025, the Group entered into a loan contract of RMB10.0 million with the Industrial and Commercial Bank of China that will expire on June 26, 2026 to support its operations, which was guaranteed by Baodafang and Cheche Insurance. There are no financial covenants for the credit facility.

(vii)	On June 27, 2025, the Group entered into a loan contract of RMB5.0 million with the Industrial and Commercial Bank of China that will expire on June 26, 2026 to support its operations, which was guaranteed by Beijing Cheche and Cheche Insurance. There are no financial covenants for the credit facility.

(viii)	On June 30, 2025, the Group entered into an RMB10.0 million credit facility with the Bank of China that will expire on June 28, 2026 to support its operations, which was guaranteed by Beijing Cheche. Under this credit facility, the Group drew down RMB10.0 million on June 30, 2025. There are no financial covenants for the credit facility.

(ix)	On December 8, 2025, the Group entered into an RMB5.0 million credit facility with the Bank of Shanghai that will expire on August 24, 2026 to support its operations, which was guaranteed by Cheche Insurance. Under this credit facility, the Group drew down RMB5.0 million on December 8, 2025. There are no financial covenants for the credit facility.

(x)	On November 28, 2025, the Group entered into an RMB5.0 million credit facility with the Bank of Shanghai that will expire on August 26, 2026 to support its operations, which was guaranteed by Cheche Insurance. Under this credit facility, The Group drew down RMB5.0 million on November 28, 2025. There are no financial covenants for the credit facility.

(xi)	On December 29, 2025, the Group entered into an RMB10.0 million credit facility with the China CITIC Bank that will expire on December 20, 2026 to support its operations, which was guaranteed by Beijing Cheche. Under this credit facility, The Group drew down RMB0.7 million on December 31, 2025. There are no financial covenants for the credit facility.

(xii)	On May 8, 2025, the Group entered into an RMB20.0 million credit facility with the Bank of Beijing that will expire on May 8, 2027 to support its operations, which was guaranteed by the deposit pledge of USD 3.0 million. Under this credit facility, the Group drew down RMB5.0 million on June 3, 2025, of which RMB0.2 million in principal was repaid on December 3, 2025. In addition, the Group drew down another RMB5.0 million on October 22, 2025. There are no financial covenants for the credit facility.

11. Taxation

a) Income taxes

Cayman Islands

Under the current laws of the Cayman Islands, the Company is not subject to tax on income or capital gain. Additionally, upon payments of dividends by the Company in the Cayman Islands to its shareholders, no Cayman Islands withholding tax will be imposed.

Hong Kong

Hong Kong [Member]

Subsidiary incorporated in Hong Kong is subject to Hong Kong profits tax at a rate of 16.5% for taxable income earned in Hong Kong before April 1, 2018. Starting from the financial year commencing on April 1, 2018, the two-tiered profits tax regime took effect, under which the tax rate is 8.25% for assessable profits on the first HK$2 million and 16.5% for any assessable profits in excess of HK$2 million.

PRC

China [Member]

Under the Enterprise Income Tax (“EIT”) Law of the PRC, the Company’s PRC subsidiaries, VIE and subsidiaries of VIE are subject to an income tax of 25%, except for Beijing Cheche and Baodafang, which Beijing Cheche was entitled a preferential tax rate of 15% from 2022 to 2024 and from 2025 to 2027 for its High and New Technology Enterprise (“HNTE”) status, and Baodafang was entitled a preferential tax rate of 15% from 2023 to 2025 for its HNTE status, subject to annual evaluation and a requirement that they re-apply for HNTE status every three years.

F-36

11. Taxation (Continued)

a) Income taxes (Continued)

The components of loss before income taxes are as follows (in thousands):

Schedule of Income Tax Expense


	For the years ended December 31,
	2023			2024			2025
	RMB			RMB			RMB
Loss before income tax expense
Loss from PRC operations		(149,818	)		(45,582	)		(9,700	)
Loss from non-PRC operations		(10,135	)		(15,945	)		(8,495	)
Total Loss before income tax expense		(159,953	)		(61,527	)		(18,195	)


	For the years ended December 31,
	2023			2024
	RMB			RMB
Income tax benefit applicable to PRC operations
Deferred income tax benefit		525			525
Subtotal income tax benefit applicable to PRC operations		525			525
Non-PRC withholding tax expense		(162	)		(234	)
Total income tax benefit		363			291

	For the year ended December 31,
	2025
	RMB
Current income tax expense
PRC		-
Non-PRC		(119	)
Total current income tax expense		(119	)
Deferred income tax benefit
PRC		525
Non-PRC		-
Total deferred income tax benefit		525

Total income tax benefit		406

The reconciliation of taxes at the PRC statutory rate to our provision for (benefit from) income taxes for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 in accordance with the guidance prior to the adoption of ASU 2023-09 was as follows:


	For the years ended December 31,
	2023			2024
	RMB			RMB
Loss before income tax		(159,953	)		(61,527	)
Tax benefit at EIT tax rate of 25%*		(39,989	)		(15,382	)
Effect of different tax rates applicable to different subsidiaries of the Group		18,589			6,579
Effect of changes in tax rates		8,158			-
Expired operating loss		14,966			31,294
Permanent differences		13,722			1,604
Changes in deferred tax assets valuation allowance		(15,809	)		(24,386	)
Income tax benefit		(363	)		(291	)

The PRC statutory income tax rate is used for the reconciliation as the majority of the Group’s operations are based in the PRC for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025.

F-37

Upon adoption of ASU 2023-09, Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures, as described in Note 2, Significant Accounting Policies, the reconciliation of taxes at the PRC statutory rate to our provision for (benefit from) income taxes for the year ended December 31, 2025 was as follows:


	For the year ended December 31,
	2025
	RMB			％
Loss before income tax		(18,195	)		100.0	%
PRC statutory income tax rate		25	%		25	%
Computed income tax benefit with PRC statutory income tax rate		(4,548	)		25	%
Domestic tax effects
Preferential tax rate		(1,123	)		6.2	%
Additional deduction of qualified R&D expenditures		(4,956	)		27.2	%
Non-deductible accrued share-based compensation		3,759			-20.7	%
Non-deductible interest expenses		672			-3.7	%
Non-deductible entertainment expense		458			-2.5	%
Changes in valuation allowance		1,707			-9.4	%
Expired operating loss		1,134			-6.2	%
Other		240			-1.3	%
Foreign tax effects
Hong Kong
-Statutory tax rate difference between Hong Kong and PRC		(257	)		1.4	%
Cayman
-Statutory tax rate difference between Cayman and PRC		2,508			-13.8	%
Effective tax rate		(406	)		2.2	%

Upon adoption of ASU 2023-09, Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures, as described in Note 2, Significant Accounting Policies, cash paid for income taxes (excluding withholding tax), during the year ended December 31, 2025 was as follows:

Schedule of Income Taxes Paid

	For the year ended December 31,
	2025
	RMB
PRC		-
Non-PRC		-
Total		-

F-38

11. Taxation (Continued)

b) Deferred tax assets and liabilities

The following table presents the tax impact of significant temporary differences that give rise to the deferred tax assets and liabilities as of December 31, 2024 and 2025:

	As of
	December 31, 2024			December 31, 2025
	RMB			RMB
Deferred tax assets：
Net accumulated losses carry forwards		98,161			103,182
Accrued payroll and other expenses		10,966			13,017
Advertising expenses in excess of deduction limit		6,386			812
Fair value changes of amounts due to related party		4,350			5,019
Accrued expenses		427			427
Deferred revenue		358			358
Others		2,390			1,930
Deferred tax assets		123,038			124,745
Less: valuation allowance		(123,038	)		(124,745	)
Deferred tax assets, net		-			-
Deferred tax liabilities：
Identifiable intangible assets arising from acquisition of Cheche Insurance (Note 8)		(1,488	)		(963	)
Deferred tax liabilities		(1,488	)		(963	)

According to PRC tax regulations, the PRC enterprise’s net operating loss can be generally carried forward for no longer than five years, and HNTE’s net operating losses can be carried forward for no more than ten years, starting from the year subsequent to the year in which the loss was incurred. Carryback of losses is not permitted. The Group will re-apply for the HNTE certificate when the prior certificate expires in the foreseeable future.

Total net operating losses carryforwards of the Group’s subsidiaries in PRC is RMB538.24 million as of December 31, 2025. As of December 31, 2025, the net operating loss carryforwards from PRC will expire in calendar years 2026 through 2035, if not utilized.

The Group does not believe that sufficient positive evidence exists to conclude that the recoverability of deferred tax assets of certain entities of the Group is more likely than not to be realized. Consequently, the Group has provided full valuation allowances on the related deferred tax assets. The following table sets forth the movement of valuation allowance for the years presented:

Schedule of Valuation Allowance

	December 31, 2023			December 31, 2024			December 31, 2025
	RMB			RMB			RMB
Balance at the beginning of the year		(163,233	)		(147,424	)		(123,038	)
(Additions)/Reversals		15,809			24,386			(1,707	)
Balance at end of the year		(147,424	)		(123,038	)		(124,745	)

c) Withholding income tax

The enterprise income tax (“EIT”) Law also imposes a withholding income tax of 10% on dividends distributed by a foreign-invested entity (“FIE”) to its immediate holding company outside of China, if such immediate holding company is considered as a non-resident enterprise without any establishment or place within China or if the received dividends have no connection with the establishment or place of such immediate holding company within China, unless such immediate holding company’s jurisdiction of incorporation has a tax treaty with China that provides for a different withholding arrangement. The Cayman Islands, where the Company incorporated, does not have such tax treaty with China. According to the arrangement between Mainland China and Hong Kong Special Administrative Region on the Avoidance of Double Taxation and Prevention of Fiscal Evasion in August 2006, dividends paid by a FIE in China to its immediate holding company in Hong Kong will be subject to withholding tax at a rate of no more than 5% if all the requirements are satisfied.

F-39

11. Taxation (Continued)

c) Withholding income tax (Continued)

To the extent that subsidiaries, VIE and subsidiaries of VIE of the Group have undistributed earnings, the Company will accrue appropriate expected withholding tax associated with repatriation of such undistributed earnings. As of December 31, 2024 and 2025, the Company did not record any such withholding tax of its subsidiaries, VIE and subsidiaries of VIE in the PRC as they are still in accumulated deficit position.

12. Tax payable

The Group’s subsidiaries, VIE and subsidiaries of VIE incorporated in China are subject to 6% VAT for services rendered.

The following is a summary of tax payable as of December 31, 2024 and 2025:

Schedule of Tax Payable

	December 31, 2024		December 31, 2025
	RMB		RMB
VAT payables		11,355		22,177
Individual income tax payables		552		440
Construction tax payables		40		15
Educational development payables		29		11
Others		35		14
Total		12,011		22,657

13. Accrued expenses and other current liabilities

The following is a summary of accrued expenses and other current liabilities as of December 31, 2024 and 2025:

	December 31, 2024		December 31, 2025
	RMB		RMB
Professional service fees		8,562		12,022
Refund liabilities		7,792		5,801
Payables to third-party financial institutions (i)		5,000		-
Accrued expenses		1,586		549
Others		2,308		834
Total		25,248		19,206

(i)

On November 13, 2024, the Group entered into a factoring agreement with a third-party financial institution, whereby the financial institution lent RMB5.0 million after the Group factored its accounts receivable to the financial institution. The interest is payable on a monthly basis and the principal is due upon maturity on April 13, 2025. The Group’s consolidated statements of cash flows has reflected a financing cash inflow related to this affected payables balance in “Cash receipt of the debt proceeds”. On April 10, 2025, the Group has entered into a supplemental agreement to extend the maturity of the principal balance of RMB5.0 million to August 30, 2025. As of December 31, 2025, the Group had repaid all principal and interest in full.

F-40

14. Preferred shares

Prior to the Reverse Recapitalization, CCT was authorized to issue ordinary shares and preferred shares. Series A, Series B, Series C, Series D1, Series D2, Series D3 and Series Pre-A convertible redeemable preferred shares held by Ruiyuan Technology Holdings Limited (“Ruiyuan”) after its re-designation are collectively referred to as the “Preferred Shares”. Series Seed preferred shares, Series Pre-A preferred shares held by Cicw Holdings Limited (“Cicw Holdings”), and Series Pre-A preferred shares held by Ruiyuan prior to its re-designation are without redemption right, conversion right and liquidation right, hence together referred as “Ordinary Shares”, in substance.

The following table summarizes the issuances of Preferred Shares by CCT:

	As of December 31, 2022
	Shares Authorized*		Shares Issued and Outstanding		Issue Price per Share		Redemption Value		Liquidation Value
							US$		US$
Series Pre-A		4,429,111		4,429,111		RMB 5.45		19,752		19,965
Series A		9,181,406		9,181,406		RMB 5.45		40,853		40,886
Series B		8,033,732		8,033,732		RMB 21.78		49,709		52,721
Series C		1,955,000		1,955,000		US$ 8.58		17,616		19,916
Series D1		399,496		399,496		US$ 8.85		3,653		4,071
Series D2		765,057		765,057		US$ 8.85		6,996		7,795
Series D3		10,426,666		10,426,666		US$ 8.85		94,523		106,238
		35,190,468		35,190,468				233,102		251,592

*	Shares authorized, issued and outstanding for all periods reflect the adjustment for Reverse Recapitalization (Note 3).

Series Pre-A financing

In July 2015, Beijing Cheche issued 146,903 shares to Shenzhen Ruiyuan Investment Enterprise, LLP (“Shenzhen Ruiyuan”) for the consideration of RMB30.0 million. Since then, after a series of transactions among investors of Beijing Cheche, Shenzhen Ruiyuan held 108,891 shares, immediately before the Reorganization.

January 2019, in connection with the Reorganization, CCT issued 5,444,575 ordinary shares to Ruiyuan, designated by Shenzhen Ruiyuan.

In October 2019, 1,015,462 of ordinary shares were transferred from Ruiyuan to Cicw Holdings for the consideration of RMB6.0 million. In June 2021, 4,429,111 of ordinary shares held by Ruiyuan were re-designated into Series Pre-A preferred shares, for nil consideration.

Series A financing

In July 2016, Beijing Cheche issued 91,814 and 91,814 shares to Beijing Zhongyun Ronghui Investment Center, LLP (“Zhongyun Ronghui”) and Hangzhou Shunying Equity Investment Enterprise, LLP (“Hangzhou Shunying”) for the consideration of RMB25.0 million and RMB25.0 million, respectively.

On November 22, 2018, CCT entered into Preferred Share and Warrant Purchase Agreement with Zhongyun Ronghui and Hangzhou Shunying. CCT issued warrants to Zhongyun Ronghui and Hangzhou Shunying in connection with the Reorganization, which entitled them to purchase 4,590,703 and 4,590,703 shares of Series A convertible redeemable preferred shares, respectively. The warrants were exercised on May 23, 2019.

On May 23, 2019, CCT issued 4,590,703 and 4,590,703 Series A preferred shares to Zhongyun Ronghui and Ningbo Shiwei Enterprise Management Partnership (L.P.) (“Ningbo Shiwei”) (designated by Hangzhou Shunying) for the consideration of US$ equivalent of RMB0.4 million and RMB0.4 million, respectively.

F-41

14. Preferred shares (Continued)

Series B financing

In August 2017, Beijing Cheche issued 6,886, 6,886, 55,088 and 91,814 shares to Zhongyun Ronghui, Hangzhou Shunying, Huzhou Zhongze Jiameng Equity Investment Enterprise, LLP (“Huzhou Zhongze”) and Zhuhai Hengqin Huarong Zhifu Investment Management Co., Ltd. (“Zhuhai Hengqin”) for the consideration of RMB7.5 million, RMB7.5 million, RMB60.0 million and RMB100.0 million, respectively.

On November 22, 2018, CCT entered into Preferred Share and Warrant Purchase Agreement with Zhongyun Ronghui and Hangzhou Shunying. CCT issued warrants to Zhongyun Ronghui and Hangzhou Shunying in connection with the Reorganization, which entitled them to purchase 344,303 and 344,303 shares of Series B convertible redeemable preferred shares, respectively. The warrants were exercised on May 23, 2019.

In January 2019, in connection with the Reorganization, CCT issued 2,754,422 and 4,590,704 Series B preferred shares to Eagle Rover Ltd. (“Huzhou Zhongze BVI”), and Lian Jia Enterprise Limited (“Zhuhai Hengqin BVI”), designated by Huzhou Zhongze and Zhuhai Hengqin, respectively.

On May 23, 2019, CCT issued 344,303 and 344,303 Series B preferred shares to Zhongyun Ronghui and Ningbo Shiwei (designated by Hangzhou Shunying) for the consideration of US$ equivalent of RMB0.1 million and RMB0.1 million, respectively.

Series C financing

January 2019, CCT issued 1,877,135 Series C preferred shares to White Elephant for the consideration of US$17.4 million. In October 2019, CCT issued an additional 150,171 Series C preferred shares to White Elephant at par value which was accounted for as deemed dividend from CCT to White Elephant.

In April 2021, CCT issued 1,955,000 Series C preferred shares to Yonghe CT Limited for the consideration of US$15.0 million. In February 2022, Yonghe CT Limited transferred its 782,000 Series C preferred shares to Yonghe CarTech Limited with no consideration.

In January 2022, CCT received a notice of redemption request letter (the “Letter”) from White Elephant, as the Group failed to consummate a QIPO (defined as (i) a public offering of ordinary shares of CCT with an implied valuation of US$800,000,000 or more on the first day of listing the shares of CCT and the public offering of ordinary shares accounting for at least 10% of all the ordinary shares on a fully diluted and as-converted basis on the Stock Exchange of Hong Kong Limited or NASDAQ or a securities exchange or inter-dealer quotation system recognized by the right holder investors otherwise; or (ii) any public offering agreed by the holders of at least 2/3 of the then issued and outstanding preferred shares; or (iii) any SPAC transaction agreed by the holders of at least 2/3 of the then issued and outstanding preferred shares) by January 18, 2022, defined as a redemption event under an Amended and Restated Memorandum and Articles of Association of CCT dated July 26, 2021. In November 2022, in connection with an Amended and Restated Memorandum and Articles of Association of CCT dated November 3, 2022 (the “Existing M&A”) Article 19(a)(i), which changed the Redemption Event (i) as “CCT fails to consummate a QIPO by January 18, 2024” and the Letter, the Group and White Elephant agreed and entered into a Share Repurchase Agreement, whereby CCT repurchased its 27,600,750 Series C preferred shares from White Elephant for a consideration of US$19.7 million. The agreed redemption amount paid for Series C preferred shares to White Elephant was lower than its carrying amount of the Series C preferred shares accreted up to the redemption amount as of redemption date in November 2022 in accordance with the original contractual terms. The repurchase of this Series C preferred shares from White Elephant was completed in November 2022.

F-42

14. Preferred shares (Continued)

Series D1 financing

In June 2021, CCT issued 399,496 Series D1 preferred shares to United Gemini Holdings Limited for the consideration of RMB20.0 million.

Series D2 financing

In June 2021, CCT issued 651,667 and 113,390 Series D2 preferred shares to Yonghe CT Limited and Yonghe SI Limited for the consideration of US$5.0 million and US$0.9 million, respectively. In February 2022, Yonghe CT Limited transferred its 260,667 shares to Yonghe CarTech Limited with no consideration.

Series D3 financing

In July 2021, CCT issued 8,341,333 and 2,085,333 Series D3 preferred shares to Image Digital Investment (HK) Limited and TPP Fund II Holding F Limited for the consideration of US$64.0 million and US$16.0 million, respectively.

The key terms of the Preferred Shares are as follows:

Conversion right

Each of Preferred Shares shall automatically be converted into ordinary shares at the then effective conversion price upon the closing of a QIPO. If the offering does not constitute a QIPO, it is at the option of holders of Preferred Shares to convert. No fractional ordinary share shall be issued upon conversion of the Preferred Shares. In lieu of any fractional ordinary shares to which the holder would otherwise be entitled, CCT shall pay cash equal to such fraction multiplied by the then effective conversion price for any such series of Preferred Shares.

The conversion ratio for each of Preferred Share shall be determined by dividing the issue price by the then conversion price, in effect at the time of the conversion. The conversion price shall initially be equal to the issue price per ordinary share. No adjustment in the conversion price for any series of Preferred Shares shall be made in respect of the issuance of additional ordinary shares unless below conditions are met: 1) the consideration per share for an additional ordinary share issued or deemed to be issued by CCT is less than the conversion price for such series in effect on the date of and immediately prior to such issuance; 2) the original issue price of each of the Series C, Series D1, Series D2 and Series D3 preferred shares is higher than seventy-five75 percent of the QIPO offering price.

F-43

14. Preferred shares (Continued)

Redemption right

The Preferred Shares holders shall have redemption rights upon the occurrence of any of the following events: (i) CCT fails to complete QIPO by January 18, 2022 (the “QIPO date”); (ii) Share Purchase Agreement, Shareholders Agreement and the Memorandum and Articles of Association (“Transaction Document”) fails to obtain necessary corporate proceedings and authorization from the Group Companies, the Founder and the Founder’s Holdco.; (iii) there is a material breach by any Group Companies, the Founder and the Founder’s Holdco of any of its, his or her, warranties, covenants, obligations under any Transaction Document , or (iv) there is a material breach by any Group Companies, the Founder and the Founder’s Holdco of any applicable Laws, which results in a cessation of CCT’s main business for a period of no less than three months; (v) any Group Company’s improper operation of its business and/or illegal activities, any of which have resulted in substantial losses to any Group Company; (vi) Any of Contractual arrangements with VIE has been terminated, declared void or invalid or otherwise incapable of enabling CCT to consolidate the Domestic Company’s financial results pursuant to the International Financial Reporting Standards or the United States’ generally accepted accounting principles; (vii) the Founder having been convicted of a criminal offence; (viii) the Group Companies’ engagement in the business other than the current business (each a “Redemption Event”); then each of Preferred Shares shall be redeemable upon the request of any preferred shareholder.

Under the Amended and Restated Memorandum and Articles of Association of CCT dated November 3, 2022, the Preferred Shareholders agreed to change the QIPO date as part of the Redemption Event (i) to January 18, 2024. On February 23, 2023, the Preferred Shareholders further agreed to amend the QIPO date to January 18, 2025. On the same date, the Group entered into share transfer agreements with the existing Preferred Shareholders and transferred 559,868, 606,524, 606,524, 1,119,736, 1,866,227, 1,522,101, 1,014,735, 388,793, 110,352, 8,117,877 and 2,029,469 ordinary shares of CCT at par value to these existing preferred shareholders before the QIPO including Ruiyuan, Zhongyun Ronghui, Ningbo Shiwei, Huzhou Zhongze BVI, Zhuhai Hengqin BVI, Yonghe CT Limited, Yonghe CarTech Limited, United Gemini Holdings Limited, Yonghe SI Limited, Image Digital Investment (HK) Limited and TPP Fund II Holding F Limited, respectively in connection with the modification of the QIPO date relating to the preferred shares.

The Preferred Shares’ redemption price shall be equal to the greater of (i) the original investment amount of the capital contribution, plus an amount accruing thereon daily at a compound interest rate of ten percent (10%) per annum of the capital contribution from issue date plus any declared but unpaid dividends; or (ii) the original investment amount of the capital contribution, plus the aggregate net profits of the Group incurred from issue date to the redemption date multiplied by average amount of the percentage of the shares held by such investor in CCT from issue date to the redemption date; or (iii) the fair market value of the capital contribution to be redeemed determined by a third party valuer.

Dividend right

No dividends or other distributions shall be made or declared, whether in cash, in property, or in any other shares of the Group, unless and until dividends have been paid in full on the Preferred Shares.

Liquidation right

After setting aside or paying in full of the Series D3 preference amount, the Series D2 preference amount, the Series D1 preference amount, the Series C preference amount, the Series B preference amount, the Series A preference amount and the Series Pre-A preference amount, the remaining assets of the Group available for distribution to members, if any, shall be distributed to the holders of the Preferred Shares and Ordinary Shares on a pro rata basis, based on the number of ordinary shares then held by each holder on an as-converted basis.

Voting right

Each of Preferred Shares confers the right to receive notice of, attend and vote at any general meeting of members.

F-44

14. Preferred shares (Continued)

Accounting of Preferred Shares

The Group has classified the Preferred Shares in the mezzanine equity of the consolidated balance sheets as they were redeemable at the options of the holders any time after a certain date and were contingently redeemable upon the occurrence of certain liquidation event outside of CCT’s control. The conversion feature as mentioned above, are initially measured at its fair value, respectively, and the initial carrying value for the Preferred Shares are allocated on a residual basis, net of issuance costs.

Since the Preferred Shares become redeemable at the option of the holder at any time after a specified date, for each reporting period, CCT recorded accretions on the Preferred Shares to the redemption value from the issuance dates to the earliest redemption dates as set forth in the original issuance. While all Preferred Shares are automatically converted upon a QIPO, the effectiveness of a QIPO is not within the control of CCT and is not deemed probable to occur for accounting purposes until the effective date of the QIPO. As such, CCT continued to recognize accretion of the Preferred Shares during the years ended December 31, 2021, 2022 and the period from January 1, 2023 to September 14, 2023 (the Closing Date of the Business Combination). The accretion of Preferred Shares was negative RMB101.5 million, RMB188.3 million and RMB762.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2022 and the period from January 1, 2023 to September 14, 2023.

In addition, the Group records accretions on the Preferred Shares to the redemption value from the issuance dates to the earliest redemption dates. The accretions are recorded against retained earnings, or in the absence of retained earnings, by charges against additional paid-in capital. Once additional paid-in capital has been exhausted, additional charges are recorded by increasing the accumulated deficit. Each issuance of the Preferred Shares is recognized at the respective fair value at the date of issuance net of issuance costs.

The deemed liquidation preference provisions of the Preferred Shares were considered contingent redemption provisions that were not solely within the CCT’s control. As such, prior to the Reverse Recapitalization, the associated balances were presented outside of permanent equity in the mezzanine section of the consolidated balance sheets. As part of the Reverse Recapitalization transaction, as described within Note 3, the Preferred Shares was converted into a certain number of ordinary shares of CCT based on the CCT’s then effective memorandum and articles of association, and then CCT converted the ordinary shares converted from preferred shares into a certain number of the Company’s Class A ordinary shares. The Company had no outstanding Preferred Shares as of December 31, 2023.

Accounting of Re-designation from ordinary shares to preferred shares

The Group considered that re-designation from ordinary shares to preferred shares mentioned above were, in substance, the same as a contribution from ordinary shareholders followed by a cancellation of those ordinary shares and simultaneously an issuance of the preferred shares for no consideration. Therefore, the Group recorded the par value of those ordinary shares cancelled into additional paid-in capital, and recorded the fair value of the preferred shares as deemed distribution to preferred shareholders, against retained earnings, or in the absence of retained earnings, by charging against additional paid-in capital or by increasing the accumulated deficit once additional paid-in capital has been exhausted.

F-45

14. Preferred shares (Continued)

The Group’s preferred shares activities for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024, respectively, are summarized below:

Schedule of Preferred Shares Activities

	Balance as of January 1, 2022		Accretions to Preferred Shares redemption value			Redemption of Preferred Shares			Balance as of December 31, 2022

Series Pre-A Preferred shares
Number of shares		4,429,111		-			-			4,429,111
Amount		121,121		30,182			-			151,303
Series A Preferred shares
Number of shares		9,181,406		-			-			9,181,406
Amount		270,877		62,920			-			333,797
Series B Preferred shares
Number of shares		8,033,732		-			-			8,033,732
Amount		275,750		44,286			-			320,036
Series C Preferred shares
Number of shares		3,982,306		-			(2,027,306	)		1,955,000
Amount		259,024		(11,139	)		(132,529	)		115,356
Series D1 Preferred shares
Number of shares		399,496		-			-			399,496
Amount		20,452		2,187			-			22,639
Series D2 Preferred shares
Number of shares		765,057		-			-			765,057
Amount		34,992		4,152			-			39,144
Series D3 Preferred shares
Number of shares		10,426,666		-			-			10,426,666
Amount		520,923		55,683			-			576,606
Total Number of shares*		37,217,774		-			(2,027,306	)		35,190,468
Total amount		1,503,139		188,271			(132,529	)		1,558,881

*	Shares authorized, issued and outstanding for all periods reflect the adjustment for Reverse Recapitalization (Note 3).

F-46

14. Preferred shares (Continued)

	Balance as of January 1, 2023		Accretions to Preferred Shares redemption value		Transfer Preferred Shares to Ordinary shareholders			Balance as of December 31, 2023
Series Pre-A Preferred shares
Number of shares		4,429,111		-		(4,429,111	)		-
Amount		151,303		149,858		(301,161	)		-
Series A Preferred shares
Number of shares		9,181,406		-		(9,181,406	)		-
Amount		333,797		311,290		(645,087	)		-
Series B Preferred shares
Number of shares		8,033,732		-		(8,033,732	)		-
Amount		320,036		239,317		(559,353	)		-
Series C Preferred shares
Number of shares		1,955,000		-		(1,955,000	)		-
Amount		115,356		9,144		(124,500	)		-
Series D1 Preferred shares
Number of shares		399,496		-		(399,496	)		-
Amount		22,639		1,853		(24,492	)		-
Series D2 Preferred shares
Number of shares		765,057		-		(765,057	)		-
Amount		39,144		3,519		(42,663	)		-
Series D3 Preferred shares
Number of shares		10,426,666		-		(10,426,666	)		-
Amount		576,606		47,188		(623,794	)		-
Total Number of shares		35,190,468		-		(35,190,468	)		-
Total amount		1,558,881		762,169		(2,321,050	)		-

F-47

15. Segment Information

Operating segments are defined as components of an enterprise about which separate financial information is available that is evaluated regularly by the chief operating decision maker (“CODM”), or decision-making group, in deciding how to allocate resources and in assessing performance. The Group manages its operations as a single1 segment engaged in providing insurance brokerage and technology services in China. The Company concluded that the Group’s CODM is Mr. Lei Zhang, Chairman of the Board of Directors, and CEO.

In accordance with ASC 280-10, Segment Reporting: Overall, the CODM reviews the consolidated net loss that is reported on the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss when making decisions about allocating resources and assessing performance of the Group as a whole. The CODM uses this metric to make key operating decisions such as: approving new services strategy, making significant capital expenditures, approving the design of key commercialization strategies, decisions about key personnel, and approving annual operating and capital budgets. Our CODM considers budget-to-actual variances and year over year performance when making decisions supporting capital resource allocation. The Group has also evaluated the significant segment expenses incurred by its single segment and regularly provided to the CODM. The significant segment expenses provided to the CODM are consistent with those reported on the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss and include cost of revenues, selling and marketing expenses, general and administrative expenses, research and development expenses, interest expense, and income taxes.

Key revenues streams are as below:

Schedule of Key Revenues Streams


	For the years ended December 31,
	2023		2024		2025
	RMB		RMB		RMB
Insurance transaction services income		3,275,182		3,447,354		2,989,775
SaaS and technical service income		25,051		20,773		14,118
Others		1,185		5,012		5,952
Total		3,301,418		3,473,139		3,009,845

Substantially all revenues are derived in China where services are provided to customers. In addition, the Group’s long-lived assets are substantially all located in China and therefore the Company manages assets on a consolidated basis as reported on the consolidated balance sheet. Therefore, no geographical segments are presented.

16. Cost of revenues

Amounts recorded as cost of revenues relate to direct expenses incurred in order to generate revenue, which consists primarily of cost of referral partners, service fee paid to third-party payment platforms, salary and welfare benefits, tax and surcharges and others, amortization and depreciation expenses, and cloud service fees. These costs are charged to the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss as incurred. The following table presents the Group’s cost of revenues for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025:

Schedule of Cost of Revenues


	For the years ended December 31,
	2023		2024		2025
	RMB		RMB		RMB
Cost of referral partners		3,017,871		3,199,118		2,747,988
Service fee paid to third-party payment platforms		129,453		101,748		89,110
Salary and welfare benefits		7,790		6,828		3,720
Tax and surcharges and others		2,454		3,106		5,750
Amortization and depreciation		2,100		2,100		2,100
Cloud service fees		1,525		1,477		819
Total		3,161,193		3,314,377		2,849,487

F-48

17. Employee benefits

The Company’s subsidiaries, VIE and subsidiaries of VIE incorporated in China participate in a government-mandated multi-employer defined contribution plan under which certain retirement, medical, housing and other welfare benefits are provided to employees. Chinese labor regulations require the Company’s Chinese subsidiaries, VIE and subsidiaries of VIE to pay to the local labor bureau a monthly contribution at a stated contribution rate based on the monthly basic compensation of qualified employees. The relevant local labor bureau is responsible for meeting all retirement benefit obligations; hence, the Group has no further commitments beyond its monthly contribution. The following table presents the Group’s employee welfare benefits expenses for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025:


	For the years ended December 31,
	2023		2024		2025
	RMB		RMB		RMB
Contributions to medical and pension schemes		21,095		18,426		17,320
Other employee benefits		6,726		6,086		5,696
Total		27,821		24,512		23,016

18. Share-based compensation

(a)

Description of stock option plan

2019 Incentive Plan

In January 2020, the Company permitted the grant of options and restricted shares to relevant directors, officers, senior management, employees and non-employees of the Group (the “2019 Incentive Plan”). Option awards are granted with an exercise price determined by the Board of Directors.

The stock options granted under the 2019 Incentive Plan have a contractual term of 10 years and will expire the earlier of (i) three months after termination of service with the Group, or (ii) upon the tenth anniversary of the grant date.

F-49

18. Share-based compensation (Continued)

(a)

Description of stock option plan (Continued)

The stock options granted under the 2019 Incentive Plan could either be granted with terms that (i) immediately vested upon grant; (ii) 50% vested on grant date and another 50% vested on anniversary; or (iii) 25% vested on each anniversary for vesting schedule of four years.

The restricted shares granted under the 2019 Incentive Plan could either be granted with terms that (i) immediately vested upon grant; (ii) 25% vested on each anniversary or 6.25% vested on each quarter for vesting schedule of four years; or (iii) 50% vested on each anniversary for vesting schedule of two years.

2023 Incentive Plan

In September 2023, the Company permitted the grant of options, restricted shares or any other type of awards to relevant directors, employees and non-employees of the Group (the “2023 Incentive Plan”). Option awards are granted with an exercise price determined by the Board of Directors.

In accordance with ASC 718 Stock Compensation, the Group recorded share-based compensation expense on the grant date of the equity interests to its employees equal to the estimated fair-value of such equity interests at the measurement date. The share-based compensation expense was recorded in cost of revenues, selling and marketing expenses, general and administrative expenses and research and development expenses on the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.

The stock options granted under the 2023 Incentive Plan could either be granted with terms that (i) immediately vested upon grant; (ii) 50% vested on grant date and another 50% vested on anniversary; or (iii) 25% vested on each anniversary for vesting schedule of four years.

The restricted shares granted under the 2023 Incentive Plan could either be granted with terms that (i) immediately vested upon grant; (ii) 25% vested on each quarter for vesting schedule of one year; or (iii) 100% vested on one-year anniversary.

Stock option replacement (the “Replacement”)

On January 1, 2023 and July 1, 2023, a total of 86,871,800 and 20,359,900 vested options were replaced by 86,871,800 and 20,359,900 restricted shares of CCT, which were converted into restricted shares of the Company upon the completion of the Reverse Recapitalization (Note 3). The restricted shares awards are subject to the original vesting schedule of the replaced share options. The Company concluded the cancellation and replacement of awards is a modification, and determined the modification is a probable-to-probable (Type I) modification. The Company has recognized the portion of incremental value of RMB26.2 million and RMB26.3 million as cost of revenues and expenses immediately for those vested options.

(b)

Valuation assumptions

The Group uses binomial option pricing model and adopted fair value per share of ordinary share to determine fair value of the share-based awards. The estimated fair value of each option or each restricted share granted is estimated on the date of grant using the binomial option-pricing model or fair value per share of ordinary share with the following assumptions:

	For the years ended December 31,
Options	2023			2024			2025
Fair value per share (US$)	6.33-6.37			0.79~0.80			0.68~1.04
Discount rate (after tax)		Not applicable			Not applicable			Not applicable
Risk-free interest rate		3.88	%		4.58	%		4.11%~4.24%
Expected volatility		64.2	%		65.7	%		59.65%~73.81%
Contractual term (in years)		10			10			10

F-50

18. Share-based compensation (Continued)

(b)

Valuation assumptions (Continued)

	For the years ended December 31,
Restricted shares	2023(prior to the Business Combination)	2024	2025
Fair value per share (US$)	4.90-5.45	Not applicable	Not applicable
Discount rate (after tax)	15.0%-16.0%	Not applicable	Not applicable
Discount for lack of marketability (“DLOM”)	5%-10%	Not applicable	Not applicable

The expected volatility at the grant date and each option valuation date was estimated based on the annualized standard deviation of the daily return embedded in historical share prices of comparable peer companies with a time horizon close to the expected expiry of the term of the options. The weighted average volatility is the expected volatility at the grant date weighted by number of options. The Company has never declared or paid any cash dividends on its shares, and the Group does not anticipate any dividend payments in the foreseeable future. The contractual term is the contract life of the options. The Group estimated the risk-free interest rate based on the market yield of US Government Bonds with maturities of ten years as of the valuation date.

(c)

Stock options activities

The following table presents a summary of the Company’s stock options activities for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025.

Schedule of Stock Options Activities

	Number of Options Outstanding*									Weighted Average exercise		Weighted average remaining contractual		Aggregated
	Employees			Consultant			Total			price		life		intrinsic value
	(in thousands)			(in thousands)			(in thousands)			US$		(in years)		RMB in thousands

Outstanding at January 1, 2023		7,618			331			7,949			1.7905		4.67		65,572
Replacement		(7,545	)		(331	)		(7,876	)		1.3119		-		-
Granted		528			-			528			0.1000		-		-
Forfeited		(28	)		-			(28	)		8.1954		-		-
Outstanding at December 31, 2023		573			-			573			0.6675		9.73		23,775
Exercisable as of December 31, 2023		295			-			295			1.1978		9.48		11,367

Outstanding at January 1, 2024		573			-			573			0.6675		9.73		23,775
Replacement		(22	)		-			(22	)		7.3437		-		-
Granted		899			-			899			0.1000		-		-
Exercised		(1	)		-			(1	)		0.1000		-		-
Forfeited		(47	)		-			(47	)		0.9706		-		-
Outstanding at December 31, 2024		1,402			-			1,402			0.1785		9.32		7,990
Exercisable as of December 31, 2024		733			-			733			0.2498		9.27		4,147

Outstanding at January 1, 2025		1,402			-			1,402			0.1785		9.32		7,990
Granted		323			431			754			0.0486		-		-
Exercised		(148	)		-			(148	)		0.1000		-		-
Forfeited		(24	)		-			(24	)		0.1000		-		-
Outstanding at December 31, 2025		1,553			431			1,984			0.1358		8.81		10,332
Exercisable as of December 31, 2025		1,076			431			1,507			0.1471		8.86		7,894

*	Shares outstanding for all periods reflect the adjustment for Reverse Recapitalization (Note 3).

The weighted average grant date fair value of options granted for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025 were RMB42.1761 (US$5.9404), RMB15.1110 (US$2.0702) and RMB17.6163 (US$2.5191) per option, respectively.

F-51

18. Share-based compensation (Continued)

(d)

Restricted shares activities

The following table sets forth the summary of restricted share activities for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025:

Schedule of Restricted Share Activities

	Number of Restricted Shares Granted*			Weighted-Average Grant Date Fair Value
	(in thousands)			(US$)
Unvested as of January 1, 2023		786			4.8435
Replacement		7,876			4.9821
Awarded		703			6.4017
Vested		(8,938	)		5.0743
Forfeited		(97	)		5.5168
Outstanding at December 31, 2023		330			5.0233
Unvested as of January 1, 2024		330			5.0233
Replacement		22			4.2700
Awarded		1,589			1.6553
Vested		(1,757	)		1.9938
Forfeited		(77	)		4.9078
Outstanding at December 31, 2024		107			4.6904
Unvested as of January 1, 2025		107			4.6904
Awarded		1,835			0.9875
Vested		(1,191	)		1.3719
Forfeited		(731	)		0.8407
Outstanding at December 31, 2025		20			3.3155

*	Shares outstanding for all periods reflect the adjustment for Reverse Recapitalization (Note 3).

On March 31, 2026, the Group granted 99,000 options to its employees under the 2023 Incentive Plan. The options are granted with an exercise price determined by the Board of Directors, and with terms that immediately vested upon grant.

19. Net loss per share

For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025, the Company had potential ordinary shares, including preferred shares before the QIPO, restricted shares and share options granted. As the Group incurred losses for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025, these potential preferred shares, restricted shares and shares options granted were anti-dilutive and excluded from the calculation of diluted net loss per share of the Company.

Considering that the holders of preferred shares have no contractual obligation to participate in the Company’s losses, any losses from the Group should not be allocated to preferred shares.

The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted net loss per share for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025:


	For the years ended December 31,
	2023			2024			2025
Numerator:
Net loss		(159,590	)		(61,236	)		(17,789	)
Less: accretions to preferred shares redemption value		(762,169	)		-			-
Net loss attributable to Cheche’s ordinary shareholders		(921,759	)		(61,236	)		(17,789	)
Denominator:
Weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding, basic		45,415,205			78,043,661			82,581,013
Weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding, diluted*		45,415,205			78,043,661			82,581,013
Basic net loss per share attributable to Cheche’s ordinary shareholders		(20.30	)		(0.78	)		(0.22	)
Diluted net loss per share attributable to Cheche’s ordinary shareholders		(20.30	)		(0.78	)		(0.22	)

For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025, the Company had potential ordinary shares, including preferred shares, restricted shares and share options. On a weighted average basis,24,777,946, nil and nil preferred shares; 523,097, 188,752, and 15,141 restricted shares; and 822,952, 944,109 and 1,546,483 share options were excluded from the computation of diluted net loss per ordinary share because including them would have had an anti-dilutive effect for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025, respectively.

F-52

20. Commitments and Contingencies

(a)

Commitments

The Group leases office space under non-cancelable operating lease agreements, which expire at various dates through December 31, 2025. As of December 31, 2024 and 2025, future minimum lease of RMB1.0 million and RMB0.5 million under non-cancelable operating lease agreements were all due within one year.

(b)

Litigation

As of December 31, 2024 and 2025, the Group was not involved in any legal or administrative proceedings that may have a material adverse impact on the Group’s business, financial position results of operations, or cash flows.

21. Related Party Balances and Transactions

The table below sets major related parties of the Group and their relationships with the Group:

Entity name		Relationship with the Group
Fanhua Group		Shareholder of the Company

(a)	The related party transactions entered into during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025 were as follows:

Schedule of Related Party Transaction


	For the years ended December 31,
Significant transactions with related party	2023			2024			2025
	RMB			RMB			RMB
Repayment of borrowings from related party
Fanhua Group (i)		(12,610	)		(10,000	)		-
Repayment of borrowings from related party (i)		(12,610	)		(10,000	)		-

(b)	The outstanding balance due to related parties as of December 31, 2024 and 2025 were as follows:


	As of December 31,
Balances with related party	2024		2025
	RMB		RMB
Amounts due to related party
Fanhua Group		45,811		50,626
Amounts due to related party		45,811		50,626

(i)

Corporate borrowings from Fanhua Group

The Group issued a convertible loan in the principal amount of RMB130.0 million to Fanhua Group with an annual interest rate of 10% (the “Convertible Loan”) on October 26, 2017. The due date of the Convertible Loan is October 26, 2020. Pursuant to the Convertible Loan agreement, the entire or any portion of the Convertible Loan can be converted into ordinary shares of the Company. On October 10, 2019, Fanhua Group converted the RMB80.0 million in the principal amount of the Convertible Loan and its accrued interests of RMB14.1 million into an aggregate of 28,684,255 ordinary shares of the Company, at a conversion price of US$0.4766 per share. On the same date, Fanhua Group gave up its conversion right for the remaining balance of the Convertible Loan in accordance with a Convertible Loan Payment Plan Agreement entered by these two parties (the “Payment Plan Agreement”). Upon the conversion, Fanhua Group held 3.4% equity interest in the Group. In October 2020, the Group entered into a supplemental agreement to the Payment Plan Agreement with Fanhua Group to extend the remaining principal balance in the Convertible Loan of RMB50.0 million and corresponding interest of RMB15.0 million as additional principal to October 26, 2022 (the “Corporate borrowings from Fanhua Group”). RMB10 million of the aggregated principal amount of RMB65 million with an annual interest rate of 10% was due on January 10, 2021 and the remaining of RMB55.0 million was due on October 26, 2022.

F-53

21. Related Party Balances and Transactions (Continued)

(i) Corporate borrowings from Fanhua Group (Continued)

In 2021, the Group repaid the aggregated principal amount of RMB6.3 million to Fanhua Group. In October 2022, the Group entered into another supplemental agreement to the Payment Plan Agreement with Fanhua Group to extend the remaining balance of the Corporate borrowings from Fanhua Group to October 26, 2024, which caused the presentation of the borrowing reclassified from current liabilities to non-current liabilities. None of the other terms of the Corporate borrowings from Fanhua Group had changed in the supplemental agreement.

In 2023, the Group repaid the aggregated amount of RMB12.6 million to Fanhua Group. As of December 31, 2023, the balance of the Corporate borrowings from Fanhua Group was RMB55.3 million, and the remaining balance of the Corporate borrowings from Fanhua Group will be mature on October 26, 2024, which caused the presentation of the borrowing reclassified from non-current liabilities to current liabilities.

In 2024, the Group repaid the aggregated principal of RMB10.0 million to Fanhua Group. As of December 31, 2024, the balance of the Corporate borrowings from Fanhua Group was RMB45.8 million. In August 2024, the Group entered into another supplemental agreement to the Payment Plan Agreement with Fanhua Group to extend the remaining balance of the Corporate borrowings from Fanhua Group to October 26, 2026, which caused the presentation of the borrowing reclassified from current liabilities to non-current liabilities. None of the other terms of the Corporate borrowings from Fanhua Group had changed in the supplemental agreement.

As of December 31, 2025, the balance of the Corporate borrowings from Fanhua Group was RMB50.6 million, and the remaining balance of the Corporate borrowings from Fanhua Group will be mature on October 26, 2026, which caused the presentation of the borrowing reclassified from non-current liabilities to current liabilities.

The Group elected fair value option to account for the Convertible Loan and the Corporate borrowings from Fanhua Group, and recognized loss/(gain) under “Changes in fair value of amounts due to related party” and “Fair value changes of amounts due to related party due to own credit risk” in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss of RMB7.5 million, RMB0.8 million and RMB4.5 million and RMB0.4 million, negative RMB0.2 million and RMB0.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025, respectively.

The Group engaged an independent valuation firm to assist the management in its assessment of fair value of the Corporate borrowings at each end of reporting periods. The fair value measurements of the Corporate borrowings are based on significant inputs not observable in the market, and thus represent Level 3 fair value measurements. The Group utilized the following assumptions to estimate the fair value of the Corporate borrowings:

	As of December 31,
	2023			2024			2025
Discount rate		11.87	%		9.92	%		9.20	%

The movement of Corporate borrowings from Fanhua Group is as follows:

Schedule of Corporate Borrowings

	Corporate Borrowings
	RMB
Balance as of January 1, 2023		59,932
Change in fair value		7,524
Change in other comprehensive income		405
Repayment of amounts due to related party		(12,610	)
Balance as of December 31, 2023		55,251
Balance as of January 1, 2024		55,251
Change in fair value		757
Change in other comprehensive income		(197	)
Repayment of amounts due to related party		(10,000	)
Balance as of December 31, 2024		45,811
Balance as of January 1, 2025		45,811
Change in fair value		4,461
Change in other comprehensive income		354
Balance as of December 31, 2025		50,626

F-54

22. Fair Value Measurement

Assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis

As of December 31, 2024 and 2025, the Company had no financial assets or financial liabilities that are measured at fair value on non-recurring basis. The Company measured its non-financial assets, such as its property, equipment and leasehold improvements, intangible assets, goodwill on a nonrecurring basis whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value may no longer be recoverable.

Assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis

The Company measured wealth management products, the Corporate borrowings from Fanhua Group and warrant at fair value on a recurring basis. As the Company’s Corporate borrowings from Fanhua Group and warrant are not traded in an active market with readily observable prices, the Company uses significant unobservable inputs to measure the fair value of the Corporate borrowings from Fanhua Group and warrant. This instrument is categorized in the Level 3 valuation hierarchy based on the significance of unobservable factors in the overall fair value measurement. The Company did not transfer any assets or liabilities in or out of level 3 during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025.

The following table summarizes the Company’s financial assets and financial liabilities measured and recorded at fair value on recurring basis as of December 31, 2024 and 2025:

	As of December 31, 2024
	Active Market (Level 1)		Observable Input (Level 2)		Unobservable Input (Level 3)		Total
	RMB		RMB		RMB		RMB
Assets:
Short-term investments – wealth management products		-		3,000		-		3,000

Liabilities:
Warrant		3,032		-		-		3,032
Corporate borrowings from Fanhua Group		-		-		45,811		45,811

	As of December 31, 2025
	Active Market (Level 1)		Observable Input (Level 2)		Unobservable Input (Level 3)		Total
	RMB		RMB		RMB		RMB
Liabilities:
Warrant		1,512		-		-		1,512
Corporate borrowings from Fanhua Group		-		-		50,626		50,626

Short-term investments – wealth management products

The Group values its financial products investments held in certain bank using quoted prices for securities with similar characteristics and other observable inputs, and accordingly, the Group classifies the valuation techniques that use these inputs as Level 2.

Warrant

The fair value of the warrants converted from Prime Impact are measured based on the listed market price of such warrant, a Level 1 measurement. The fair value of the warrants converted from CCT are measured based on Black-Scholes Model, a Level 3 measurement. Management is responsible for determining the fair value and assessing a number of factors. The valuation involves complex and subjective judgements as well as the Company’s best estimates on the valuation date. Key inputs related to the Black-Scholes Model for the valuation of the fair value of warrants are: expiry date of warrant, fair market value per share as of valuation date, exercise price, risk free rate of interest, dividend yield as well as volatility.

Corporate borrowings from Fanhua Group

The Group classified the Corporate borrowings from Fanhua Group as current liability and measured at fair value. The Group classifies the valuation techniques that use fair value of the principle as Level 3 of fair value measurements. Generally, there are no quoted prices in active markets and other inputs that are directly or indirectly observable in the marketplace for the Corporate borrowings from Fanhua Group during the period at the reporting date. In order to determine the fair value, the Group must use the discounted cash flow method as unobservable inputs other than quoted prices in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in inactive markets, or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities.

F-55

23. Subsequent Events

The Group evaluates all events and transactions that occur after December 31, 2025 and up through April 27, 2026, which is the date the audited consolidated financial statements are available to be issued, and concluded that other than the event disclosed, there is no other subsequent event occurred that would require recognition or disclosure in the Group’s consolidated financial statements.

24. Restricted Net Assets

Relevant PRC laws and regulations permit PRC companies to pay dividends only out of their retained earnings, if any, as determined in accordance with PRC accounting standards and regulations. Additionally, the Company’s PRC subsidiaries, VIE and subsidiaries of VIE can only distribute dividends upon approval of the shareholders after they have met the PRC requirements for appropriation to the general reserve fund and the statutory surplus fund respectively. The general reserve fund and the statutory surplus fund require that annual appropriations of 10% of net after-tax income should be set aside prior to payment of any dividends. As a result of these and other restrictions under PRC laws and regulations, the PRC subsidiaries, VIE and subsidiaries of VIE are restricted in their ability to transfer a portion of their net assets to the Company either in the form of dividends, loans, or advances, which restricted portion amounted to RMB500.6 million as of December 31, 2025. Furthermore, cash transfers from the Company’s PRC subsidiaries to their parent companies outside of China are subject to PRC government control of currency conversion. Shortages in the availability of foreign currency at the time of requesting such conversion may temporarily delay the ability of the PRC subsidiaries and consolidated affiliated entities to remit sufficient foreign currency to pay dividends or other payments to the Company, or otherwise satisfy their foreign currency denominated obligations. Even though the Company currently does not require any such dividends, loans, or advances from the PRC subsidiaries, VIE and subsidiaries of VIE for working capital and other funding purposes, the Company may in the future require additional cash resources from its PRC subsidiaries, VIE and subsidiaries of VIE due to changes in business conditions, to fund future acquisitions and developments, or merely declare and pay dividends to or distributions to the Company’s shareholders.

The Company performed a test on the restricted net assets of its consolidated subsidiaries, VIE and subsidiaries of VIE in accordance with Securities and Exchange Commission Regulation S-X Rule 4-08 (e) (3), “General Notes to the Financial Statements” and concluded that it was applicable for the Company to disclose the condensed financial information for the parent company (Note 25) for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2024 and 2025. For the purposes of presenting parent only financial information, the Company records its investments in its subsidiaries, VIE and subsidiaries of VIE under the equity method of accounting. Such investments are presented on the separate condensed balance sheets of the Company as “Investments in subsidiaries, VIE, and subsidiaries of VIE” and the loss of the subsidiaries, VIE and subsidiaries of VIE is included in “Equity in loss of subsidiaries, VIE and subsidiaries of VIE” in the condensed statements of operations and comprehensive loss.

F-56

25. Additional Information — Condensed Financial Statements of the Parent Company

As mentioned in Note 1, the Company was incorporated in the Cayman Islands in January 2023 and didn’t carry out significant operation activities. CCT is the predecessor of the Company, thus, the Company disclosed combined condensed financial statements of the Company and CCT (collectively refer to the “Parent Company” or “Cheche”) as follows:

The condensed financial information of the Parent Company has been prepared in accordance with SEC Regulation S-X Rule 5-04 and Rule 12-04, using the same accounting policies as set out in the Group’s consolidated financial statements, except that the Parent Company uses the equity method to account for investments in its subsidiaries, VIE and subsidiaries of VIE.

The subsidiaries did not pay any dividend to the Parent Company for the years presented. Certain information and footnote disclosures generally included in financial statements prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP have been condensed and omitted. The footnote disclosures contain supplemental information relating to the operations of the Parent Company, as such, these statements are not the general purpose financial statements of the reporting entity and should be read in conjunction with the notes to the consolidated financial statements of the Parent Company.

The Parent Company did not have significant capital and other commitments or guarantees as of December 31, 2024 and 2025.

Condensed statements of operations and comprehensive loss:


	For the years ended December 31,
	2023			2024			2025
	RMB			RMB			RMB
Operating expenses:
General and administrative expenses		(14,272	)		(24,307	)		(15,488	)
Total operating expense		(14,272	)		(24,307	)		(15,488	)
Other expense
Interest income from VIE		1,790			2,107			1,815
Share of loss of subsidiaries, VIE and subsidiaries of VIE		(149,974	)		(45,658	)		(7,640	)
Others, net		3,024			6,856			3,640
Loss before income tax		(159,432	)		(61,002	)		(17,673	)
Income tax expense		(158	)		(234	)		(116	)
Net loss		(159,590	)		(61,236	)		(17,789	)
Accretions to preferred shares redemption value		(762,169	)		-			-
Net loss attributable to Cheche’s ordinary shareholders		(921,759	)		(61,236	)		(17,789	)
Net loss		(159,590	)		(61,236	)		(17,789	)
Other comprehensive loss:
Foreign currency translation adjustment, net of nil tax		1,621			4,739			(6,892	)
Fair value changes of amounts due to related party due to own credit risk		(405	)		197			(354	)
Total comprehensive loss		(158,374	)		(56,300	)		(25,035	)
Accretions to preferred shares redemption value		(762,169	)		-			-
Total comprehensive loss to Cheche’s ordinary shareholders		(920,543	)		(56,300	)		(25,035	)

F-57

25. Additional Information — Condensed Financial Statements of the Parent Company (Continued)

Condensed balance sheets:

Schedule of Condensed Balance Sheets

	As of December 31,			As of December 31,
	2024			2025
	RMB			RMB
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents		58,898			55,394
Short-term investments		32,423			-
Amount due from the subsidiaries of the Group		879			860
Prepayments and other current assets		4,642			2,912
Total current assets		96,842			59,166
Non-current assets:
Other non-current assets		4,305			2,477
Amounts due from the subsidiaries of the Group		650,302			659,720
Total non-current assets		654,607			662,197
TOTAL ASSETS		751,449			721,363
Current liabilities:
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities		6,468			4,211
Deficit in subsidiaries, VIE and subsidiaries of VIE		383,182			357,519
Amounts due to the subsidiaries of the Group		3,016			2,949
Total current liabilities		392,666			364,679
Non-current liabilities:
Warrant		3,032			1,512
Total non-current liabilities		3,032			1,512
Total liabilities		395,698			366,191
Shareholders’ equity:
Ordinary shares *		6			6
Treasury stock*		(1,025	)		(1,025	)
Additional paid-in capital*		2,525,741			2,550,197
Accumulated deficit		(2,175,057	)		(2,192,846	)
Accumulated other comprehensive income/(loss)		6,086			(1,160	)
Total shareholders’ equity		355,751			355,172
TOTAL LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY		751,449			721,363

*	Shares outstanding for all periods reflect the adjustment for Reverse Recapitalization (Note 3).

F-58

25. Additional Information — Condensed Financial Statements of the Parent Company (Continued)

Condensed statements of cash flows:


	For the years ended December 31,
	2023			2024			2025
	RMB			RMB			RMB
Net cash used in operating activities		(20,885	)		(26,291	)		(33,597	)
Cash flows from investing activities
Cash paid for investments in subsidiaries, VIE and subsidiaries of VIE		-			-			-
Placement of short-term investments		-			(161,739	)		(17,572	)
Cash received from maturities of short-term investments		-			129,392			49,202
Net cash (used in)/generated from investing activities		-			(32,347	)		31,630
Cash flows from financing activities
Proceeds from PIPE financing – Prime Impact Cayman LLC		8,609			-			-
Proceeds from PIPE financing – World Dynamic Limited		93,436			-			-
Proceeds from PIPE financing – Goldrock Holdings Limited		35,863			-			-
Proceeds from exercise of share-based awards		-			-			104
Cash payment for settling a dispute with a security holder		-			(3,055	)		-
Net cash generated from/(used in) financing activities		137,908			(3,055	)		104
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash		1,002			1,558			(1,641	)
Net increase/(decrease) in cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash		118,025			(60,135	)		(3,504	)
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of the year		1,008			119,033			58,898
Cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of the year		119,033			58,898			55,394

The Parent Company’s accounting policies are the same as the Group’s accounting policies with the exception of the accounting for the investments in subsidiaries, VIE and subsidiaries of VIE.

For the Parent Company only condensed financial information, the Parent Company records its investments in subsidiaries, VIE and subsidiaries of VIE under the equity method of accounting as prescribed in ASC 323, Investments—Equity Method and Joint Ventures. Such investments are presented on the Condensed balance sheets as “Investments in subsidiaries, VIE and subsidiaries of VIE” and shares in the subsidiaries, VIE and subsidiaries of VIE’s loss are presented as “Equity in loss of subsidiaries, VIE and subsidiaries of VIE” on the Condensed statements of operations and comprehensive loss. The Parent Company only condensed financial information should be read in conjunction with the Group’s consolidated financial statements. The Parent Company’s accounting policies are the same as the Group’s accounting policies with the exception of the accounting for the investments in subsidiaries, VIE and subsidiaries of VIE.

F-59